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Tomuleasa C, Tigu AB, Munteanu R, Moldovan CS, Kegyes D, Onaciu A, Gulei D, Ghiaur G, Einsele H, Croce CM. Therapeutic advances of targeting receptor tyrosine kinases in cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:201. [PMID: 39138146 PMCID: PMC11323831 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01899-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), a category of transmembrane receptors, have gained significant clinical attention in oncology due to their central role in cancer pathogenesis. Genetic alterations, including mutations, amplifications, and overexpression of certain RTKs, are critical in creating environments conducive to tumor development. Following their discovery, extensive research has revealed how RTK dysregulation contributes to oncogenesis, with many cancer subtypes showing dependency on aberrant RTK signaling for their proliferation, survival and progression. These findings paved the way for targeted therapies that aim to inhibit crucial biological pathways in cancer. As a result, RTKs have emerged as primary targets in anticancer therapeutic development. Over the past two decades, this has led to the synthesis and clinical validation of numerous small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), now effectively utilized in treating various cancer types. In this manuscript we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the RTKs in the context of cancer. We explored the various alterations and overexpression of specific receptors across different malignancies, with special attention dedicated to the examination of current RTK inhibitors, highlighting their role as potential targeted therapies. By integrating the latest research findings and clinical evidence, we seek to elucidate the pivotal role of RTKs in cancer biology and the therapeutic efficacy of RTK inhibition with promising treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania.
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center, Cluj Napoca, Romania.
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov 3, 050044, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Adrian-Bogdan Tigu
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov 3, 050044, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raluca Munteanu
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov 3, 050044, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian-Silviu Moldovan
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - David Kegyes
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov 3, 050044, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Onaciu
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Diana Gulei
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabriel Ghiaur
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Department of Leukemia, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Medizinische Klinik II, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carlo M Croce
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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2
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Sun Y, Jiang W, Liao X, Wang D. Hallmarks of perineural invasion in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: new biological dimensions. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1421067. [PMID: 39119085 PMCID: PMC11307098 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1421067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignant tumor with a high metastatic potential. Perineural invasion (PNI) occurs in the early stages of PDAC with a high incidence rate and is directly associated with a poor prognosis. It involves close interaction among PDAC cells, nerves and the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we detailed discuss PNI-related pain, six specific steps of PNI, and treatment of PDAC with PNI and emphasize the importance of novel technologies for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaquan Sun
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiang Liao
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Dongqing Wang
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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3
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Walker TJ, Reyes-Alvarez E, Hyndman BD, Sugiyama MG, Oliveira LCB, Rekab AN, Crupi MJF, Cabral-Dias R, Guo Q, Dahia PLM, Richardson DS, Antonescu CN, Mulligan LM. Loss of tumor suppressor TMEM127 drives RET-mediated transformation through disrupted membrane dynamics. eLife 2024; 12:RP89100. [PMID: 38687678 PMCID: PMC11060712 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Internalization from the cell membrane and endosomal trafficking of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are important regulators of signaling in normal cells that can frequently be disrupted in cancer. The adrenal tumor pheochromocytoma (PCC) can be caused by activating mutations of the rearranged during transfection (RET) receptor tyrosine kinase, or inactivation of TMEM127, a transmembrane tumor suppressor implicated in trafficking of endosomal cargos. However, the role of aberrant receptor trafficking in PCC is not well understood. Here, we show that loss of TMEM127 causes wildtype RET protein accumulation on the cell surface, where increased receptor density facilitates constitutive ligand-independent activity and downstream signaling, driving cell proliferation. Loss of TMEM127 altered normal cell membrane organization and recruitment and stabilization of membrane protein complexes, impaired assembly, and maturation of clathrin-coated pits, and reduced internalization and degradation of cell surface RET. In addition to RTKs, TMEM127 depletion also promoted surface accumulation of several other transmembrane proteins, suggesting it may cause global defects in surface protein activity and function. Together, our data identify TMEM127 as an important determinant of membrane organization including membrane protein diffusability and protein complex assembly and provide a novel paradigm for oncogenesis in PCC where altered membrane dynamics promotes cell surface accumulation and constitutive activity of growth factor receptors to drive aberrant signaling and promote transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Walker
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s UniversityKingstonCanada
| | - Eduardo Reyes-Alvarez
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s UniversityKingstonCanada
| | - Brandy D Hyndman
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s UniversityKingstonCanada
| | - Michael G Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan UniversityTorontoCanada
| | - Larissa CB Oliveira
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s UniversityKingstonCanada
| | - Aisha N Rekab
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s UniversityKingstonCanada
| | - Mathieu JF Crupi
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s UniversityKingstonCanada
| | - Rebecca Cabral-Dias
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan UniversityTorontoCanada
| | - Qianjin Guo
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science CenterSan AntonioUnited States
| | - Patricia LM Dahia
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science CenterSan AntonioUnited States
| | - Douglas S Richardson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard Center for Biological Imaging, Scientific Image Analysis Group, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Costin N Antonescu
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan UniversityTorontoCanada
| | - Lois M Mulligan
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s UniversityKingstonCanada
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4
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Zabransky DJ, Chhabra Y, Fane ME, Kartalia E, Leatherman JM, Hüser L, Zimmerman JW, Delitto D, Han S, Armstrong TD, Charmsaz S, Guinn S, Pramod S, Thompson ED, Hughes SJ, O'Connell J, Egan JM, Jaffee EM, Weeraratna AT. Fibroblasts in the Aged Pancreas Drive Pancreatic Cancer Progression. Cancer Res 2024; 84:1221-1236. [PMID: 38330147 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-24-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is more prevalent in older individuals and often carries a poorer prognosis for them. The relationship between the microenvironment and pancreatic cancer is multifactorial, and age-related changes in nonmalignant cells in the tumor microenvironment may play a key role in promoting cancer aggressiveness. Because fibroblasts have profound impacts on pancreatic cancer progression, we investigated whether age-related changes in pancreatic fibroblasts influence cancer growth and metastasis. Proteomics analysis revealed that aged fibroblasts secrete different factors than young fibroblasts, including increased growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15). Treating young mice with GDF-15 enhanced tumor growth, whereas aged GDF-15 knockout mice showed reduced tumor growth. GDF-15 activated AKT, rendering tumors sensitive to AKT inhibition in an aged but not young microenvironment. These data provide evidence for how aging alters pancreatic fibroblasts and promotes tumor progression, providing potential therapeutic targets and avenues for studying pancreatic cancer while accounting for the effects of aging. SIGNIFICANCE Aged pancreatic fibroblasts secrete GDF-15 and activate AKT signaling to promote pancreatic cancer growth, highlighting the critical role of aging-mediated changes in the pancreatic cancer microenvironment in driving tumor progression. See related commentary by Isaacson et al., p. 1185.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Zabransky
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yash Chhabra
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mitchell E Fane
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Cancer Signaling and Microenvironment Program, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Emma Kartalia
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James M Leatherman
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laura Hüser
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jacquelyn W Zimmerman
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel Delitto
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Song Han
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Todd D Armstrong
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Soren Charmsaz
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Samantha Guinn
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sneha Pramod
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth D Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Steven J Hughes
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jennifer O'Connell
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- The Johns Hopkins Cancer Convergence Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ashani T Weeraratna
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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5
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Walker TJ, Reyes-Alvarez E, Hyndman BD, Sugiyama MG, Oliveira LC, Rekab AN, Crupi MJ, Cabral-Dias R, Guo Q, Dahia PL, Richardson DS, Antonescu CN, Mulligan LM. Loss of Tumour Suppressor TMEM127 Drives RET-mediated Transformation Through Disrupted Membrane Dynamics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.06.28.546955. [PMID: 37425958 PMCID: PMC10327082 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.28.546955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Internalization from the cell membrane and endosomal trafficking of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) are important regulators of signaling in normal cells that can frequently be disrupted in cancer. The adrenal tumour pheochromocytoma (PCC) can be caused by activating mutations of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase, or inactivation of TMEM127, a transmembrane tumour suppressor implicated in trafficking of endosomal cargos. However, the role of aberrant receptor trafficking in PCC is not well understood. Here, we show that loss of TMEM127 causes wildtype RET protein accumulation on the cell surface, where increased receptor density facilitates constitutive ligand-independent activity and downstream signaling, driving cell proliferation. Loss of TMEM127 altered normal cell membrane organization and recruitment and stabilization of membrane protein complexes, impaired assembly, and maturation of clathrin coated pits, and reduced internalization and degradation of cell surface RET. In addition to RTKs, TMEM127 depletion also promoted surface accumulation of several other transmembrane proteins, suggesting it may cause global defects in surface protein activity and function. Together, our data identify TMEM127 as an important determinant of membrane organization including membrane protein diffusability, and protein complex assembly and provide a novel paradigm for oncogenesis in PCC where altered membrane dynamics promotes cell surface accumulation and constitutive activity of growth factor receptors to drive aberrant signaling and promote transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Walker
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Eduardo Reyes-Alvarez
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Brandy D. Hyndman
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Michael G. Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Larissa C.B. Oliveira
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Aisha N. Rekab
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Mathieu J.F. Crupi
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Rebecca Cabral-Dias
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Qianjin Guo
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, United States
| | - Patricia L.M. Dahia
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, United States
| | - Douglas S. Richardson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Harvard Center for Biological Imaging; Scientific Image Analysis Group, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Costin N. Antonescu
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Lois M. Mulligan
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
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6
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Hamidi S, Hu MI. RET kinase inhibitors for the treatment of RET-altered thyroid cancers: Current knowledge and future directions. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2024; 85:118-126. [PMID: 38342224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
RET gain-of-function mutations are the most common drivers in medullary thyroid carcinoma, while RET fusions are identified in 5-10% of papillary thyroid carcinomas. Thus, RET plays a major role in the tumorigenesis of thyroid neoplasia, making it a valuable therapeutic target. Over a decade ago, multikinase inhibitors (MKIs) were first shown to have variable degrees of anti-RET activity. Despite some clinical efficacy in RET-altered thyroid cancers, significant off-target activity of MKIs led to marked toxicities limiting their use. More recently, two potent, highly selective RET inhibitors, selpercatinib and pralsetinib, were shown to have notable efficacy in RET-altered cancers, associated with more tolerable side effect profiles than those of MKIs. However, these treatments are non-curative, and emerging evidence suggests that patients who progress on therapy acquire mutations conferring drug resistance. Thus, the quest for a more definitive treatment for advanced, RET-altered thyroid cancers continues. This year we celebrate the 30th anniversary of the association of germline mutations of the RET proto-oncogene with the multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2 syndromes. In this timely review, we summarize the current state-of-the-art treatment strategies for RET-altered thyroid cancers, their limitations, as well as future therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hamidi
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Mimi I Hu
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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7
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Nishikawa G, Klein MA. Targeting RET alterations in non-small cell lung cancer. Curr Probl Cancer 2024; 49:101074. [PMID: 38494387 DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2024.101074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Rearranged during transfection (RET) alterations, which lead to aberrant activation of the RET proto-oncogene, have been identified in various cancers. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), RET mutations often manifest as RET fusion genes and are observed in 1-2 % of patients with NSCLC. In recent years, selective RET inhibitors such as selpercatinib and pralsetinib, approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2020, have been part of the revolutionary changes in the treatment landscape for non-small cell lung cancer. While first-generation RET inhibitors have become part of the standard of care for RET-fusion positive NSCLC, a new challenge has emerged: acquired resistance to RET inhibitors. RET resistance is a complex phenomenon that can manifest as either on-target or off-target resistance. Numerous studies have been conducted to identify the mechanisms behind this resistance. This review provides an overview of the biology of RET in NSCLC, methods of RET testing, and a comprehensive analysis of the clinical outcomes associated with multikinase and selective RET inhibitors for NSCLC. Additionally, we will explore future perspectives for RET fusion-positive NSCLC, including ongoing trials and the challenges involved in overcoming resistance to RET inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Nishikawa
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mark A Klein
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Hematology/Oncology Section, Primary Care Service Line, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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8
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Pu X, Xu C, Wang Q, Wang W, Wu F, Cai X, Song Z, Yu J, Zhong W, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Liu J, Zhang S, Liu A, Li W, Zhan P, Liu H, Lv T, Miao L, Min L, Lin G, Huang L, Yuan J, Jiang Z, Rao C, Lv D, Yu Z, Li X, Tang C, Zhou C, Zhang J, Guo H, Chu Q, Meng R, Liu X, Wu J, Zhou J, Zhu Z, Pan W, Pang F, Huang J, Wang K, Wu F, Shen T, Zou S, Xu B, Wang L, Zhu Y, Lin X, Cai J, Xu L, Li J, Jiao X, Li K, Feng H, Wang L, Du Y, Yao W, Shi X, Niu X, Yuan D, Yao Y, Kang J, Zhang J, Zhang C, Fu J, Huang J, Zhang Y, Sun P, Wang H, Ye M, Wang D, Wang Z, Hao Y, Wang Z, Wan B, Lv D, Lan G, Yang S, Shi L, Wang Y, Li B, Zhang Z, Li Z, Li Y, Liu Z, Yang N, Wang H, Huang W, Hong Z, Wang G, Wang J, Fang M, Fang Y, Zhu X, Shen Y, Zhang Y, Ma S, Song Y, Lu Y, Fang W, Li Z, Wu L. Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of RET gene fusion non-small cell lung cancer in China. Thorac Cancer 2023; 14:3166-3177. [PMID: 37718634 PMCID: PMC10626248 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.15105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The rearranged during transfection (RET) gene is one of the receptor tyrosine kinases and cell-surface molecules responsible for transmitting signals that regulate cell growth and differentiation. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), RET fusion is a rare driver gene alteration associated with a poor prognosis. Fortunately, two selective RET inhibitors (sRETi), namely pralsetinib and selpercatinib, have been approved for treating RET fusion NSCLC due to their remarkable efficacy and safety profiles. These inhibitors have shown the ability to overcome resistance to multikinase inhibitors (MKIs). Furthermore, ongoing clinical trials are investigating several second-generation sRETis that are specifically designed to target solvent front mutations, which pose a challenge for first-generation sRETis. The effective screening of patients is the first crucial step in the clinical application of RET-targeted therapy. Currently, four methods are widely used for detecting gene rearrangements: next-generation sequencing (NGS), reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Each of these methods has its advantages and limitations. To streamline the clinical workflow and improve diagnostic and treatment strategies for RET fusion NSCLC, our expert group has reached a consensus. Our objective is to maximize the clinical benefit for patients and promote standardized approaches to RET fusion screening and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxiang Pu
- The Second Department of Thoracic Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South UniversityCentral South UniversityChangshaPeople's Republic of China
| | - Chunwei Xu
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM)Chinese Academy of SciencesHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Jinling HospitalMedical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Respiratory MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese MedicineNanjingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Wenxian Wang
- Department of ChemotherapyChinese Academy of Sciences University Cancer Hospital (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital)HangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xiuyu Cai
- Department of VIP Inpatient, Sun Yat‐Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zhengbo Song
- Department of ChemotherapyChinese Academy of Sciences University Cancer Hospital (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital)HangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jinpu Yu
- Department of Cancer Molecular Diagnostics CoreTianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalTianjinPeople's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhao Zhong
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong Provincial People's HospitalGuangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of MedicineGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yongchang Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lung Cancer and Gastrointestinal Unit, Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of MedicineCentral South UniversityChangshaPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Thoracic CancerJilin Cancer HospitalJilinPeople's Republic of China
| | - Shirong Zhang
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer CenterZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Anwen Liu
- Department of OncologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Wen Li
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Cancer CenterZhejiang UniversityHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Jinling HospitalMedical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Hongbing Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Jinling HospitalMedical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Tangfeng Lv
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Jinling HospitalMedical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Liyun Miao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower HospitalMedical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Lingfeng Min
- Department of Respiratory MedicineClinical Medical School of Yangzhou University, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu ProvinceYangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Gen Lin
- Department of Medical OncologyFujian Medical University Cancer Hospital & Fujian Cancer HospitalFuzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Long Huang
- Department of OncologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jingping Yuan
- Department of PathologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zhansheng Jiang
- Department of Integrative OncologyTianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalTianjinPeople's Republic of China
| | - Chuangzhou Rao
- Department of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, Hwamei HospitalUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesNingboPeople's Republic of China
| | - Dongqing Lv
- Department of Pulmonary MedicineTaizhou Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityTaizhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zongyang Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the 900th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team (the Former Fuzhou General Hospital)Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Chuanhao Tang
- Department of Medical OncologyPeking University International HospitalBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Chengzhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease; Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory HealthThe First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University)GuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Junping Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Shanxi Academy of Medical SciencesShanxi Bethune HospitalTaiyuanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Medical OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anPeople's Republic of China
| | - Qian Chu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Rui Meng
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xuewen Liu
- Department of Oncology, the Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jingxun Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamenPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and TechnologyChengduPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zhengfei Zhu
- Department of Radiation OncologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Pan
- Department of Cell Biology, College of MedicineJiaxing UniversityJiaxingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Fei Pang
- Department of MedicalShanghai OrigiMed Co, LtdShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jintao Huang
- Department of MedicalShanghai OrigiMed Co, LtdShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of MedicalShanghai OrigiMed Co, LtdShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of MedicalMenarini Silicon Biosystems SpaShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Shen
- Department of MedicalStone Pharmaceuticals (Suzhou) Co., Ltd.ShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Shirui Zou
- Department of MedicalStone Pharmaceuticals (Suzhou) Co., Ltd.ShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Bingwei Xu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer InstituteFirst Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of OncologyBaotou Cancer HospitalBaotouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Youcai Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Zhejiang Rongjun HospitalThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing UniversityJiaxingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xinqing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease; Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory HealthThe First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University)GuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of OncologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Interventional Pulmonary DiseasesAnhui Chest HospitalHefeiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jisheng Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinnanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Jiao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Changzheng HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Kainan Li
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Huijing Feng
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Shanxi Academy of Medical SciencesShanxi Bethune HospitalTaiyuanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shanxi Academy of Medical SciencesShanxi Bethune HospitalTaiyuanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Du
- Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Wang Yao
- Department of Interventional Oncology, The First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xuefei Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Huzhou HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHuzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Niu
- Department of Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Yuan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Jinling HospitalMedical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yanwen Yao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Jinling HospitalMedical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jing Kang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong Provincial People's HospitalGuangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of MedicineGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jiatao Zhang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong Provincial People's HospitalGuangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of MedicineGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong Provincial People's HospitalGuangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of MedicineGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jianfei Fu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Jinhua HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineJinhuaPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Huang
- Department of OncologyLishui Municipal Central HospitalLishuiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yinbin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical CollegeXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anPeople's Republic of China
| | - Pingli Sun
- Department of PathologyThe Second Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunPeople's Republic of China
| | - Hong Wang
- Senior Department of OncologyThe 5th Medical Center of PLA General HospitalBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Mingxiang Ye
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Jinling HospitalMedical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Jinling HospitalMedical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zhaofeng Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Jinling HospitalMedical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yue Hao
- Department of ChemotherapyChinese Academy of Sciences University Cancer Hospital (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital)HangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Jinling HospitalMedical School of NanjingNanjingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Bing Wan
- Department of Respiratory MedicineThe Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Donglai Lv
- Department of Clinical OncologyThe 901 Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of People Liberation ArmyHefeiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Gang Lan
- Department of Thoracic Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Zhejiang Rongjun HospitalThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing UniversityJiaxingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Shengjie Yang
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryChuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture People's HospitalChuxiongPeople's Republic of China
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yina Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Bihui Li
- Department of OncologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical UniversityGuilinPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Precision Chemical Drug Development, School of PharmacyJinan UniversityGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zhongwu Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of PathologyPeking University Cancer Hospital & InstituteBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of PathologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zhefeng Liu
- Senior Department of OncologyThe 5th Medical Center of PLA General HospitalBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Nong Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lung Cancer and Gastrointestinal Unit, Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of MedicineCentral South UniversityChangshaPeople's Republic of China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- Department of Medical OncologyThe Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer HospitalZhengzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Huang
- Department of Pathologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and TechnologyLuoyangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zhuan Hong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer HospitalNanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer HospitalNanjingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Guansong Wang
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xinqiao HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jiandong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Jinling HospitalMedical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Meiyu Fang
- Department of ChemotherapyChinese Academy of Sciences University Cancer Hospital (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital)HangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yong Fang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang UniversityHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xixu Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Jinling HospitalMedical School of NanjingNanjingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Jinling HospitalMedical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- Department of ChemotherapyChinese Academy of Sciences University Cancer Hospital (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital)HangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Shenglin Ma
- Department of Oncology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Cancer CenterZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yong Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Jinling HospitalMedical School of Nanjing UniversityNanjingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yuanzhi Lu
- Department of Clinical PathologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Wenfeng Fang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Ziming Li
- Department of Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wu
- The Second Department of Thoracic Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South UniversityCentral South UniversityChangshaPeople's Republic of China
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9
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Steen EA, Basilaia M, Kim W, Getz T, Gustafson JL, Zage PE. Targeting the RET tyrosine kinase in neuroblastoma: A review and application of a novel selective drug design strategy. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 216:115751. [PMID: 37595672 PMCID: PMC10911250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
The RET (REarranged during Transfection) gene, which encodes for a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase, is an established oncogene associated with the etiology and progression of multiple types of cancer. Oncogenic RET mutations and rearrangements resulting in gene fusions have been identified in many adult cancers, including medullary and papillary thyroid cancers, lung adenocarcinomas, colon and breast cancers, and many others. While genetic RET aberrations are much less common in pediatric solid tumors, increased RET expression has been shown to be associated with poor prognosis in children with solid tumors such as neuroblastoma, prompting an interest in RET inhibition as a form of therapy for these children. A number of kinase inhibitors currently in use for patients with cancer have RET inhibitory activity, but these inhibitors also display activity against other kinases, resulting in unwanted side effects and limiting their safety and efficacy. Recent efforts have been focused on developing more specific RET inhibitors, but due to high levels of conservation between kinase binding pockets, specificity remains a drug design challenge. Here, we review the background of RET as a potential therapeutic target in neuroblastoma tumors and the results of recent preclinical studies and clinical trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of RET inhibition in adults and children. We also present a novel approach to drug discovery leveraging the chemical phenomenon of atropisomerism to develop specific RET inhibitors and present preliminary data demonstrating the efficacy of a novel RET inhibitor against neuroblastoma tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica A Steen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Mariam Basilaia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - William Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Taelor Getz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jeffrey L Gustafson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | - Peter E Zage
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Peckham Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA.
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10
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Green JR, Mahalingaiah PKS, Gopalakrishnan SM, Liguori MJ, Mittelstadt SW, Blomme EAG, Van Vleet TR. Off-target pharmacological activity at various kinases: Potential functional and pathological side effects. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2023; 123:107468. [PMID: 37553032 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2023.107468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
In drug discovery, during the lead optimization and candidate characterization stages, novel small molecules are frequently evaluated in a battery of in vitro pharmacology assays to identify potential unintended, off-target interactions with various receptors, transporters, ion channels, and enzymes, including kinases. Furthermore, these screening panels may also provide utility at later stages of development to provide a mechanistic understanding of unexpected safety findings. Here, we present a compendium of the most likely functional and pathological outcomes associated with interaction(s) to a panel of 95 kinases based on an extensive curation of the scientific literature. This panel of kinases was designed by AbbVie based on safety-related data extracted from the literature, as well as from over 20 years of institutional knowledge generated from discovery efforts. For each kinase, the scientific literature was reviewed using online databases and the most often reported functional and pathological effects were summarized. This work should serve as a practical guide for small molecule drug discovery scientists and clinical investigators to predict and/or interpret adverse effects related to pharmacological interactions with these kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon R Green
- Departments of Preclinical Safety, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States.
| | | | - Sujatha M Gopalakrishnan
- Drug Discovery Science and Technology, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Michael J Liguori
- Departments of Preclinical Safety, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Scott W Mittelstadt
- Departments of Preclinical Safety, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Eric A G Blomme
- Departments of Preclinical Safety, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Terry R Van Vleet
- Departments of Preclinical Safety, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
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11
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Mol P, Balaya RDA, Dagamajalu S, Babu S, Chandrasekaran P, Raghavan R, Suresh S, Ravishankara N, Raju AH, Nair B, Modi PK, Mahadevan A, Prasad TSK, Raju R. A network map of GDNF/RET signaling pathway in physiological and pathological conditions. J Cell Commun Signal 2023; 17:1089-1095. [PMID: 36715855 PMCID: PMC10409931 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) signals through a multi-component receptor system predominantly consisting of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored GDNF family receptor alpha-1 (GFRα1) and the Rearranged during transfection (RET) receptor tyrosine kinase. GDNF/RET signaling is vital to the central and peripheral nervous system, kidney morphogenesis, and spermatogenesis. In addition, the dysregulation of the GDNF/RET signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cancers. Despite the extensive research on GDNF/RET signaling, a molecular network of reactions induced by GDNF reported across the published literature. However, a comprehensive GDNF/RET pathway resource is currently unavailable. We describe an integrated signaling pathway reaction map of GDNF/RET consisting of 1151 molecular reactions. These include information pertaining to 52 molecular association events, 70 enzyme catalysis events, 36 activation/inhibition events, 22 translocation events, 856 gene regulation events, and 115 protein-level expression events induced by GDNF in diverse cell types. We developed a comprehensive GDNF/RET signaling network map based on these molecular reactions. The pathway map was made accessible through WikiPathways database ( https://www.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP5143 ). Biocuration and development of gene regulatory network map of GDNF/RET signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praseeda Mol
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Whitefield, Bangalore, 560066 India
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, 690525 India
| | | | - Shobha Dagamajalu
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575018 India
| | - Sreeranjini Babu
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575018 India
| | - Pavithra Chandrasekaran
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Whitefield, Bangalore, 560066 India
| | - Reshma Raghavan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Whitefield, Bangalore, 560066 India
| | - Sneha Suresh
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Whitefield, Bangalore, 560066 India
| | - Namitha Ravishankara
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Whitefield, Bangalore, 560066 India
| | - Anu Hemalatha Raju
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Whitefield, Bangalore, 560066 India
| | - Bipin Nair
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, 690525 India
| | - Prashant Kumar Modi
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575018 India
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560029 India
- Human Brain Tissue Repository, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560029 India
| | | | - Rajesh Raju
- Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575018 India
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575018 India
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12
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Han H, Fu X, Zhang Y, Luo D, Zhang X, Wu X. Expression and Prognostic Value of m6A RNA Methylation-Related Genes in Thyroid Cancer. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 52:1902-1916. [PMID: 38033847 PMCID: PMC10682584 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v52i9.13572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Background N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation modification is involved in tumorigenesis and progression and can affect various stages of RNA processing. We aimed to determine m6A methylation modifications on a transcriptome-wide scale in thyroid cancer. Methods RNA samples from cancerous tissues and adjacent tissues extracted from patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) from Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang, China from January 2019 to January 2020 were used for m6A-sequencing. The biological function of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was analyzed via Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Correlation analysis between the results of transcriptome sequencing and m6A-sequencing was also performed. The key m6A immune-related genes were downloaded from Immport. LASSO regression was performed on the resulting genes to establish a prognostic risk model, which was verified by multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Results An increase in m6A content in the total RNA of PTC was observed. A total of 123 genes with significant differential expression and differential methylation sites in thyroid cancer were selected, related to protein digestion and absorption, linoleic acid metabolism, legionellosis and alpha-linolenic acid metabolism. Seven genes (GDNF, EBI3, CCL2, BMP5, TGFB2, CGB3 and RLN2) were found to be predictive of PTC. Conclusion We analyzed the expression, enrichment pathways and functions of m6A methylation-related genes in the whole transcriptome of thyroid cancer and provided a prognostic risk model for thyroid cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Han
- Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaodan Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hang-zhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dingcun Luo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hang-zhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianfeng Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohong Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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13
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van den Berg MF, Kooistra HS, Grinwis GCM, Nicoli S, Golinelli S, Stammeleer L, van Wolferen ME, Timmermans-Sprang EPM, Zandvliet MMJM, van Steenbeek FG, Galac S. Whole transcriptome analysis of canine pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1155804. [PMID: 37691636 PMCID: PMC10484483 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1155804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are neuroendocrine tumors arising from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla and extra-adrenal paraganglia, respectively. Local invasion, concurrent disorders, and metastases prevent surgical removal, which is the most effective treatment to date. Given the current lack of effective medical treatment, there is a need for novel therapeutic strategies. To identify druggable pathways driving PPGL development, we performed RNA sequencing on PPGLs (n = 19) and normal adrenal medullas (NAMs; n = 10) of dogs. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that PPGLs clearly clustered apart from NAMs. In total, 4,218 genes were differentially expressed between PPGLs and NAMs. Of these, 232 had a log2 fold change of >3 or < -3, of which 149 were upregulated in PPGLs, and 83 were downregulated. Compared with NAMs, PPGLs had increased expression of genes related to the cell cycle, tumor development, progression and metastasis, hypoxia and angiogenesis, and the Wnt signaling pathway, and decreased expression of genes related to adrenal steroidogenesis. Our data revealed several overexpressed genes that could provide targets for novel therapeutics, such as Ret Proto-Oncogene (RET), Dopamine Receptor D2 (DRD2), and Secreted Frizzled Related Protein 2 (SFRP2). Based on the PCA, PPGLs were classified into 2 groups, of which group 1 had significantly higher Ki67 scores (p = 0.035) and shorter survival times (p = 0.04) than group 2. Increased expression of 1 of the differentially expressed genes between group 1 and 2, pleiotrophin (PTN), appeared to correlate with a more aggressive tumor phenotype. This study has shed light on the transcriptomic profile of canine PPGL, yielding new insights into the pathogenesis of these tumors in dogs, and revealed potential novel targets for therapy. In addition, we identified 2 transcriptionally distinct groups of PPGLs that had significantly different survival times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit F. van den Berg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hans S. Kooistra
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Guy C. M. Grinwis
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Stefania Golinelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lisa Stammeleer
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Monique E. van Wolferen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Maurice M. J. M. Zandvliet
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Frank G. van Steenbeek
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sara Galac
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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14
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Desilets A, Repetto M, Yang SR, Sherman EJ, Drilon A. RET-Altered Cancers-A Tumor-Agnostic Review of Biology, Diagnosis and Targeted Therapy Activity. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4146. [PMID: 37627175 PMCID: PMC10452615 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15164146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
RET alterations, such as fusions or mutations, drive the growth of multiple tumor types. These alterations are found in canonical (lung and thyroid) and non-canonical (e.g., gastrointestinal, breast, gynecological, genitourinary, histiocytic) cancers. RET alterations are best identified via comprehensive next-generation sequencing, preferably with DNA and RNA interrogation for fusions. Targeted therapies for RET-dependent cancers have evolved from older multikinase inhibitors to selective inhibitors of RET such as selpercatinib and pralsetinib. Prospective basket trials and retrospective reports have demonstrated the activity of these drugs in a wide variety of RET-altered cancers, notably those with RET fusions. This paved the way for the first tumor-agnostic selective RET inhibitor US FDA approval in 2022. Acquired resistance to RET kinase inhibitors can take the form of acquired resistance mutations (e.g., RET G810X) or bypass alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Desilets
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; (A.D.); (M.R.); (S.-R.Y.); (E.J.S.)
| | - Matteo Repetto
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; (A.D.); (M.R.); (S.-R.Y.); (E.J.S.)
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Soo-Ryum Yang
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; (A.D.); (M.R.); (S.-R.Y.); (E.J.S.)
| | - Eric J. Sherman
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; (A.D.); (M.R.); (S.-R.Y.); (E.J.S.)
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alexander Drilon
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; (A.D.); (M.R.); (S.-R.Y.); (E.J.S.)
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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15
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Oliveira LCB, Mulligan LM. Selpercatinib: First approved selective RET inhibitor. Cell 2023; 186:1517. [PMID: 37059058 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Selpercatinib is a small molecule that binds at the RET kinase active site. It inhibits activity of constitutively dimerized RET fusion proteins and activated point mutants, thereby blocking downstream signals for proliferation and survival. It is the first selective RET inhibitor to be FDA approved for tumor agnostic targeting of oncogenic RET fusion proteins. To view this Bench to Bedside, open or download the PDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa C B Oliveira
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Lois M Mulligan
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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16
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Alqahtani T, Kumarasamy V, Alghamdi SS, Suliman RS, Bin Saleh K, Alrashed MA, Aldhaeefi M, Sun D. Adefovir Dipivoxil as a Therapeutic Candidate for Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: Targeting RET and STAT3 Proto-Oncogenes. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072163. [PMID: 37046823 PMCID: PMC10093259 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant gene expression is often linked to the progression of various cancers, making the targeting of oncogene transcriptional activation a potential strategy to control tumor growth and development. The RET proto-oncogene’s gain-of-function mutation is a major cause of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), which is part of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) syndrome. In this study, we used a cell-based bioluminescence reporter system driven by the RET promoter to screen for small molecules that potentially suppress the RET gene transcription. We identified adefovir dipivoxil as a transcriptional inhibitor of the RET gene, which suppressed endogenous RET protein expression in MTC TT cells. Adefovir dipivoxil also interfered with STAT3 phosphorylation and showed high affinity to bind to STAT3. Additionally, it inhibited RET-dependent TT cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. These results demonstrate the potential of cell-based screening assays in identifying transcriptional inhibitors for other oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Vishnu Kumarasamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Sahar Saleh Alghamdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha Saad Suliman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacy Department, Fatima College of Health Sciences, Almafrag, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 3798, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khalid Bin Saleh
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
- Department of pharmacy practice, College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Alrashed
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
- Department of pharmacy practice, College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Aldhaeefi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
- Department of pharmacy practice, College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daekyu Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Pharmacy Department, Fatima College of Health Sciences, Almafrag, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 3798, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
- The BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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17
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Pecar G, Liu S, Hooda J, Atkinson JM, Oesterreich S, Lee AV. RET signaling in breast cancer therapeutic resistance and metastasis. Breast Cancer Res 2023; 25:26. [PMID: 36918928 PMCID: PMC10015789 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-023-01622-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
RET, a single-pass receptor tyrosine kinase encoded on human chromosome 10, is well known to the field of developmental biology for its role in the ontogenesis of the central and enteric nervous systems and the kidney. In adults, RET alterations have been characterized as drivers of non-small cell lung cancer and multiple neuroendocrine neoplasms. In breast cancer, RET signaling networks have been shown to influence diverse functions including tumor development, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. While RET is known to drive the development and progression of multiple solid tumors, therapeutic agents selectively targeting RET are relatively new, though multiple multi-kinase inhibitors have shown promise as RET inhibitors in the past; further, RET has been historically neglected as a potential therapeutic co-target in endocrine-refractory breast cancers despite mounting evidence for a key pathologic role and repeated description of a bi-directional relationship with the estrogen receptor, the principal driver of most breast tumors. Additionally, the recent discovery of RET enrichment in breast cancer brain metastases suggests a role for RET inhibition specific to advanced disease. This review assesses the status of research on RET in breast cancer and evaluates the therapeutic potential of RET-selective kinase inhibitors across major breast cancer subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Pecar
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, The Assembly, Room 2051, 5051 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Simeng Liu
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jagmohan Hooda
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, The Assembly, Room 2051, 5051 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jennifer M Atkinson
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, The Assembly, Room 2051, 5051 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Steffi Oesterreich
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, The Assembly, Room 2051, 5051 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Adrian V Lee
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, The Assembly, Room 2051, 5051 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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18
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Tumor-associated macrophage-derived GDNF promotes gastric cancer liver metastasis via a GFRA1-modulated autophagy flux. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2023; 46:315-330. [PMID: 36808605 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00751-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Liver metastasis, a lethal malignancy of gastric cancer (GC) patients, execrably impairs their prognosis. As yet, however, few studies have been designed to identify the driving molecules during its formation, except screening evidence pausing before their functions or mechanisms. Here, we aimed to survey a key driving event within the invasive margin of liver metastases. METHODS A metastatic GC tissue microarray was used for exploring malignant events during liver-metastasis formation, followed by assessing the expression patterns of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and GDNF family receptor alpha 1 (GFRA1). Their oncogenic functions were determined by both loss- and gain-of-function studies in vitro and in vivo, and validated by rescue experiments. Multiple cell biological studies were performed to identify the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS In the invasive margin, GFRA1 was identified as a pivotal molecule involved in cellular survival during liver metastasis formation, and we found that its oncogenic role depends on tumor associated macrophage (TAM)-derived GDNF. In addition, we found that the GDNF-GFRA1 axis protects tumor cells from apoptosis under metabolic stress via regulating lysosomal functions and autophagy flux, and participates in the regulation of cytosolic calcium ion signalling in a RET-independent and non-canonical way. CONCLUSION From our data we conclude that TAMs, homing around metastatic nests, induce the autophagy flux of GC cells and promote the development of liver metastasis via GDNF-GFRA1 signalling. This is expected to improve the comprehension of metastatic pathogenesis and to provide a novel direction of research and translational strategies for the treatment of metastatic GC patients.
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19
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Gani MA, Nurhan AD, Hadinar Putri BRK, Suyatno A, Khan SA, Ardianto C, Rantam FA, Khotib J. Computational approach in searching for dual action multitarget inhibitors for osteosarcoma. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2023; 14:18-23. [PMID: 36950466 PMCID: PMC10026319 DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_541_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a common primary malignant bone tumor that typically manifests in the second decade of life. This study aimed to identify osteogenic compounds that potentially serve as multitarget inhibitors for osteosarcoma. The study was a molecular docking study of nine Food and Drug Administration-approved compounds with osteogenic properties to the key membrane proteins of osteosarcoma. The ligands used were raloxifene, simvastatin, dexamethasone, risedronate, ibandronate, zoledronic acid, ascorbic acid, alendronate, and β-glycerophosphate, whereas the target proteins used were RET, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, KIT, PDGFRA, VEGFR1, and VEGFR2. Chem3D version 15.0.0.106 was used for ligand preparation, and AutoDockTools version 1.5.6 was used for protein preparation, whereas molecular docking was conducted using AutoDock Vina. Raloxifene, simvastatin, and dexamethasone had the lowest binding activity to the target proteins. The binding affinity of raloxifene was from -8.4 to -10.0 kcal mol-1, that of simvastatin was -8.3 to -9.2 kcal mol-1, whereas dexamethasone ranged from -6.9 to -9.1 kcal mol-1. Most types of interactions were hydrophobically followed by hydrogen bonding. The current study suggests that raloxifene, simvastatin, and dexamethasone have the potential to act as multitarget inhibitors for osteosarcoma with the ability to induce bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Apriliani Gani
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Dzulikri Nurhan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Andhi Suyatno
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Shakil Ahmed Khan
- Laboratorium of Virology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Chrismawan Ardianto
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Fedik Abdul Rantam
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Science, School of Convergence Science, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Junaidi Khotib
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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20
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Kong Y, Allison DB, Zhang Q, He D, Li Y, Mao F, Li C, Li Z, Zhang Y, Wang J, Wang C, Brainson CF, Liu X. The kinase PLK1 promotes the development of <i>Kras</i>/<i>Tp53</i>-mutant lung adenocarcinoma through transcriptional activation of the receptor RET. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabj4009. [PMID: 36194647 PMCID: PMC9737055 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abj4009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increased abundance of polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is observed in various tumor types, particularly in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Here, we found that PLK1 accelerated the progression of LUAD through a mechanism that was independent of its role in mediating mitotic cell division. Analysis of human tumor databases revealed that increased PLK1 abundance in LUAD correlated with mutations in KRAS and p53, with tumor stage, and with reduced survival in patients. In a mouse model of KRAS<sup>G12D</sup>-driven, p53-deficient LUAD, PLK1 overexpression increased tumor burden, decreased tumor cell differentiation, and reduced animal survival. PLK1 overexpression in cultured cells and mice indirectly increased the expression of the gene encoding the receptor tyrosine kinase RET by phosphorylating the transcription factor TTF-1. Signaling by RET and mutant KRAS in these tumors converged to activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Pharmacological inhibition of the MAPK pathway kinase MEK combined with inhibition of either RET or PLK1 markedly suppressed tumor growth. Our findings show that PLK1 can amplify MAPK signaling and reveal a potential target for stemming progression in lung cancers with high PLK1 abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Kong
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, USA,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
| | - Derek B. Allison
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
| | - Qiongsi Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, USA,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
| | - Daheng He
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
| | - Yuntong Li
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
| | - Fengyi Mao
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, USA,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
| | - Chaohao Li
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, USA,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
| | - Zhiguo Li
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, USA,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
| | - Yanquan Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, USA,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
| | - Jianlin Wang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, USA,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
| | - Chi Wang
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
| | - Christine F. Brainson
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, USA,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, USA,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA,Corresponding author.
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21
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Agarwal N, Zhou Q, Arya D, Rinaldetti S, Duex J, LaBarbera DV, Theodorescu D. AST-487 Inhibits RET Kinase Driven TERT Expression in Bladder Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810819. [PMID: 36142729 PMCID: PMC9501578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the promoter of the human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT) gene are common and associated with its elevated expression in bladder cancer, melanoma, and glioblastoma. Though these mutations and TERT overexpression are associated with aggressive disease and poor outcome, an incomplete understanding of mutant TERT regulation limits treatment options directed at this gene. Herein, we unravel a signaling pathway that leads to upregulated hTERT expression resulting from the −124 bp promoter mutation, the most frequent variant across human cancer. We employed engineered bladder cancer cells that harbor a GFP insertion at the TSS region on −124 hTERT promoter for high-content screening drug discovery using a focused library of ~800 kinase inhibitors. Studies using in vitro and in vivo models prioritized AST-487, an inhibitor of the wild-type, and mutant RET (rearranged during transfection) proto-oncogene as a novel drug inhibitor of both wild-type and mutant promoter-driven hTERT expression. We also identified the RET kinase pathway, targeted by AST-487, as a novel regulator of mutant hTERT promoter-driven transcription in bladder cancer cells. Collectively, our work provides new potential precision medicine approaches for cancer patients with upregulated hTERT expression, perhaps, especially those harboring mutations in both the RET gene and the hTERT promoter, such as in thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Agarwal
- Cedars-Sinai Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- The CU Anschutz Center for Drug Discovery, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- The University of Colorado Cancer Center, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Deepak Arya
- Cedars-Sinai Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Sébastien Rinaldetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jason Duex
- Cedars-Sinai Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Daniel V. LaBarbera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- The CU Anschutz Center for Drug Discovery, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- The University of Colorado Cancer Center, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Correspondence: (D.V.L.); (D.T.); Tel.: +1-310-423-8431 (D.T.)
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- Cedars-Sinai Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Correspondence: (D.V.L.); (D.T.); Tel.: +1-310-423-8431 (D.T.)
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22
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Yu Z, Li H, Wang M, Luo W, Xue Y. GDNF regulates lipid metabolism and glioma growth through RET/ERK/HIF‑1/SREBP‑1. Int J Oncol 2022; 61:109. [PMID: 35894143 PMCID: PMC9436484 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells rewire their metabolism to meet the demands of growth and survival and this metabolic reprogramming has been recognized as an emerging hallmark of cancer. However, the respective mechanisms remain elusive and the contribution of aberrant lipid metabolism to the malignant phenotypes of glioma are unclear. The present study demonstrated that glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is highly expressed in glioma and associated with poor clinical outcomes. In addition, there was a significant correlation between GDNF/rearranged during transfection (RET)/ERK signaling and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) expression in glioma cells. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of GDNF-induced RET/ERK activity downregulated SREBP-1 expression and SREBP-1-mediated transcription of lipogenic genes. Additionally, GDNF regulated SREBP-1 activity by promoting hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) mediated glucose absorption and hexosamine biosynthetic pathway mediated SREBP cleavage-activating protein N-glycosylation. In addition, the inhibition of SREBP-1 reduced the in vitro GDNF-induced glioma cell proliferation. The results elucidated the complex relationship between GDNF/RET/ERK signaling and dysregulated glycolipid-metabolism, which shows great potential to uncover novel metabolic vulnerabilities and improve the efficacy of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Hongjiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Wenzheng Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Yake Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
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23
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Boozari M, Hosseinzadeh H. Crocin molecular signaling pathways at a glance: A comprehensive review. Phytother Res 2022; 36:3859-3884. [PMID: 35989419 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Crocin is a hydrophilic carotenoid that is synthesized in the flowers of the Crocus genus. Numerous in vitro and in vivo research projects have been published about the biological and pharmacological properties and toxicity of crocin. Crocin acts as a memory enhancer, anxiolytic, aphrodisiac, antidepressant, neuroprotective, and so on. Here, we introduce an updated and comprehensive review of crocin molecular mechanisms based on previously examined and mentioned in the literature. Different studies confirmed the significant effect of crocin to control pathological conditions, including oxidative stress, inflammation, metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. The neuroprotective effect of crocin could be related to the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Notch, and cyclic-AMP response element-binding protein signaling pathways. The crocin also protects the cardiovascular system through the inhibitory effect on toll-like receptors. The regulatory effect of crocin on PI3K/AKT/mTOR, AMP-activated protein kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor pathways can play an effective role in the treatment of metabolic disorders. The crocin has anticancer activity through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, MAPK, vascular endothelial growth factor, Wnt/β-catenin, and Janus kinases-signal transducer and activator of transcription suppression. Also, the nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 and p53 signaling pathway activation may be effective in the anticancer effect of crocin. Finally, among signaling pathways regulated by crocin, the most important ones seem to be those related to the regulatory effect on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motahareh Boozari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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24
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An integrative pan cancer analysis of RET aberrations and their potential clinical implications. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13913. [PMID: 35978072 PMCID: PMC9386015 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17791-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RET (rearranged during transfection), encoding a tyrosine kinase receptor, is a novel therapeutic target for cancers. The aberrations of RET are commonly found in cancers. Here, we profiled a comprehensive genomic landscape of RET mutations, copy number variants (CNVs), co-occurrence of RET and its mRNA expression and methylation levels in pan cancer, paving the way to the development of new RET-targeted therapies in clinic. Analysis of RET somatic mutations, CNVs, co-occurrence, mRNA expression and methylation were performed among 32 cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset covering a total of 10,953 patients with 10,967 samples. RET aberrations were found in 3.0% of diverse cancers. The top two RET-altered tumors were skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) and uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC) with dominant mutations in the other and PKinase_Tyr domains. RET-G823E and RET-S891L were most commonly found in SKCM and UCEC. Thyroid carcinoma (THCA) demonstrated the highest rate of coiled-coil domain containing 6 (CCDC6)-RET fusions, which constitutively activate RET kinase. Two FDA-approved RET inhibitors—pralsetinib and selpercatinib have been implied for the treatment of patients with RET S891L mutant UCEC and the treatment of patients with metastatic RET-fusion positive THCA and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) at therapeutic level 1. We also identified four RET M918T-altered cases in patients with pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PCPG), which may induce drug resistance against multikinase inhibitors. Next, 273 co-occurring aberrations, most frequently in Notch signaling, TGF-β pathway, cell cycle, and Ras-Raf-MEK-Erk/JNK signaling, were uncovered among 311 RET altered cases. TP53 mutations (162 patients) leads to the most significant co-occurrence associated with RET aberrations. Furthermore, the RET expression was found most significantly increased in breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA) and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC), as compared to their corresponding normal tissues. At last, patients with higher expression and sequence variant frequency have a worse prognosis, such as sarcoma patients. This work provided a profound and comprehensive analysis of RET and co-occurred alterations, RET mRNA expression and the clinical significance in pan cancer, offering new insights into targeted therapy for patients with RET anomalies.
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Rhymes ER, Tosolini AP, Fellows AD, Mahy W, McDonald NQ, Schiavo G. Bimodal regulation of axonal transport by the GDNF-RET signalling axis in healthy and diseased motor neurons. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:584. [PMID: 35798698 PMCID: PMC9263112 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Deficits in axonal transport are one of the earliest pathological outcomes in several models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), including SOD1G93A mice. Evidence suggests that rescuing these deficits prevents disease progression, stops denervation, and extends survival. Kinase inhibitors have been previously identified as transport enhancers, and are being investigated as potential therapies for ALS. For example, inhibitors of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and insulin growth factor receptor 1 have been shown to rescue axonal transport deficits in vivo in symptomatic SOD1G93A mice. In this work, we investigated the impact of RET, the tyrosine kinase receptor for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), as a modifier of axonal transport. We identified the fundamental interplay between RET signalling and axonal transport in both wild-type and SOD1G93A motor neurons in vitro. We demonstrated that blockade of RET signalling using pharmacological inhibitors and genetic knockdown enhances signalling endosome transport in wild-type motor neurons and uncovered a divergence in the response of primary motor neurons to GDNF compared with cell lines. Finally, we showed that inhibition of the GDNF-RET signalling axis rescues in vivo transport deficits in early symptomatic SOD1G93A mice, promoting RET as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena R. Rhymes
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew P. Tosolini
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alexander D. Fellows
- grid.42475.300000 0004 0605 769XMRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - William Mahy
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Alzheimer’s Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Neil Q. McDonald
- grid.451388.30000 0004 1795 1830Signalling and Structural Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK ,grid.88379.3d0000 0001 2324 0507Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, London, UK
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, University College London, London, UK ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
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Huang X, Guo B. Update on preclinical and clinical efforts on ex-vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Curr Opin Hematol 2022; 29:167-173. [PMID: 35220322 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Ex-vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is one potential approach to enhance the clinical efficacy of hematopoietic cell transplantation-based therapy for malignant and nonmalignant blood diseases. Here, we discuss the major progress of preclinical and clinical studies on the ex-vivo expansion of human HSCs and progenitor cells (HPCs). RECENT FINDINGS Single-cell RNA sequencing identified ADGRG1 as a reliable marker of functional HSCs upon ex-vivo expansion-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress. Both SR1 and UM171 significantly promote ex-vivo expansion of human cord blood HSCs and HPCs, as determined in preclinical animal models. Encouraged by these findings from the bench, multiple phase I/II and phase II clinical trials have been conducted to evaluate the safety, feasibility and efficacy of SR1-expanded and UM171-expanded cord blood units in patients with hematological malignancy. SUMMARY Preliminary data from multiple phase I/II clinical trials regarding transplants of ex-vivo-expanded HSCs and HPCs have demonstrated that ex-vivo expansion may be used to overcome the limitation of the rarity of HSCs without compromising stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Huang
- Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital of Fudan University and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Bin Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Vodopivec DM, Hu MI. RET kinase inhibitors for RET-altered thyroid cancers. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2022; 14:17588359221101691. [PMID: 35756966 PMCID: PMC9218446 DOI: 10.1177/17588359221101691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision oncology has opened a new era in cancer treatment focused on targeting specific cellular pathways directly involved in tumorigenesis. The REarrangement during Transfection (RET) proto-oncogene is involved in the pathogenesis of various thyroid cancer subtypes. Mutations in RET give rise to both hereditary and sporadic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). RET fusions are found in follicular cell-derived thyroid cancers (papillary, poorly differentiated, and anaplastic). Hence, drugs that block the RET tyrosine kinase receptor have been explored in the management of locally advanced or metastatic thyroid cancer. The multikinase inhibitors (MKIs) with nonselective RET inhibition are sorafenib, lenvatinib, vandetanib, cabozantinib, and sunitinib. Although the efficacy of these drugs varies, a major issue is the lack of specificity resulting in a higher rate of drug-related toxicities, leading to dose reduction, interruption, or discontinuation. Moreover, MKIs are subject to drug resistance by RET Val804 residue gatekeeper mutations. In phase I/II clinical studies, the highly selective first-generation RET inhibitors, selpercatinib and pralsetinib, demonstrate high efficacy in controlling disease even in the presence of gatekeeper mutations combined with greater tolerability. However, resistance mechanisms such as RET solvent front mutations (SFMs) have evolved in some patients, giving the need to develop the selective second-generation RET inhibitors. Although the approval of selpercatinib and pralsetinib in 2020 has profoundly benefited patients with RET-altered thyroid cancer, further research into optimal treatment strategies, mechanisms of drug resistance, long-term consequences of potent RET-inhibition, and development of more effective agents against emergent mutations are much needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica M Vodopivec
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4000, USA
| | - Mimi I Hu
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Reawakening GDNF's regenerative past in mice and humans. Regen Ther 2022; 20:78-85. [PMID: 35509264 PMCID: PMC9043678 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of an animal to regenerate lost tissue and body parts has obviously life-saving implications. Understanding how this ability became restricted or active in specific animal lineages will help us understand our own regeneration. According to phylogenic analysis, the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) signaling pathway, but not other family members, is conserved in axolotls, a salamander with remarkable regenerative capacity. Furthermore, comparing the pro-regenerative Spiny mouse to its less regenerative descendant, the House mouse, revealed that the GDNF signaling pathway, but not other family members, was induced in regenerating Spiny mice. According to GDNF receptor expression analysis, GDNF may promote hair follicle neogenesis – an important feature of skin regeneration – by determining the fate of dermal fibroblasts as part of new hair follicles. These findings support the idea that GDNF treatment will promote skin regeneration in humans by demonstrating the GDNF signaling pathway's ancestral and cellular nature. In pro-regenerative axolotls, the GDNF-GFR□1 signaling system is conserved. In pro-regenerative Spiny mice, the GDNF-GFR□1 signaling system is activated. In mice, GDNF targets upper-regeneration-competent dermal fibroblasts. GDNF-GFR□1 activation may promote skin regeneration in mice and humans.
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Kanwore K, Kanwore K, Adzika GK, Abiola AA, Guo X, Kambey PA, Xia Y, Gao D. Cancer Metabolism: The Role of Immune Cells Epigenetic Alteration in Tumorigenesis, Progression, and Metastasis of Glioma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:831636. [PMID: 35392088 PMCID: PMC8980436 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.831636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is a type of brain and spinal cord tumor that begins in glial cells that support the nervous system neurons functions. Age, radiation exposure, and family background of glioma constitute are risk factors of glioma initiation. Gliomas are categorized on a scale of four grades according to their growth rate. Grades one and two grow slowly, while grades three and four grow faster. Glioblastoma is a grade four gliomas and the deadliest due to its aggressive nature (accelerated proliferation, invasion, and migration). As such, multiple therapeutic approaches are required to improve treatment outcomes. Recently, studies have implicated the significant roles of immune cells in tumorigenesis and the progression of glioma. The energy demands of gliomas alter their microenvironment quality, thereby inducing heterogeneity and plasticity change of stromal and immune cells via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, which ultimately results in epigenetic modifications that facilitates tumor growth. PI3K is utilized by many intracellular signaling pathways ensuring the proper functioning of the cell. The activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR regulates the plasma membrane activities, contributing to the phosphorylation reaction necessary for transcription factors activities and oncogenes hyperactivation. The pleiotropic nature of PI3K/AKT/mTOR makes its activity unpredictable during altered cellular functions. Modification of cancer cell microenvironment affects many cell types, including immune cells that are the frontline cells involved in inflammatory cascades caused by cancer cells via high cytokines synthesis. Typically, the evasion of immunosurveillance by gliomas and their resistance to treatment has been attributed to epigenetic reprogramming of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, which results from cancer metabolism. Hence, it is speculative that impeding cancer metabolism and/or circumventing the epigenetic alteration of immune cell functions in the tumor microenvironment might enhance treatment outcomes. Herein, from an oncological and immunological perspective, this review discusses the underlying pathomechanism of cell-cell interactions enhancing glioma initiation and metabolism activation and tumor microenvironment changes that affect epigenetic modifications in immune cells. Finally, prospects for therapeutic intervention were highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouminin Kanwore
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Konimpo Kanwore
- Faculty Mixed of Medicine and Pharmacy, Lomé-Togo, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | | | - Ayanlaja Abdulrahman Abiola
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Guo
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Piniel Alphayo Kambey
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ying Xia
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dianshuai Gao
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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Román-Gil MS, Pozas J, Rosero-Rodríguez D, Chamorro-Pérez J, Ruiz-Granados Á, Caracuel IR, Grande E, Molina-Cerrillo J, Alonso-Gordoa T. Resistance to RET targeted therapy in Thyroid Cancer: Molecular basis and overcoming strategies. Cancer Treat Rev 2022; 105:102372. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2022.102372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Ke N, Chen L, Liu Q, Xiong H, Chen X, Zhou X. Downregulation of miR-211-5p Promotes Carboplatin Resistance in Human Retinoblastoma Y79 Cells by Affecting the GDNF-LIF Interaction. Front Oncol 2022; 12:848733. [PMID: 35311096 PMCID: PMC8925320 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.848733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the role of the miR-211-5p-GDNF signaling pathway in carboplatin resistance of retinoblastoma Y79 cells and what factors it may be affected by. Methods A carboplatin-resistant retinoblastoma cell line (Y79R) was established in vitro. RNA-seq and microRNA-seq were constructed between Y79 and Y79R cells. RNA interference, RT-PCR, Western blot (WB), and flow cytometry were used to verify the expression of genes and proteins between the two cell lines. The TargetScan database was used to predict the microRNAs that regulate the target genes. STING sites and Co-Immunoprecipitation (COIP) were used to study protein–protein interactions. Results GDNF was speculated to be the top changed gene in the drug resistance in Y79R cell lines. Moreover, the speculation was verified by subsequent RT-PCR and WB results. When the expression of GDNF was knocked down, the IC50 of the Y79R cell line significantly reduced. GDNF was found to be the target gene of miR-211-5p. Downregulation of miR-211-5p promotes carboplatin resistance in human retinoblastoma Y79 cells. MiR-211-5p can regulate the expression of GDNF. Our further research also found that GDNF can bind to LIF which is also a secreted protein. Conclusion Our results suggest that downregulation of miR-211-5p promotes carboplatin resistance in human retinoblastoma Y79 cells, and this process can be affected by GDNF–LIF interaction. These results can provide evidence for the reversal of drug resistance of RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haibo Xiong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinke Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiyuan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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32
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Ni B, Li Q, Zhuang C, Huang P, Xia X, Yang L, Ma X, Huang C, Zhao W, Tu L, Shen Y, Zhu C, Zhang Z, Zhao E, Wang M, Cao H. The nerve-tumour regulatory axis GDNF-GFRA1 promotes tumour dormancy, imatinib resistance and local recurrence of gastrointestinal stromal tumours by achieving autophagic flux. Cancer Lett 2022; 535:215639. [PMID: 35288241 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Complete surgical resection, accessible therapeutic targets and effective tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have not completely cured gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs), with most patients suffering from residual tumours and recurrence. The existence of nerve infiltration in GIST provides a way for tumour cells to escape local resection and systemic targeted therapy, which may challenge the previous understanding of its behaviour patterns and inspire the development of more radical excision and more precise targeted therapy. Moreover, tumour dormancy has emerged as a major cause of drug resistance and tumour relapse. Among these pathways, the nerve-tumour regulatory axis GDNF-GFRA1 is activated in GISTs, assists tumour cells in achieving dormancy and protects them from apoptosis under environmental stress by enhancing autophagic flux. The concrete mechanism is that the GDNF-regulating interaction between GFRA1 and the lysosomal calcium channel MCOLN1 activates Ca2+-dependent TFEB signalling. Activated TFEB transcriptionally regulates intracellular lysosome levels, which could achieve feedback upregulation of cellular autophagy flux during TKI treatment. This dormancy-transition axis fills parts of the mechanistic vacancy before the onset of secondary mutations, and strategies for TKIs combined with targeting GFRA1-dependent autophagy have distinct promise as prospective clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ni
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Zhuang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Xia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linxi Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinli Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyi Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Tu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanying Shen
- Department of Pathology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunchao Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zizhen Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Enhao Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Shi DD, Guo JA, Hoffman HI, Su J, Mino-Kenudson M, Barth JL, Schenkel JM, Loeffler JS, Shih HA, Hong TS, Wo JY, Aguirre AJ, Jacks T, Zheng L, Wen PY, Wang TC, Hwang WL. Therapeutic avenues for cancer neuroscience: translational frontiers and clinical opportunities. Lancet Oncol 2022; 23:e62-e74. [PMID: 35114133 PMCID: PMC9516432 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(21)00596-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
With increasing attention on the essential roles of the tumour microenvironment in recent years, the nervous system has emerged as a novel and crucial facilitator of cancer growth. In this Review, we describe the foundational, translational, and clinical advances illustrating how nerves contribute to tumour proliferation, stress adaptation, immunomodulation, metastasis, electrical hyperactivity and seizures, and neuropathic pain. Collectively, this expanding knowledge base reveals multiple therapeutic avenues for cancer neuroscience that warrant further exploration in clinical studies. We discuss the available clinical data, including ongoing trials investigating novel agents targeting the tumour-nerve axis, and the therapeutic potential for repurposing existing neuroactive drugs as an anti-cancer approach, particularly in combination with established treatment regimens. Lastly, we discuss the clinical challenges of these treatment strategies and highlight unanswered questions and future directions in the burgeoning field of cancer neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana D Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jimmy A Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA; School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hannah I Hoffman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biology, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Su
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biology, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mari Mino-Kenudson
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jaimie L Barth
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason M Schenkel
- Department of Biology, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jay S Loeffler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Helen A Shih
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Theodore S Hong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Wo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew J Aguirre
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tyler Jacks
- Department of Biology, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - William L Hwang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biology, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Vallone SA, Solá MG, Schere-Levy C, Meiss RP, Hermida GN, Chodosh LA, Kordon EC, Hynes NE, Gattelli A. Aberrant RET expression impacts on normal mammary gland post-lactation transition enhancing cancer potential. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:274874. [PMID: 35044452 PMCID: PMC8990024 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RET is a receptor tyrosine kinase with oncogenic potential in the mammary epithelium. Several receptors with oncogenic activity in the breast are known to participate in specific developmental stages. We found that RET is differentially expressed during mouse mammary gland development: RET is present in lactation and its expression dramatically decreases in involution, the period during which the lactating gland returns to a quiescent state after weaning. Based on epidemiological and pre-clinical findings, involution has been described as tumor promoting. Using the Ret/MTB doxycycline-inducible mouse transgenic system, we show that sustained expression of RET in the mammary epithelium during the post-lactation transition to involution is accompanied by alterations in tissue remodeling and an enhancement of cancer potential. Following constitutive Ret expression, we observed a significant increase in neoplastic lesions in the post-involuting versus the virgin mammary gland. Furthermore, we show that abnormal RET overexpression during lactation promotes factors that prime involution, including premature activation of Stat3 signaling and, using RNA sequencing, an acute-phase inflammatory signature. Our results demonstrate that RET overexpression negatively affects the normal post-lactation transition. Summary: We show that RET activation stimulates Stat3 signaling in mammary epithelial cell culture and in vivo during post-lactation transition, demonstrating that the RET receptor participates in the post-lactation transition priming tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina A. Vallone
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria C1428EGA CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-UBA, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria C1428EGA CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín García Solá
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria C1428EGA CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-UBA, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria C1428EGA CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Schere-Levy
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria C1428EGA CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-UBA, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria C1428EGA CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roberto P. Meiss
- Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires, Av. Gral. Las Heras 3092, C1425ASU CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gladys N. Hermida
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria C1428EGA CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental (DBBE), Biología de Anfibios-Histología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lewis A. Chodosh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania (Upenn), 614 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Edith C. Kordon
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria C1428EGA CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-UBA, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria C1428EGA CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nancy E. Hynes
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Albana Gattelli
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria C1428EGA CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-UBA, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria C1428EGA CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Vishlaghi N, Rieger S, McGaughey V, Lisse TS. GDNF neurotrophic factor signaling determines the fate of dermal fibroblasts in wound-induced hair neogenesis and skin regeneration. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:577-581. [PMID: 35020233 PMCID: PMC9306530 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We propose that GDNF, a glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor, can promote hair follicle neogenesis and skin regeneration after wounding by directing the fate of dermal fibroblasts. Our hypothesis is largely based on detailed GDNF and receptor analysis during skin regenerative stages, as well as the induction of GDNF receptors after wounding between the pro‐regenerative spiny mouse (genus Acomys) and its less‐regenerative descendant, the house mouse (Mus musculus). To characterize the GDNF‐target cells, we will conduct a series of lineage‐tracing experiments in conjunction with single‐cell RNA and assay for transposase‐accessible chromatin sequencing experiments. The heterogenetic dynamics of skin regeneration have yet to be fully defined, and this research will help to advance the fields of regenerative medicine and biology. Finally, we believe that stimulating the GDNF signalling pathway in fibroblasts from less‐regenerative animals, such as humans, will promote skin regeneration, morphogenesis and scarless wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Vishlaghi
- University of Miami, Biology Department, 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Center, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Sandra Rieger
- University of Miami, Biology Department, 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Center, Coral Gables, FL, USA.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vanessa McGaughey
- University of Miami, Biology Department, 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Center, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Thomas S Lisse
- University of Miami, Biology Department, 1301 Memorial Drive, Cox Science Center, Coral Gables, FL, USA.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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36
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Li Q, Cao Z, Zhao S. The Emerging Portrait of Glial Cell Line-derived Neurotrophic Factor Family Receptor Alpha (GFRα) in Cancers. Int J Med Sci 2022; 19:659-668. [PMID: 35582425 PMCID: PMC9108399 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.64133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor alpha (GFRα) members have been widely connected to the mechanisms contributing to cell growth, differentiation, cell migration and tissue maturation. Here we review GFRα biological functions and discussed the evidence indicating whether GFRα signaling complex present novel opportunities for oncogenic intervention and treatment resistance. Thus, our work systematically reviewed the emerging role of GFRα family members in cancers, and provided novel insights for further researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshang Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health. 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Cao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health. 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuliang Zhao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health. 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, China
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37
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Lu S, Cheng Y, Huang D, Sun Y, Wu L, Zhou C, Guo Y, Shao J, Zhang W, Zhou J. Efficacy and safety of selpercatinib in Chinese patients with advanced RET fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase II clinical trial (LIBRETTO-321). Ther Adv Med Oncol 2022; 14:17588359221105020. [PMID: 35923928 PMCID: PMC9340421 DOI: 10.1177/17588359221105020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Oncogenic alterations in RET occur in 1–2% of non-small-cell
lung cancers (NSCLCs). The efficacy and safety of the first-in-class, highly
selective, and potent RET inhibitor selpercatinib in Chinese patients with
RET fusion-positive NSCLC remains unknown. Methods: In this open-label, multicenter, phase II study (NCT04280081), patients with
advanced RET-altered solid tumors received selpercatinib
(160 mg orally twice daily) in a 28-day cycle. The primary endpoint was
independent review committee (IRC)-assessed objective response rate (ORR;
Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors v1.1). Secondary endpoints
included duration of response, central nervous system (CNS) response, and
safety. Efficacy against NSCLC was assessed in the primary analysis set
(PAS; centrally confirmed RET status) and in all enrolled
patients with NSCLC. Results: Of 77 enrolled patients, 47 had RET fusion-positive NSCLC.
After 9.7 months of median follow-up, IRC-assessed ORR in the PAS
(n = 26) was 69.2% [95% confidence interval (CI),
48.2–85.7] and 94.4% of responses were ongoing; the ORR was 87.5% and 61.1%
in treatment-naïve and pre-treated patients, respectively. IRC-assessed ORR
in all patients with NSCLC (n = 47) was 66.0% (95% CI,
50.7–79.1). Among five patients with measurable CNS metastases at baseline,
four (80%) achieved an IRC-assessed intracranial response. In the safety
population (n = 77), most treatment-emergent adverse events
(TEAEs) were grade 1 or 2. The most common grade ⩾3 TEAE was hypertension
(19.5%). Three (3.9%) patients discontinued therapy due to treatment-related
AEs; no deaths occurred due to treatment-related AEs. Conclusion: Selpercatinib, with potent and durable antitumor activity including
intracranial activity, was well tolerated in Chinese patients with
RET fusion-positive NSCLC, consistent with LIBRETTO-001
(ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04280081).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Lu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Dingzhi Huang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuping Sun
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department II of Thoracic Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Chengzhi Zhou
- Respiratory Medicine Department, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingxin Shao
- Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanli Zhang
- Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianying Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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高 青, 苏 俊, 肖 法, 林 晓, 杨 衿. [Advances in the Treatment of RET Fusion-positive Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2021; 24:853-861. [PMID: 34743497 PMCID: PMC8695242 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2021.101.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Rearranged during transfection (RET) fusions are found in 0.7% to 2% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Fusions between RET gene and other domains represent the distinct biological and clinicopathological subtypes of NSCLC. Recent years have witnessed the remarkable advancement of RET fusion-positive advanced NSCLC therapy. Conventional chemotherapy produced moderate clinical benefits. Prior to the introduction of targeted therapy or in the context of unavailability, platinum-based systemic regimens are initial therapy options. Immunotherapy predicted minimal response in the presence of RET fusions while currently available data have been scarce, and the single-agent immunotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy regimens are not recommended as initial systemic therapy in this population. The repurpose of multi-target kinase inhibitors in patients with RET fusion-positive NSCLC showed encouraging therapeutic activity, with only cabozantinib and vandetanib being recommended as initial or subsequent options under certain circumstances. However, there are still unmet clinical needs. Pralsetinib and selpercatinib have been developed as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) selectively targeting RET variation of fusions or mutations, and both agents significantly improved the prognosis of patients with RET fusion-positive NSCLC. Pralsetinib and selpercatinib have been established as preferred first-line therapy or subsequent therapy options. As observed with other TKIs treatment, resistance has also been associated with RET targeted inhibition, and the acquired resistance eventually affect the long-term therapeutic effectiveness, leading to limited subsequent treatment options. Therefore, it is essential to identify resistance mechanisms to TKI in RET fusion-positive advanced NSCLC to help reveal and establish new strategies to overcome resistance. Here, we review the advances in the treatment of RET fusion-positive advanced NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- 青云 高
- />510080 广州,广东省心血管病研究所,广东省人民医院,广东省医学科学院,广东省肺癌研究所,广东省肺癌转化医学重点实验室Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - 俊威 苏
- />510080 广州,广东省心血管病研究所,广东省人民医院,广东省医学科学院,广东省肺癌研究所,广东省肺癌转化医学重点实验室Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - 法嫚 肖
- />510080 广州,广东省心血管病研究所,广东省人民医院,广东省医学科学院,广东省肺癌研究所,广东省肺癌转化医学重点实验室Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - 晓程 林
- />510080 广州,广东省心血管病研究所,广东省人民医院,广东省医学科学院,广东省肺癌研究所,广东省肺癌转化医学重点实验室Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - 衿记 杨
- />510080 广州,广东省心血管病研究所,广东省人民医院,广东省医学科学院,广东省肺癌研究所,广东省肺癌转化医学重点实验室Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Mathison CJN, Yang Y, Nelson J, Huang Z, Jiang J, Chianelli D, Rucker PV, Roland J, Xie YF, Epple R, Bursulaya B, Lee C, Gao MY, Shaffer J, Briones S, Sarkisova Y, Galkin A, Li L, Li N, Li C, Hua S, Kasibhatla S, Kinyamu-Akunda J, Kikkawa R, Molteni V, Tellew JE. Antitarget Selectivity and Tolerability of Novel Pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidine RET Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1912-1919. [PMID: 34917254 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective inhibition of RET kinase as a treatment for relevant cancer types including lung adenocarcinoma has garnered considerable interest in recent years and prompted a variety of efforts toward the discovery of small-molecule therapeutics. Hits uncovered via the analysis of archival kinase data ultimately led to the identification of a promising pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine scaffold. The optimization of this pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine core resulted in compound 1, which demonstrated potent in vitro RET kinase inhibition and robust in vivo efficacy in RET-driven tumor xenografts upon multiday dosing in mice. The administration of 1 was well-tolerated at established efficacious doses (10 and 30 mg/kg, po, qd), and plasma exposure levels indicated a minimal risk of KDR or hERG inhibition in vivo, as evaluated by Miles assay and free plasma concentrations, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey J. N. Mathison
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yang Yang
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - John Nelson
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Zhihong Huang
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jiqing Jiang
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Donatella Chianelli
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Paul V. Rucker
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jason Roland
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yun Feng Xie
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Robert Epple
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Badry Bursulaya
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Christian Lee
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mu-Yun Gao
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jennifer Shaffer
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sergio Briones
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yelena Sarkisova
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Anna Galkin
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Lintong Li
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Nanxin Li
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Chun Li
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Su Hua
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Shailaja Kasibhatla
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jacqueline Kinyamu-Akunda
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Rie Kikkawa
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Valentina Molteni
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - John E. Tellew
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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Mulè C, Ciampi R, Ramone T, Prete A, Matrone A, Cappagli V, Torregrossa L, Basolo F, Elisei R, Romei C. Higher RET Gene Expression Levels Do Not Represent anAlternative RET Activation Mechanism in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101542. [PMID: 34680178 PMCID: PMC8533768 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate whether RET (rearranged during transfection) mRNA over-expression could be considered an alternative driver event for the development of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), and if different RET isoforms could play a role in MTC tumorigenesis. Eighty-three MTC patients, whose mutational profile was previously identified by next-generation sequencing (NGS) IONS5, were included in this study. Expression analysis was performed by the quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction technique. RET expression levels were found to be significantly higher in cases with RET somatic mutations than in cases that were negative for RET somatic mutations (p = 0.003) as well as in cases with a somatic mutation, either in RET or RAS than in cases negative for both these mutations (p = 0.01). All cases were positive for the RET51 isoform expression while only 72/83 (86.7%) were positive for RET9 isoform expression. A statistically significant higher expression of the RET51 isoform was found in cases positive for RET somatic mutation than in cases either positive for RAS mutation (p = 0.0006) or negative for both mutations (p = 0.001). According to our data, RET gene over-expression does not play a role in MTC tumorigenesis, neither as an entire gene or as an isoform. At variance, the RET gene, and in particular the RET51 isoform, is expressed higher in RET mutated cases. On the basis of these results we can hypothesize that the overexpression of RET, and in particular of RET51, could potentiate the transforming activity of mutated RET, making these cases more aggressive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mulè
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.M.); (R.C.); (T.R.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (V.C.); (C.R.)
| | - Raffaele Ciampi
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.M.); (R.C.); (T.R.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (V.C.); (C.R.)
| | - Teresa Ramone
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.M.); (R.C.); (T.R.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (V.C.); (C.R.)
| | - Alessandro Prete
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.M.); (R.C.); (T.R.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (V.C.); (C.R.)
| | - Antonio Matrone
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.M.); (R.C.); (T.R.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (V.C.); (C.R.)
| | - Virginia Cappagli
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.M.); (R.C.); (T.R.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (V.C.); (C.R.)
| | - Liborio Torregrossa
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.T.); (F.B.)
| | - Fulvio Basolo
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.T.); (F.B.)
| | - Rossella Elisei
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.M.); (R.C.); (T.R.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (V.C.); (C.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050995120
| | - Cristina Romei
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.M.); (R.C.); (T.R.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (V.C.); (C.R.)
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Saha D, Ryan KR, Lakkaniga NR, Acharya B, Garcia NG, Smith EL, Frett B. Targeting Rearranged during Transfection in Cancer: A Perspective on Small-Molecule Inhibitors and Their Clinical Development. J Med Chem 2021; 64:11747-11773. [PMID: 34402300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rearranged during transfection (RET) is a receptor tyrosine kinase essential for the normal development and maturation of a diverse range of tissues. Aberrant RET signaling in cancers, due to RET mutations, gene fusions, and overexpression, results in the activation of downstream pathways promoting survival, growth, and metastasis. Pharmacological manipulation of RET is effective in treating RET-driven cancers, and efforts toward developing RET-specific therapies have increased over the last 5 years. In 2020, RET-selective inhibitors pralsetinib and selpercatinib achieved clinical approval, which marked the first approvals for kinase inhibitors specifically developed to target the RET oncoprotein. This Perspective discusses current development and clinical applications for RET precision medicine by providing an overview of the incremental improvement of kinase inhibitors for use in RET-driven malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasmita Saha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205 United States
| | - Katie Rose Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205 United States
| | - Naga Rajiv Lakkaniga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205 United States
| | - Baku Acharya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205 United States
| | - Noemi Garcia Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205 United States
| | - Erica Lane Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205 United States
| | - Brendan Frett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205 United States
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Galimberti C, Piepoli T, Letari O, Artusi R, Persiani S, Caselli G, Rovati LC. CR13626: a novel oral brain penetrant tyrosine kinase inhibitor that reduces tumor growth and prolongs survival in a mouse model of glioblastoma. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:3558-3574. [PMID: 34354860 PMCID: PMC8332859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant primary brain cancer. Despite aggressive treatments currently there is no cure for GBM. Many challenges should be considered for the development of new therapeutical agents for glioblastoma, including appropriate target selectivity and pharmacokinetics. Several mutations and alterations of key cellular pathways including tyrosine kinases (TKs) are involved in malignant transformation and tumor progression. Thus, the targeting of multiple pathways and the development of innovative combination drug regimens is expected to yield improved therapies. Moreover, the abilities to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) reaching effective concentrations in brain and to remain into this tissue avoiding the effects of efflux transporters are also critical issues in the development of new therapeutics for GBM. CR13626 is a novel brain penetrant small molecule able to potently inhibit in vitro the activity of EGFR, VEGFR2 (aka KDR), Fyn, Yes, Lck, HGK (aka MAP4K4) and RET kinases relevant for GBM development. CR13626 shows good oral bioavailability (72%) and relevant brain penetration (brain/plasma ratio of 1.4). In an orthotopic xenograft glioblastoma mouse model, oral treatment with CR13626 results in a time-dependent reduction of tumor growth, leading to a significant increase of animal survival. The unique properties of CR13626 warrant its further investigation as a potential new drug candidate in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Galimberti
- Rottapharm Biotech SrlMonza, Italy
- PhD Program in Neuroscience, University of Milano - BicoccaMonza, Italy
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Hou Y, Liang HL, Yu X, Liu Z, Cao X, Rao E, Huang X, Wang L, Li L, Bugno J, Fu Y, Chmura SJ, Wu W, Luo SZ, Zheng W, Arina A, Jutzy J, McCall AR, Vokes EE, Pitroda SP, Fu YX, Weichselbaum RR. Radiotherapy and immunotherapy converge on elimination of tumor-promoting erythroid progenitor cells through adaptive immunity. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/582/eabb0130. [PMID: 33627484 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-induced CD45-Ter119+CD71+ erythroid progenitor cells, termed "Ter cells," promote tumor progression by secreting artemin (ARTN), a neurotrophic peptide that activates REarranged during Transfection (RET) signaling. We demonstrate that both local tumor ionizing radiation (IR) and anti-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) treatment decreased tumor-induced Ter cell abundance in the mouse spleen and ARTN secretion outside the irradiation field in an interferon- and CD8+ T cell-dependent manner. Recombinant erythropoietin promoted resistance to radiotherapy or anti-PD-L1 therapies by restoring Ter cell numbers and serum ARTN concentration. Blockade of ARTN or potential ARTN signaling partners, or depletion of Ter cells augmented the antitumor effects of both IR and anti-PD-L1 therapies in mice. Analysis of samples from patients who received radioimmunotherapy demonstrated that IR-mediated reduction of Ter cells, ARTN, and GFRα3, an ARTN signaling partner, were each associated with tumor regression. Patients with melanoma who received immunotherapy exhibited favorable outcomes associated with decreased expression of GFRα3. These findings demonstrate an out-of-field, or "abscopal," effect mediated by adaptive immunity, which is induced during local tumor irradiation. This effect, in turn, governs the therapeutic effects of radiation and immunotherapy. Therefore, our results identify multiple targets to potentially improve outcomes after radiotherapy and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Hou
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710061, China. .,Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Hua L Liang
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Xinshuang Yu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Zhida Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwest Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Xuezhi Cao
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwest Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Enyu Rao
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Xiaona Huang
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Liangliang Wang
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Lei Li
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Jason Bugno
- Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yanbin Fu
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Steven J Chmura
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Wenjun Wu
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Sean Z Luo
- Whitney Young High School, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Wenxin Zheng
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Ainhoa Arina
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Jessica Jutzy
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Anne R McCall
- Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Everett E Vokes
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sean P Pitroda
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwest Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
| | - Ralph R Weichselbaum
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
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Selective Antitumor Activity of Datelliptium toward Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma by Downregulating RET Transcriptional Activity. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133288. [PMID: 34209165 PMCID: PMC8267783 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare aggressive type of thyroid cancer with a propensity for metastasizing to the lymph nodes, liver, bones, and lungs. Previous studies have demonstrated that activated REarranged during Transfection (RET) mutants are key regulators of invasive and metastatic behaviors in MTC. The present study aimed to evaluate the antiinvasive and antimetastatic potential of a novel RET transcription inhibitor, datelliptium, which stabilizes the RET G-quadruplex structures and suppresses RET oncogene transcription by examining its effects on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer stem cells (CSCs), and MTC cell migration. Interestingly, the ablation of RET with datelliptium resulted in decreased EMT, spheroid formation, and MTC cell migration. In this study, we also demonstrated the in vivo antitumor activity in TT tumor-bearing mice with about 75% tumor growth inhibition. Abstract Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare aggressive form of thyroid cancer with high rates of metastasis. Sporadic and hereditary MTC are strongly driven by somatic and germline mutations, respectively, in the transmembrane REarranged during Transfection (RET) proto-oncogene, which encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase. Our previous study identified datelliptium as a novel RET transcription inhibitor, which stabilizes the RET G-quadruplex structures and suppresses RET oncogene transcription. The present study aimed to elucidate the effect of datelliptium on the suppression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis-related behaviors of MTC cells, including cell migration and formation of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Our results demonstrated that datelliptium downregulated the expression of the mesenchymal markers, including N-cadherin, vimentin, slug, snail, and claudin-1. Compared to untreated cells, datelliptium significantly decreased the migration of TT cells in a dose-dependent manner in a wound healing assay. Additionally, datelliptium significantly reduced the size of preformed spheroids from TT cells over the time course. Finally, datelliptium inhibited approximately 75% of MTC xenograft growth with minimal systemic toxicity. In conclusion, datelliptium exerts its antitumor activity against MTC cells by reducing the EMT program, migratory ability, and self-renewal capacity of TT cells, thus preventing invasive and metastatic behavior of MTC.
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Buchholz K, Antosik P, Grzanka D, Gagat M, Smolińska M, Grzanka A, Gzil A, Kasperska A, Klimaszewska-Wiśniewska A. Expression of the Body-Weight Signaling Players: GDF15, GFRAL and RET and their clinical relevance in Gastric Cancer. J Cancer 2021; 12:4698-4709. [PMID: 34149933 PMCID: PMC8210553 DOI: 10.7150/jca.55511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence, the functional role and clinical relevance of GDF15 and its signaling through a GFRAL/RET-dependent complex in gastric cancer (GC) and other human tumors remain to be elucidated, despite the widespread recognition of obesity as an important cancer-predisposing factor. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the expression levels of GDF15, GFRAL and RET in GC tissues in relation to each other and clinicopathological features, including patient survival, in order to establish a potential implication of the body-weight signaling pathway in the pathology and clinical outcome of GC. Protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays containing 104 and 30 consecutive GC and normal gastric mucosa samples, whereas gene expression data for The Cancer Genome Atlas cohort of 413 GC patients were obtained from public sources. We found that the protein expression of GDF15, GFRAL and RET was significantly elevated and positively correlated in our set of GC tissues, which was reflected in their tendency to be overexpressed in low-grade and intermediate-grade tumors rather than high-grade ones. No other relationships between the expression status of the examined proteins and clinicopathological characteristics of GC patients were found. Through in silico data analysis, we showed that high GDF15 expression was associated with better overall survival (OS) of GC patients, whereas the opposite was true for high levels of GFRAL or RET. Specifically, GFRAL and RET emerged as independent prognostic factors associated with poor OS. Furthermore, high combined expression of the three markers: GDF15+GFRAL+RET was significantly associated with reduced OS, and it was an independent prognostic factor of borderline significance in terms of OS, when adjusted for covariates. If validated in large-scale studies, the individual and combined expression of GDF15, GFRAL and RET may provide significant clinical implications for the prognosis prediction of GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Buchholz
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
| | - Paulina Antosik
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
| | - Dariusz Grzanka
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
| | - Maciej Gagat
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
| | - Marta Smolińska
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
| | - Alina Grzanka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Gzil
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
| | - Anna Kasperska
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
| | - Anna Klimaszewska-Wiśniewska
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
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Onesto MM, Short CA, Rempel SK, Catlett TS, Gomez TM. Growth Factors as Axon Guidance Molecules: Lessons From in vitro Studies. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:678454. [PMID: 34093120 PMCID: PMC8175860 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.678454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth cones at the tips of extending axons navigate through developing organisms by probing extracellular cues, which guide them through intermediate steps and onto final synaptic target sites. Widespread focus on a few guidance cue families has historically overshadowed potentially crucial roles of less well-studied growth factors in axon guidance. In fact, recent evidence suggests that a variety of growth factors have the ability to guide axons, affecting the targeting and morphogenesis of growth cones in vitro. This review summarizes in vitro experiments identifying responses and signaling mechanisms underlying axon morphogenesis caused by underappreciated growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Timothy M. Gomez
- Neuroscience Training Program and Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Basse C, Swalduz A, Mc Leer A, Moro-Sibilot D, Remon J, Girard N. [NSCLC and new oncogenic mutations: Diagnosis and perspectives]. Rev Mal Respir 2021; 38:477-488. [PMID: 34020835 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2021.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of new targeted therapies in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) depends on a better understanding of the molecular basis of carcinogenesis, a knowledge of the role of molecular aberrations in disease progression and the development of molecular biology platforms with the capacity to identify new biomarkers. In the current article, we review the techniques routinely used in cancer molecular biology platforms as well as new techniques under development. These new NSCLC biomarkers have been made available to clinicians and biologists in parallel with the development of targeted drugs. New molecular abnormalities of EGFR exon 20, HER2, MET, RET, BRAF, ROS1 and NTRK have been identified and there have been clinical trials of the most innovative targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Basse
- Institut du thorax curie Montsouris, institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - A Mc Leer
- Département d'anatomie et cytologie pathologiques, UF pathologie moléculaire, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, CS10217 cedex, 38043 Grenoble, France; Service physiologie et pneumologie, UF oncologie thoracique, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, CS10217 cedex, 38043 Grenoble, France; Inserm U1209 CNRS UMR5309, université Grenoble Alpes, Institute for advanced biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - D Moro-Sibilot
- Service physiologie et pneumologie, UF oncologie thoracique, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, CS10217 cedex, 38043 Grenoble, France; Inserm U1209 CNRS UMR5309, université Grenoble Alpes, Institute for advanced biosciences, Grenoble, France.
| | - J Remon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal (HM-CIOCC), Hospital HM Delfos, HM Hospitales, Barcelona, Espagne
| | - N Girard
- Institut du thorax curie Montsouris, institut Curie, Paris, France
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48
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Treatment of Rare Mutations in Patients with Lung Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050534. [PMID: 34064757 PMCID: PMC8151457 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a worldwide prevalent malignancy. This disease has a low survival rate due to diagnosis at a late stage challenged by the involvement of metastatic sites. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is presented in 85% of cases. The last decade has experienced substantial advancements in scientific research, leading to a novel targeted therapeutic approach. The newly developed pharmaceutical agents are aimed towards specific mutations, detected in individual patients inflicted by lung cancer. These drugs have longer and improved response rates compared to traditional chemotherapy. Recent studies were able to identify rare mutations found in pulmonary tumors. Among the gene alterations detected were mesenchymal epithelial transition factor (MET), human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2), B-type Raf kinase (BRAF), c-ROS proto-oncogene (ROS1), rearranged during transfection (RET) and neurotrophic tyrosine kinase (NTRK). Ongoing clinical trials are gaining insight onto possible first and second lines of medical treatment options intended to enable progression-free survival to lung cancer patients.
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49
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Salvatore D, Santoro M, Schlumberger M. The importance of the RET gene in thyroid cancer and therapeutic implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:296-306. [PMID: 33603219 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00470-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase in 1985, alterations of this protein have been found in diverse thyroid cancer subtypes. RET gene rearrangements are observed in papillary thyroid carcinoma, which result in RET fusion products. By contrast, single amino acid substitutions and small insertions and/or deletions are typical of hereditary and sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma. RET rearrangements and mutations of extracellular cysteines facilitate dimerization and kinase activation, whereas mutations in the RET kinase coding domain drive dimerization-independent kinase activation. Thus, RET kinase inhibition is an attractive therapeutic target in patients with RET alterations. This approach was initially achieved using multikinase inhibitors, which affect multiple deregulated pathways that include RET kinase. In clinical practice, use of multikinase inhibitors in patients with advanced thyroid cancer resulted in therapeutic efficacy, which was associated with frequent and sometimes severe adverse effects. However, remarkable progress has been achieved with the identification of novel potent and selective RET kinase inhibitors for the treatment of advanced thyroid cancer. Although expanded clinical validation in future trials is needed, the sustained antitumoural activity and the improved safety profile of these novel compounds is opening a new exciting era in precision oncology for RET-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Salvatore
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Santoro
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Martin Schlumberger
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Cancérologie Endocrinienne, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.
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Berlow NE, Crawford KA, Bult CJ, Noakes C, Sloma I, Rudzinski ER, Keller C. Functional impact of a germline RET mutation in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2021; 7:mcs.a006049. [PMID: 33722797 PMCID: PMC8208040 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a006049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific mutations in the RET proto-oncogene are associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A, a hereditary syndrome characterized by tumorigenesis in multiple glandular elements. In rare instances, MEN2A-associated germline RET mutations have also occurred with non-MEN2A associated cancers. One such germline mutant RET mutation occurred concomitantly in a young adult diagnosed with alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, a pediatric and young adult soft-tissue cancer with a generally poor prognosis. Although tumor tissue samples were initially unable to provide a viable cell culture for study, tumor tissues were sequenced for molecular characteristics. Through a hierarchical clustering approach, the index case sample was matched to several genetically similar cell models, which were transformed to express the same mutant RET as the index case and used to explore potential therapeutic options for mutant RET-bearing alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. We also determined whether the RET mutation associated with the index case caused synthetic lethality to select clinical agents. From our investigation, we did not identify synthetic lethality associated with the expression of that patient's RET variant, and overall we did not find experimental evidence for the role of RET in rhabdomyosarcoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah E Berlow
- Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Beaverton, Oregon 97005, USA
| | - Kenneth A Crawford
- Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Beaverton, Oregon 97005, USA
| | - Carol J Bult
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA
| | | | - Ido Sloma
- Champions Oncology, Hackensack, New Jersey 07601, USA
| | | | - Charles Keller
- Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Beaverton, Oregon 97005, USA
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