1
|
Oliveira KB, de Souza FMA, de Sá LBM, Pacheco ALD, Prado MR, de Sousa Rodrigues CF, Bassi ÊJ, Santana-Melo I, Silva-Júnior A, Sabino-Silva R, Shetty AK, de Castro OW. Potential Mechanisms Underlying COVID-19-Mediated Central and Peripheral Demyelination: Roles of the RAAS and ADAM-17. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04329-8. [PMID: 38965171 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Demyelination is among the most conspicuous neurological sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) in both the central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous systems. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the mechanisms underlying demyelination in COVID-19. However, none have considered the SARS-CoV-2's effects on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Therefore, our objective in this review is to evaluate how RAAS imbalance, caused by direct and indirect effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection, could contribute to myelin loss in the PNS and CNS. In the PNS, we propose that demyelination transpires from two significant changes induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection, which include upregulation of ADAM-17 and induction of lymphopenia. Whereas, in the CNS, demyelination could result from RAAS imbalance triggering two alterations: (1) a decrease in angiotensin type II receptor (AT2R) activity, responsible for restraining defense cells' action on myelin; (2) upregulation of ADAM-17 activity, leading to impaired maturation of oligodendrocytes and myelin formation. Thus, we hypothesize that increased ADAM-17 activity and decreased AT2R activity play roles in SARS-CoV-2 infection-mediated demyelination in the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kellysson Bruno Oliveira
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, Km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP, 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Maria Araujo de Souza
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, Km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP, 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Letícia Barros Maurício de Sá
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, Km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP, 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Amanda Larissa Dias Pacheco
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, Km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP, 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Mariana Reis Prado
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, Km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP, 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Célio Fernando de Sousa Rodrigues
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, Km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP, 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Ênio José Bassi
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, Km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP, 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Igor Santana-Melo
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, Km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP, 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Abelardo Silva-Júnior
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, Km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP, 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Robinson Sabino-Silva
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA.
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Olagide Wagner de Castro
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, Km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP, 57072-970, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Maia LA, de Souza JR, da Silva LDFR, Magnani M, de Souza EL, de Brito Alves JL. Effects of Probiotics on Inflammatory Biomarkers and Its Associations With Cardiac Autonomic Function in Women With Arterial Hypertension: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10303-6. [PMID: 38842655 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10303-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Preclinical evidence suggests that probiotic administration may exert an anti-inflammatory effect and reduce autonomic dysfunction and blood pressure. This study evaluated the effects of probiotic therapy on inflammatory biomarkers and characterized the correlations between inflammation and cardiac autonomic function in women with arterial hypertension. Women were randomized into probiotics (n = 20) or placebo (n = 20). The probiotic group received 109 CFU/day of Lactobacillus (L.) paracasei LPC-37, L. rhamnosus HN001, L. acidophilus NCFM, and Bifidobacterium lactis HN019, and the placebo group received polydextrose. Clinical, electrocardiogram, heart rate variability (HRV) analysis, and cytokine levels were assessed at baseline and after 8 weeks. Women who received probiotics for 8 weeks had increased serum levels of IL-17A (p = 0.02) and decreased INF-γ (p = 0.02) compared to baseline. Probiotic supplementation increased serum levels of IL-10 compared to the placebo group (p = 0.03). Probiotic or placebo administration did not change serum levels of TNFα and IL-6. Serum levels of IL-2 (p = 0.001, and p = 0.001) and IL-4 (p = 0.001, and p = 0.001) were reduced in women receiving placebo or probiotics, respectively. Correlations between HRV indices and inflammatory variables showed that INF-γ was positively correlated with heart rate (HR) and sympathetic HRV indices and negatively correlated with vagal HRV indices. IL-10 was negatively correlated with HR and sympathetic HRV indices. IL-6 was negatively correlated with parasympathetic HRV indices and positively correlated with SD2/SD1 ratio. Probiotic therapy has a discreet anti-inflammatory effect in hypertensive women, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were negatively correlated with vagal modulation and positively correlated with sympathetic modulation of HRV. The clinical trial was registered in the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC) with the identification RBR-9mj2dt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Araújo Maia
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marciane Magnani
- Department of Food Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Evandro Leite de Souza
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - José Luiz de Brito Alves
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thongsepee N, Martviset P, Himakhun W, Chantree P, Sornchuer P, Sangpairoj K, Hiranyachattada S. Cardiovascular Protective Effect of Garcinia dulcis Flower Acetone Extract in 2-Kidney-1-Clip Hypertensive Rats. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2024; 2024:9916598. [PMID: 38455637 PMCID: PMC10919976 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9916598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Morelloflavone and camboginol are bioactive compounds purified from Garcinia dulcis (GD), which has anti-inflammatory and antihypertensive properties. The objective of this study was to examine the cardiovascular protective effect of GD flower acetone extract in 2-kidney-1-clip (2K1C) hypertensive rats. Male Wistar rats underwent 2K1C or sham operation (SO) and were housed for 4 weeks. Each group of rats, then, was further divided into 2 subgroups receiving oral administration of either 50 mg/kg BW GD extract or corn oil (vehicle) daily for 4 weeks. Noninvasive blood pressure (BP) and body weight were measured weekly throughout the study. Subsequently, the invasive measurement of arterial BP and the heart rate were determined in all anesthetized rats. The baroreceptor reflex sensitivity (BRS) was investigated by injection of either phenylephrine or sodium nitroprusside for bradycardia or tachycardia response, respectively. Histological examination of the heart and thoracic aorta was also performed in order to investigate the general morphology and the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression. We found that the GD flower extract significantly diminished the BP and restored the impaired BRS. Moreover, it also decreased the TNF-α expression in the cardiac muscle and thoracic aorta of 2K1C when compared to the SO group. Taken together, our data showed that GD flower extract exhibits the cardiovascular protective effect in the 2K1C hypertensive rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nattaya Thongsepee
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pongsakorn Martviset
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Wanwisa Himakhun
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pathanin Chantree
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Phornphan Sornchuer
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kant Sangpairoj
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Thongsepee N, Himakhun W, Parachat R, Martviset P, Chantree P, Sornchuer P, Sangpairoj K, Hiranyachattada S. Garcinia dulcis Extract Alleviates Inflammation in Kidney and Liver of the 2-Kidney-1-Clip Hypertensive rat. J Evid Based Integr Med 2024; 29:2515690X241244845. [PMID: 38613379 PMCID: PMC11016236 DOI: 10.1177/2515690x241244845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Garcinia dulcis (GD) extract possesses anti-hypertensive property that are poorly characterized. This study aimed to investigate an anti-inflammatory effect of GD flower extract in the 2-kidney-1-clip (2K1C) hypertensive compared to sham operative (SO) rat. Male Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups; the 2K1C group in which a silver clip was placed around renal artery to induce hypertension, and the SO normotensive group. Four weeks later, each group of rats were further divided into 2 subgroups, each subgroup was orally gavaged of either corn oil (vehicle) or 50 mg/kg BW GD extract daily for 4 weeks. The malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in serum, liver, and kidney were determined. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was carried out for histological examination, Periodic acid - Schiff staining for glomerular injury, Masson's trichrome staining for renal fibrosis, and immunohistochemistry for either tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) or endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) investigation. Taken together, our results demonstrated that GD flower extract decreased the MDA level in both serum and liver and kidney tissue and suppressed the expression of TNF-α in both liver and kidney of 2K1C hypertensive rats. Mesangial cell proliferation, expansion of mesangial matrix, widening Bowman's capsule space, congestion of glomerular capillary and vessel, cloudy swelling of renal tubular epithelial cell, and renal fibrosis were observed in the kidneys of 2K1C rats. Therefore, we concluded that GD flower extract can alleviate liver and kidney inflammation in which partially attenuates the glomerular injury in the 2K1C rat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nattaya Thongsepee
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Wanwisa Himakhun
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Ratsikan Parachat
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Pongsakorn Martviset
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Pathanin Chantree
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Phornphan Sornchuer
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Kant Sangpairoj
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lauar MR, Evans LC, Van Helden D, Fink GD, Banek CT, Menani JV, Osborn JW. Renal and hypothalamic inflammation in renovascular hypertension: role of afferent renal nerves. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 325:R411-R422. [PMID: 37519252 PMCID: PMC10639016 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00072.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Renal denervation (RDN) is a potential therapy for drug-resistant hypertension. However, whether its effects are mediated by ablation of efferent or afferent renal nerves is not clear. Previous studies have implicated that renal inflammation and the sympathetic nervous system are driven by the activation of afferent and efferent renal nerves. RDN attenuated the renal inflammation and sympathetic activity in some animal models of hypertension. In the 2 kidney,1 clip (2K1C) model of renovascular hypertension, RDN also decreased sympathetic activity; however, mechanisms underlying renal and central inflammation are still unclear. We tested the hypothesis that the mechanisms by which total RDN (TRDN; efferent + afferent) and afferent-specific RDN (ARDN) reduce arterial pressure in 2K1C rats are the same. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were instrumented with telemeters to measure mean arterial pressure (MAP), and after 7 days, a clip was placed on the left renal artery. Rats underwent TRDN, ARDN, or sham surgery of the clipped kidney and MAP was measured for 6 wk. Weekly measurements of water intake (WI), urine output (UO), and urinary copeptin were conducted, and urine was analyzed for cytokines/chemokines. Neurogenic pressor activity (NPA) was assessed at the end of the protocol calculated by the depressor response after intraperitoneal injection of hexamethonium. Rats were euthanized and the hypothalamus and kidneys removed for measurement of cytokine content. MAP, NPA, WI, and urinary copeptin were significantly increased in 2K1C-sham rats, and these responses were abolished by both TRDN and ARDN. 2K1C-sham rats presented with renal and hypothalamic inflammation and these responses were largely mitigated by TRDN and ARDN. We conclude that RDN attenuates 2K1C hypertension primarily by ablation of afferent renal nerves which disrupts bidirectional renal neural-immune pathways.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Hypertension resulting from reduced perfusion of the kidney is dependent on renal sensory nerves, which are linked to inflammation in the kidney and hypothalamus. Afferent renal nerves are required for chronic increases in both water intake and vasopressin release observed following renal artery stenosis. Findings from this study suggest an important role of renal sensory nerves that has previously been underestimated in the pathogenesis of 2K1C hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana R Lauar
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Dentistry School, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Louise C Evans
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Dusty Van Helden
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Gregory D Fink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Christopher T Banek
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - José V Menani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Dentistry School, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - John W Osborn
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jahan F, Vasam G, Cariaco Y, Nik-Akhtar A, Green A, Menzies KJ, Bainbridge SA. A comparison of rat models that best mimic immune-driven preeclampsia in humans. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1219205. [PMID: 37842294 PMCID: PMC10569118 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1219205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE), a hypertensive pregnancy disorder, can originate from varied etiology. Placenta malperfusion has long been considered the primary cause of PE. However, we and others have showed that this disorder can also result from heightened inflammation at the maternal-fetal interface. To advance our understanding of this understudied PE subtype, it is important to establish validated rodent models to study the pathophysiology and test therapies. We evaluated three previously described approaches to induce inflammation-mediated PE-like features in pregnant rats: 1) Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) infusion via osmotic pump from gestational day (GD) 14-19 at 50ng/day/animal; 2) Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) intraperitoneal (IP) injections from GD 10-18 (alternate days) at 10mg/kg/day/animal; and, 3) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) IP injections from GD 13-18 at 20ug-70ug/kg/day per animal. Maternal blood pressure was measured by tail-cuff. Upon sacrifice, fetal and placenta weights were recorded. Placenta histomorphology was assessed using H&E sections. Placenta inflammation was determined by quantifying TNF-α levels and inflammatory gene expression. Placenta metabolic and mitochondrial health were determined by measuring mitochondrial respiration rates and placenta NAD+/NADH content. Of the three rodent models tested, we found that Poly I:C and LPS decreased both fetal weight and survival; and correlated with a reduction in region specific placenta growth. As the least effective model characterized, TNF-α treatment resulted in a subtle decrease in fetal/placenta weight and placenta mitochondrial respiration. Only the LPS model was able to induce maternal hypertension and exhibited pronounced placenta metabolic and mitochondrial dysfunction, common features of PE. Thus, the rat LPS model was most effective for recapitulating features observed in cases of human inflammatory PE. Future mechanistic and/or therapeutic intervention studies focuses on this distinct PE patient population may benefit from the employment of this rodent model of PE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fahmida Jahan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Goutham Vasam
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yusmaris Cariaco
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Abolfazl Nik-Akhtar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alex Green
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Keir J. Menzies
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Shannon A. Bainbridge
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Davanzo GG, Castro G, Monteiro LDB, Castelucci BG, Jaccomo VH, da Silva FC, Marques AM, Francelin C, de Campos BB, de Aguiar CF, Joazeiro PP, Consonni SR, Farias ADS, Moraes-Vieira PM. Obesity increases blood-brain barrier permeability and aggravates the mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 72:104605. [PMID: 36907120 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity-induced insulin resistance (OIR) has been associated with an increased prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders such as multiple sclerosis. Obesity results in increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, specifically in the hypothalamic regions associated with the control of caloric intake. In obesity, the chronic state of low-grade inflammation has been implicated in several chronic autoimmune inflammatory disorders. However, the mechanisms that connect the inflammatory profile of obesity with the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are poorly defined. In this study, we show that obese mice are more susceptible to EAE, presenting a worse clinical score with more severe pathological changes in the spinal cord when compared with control mice. Analysis of immune infiltrates at the peak of the disease shows that high-fat diet (HFD)- and control (chow)-fed groups do not present any difference in innate or adaptive immune cell compartments, indicating the increased severity occurs prior to disease onset. In the setting of worsening EAE in HFD-fed mice, we observed spinal cord lesions in myelinated regions and (blood brain barrier) BBB disruption. We also found higher levels of pro-inflammatory monocytes, macrophages, and IFN-γ+CD4+ T cells in the HFD-fed group compared to chow-fed animals. Altogether, our results indicate that OIR promotes BBB disruption, allowing the infiltration of monocytes/macrophages and activation of resident microglia, ultimately promoting CNS inflammation and exacerbation of EAE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Gastão Davanzo
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisele Castro
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lauar de Brito Monteiro
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Bianca Gazieri Castelucci
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Cytochemistry and Immunocytochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Vitor Hugo Jaccomo
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Corrêa da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Marques
- Autoimmune Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carolina Francelin
- Autoimmune Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Bruna Bueno de Campos
- Autoimmune Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Cristhiane Fávero de Aguiar
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Pinto Joazeiro
- Laboratory of Cytochemistry and Immunocytochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Sílvio Roberto Consonni
- Laboratory of Cytochemistry and Immunocytochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Dos Santos Farias
- Autoimmune Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil; Experimental Medicine Research Cluster, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Pedro M Moraes-Vieira
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, SP, Brazil; Experimental Medicine Research Cluster, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Oliveira KB, de Melo IS, da Silva BRM, Oliveira KLDS, Sabino-Silva R, Anhezini L, Katayama PL, Santos VR, Shetty AK, de Castro OW. SARS-CoV-2 and Hypertension: Evidence Supporting Invasion into the Brain Via Baroreflex Circuitry and the Role of Imbalanced Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System. Neurosci Insights 2023; 18:26331055231151926. [PMID: 36756280 PMCID: PMC9900164 DOI: 10.1177/26331055231151926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is considered one of the most critical risk factors for COVID-19. Evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection produces intense effects on the cardiovascular system by weakening the wall of large vessels via vasa-vasorum. In this commentary, we propose that SARS-CoV-2 invades carotid and aortic baroreceptors, leading to infection of the nucleus tractus solitari (NTS) and paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), and such dysregulation of NTS and PVN following infection causes blood pressure alteration at the central level. We additionally explored the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 favors the internalization of membrane ACE2 receptors generating an imbalance of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), increasing the activity of angiotensin II (ANG-II), disintegrin, and metalloproteinase 17 domain (ADAM17/TACE), eventually modulating the integration of afferents reaching the NTS from baroreceptors and promoting increased blood pressure. These mechanisms are related to the increased sympathetic activity, which leads to transient or permanent hypertension associated with SARS-CoV-2 invasion, contributing to the high number of deaths by cardiovascular implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kellysson Bruno Oliveira
- Department of Physiology, Institute of
Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió,
Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Igor Santana de Melo
- Department of Physiology, Institute of
Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió,
Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Bianca Rodrigues Melo da Silva
- Department of Physiology, Institute of
Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió,
Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Keylla Lavínia da Silva Oliveira
- Department of Physiology, Institute of
Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió,
Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Robinson Sabino-Silva
- Department of Physiology, Institute of
Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas
Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas Anhezini
- Department of Histology, Institute of
Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas,
Brazil
| | - Pedro Lourenco Katayama
- Department of Physiology and Pathology,
Dentistry School of Araraquara, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo,
Brazil
| | - Victor Rodrigues Santos
- Department of Morphology, Institute of
Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas
Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine,
Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Texas A&M University School of
Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Olagide Wagner de Castro
- Department of Physiology, Institute of
Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió,
Alagoas, Brazil,Olagide Wagner de Castro, Institute of
Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av.
Lourival de Melo Mota, km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió,
Alagoas CEP 57072-970, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Meireles GS, Aires R, Côco LZ, Kampke EH, Barroso ME, Vasquez EC, Pereira TM, Meyrelles SS, Campagnaro BP. DNA damage and repair on hematopoietic stem cells: impact of oxidative stress in renovascular hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 2022; 44:627-633. [PMID: 35844144 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2022.2101658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated oxidative damage to bone marrow cells in the pathogenesis of renovascular hypertension (RH). METHODS Male C57BL/6 J mice (10-week-old and ~23 g) were divided into two groups: Sham-operated and 2K1C, which has a stainless-steel clip placed around the left renal artery. After twenty-eight days, the animals were anesthetized for hemodynamic measurements and bone marrow cells isolation. The intracellular production of ROS, DNA damage, and DNA repair kinetics were evaluated. RESULTS Our results show that RH increases HSCs ROS production and that the 2K1C group showed a significant reduction of HSCs in the G0/G1 phase, increased p53 expression, DNA fragmentation, low DNA repair capacity, and a higher percentage of apoptotic cells when compared with the Sham group. CONCLUSIONS Our data imply that RH can compromise the hematopoiesis by increased oxidative stress leading to impaired DNA repair activity. Furthermore, this study provides new insights into the influence of hypertension on bone marrow homeostasis. This study showed for the first time that RH leads to oxidative damage, including genotoxic, to bone marrow cells. Thus, these findings provide new insights into the consequences of RH on bone marrow cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giselle S Meireles
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology and Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Aires
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Larissa Z Côco
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology and Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Edgar H Kampke
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Maria Es Barroso
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Elisardo C Vasquez
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology and Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mc Pereira
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology and Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, Brazil.,Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFES), Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Silvana S Meyrelles
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Bianca P Campagnaro
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology and Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Issotina Zibrila A, Li Y, Wang Z, Zhao G, Liu H, Leng J, Ahasan Ali M, Ampofo Osei J, Kang YM, Liu J. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition with Pyridostigmine attenuates hypertension and neuroinflammation in the paraventricular nucleus in rat model for Preeclampsia. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108365. [PMID: 34815190 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is characterized by hypertension, autonomic imbalance and inflammation. The subfornical organ (SFO) reportedly relays peripheral inflammatory mediator's signals to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), a brain autonomic center shown to mediate hypertension in hypertensive rat but not yet in PE rat models. Additionally, we previously showed that Pyridostigmine (PYR), an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, attenuated placental inflammation and hypertension in PE models. In this study, we investigated the effect of PYR on the activities of these brain regions in PE model. PYR (20 mg/kg/day) was administered to reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) Sprague-Dawley rat from gestational day (GD) 14 to GD19. On GD19, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) was recorded and samples were collected for analysis. RUPP rats exhibited increased MAP (P = 0.0025), elevated circulating tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α, P = 0.0075), reduced baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), increased neuroinflammatory markers including TNF-α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), microglial activation (P = 0.0039), oxidative stress and neuronal excitation within the PVN and the SFO. Changes in MAP, in molecular and cellular expression induced by RUPP intervention were improved by PYR. The ability of PYR to attenuate TNF-α mediated central effect was evaluated in TNF-α-infused pregnant rats. TNF-α infusion-promoted neuroinflammation in the PVN and SFO in dams was abolished by PYR. Collectively, our data suggest that PYR improves PE-like symptoms in rat by dampening placental ischemia and TNF-α-promoted inflammation and pro-hypertensive activity in the PVN. This broadens the therapeutical potential of PYR in PE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdoulaye Issotina Zibrila
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yubei Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Gongxiao Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Haotian Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jing Leng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Md Ahasan Ali
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - James Ampofo Osei
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Jinjun Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Dr Irvine Page proposed the Mosaic Theory of Hypertension in the 1940s advocating that hypertension is the result of many factors that interact to raise blood pressure and cause end-organ damage. Over the years, Dr Page modified his paradigm, and new concepts regarding oxidative stress, inflammation, genetics, sodium homeostasis, and the microbiome have arisen that allow further refinements of the Mosaic Theory. A constant feature of this approach to understanding hypertension is that the various nodes are interdependent and that these almost certainly vary between experimental models and between individuals with hypertension. This review discusses these new concepts and provides an introduction to other reviews in this compendium of Circulation Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G. Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Thomas M. Coffman
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Research Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hirooka Y. Sympathetic Activation in Hypertension: Importance of the Central Nervous System. Am J Hypertens 2020; 33:914-926. [PMID: 32374869 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpaa074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The central nervous system (CNS) organizes the sympathetic outflow and various inputs from the periphery. The brain renin-angiotensin system has been studied in various regions involved in controlling sympathetic outflow. Recent progress in cardiovascular research, particularly in vascular biology and neuroscience, as well as in traditional physiological approaches, has advanced the field of the neural control of hypertension in which the CNS plays a vital role. Cardiovascular research relating to hypertension has focused on the roles of nitric oxide, oxidative stress, inflammation, and immunity, and the network among various organs, including the heart, kidney, spleen, gut, and vasculature. The CNS mechanisms are similarly networked with these factors and are widely studied in neuroscience. In this review, I describe the development of the conceptual flow of this network in the field of hypertension on the basis of several important original research articles and discuss potential future breakthroughs leading to clinical precision medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Hirooka
- Department of Medical Technology and Sciences, School of Health Sciences at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Okawa City, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hypertension and Heart Failure Center, Takagi Hospital, Okawa City, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Systemic administration of pentoxifylline attenuates the development of hypertension in renovascular hypertensive rats. Hypertens Res 2020; 43:667-678. [PMID: 32060380 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-020-0412-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence to suggest that hypertension involves a chronic low-grade systemic inflammatory response; however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. To further understand the role of inflammation in hypertension, we used a rat renovascular model of hypertension in which we administered the TNF-α synthesis inhibitor pentoxifylline (PTX, 30 mg/kg/day) in the drinking water for 60 days. In conscious rats, PTX administration significantly attenuated the development of hypertension (systolic blood pressure, PTX: 145 ± 8 vs. vehicle (Veh): 235 ± 11 mmHg, after 38 days of treatment, P < 0.05, N = 5/group). This attenuation in hypertension was coupled with a decrease in the low-frequency spectra of systolic blood pressure variability (PTX: 1.23 ± 0.2 vs Veh: 3.05 ± 0.8 arbitrary units, P < 0.05, N = 5/group). Furthermore, systemic PTX administration decreased c-Fos expression within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PTX: 17 ± 4 vs. Veh: 70 ± 13 cells, P < 0.01, N = 5, PVN) and increased the total number of microglial branches (PTX: 2129 ± 242 vs. Veh: 1415 ± 227 branches, P < 0.05, N = 4/group). Acute central injection of PTX (20 μg) under urethane anesthesia caused a small transient decrease in blood pressure but did not change renal sympathetic nerve activity. Surprisingly, we found no detectable basal levels of plasma TNF-α in either PTX- or vehicle-treated animals. These results suggest that inflammation plays a role in renovascular hypertension and that PTX might act both peripherally and centrally to prevent hypertension.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Purpose of the Review The main goal of this article is to discuss how the development of state-of-the-art technology has made it possible to address fundamental questions related to how the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) operates within the brain from the neurophysiological and molecular perspective. Recent Findings The existence of the brain RAS remains surprisingly controversial. New sensitive in situ hybridization techniques and novel transgenic animals expressing reporter genes have provided pivotal information of the expression of RAS genes within the brain. We discuss studies using genetically engineered animals combined with targeted viral microinjections to study molecular mechanisms implicated in the regulation of the brain RAS. We also discuss novel drugs targeting the brain RAS that have shown promising results in clinical studies and trials. Summary Over the last 50 years, several new physiological roles of the brain RAS have been identified. In the coming years, efforts to incorporate cutting-edge technologies such as optogenetics, chemogenetics, and single-cell RNA sequencing will lead to dramatic advances in our full understanding of how the brain RAS operates at molecular and neurophysiological levels.
Collapse
|