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Henningsen K, Martinez I, Costa RJS. Exertional Stress-induced Pathogenic Luminal Content Translocation - Friend or Foe? Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:559-571. [PMID: 38286406 DOI: 10.1055/a-2235-1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of perturbed gastrointestinal integrity, as well as resulting systemic immune responses and gastrointestinal symptoms, otherwise known as exercised-induced gastrointestinal syndrome (EIGS), is common among individuals who partake in prolonged exercise. EIGS may cause the translocation of pathogenic material, including whole bacteria and bacterial endotoxins, from the lumen into circulation, which may progress into clinical consequences such as sepsis, and potentially subsequent fatality. However, further investigation is warranted to assess the possibility of food allergen and/or digestive enzyme luminal to circulatory translocation in response to exercise, and the clinical consequences. Findings from this narrative literature review demonstrate evidence that whole bacteria and bacterial endotoxins translocation from the gastrointestinal lumen to systemic circulation occurs in response to exercise stress, with a greater propensity of translocation occurring with accompanying heat exposure. It has also been demonstrated that food allergens can translocate from the lumen to systemic circulation in response to exercise stress and initiate anaphylaxis. To date, no research investigating the effect of exercise on the translocation of digestive enzymes from the lumen into systemic circulation exists. It is evident that EIGS and consequential pathogenic translocation presents life-threatening clinical implications, warranting the development and implementation of effective management strategies in at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Henningsen
- Nutrition Dietetics & Food, Monash University Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Notting Hill, Australia
| | - Isabel Martinez
- Nutrition Dietetics & Food, Monash University Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Notting Hill, Australia
| | - Ricardo J S Costa
- Nutrition Dietetics & Food, Monash University Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Notting Hill, Australia
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Belinchón-deMiguel P, Navarro-Jiménez E, Laborde-Cárdenas CC, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Evolutionary Echoes: A Four-Day Fasting and Low-Caloric Intake Study on Autonomic Modulation and Physiological Adaptations in Humans. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:456. [PMID: 38672727 PMCID: PMC11051148 DOI: 10.3390/life14040456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the psychophysiological response to a simulated hunter-gatherer endurance task with restricted caloric intake over four days. It assesses changes in body composition, autonomic modulation, and physical and cognitive performance. Participants underwent daily 8 h fasted walks followed by a 150 kcal meal to replicate hunter-gatherer activity and dietary patterns. Measurements of metabolic, respiratory, and subjective well-being, along with heart rate variability (HRV) monitoring, were conducted pre- and post-activity to evaluate the impact of endurance activity under caloric restriction. We found weight loss, decreased body and visceral fat, and reduced skeletal muscle mass and water percentage. High sympathetic activation and stable urinary markers, except for increased proteinuria, indicated stress responses and muscular degradation. Elevated perceived exertion post-exercise with good adaptation to prolonged effort underlines the body's adaptability to ancestral lifestyle conditions, highlighting the connection among endurance, nutrition, and psychophysiological health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Belinchón-deMiguel
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
| | - Eduardo Navarro-Jiménez
- Grupo de Investigacion en Microbiología y Biotecnología (IMB), Universidad Libre, Barranquilla 080003, Colombia;
| | | | - Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
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Saenz C, Jordan A, Loriz L, Schill K, Colletto M, Rodriguez J. Low Energy Intake Leads to Body Composition and Performance Decrements in a Highly-Trained, Female Athlete: The WANDER (Woman's Activity and Nutrition during an Extensive Hiking Route) Case Study. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2024; 43:296-303. [PMID: 38019616 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2023.2282614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This case study's purpose was to quantify energy intake vs energy expenditure during a thru-hiker's trek and assess its relationship to performance and health. METHODS A highly trained, female thru-hiker (Age (yrs): 62, Ht (cm): 157, Wt (kg): 53.5, BMI (kg/m2): 21.7, %BF: 26.0) embarked on a 4-month journey through the Pacific Crest Trail, USA. The athlete's body composition and 3-day diet record were assessed before (PRE) and after the hike (POST). During the hike, she tracked her diet and performance daily and completed a wellness survey each time she reached a town-check point. Data were analyzed for descriptive (weekly averages, means ± SD) and frequency statistics. RESULTS She spent 10 wk (∼70 days) on the trail and hiked 1,506.35 km (26.1 ± 3.2 km/day) with an estimated energy expenditure of ∼2334 ± 351 kcal/day. During the hike, she under consumed calories (1285.3 ± 103 kcal) and dietary carbohydrate (169.5 ± 19.5g), fat (49.7 ± 5.8g), protein (41.9 ± 4.8g; 0.8 g/kg), fiber (11.8 ± 2.1g) and sodium (1642.4 ± 298.6 mg) when compared to ultra-endurance nutrition recommendations. She was unable to complete the trail due to fatigue and anthropometric changes. By POST, she had decreased total mass (PRE: 53.5 kg vs POST: 48.4 kg), BMI (PRE 21.6 vs POST: 19.5), fat-free mass (PRE: 39.6 vs POST: 38.8), and body fat (PRE: 26% vs POST: 19.6%) when compared to PRE. CONCLUSION Trail-related challenges combined with high energy expenditures led to low nutrient intake which contributed to trail-ending injuries and performance decrements. Research aimed at addressing the barriers associated with thru-hike fueling is needed to identify nutritional opportunities to support hikers' performance and reduce injury risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Saenz
- Exercise Science-Kinesiology Program, Department of Human Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Aydan Jordan
- Exercise Science-Kinesiology Program, Department of Human Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lillia Loriz
- School of Nursing, Brooks College of Health, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Judith Rodriguez
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Brooks College of Health, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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Tiller NB, Wheatley-Guy CM, Fermoyle CC, Robach P, Ziegler B, Gavet A, Schwartz JC, Taylor BJ, Constantini K, Murdock R, Johnson BD, Stewart GM. Sex-Specific Physiological Responses to Ultramarathon. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1647-1656. [PMID: 35653262 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite a growing body of literature on the physiological responses to ultramarathon, there is a paucity of data in females. This study assessed the female physiological response to ultramarathon and compared the frequency of perturbations to a group of race- and time-matched males. METHODS Data were collected from 53 contestants of an ultramarathon trail race at the Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc (UTMB®) in 2018/19. Before and within 2 h of the finish, participants underwent physiological assessments, including blood sampling for biomarkers (creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme [CK-MB], cardiac troponin I [cTnI], brain natriuretic peptide [BNP], and creatinine [Cr]), pulmonary function testing (spirometry, exhaled NO, diffusing capacities, and mouth pressures), and transthoracic ultrasound (lung comet tails, cardiac function). Data from eight female finishers (age = 36.6 ± 6.9 yr; finish time = 30:57 ± 11:36 h:min) were compared with a group of eight time-matched males (age = 40.3 ± 8.3 yr; finish time = 30:46 ± 10:32 h:min). RESULTS Females exhibited significant pre- to postrace increases in BNP (25.8 ± 14.6 vs 140.9 ± 102.7 pg·mL -1 ; P = 0.007) and CK-MB (3.3 ± 2.4 vs 74.6 ± 49.6 IU·L -1 ; P = 0.005), whereas males exhibited significant pre- to postrace increases in BNP (26.6 ± 17.5 vs 96.4 ± 51.9 pg·mL -1 ; P = 0.002), CK-MB (7.2 ± 3.9 vs 108.8 ± 37.4 IU·L -1 ; P = 0.002), and Cr (1.06 ± 0.19 vs 1.23 ± 0.24 mg·dL -1 ; P = 0.028). Lung function declined in both groups, but males exhibited additional reductions in lung diffusing capacities (DL CO = 34.4 ± 5.7 vs 29.2 ± 6.9 mL⋅min -1 ⋅mm Hg -1 , P = 0.004; DL NO = 179.1 ± 26.2 vs 152.8 ± 33.4 mL⋅min -1 ⋅mm Hg -1 , P = 0.002) and pulmonary capillary blood volumes (77.4 ± 16.7 vs 57.3 ± 16.1 mL; P = 0.002). Males, but not females, exhibited evidence of mild postrace pulmonary edema. Pooled effect sizes for within-group pre- to postrace changes, for all variables, were generally larger in males versus females ( d = 0.86 vs 0.63). CONCLUSIONS Ultramarathon negatively affects a range of physiological functions but generally evokes more frequent perturbations, with larger effect sizes, in males compared to females with similar race performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B Tiller
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | | | | | - Paul Robach
- Ecole Nationale des Sports de Montagne, Chamonix, FRANCE
| | - Briana Ziegler
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Alice Gavet
- Ecole Nationale des Sports de Montagne, Chamonix, FRANCE
| | - Jesse C Schwartz
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Bryan J Taylor
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Keren Constantini
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, and Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel-Aviv University, ISRAEL
| | | | - Bruce D Johnson
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Nyborg C, Melsom HS, Bonnevie-Svendsen M, Melau J, Seljeflot I, Hisdal J. Transient Reduction of FMD-Response and L-Arginine Accompanied by Increased Levels of E-Selectin, VCAM, and ICAM after Prolonged Strenuous Exercise. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9060086. [PMID: 34204566 PMCID: PMC8234080 DOI: 10.3390/sports9060086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed endothelial function by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), levels of the NO-precursor L-arginine, and markers of endothelial inflammation before, at the finish line, and one week after the Norseman Xtreme triathlon. The race is an Ironman distance triathlon with a total elevation of 5200 m. Nine male participants were included. They completed the race in 14.5 (13.4–15.3) h. FMD was significantly reduced to 3.1 (2.1–5.0)% dilatation compared to 8.7 (8.2–9.3)% dilatation before the race (p < 0.05) and was normalized one week after the race. L-arginine showed significantly reduced levels at the finish line (p < 0.05) but was normalized one week after the race. Markers of endothelial inflammation E-Selectin, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1 all showed a pattern with increased values at the finish line compared to before the race (all p < 0.05), with normalization one week after the race. In conclusion, we found acutely reduced FMD with reduced L-arginine levels and increased E-Selectin, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1 immediately after the Norseman Xtreme triathlon. Our findings indicate a transient reduced endothelial function, measured by the FMD-response, after prolonged strenuous exercise that could be explained by reduced NO-precursor L-arginine levels and increased endothelial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Nyborg
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (H.S.M.); (M.B.-S.); (J.M.); (I.S.); (J.H.)
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-971-76-129
| | - Helene Støle Melsom
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (H.S.M.); (M.B.-S.); (J.M.); (I.S.); (J.H.)
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Bonnevie-Svendsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (H.S.M.); (M.B.-S.); (J.M.); (I.S.); (J.H.)
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen Melau
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (H.S.M.); (M.B.-S.); (J.M.); (I.S.); (J.H.)
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Prehospital Care, Vestfold Hospital Trust, 3103 Toensberg, Norway
| | - Ingebjørg Seljeflot
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (H.S.M.); (M.B.-S.); (J.M.); (I.S.); (J.H.)
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonny Hisdal
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (H.S.M.); (M.B.-S.); (J.M.); (I.S.); (J.H.)
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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Maggioni MA, Rundfeldt LC, Gunga HC, Joerres M, Merati G, Steinach M. The Advantage of Supine and Standing Heart Rate Variability Analysis to Assess Training Status and Performance in a Walking Ultramarathon. Front Physiol 2020; 11:731. [PMID: 32792964 PMCID: PMC7394006 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac autonomic modulation of heart rate, assessed by heart rate variability (HRV), is commonly used to monitor training status. HRV is usually measured in athletes after awakening in the morning in the supine position. Whether recording during standing reveals additional information compared to supine remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the association between short-duration HRV, assessed both in the supine and standing position, and a low-intensity long-duration performance (walking ultramarathon), as well as training experience. Twenty-five competitors in a 100 km walking ultramarathon underwent pre-race supine (12 min) and standing (6 min) HR recordings, whereas performance and subjective training experience were assessed post-race. There were no significant differences in both supine and standing HRV between finishers (n = 14) and non-finishers (n = 11, mean distance 67 km). In finishers, a slower race velocity was significantly correlated with a higher decrease in parasympathetic drive during position change [larger decrease in High Frequency power normalized units (HFnu: r = −0.7, p = 0.01) and higher increase in the detrended fluctuation analysis alpha 1 index (DFA1: r = 0.6, p = 0.04)]. Highly trained athletes accounted for higher HFnu during standing compared to poorly trained competitors (+11.5, p = 0.01). Similarly, greater training volume (total km/week) would predict higher HFnu during standing (r = 0.5, p = 0.01). HRV assessment in both supine and standing position may provide additional information on the dynamic adaptability of cardiac autonomic modulation to physiologic challenges and therefore be more valuable for performance prediction than a simple assessment of supine HRV. Self-reported training experience may reliably associate with parasympathetic drive, therefore indirectly predicting long-term aerobic performance in ultramarathon walking races.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Anna Maggioni
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Physiology, Center for Space Medicine and Extreme Environments, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lea Christiane Rundfeldt
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Physiology, Center for Space Medicine and Extreme Environments, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanns-Christian Gunga
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Physiology, Center for Space Medicine and Extreme Environments, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Joerres
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Physiology, Center for Space Medicine and Extreme Environments, Berlin, Germany
| | - Giampiero Merati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Mathias Steinach
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Physiology, Center for Space Medicine and Extreme Environments, Berlin, Germany
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Hansson E, Glaser J, Jakobsson K, Weiss I, Wesseling C, Lucas RAI, Wei JLK, Ekström U, Wijkström J, Bodin T, Johnson RJ, Wegman DH. Pathophysiological Mechanisms by which Heat Stress Potentially Induces Kidney Inflammation and Chronic Kidney Disease in Sugarcane Workers. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1639. [PMID: 32498242 PMCID: PMC7352879 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease of non-traditional origin (CKDnt) is common among Mesoamerican sugarcane workers. Recurrent heat stress and dehydration is a leading hypothesis. Evidence indicate a key role of inflammation. METHODS Starting in sports and heat pathophysiology literature, we develop a theoretical framework of how strenuous work in heat could induce kidney inflammation. We describe the release of pro-inflammatory substances from a leaky gut and/or injured muscle, alone or in combination with tubular fructose and uric acid, aggravation by reduced renal blood flow and increased tubular metabolic demands. Then, we analyze longitudinal data from >800 sugarcane cutters followed across harvest and review the CKDnt literature to assess empirical support of the theoretical framework. RESULTS Inflammation (CRP elevation and fever) and hyperuricemia was tightly linked to kidney injury. Rehydrating with sugary liquids and NSAID intake increased the risk of kidney injury, whereas electrolyte solution consumption was protective. Hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia were associated with kidney injury. DISCUSSION Heat stress, muscle injury, reduced renal blood flow and fructose metabolism may induce kidney inflammation, the successful resolution of which may be impaired by daily repeating pro-inflammatory triggers. We outline further descriptive, experimental and intervention studies addressing the factors identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hansson
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 414, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- La Isla Network, 1441 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA; (J.G.); (I.W.); (C.W.); (R.A.I.L.); (U.E.); (D.H.W.)
| | - Jason Glaser
- La Isla Network, 1441 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA; (J.G.); (I.W.); (C.W.); (R.A.I.L.); (U.E.); (D.H.W.)
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Kristina Jakobsson
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 414, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- La Isla Network, 1441 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA; (J.G.); (I.W.); (C.W.); (R.A.I.L.); (U.E.); (D.H.W.)
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Box 414, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ilana Weiss
- La Isla Network, 1441 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA; (J.G.); (I.W.); (C.W.); (R.A.I.L.); (U.E.); (D.H.W.)
| | - Catarina Wesseling
- La Isla Network, 1441 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA; (J.G.); (I.W.); (C.W.); (R.A.I.L.); (U.E.); (D.H.W.)
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 171 65 Solna, Sweden;
| | - Rebekah A. I. Lucas
- La Isla Network, 1441 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA; (J.G.); (I.W.); (C.W.); (R.A.I.L.); (U.E.); (D.H.W.)
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, 142 Edgbaston Park Rd, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jason Lee Kai Wei
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, MD9, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore;
- Global Asia Institute, National University of Singapore, 10 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore 119076, Singapore
- N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Dr, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Ulf Ekström
- La Isla Network, 1441 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA; (J.G.); (I.W.); (C.W.); (R.A.I.L.); (U.E.); (D.H.W.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Julia Wijkström
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Theo Bodin
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 171 65 Solna, Sweden;
| | - Richard J. Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - David H. Wegman
- La Isla Network, 1441 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA; (J.G.); (I.W.); (C.W.); (R.A.I.L.); (U.E.); (D.H.W.)
- Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01845, USA
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