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Janneke Schwaner M, Mayfield DL, Azizi E, Daley MA. Linking in vivo muscle dynamics to force-length and force-velocity properties reveals that guinea fowl lateral gastrocnemius operates at shorter than optimal lengths. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246879. [PMID: 38873800 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The isometric force-length (F-L) and isotonic force-velocity (F-V) relationships characterize the contractile properties of skeletal muscle under controlled conditions, yet it remains unclear how these properties relate to in vivo muscle function. Here, we map the in situ F-L and F-V characteristics of guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) lateral gastrocnemius (LG) to the in vivo operating range during walking and running. We test the hypothesis that muscle fascicles operate on the F-L plateau, near the optimal length for force (L0) and near velocities that maximize power output (Vopt) during walking and running. We found that in vivo LG velocities are consistent with optimizing power during work production, and economy of force at higher loads. However, LG does not operate near L0 at higher loads. LG length was near L0 at the time of electromyography (EMG) onset but shortened rapidly such that force development during stance occurred on the ascending limb of the F-L curve, around 0.8L0. Shortening across L0 in late swing might optimize potential for rapid force development near the swing-stance transition, providing resistance to unexpected perturbations that require rapid force development. We also found evidence of in vivo passive force rise in late swing, without EMG activity, at lengths where in situ passive force is zero, suggesting that dynamic viscoelastic effects contribute to in vivo force development. Comparison of in vivo operating ranges with F-L and F-V properties suggests the need for new approaches to characterize muscle properties in controlled conditions that more closely resemble in vivo dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Janneke Schwaner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Dean L Mayfield
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Emanuel Azizi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Monica A Daley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Center for Integrative Movement Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
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Hong J, Woo J, Jeon J. Torque and power of knee extensor muscles at individualized isokinetic angular velocities. J Int Med Res 2024; 52:3000605241262186. [PMID: 39053453 PMCID: PMC11283666 DOI: 10.1177/03000605241262186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Existing isokinetic contractions are characterized using standardized angular velocities, which can induce differing adaptations. Here, we characterized the variation in the isokinetic parameters of knee extensors according to individualized angular velocity (IAV). METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study of 19 young, healthy men. We measured the maximum angular velocity (MAV) of concentric knee extension using the isotonic mode of an isokinetic dynamometer. Isometric and isokinetic (at angular velocities corresponding to 100%, 70%, 40%, and 10% of each individual's MAV) knee extensor contractions were performed, and the peak torque and mean power were recorded. RESULTS Peak torque significantly decreased with increasing IAV (129.42 ± 25.04, 84.37 ± 20.97, and 56.42 ± 16.18 Nm at 40%, 70%, and 100%, respectively), except for isometric contraction (233.36 ± 47.85) and at 10% of MAV (208 ± 48.55). At the mean power, 10% of MAV (74.52 ± 20.84 W) was significantly lower than the faster IAV (176.32 ± 49.64, 161.53 ± 56.55, and 145.95 ± 50.64 W at 40%, 70%, and 100%, respectively), and 100% was significantly lower than 40%. CONCLUSION The optimized IAV for isokinetic contraction to improve power output while maintaining torque is 10% to 40% of MAV. IAV may reflect both the velocity and force components of power because individuals do not have the same angular velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiheon Hong
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Sunmoon University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
- Digital Healthcare Institute, Sunmoon University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonggeun Woo
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Sunmoon University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongwoo Jeon
- Digital Healthcare Institute, Sunmoon University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
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Cesanelli L, Venckunas T, Ylaitė B, Streckis V, Kamandulis S, Degens H, Satkunskiene D. Discipline-specific Torque-Velocity Profiles and Musculotendinous Morphology in Athletes. JOURNAL OF MUSCULOSKELETAL & NEURONAL INTERACTIONS 2024; 24:127-138. [PMID: 38825995 PMCID: PMC11145326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare torque-velocity profiles, muscle architecture, tendon dimensions, and bilateral-symmetry between competitive cyclists (CY), competitive runners (RN), ice-hockey players (IH), basketball players (BP), and physically-active individuals (CN) (n=10 for each group). METHODS Vastus lateralis (VL) muscle and patellar tendon (PT) structures were determined with B-mode ultrasonography, and maximal knee extensor isokinetic torque was assessed at three different velocities. RESULTS Optimal torque and velocity were lower in runners than CY, BP and IH (p<0.05). Maximal power was similar between the athlete groups but greater than CN (p<0.05). Furthermore, RN and BP reached their peak-torque at longer muscle lengths compared to IH and CY (p<0.05). RN had the lowest VL muscle thickness and the greatest fascicle length, while CY had the greatest pennation angle (p<0.05). CY had the greatest PT thickness, particularly at the proximal and medial sites, while BP at the distal point (p<0.05), with similar trends observed for PT cross-sectional-area. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that even if power generating capacity is similar between athletic disciplines, there are discipline-specific muscle adaptations, where particularly runners appear to have muscles adapted for speed rather than torque development, while in cyclists, velocity is sacrificed for torque development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Cesanelli
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Venckunas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Berta Ylaitė
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Streckis
- Deparment of Coaching Science, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sigitas Kamandulis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Hans Degens
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Danguole Satkunskiene
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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4
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Dhawale N, Labonte D, Holt NC. The effect of muscle ultrastructure on the force, displacement and work capacity of skeletal muscle. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:20230658. [PMID: 38774960 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle powers animal movement through interactions between the contractile proteins, actin and myosin. Structural variation contributes greatly to the variation in mechanical performance observed across muscles. In vertebrates, gross structural variation occurs in the form of changes in the muscle cross-sectional area : fibre length ratio. This results in a trade-off between force and displacement capacity, leaving work capacity unaltered. Consequently, the maximum work per unit volume-the work density-is considered constant. Invertebrate muscle also varies in muscle ultrastructure, i.e. actin and myosin filament lengths. Increasing actin and myosin filament lengths increases force capacity, but the effect on muscle fibre displacement, and thus work, capacity is unclear. We use a sliding-filament muscle model to predict the effect of actin and myosin filament lengths on these mechanical parameters for both idealized sarcomeres with fixed actin : myosin length ratios, and for real sarcomeres with known filament lengths. Increasing actin and myosin filament lengths increases stress without reducing strain capacity. A muscle with longer actin and myosin filaments can generate larger force over the same displacement and has a higher work density, so seemingly bypassing an established trade-off. However, real sarcomeres deviate from the idealized length ratio suggesting unidentified constraints or selective pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihav Dhawale
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, UC Riverside , Riverside, CA, USA
| | - David Labonte
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London , London, UK
| | - Natalie C Holt
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, UC Riverside , Riverside, CA, USA
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Magris R, Nardello F, Bombieri F, Monte A, Zamparo P. Characterization of the vastus lateralis torque-length, and knee extensors torque-velocity and power-velocity relationships in people with Parkinson's disease. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1380864. [PMID: 38725475 PMCID: PMC11079174 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1380864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative condition observed primarily in the elderly population that gives rise to motor and non-motor symptoms, one of which is muscle weakness. The aim of this study was to characterize the vastus lateralis torque-fascicle length (T-L) and the knee extensors torque-angular velocity (T-V) and power-angular velocity (P-V) relationships in PD patients and to investigate the influence of muscle geometry on muscle mechanics. Methods Participants (11 PD: patients, 9 CR: age matched healthy controls; 10 CY: young healthy controls) performed: (i) isometric contractions (e.g., MVC) to obtain the torque-angle and T-L relationships; (ii) isokinetic (e.g., iso-velocity) contractions to obtain the T-V and P-V relationships. During the experiments, the architecture of vastus lateralis (pennation angle, fascicle length, muscle thickness) was also determined by using an ultrasound apparatus. Results Significant differences were observed between PD patients and physically matched control groups (CR and CY) in terms of maximum isometric force (calculated as the apex of the T-L curve) and maximum mechanical power (apex of the P-V curve), but not in maximum shortening velocity. Among the mechanical variables investigated, mechanical power was able to identify differences between the less and the more affected side in PD patients, suggesting that this parameter could be useful for clinical evaluation in this population. Conclusions The observed results cannot be explained by differences in muscle geometry at rest (similar in the three cohorts), but rather by the muscle capacity to change in shape during contraction, that is impaired in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Magris
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Smith RE, Shelton AD, Sawicki GS, Franz JR. The effects of plantarflexor weakness and reduced tendon stiffness with aging on gait stability. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302021. [PMID: 38625839 PMCID: PMC11020829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Falls among older adults are a costly public health concern. Such falls can be precipitated by balance disturbances, after which a recovery strategy requiring rapid, high force outputs is necessary. Sarcopenia among older adults likely diminishes their ability to produce the forces necessary to arrest gait instability. Age-related changes to tendon stiffness may also delay muscle stretch and afferent feedback and decrease force transmission, worsening fall outcomes. However, the association between muscle strength, tendon stiffness, and gait instability is not well established. Given the ankle's proximity to the onset of many walking balance disturbances, we examined the relation between both plantarflexor strength and Achilles tendon stiffness with walking-related instability during perturbed gait in older and younger adults-the latter quantified herein using margins of stability and whole-body angular momentum including the application of treadmill-induced slip perturbations. Older and younger adults did not differ in plantarflexor strength, but Achilles tendon stiffness was lower in older adults. Among older adults, plantarflexor weakness associated with greater whole-body angular momentum following treadmill-induced slip perturbations. Weaker older adults also appeared to walk and recover from treadmill-induced slip perturbations with more caution. This study highlights the role of plantarflexor strength and Achilles tendon stiffness in regulating lateral gait stability in older adults, which may be targets for training protocols seeking to minimize fall risk and injury severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross E. Smith
- Joint Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, UNC Chapel Hill and NC State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Shelton
- Joint Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, UNC Chapel Hill and NC State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gregory S. Sawicki
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jason R. Franz
- Joint Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, UNC Chapel Hill and NC State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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Tangri S, Goyal K, Goyal M, Wanjari M. Gender-specific reference values of dynamometric and non-dynamometric trunk performance in individuals with different body fat percentages: A preliminary study. NARRA J 2024; 4:e303. [PMID: 38798840 PMCID: PMC11125305 DOI: 10.52225/narra.v4i1.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Trunk muscles maintain steady effort with adequate strength and endurance. When the muscle performance is subpar, it might cause lower back discomfort. No reference for trunk strength and endurance has been established previously. The aim of this study was to determine the normative reference values for dynamometric and non-dynamometric tests in people with various body fat percentages. Two hundred sixty-four participants aged 19-40 years old were recruited in this cross-sectional study. The Siri equation was used to calculate the individuals body fat proportions, which were divided into normal, high, and very high body fat for men and women. The Modified Sorenson's and the Back-Leg-Chest Dynamometric tests were utilized to measure muscular performance. The means of strength in females with normal, high, and very high body fat percentages were 27.39, 25.75, and 25.37 N/m2, respectively. The males in the same category had the means of 56.48, 51.79, and 60.17 N/m2, respectively. The highest mean of endurance in females was in those with normal body fat percentage (42.28), so did males (71.02). Our findings suggest that males had higher trunk muscle strength and endurance than females, and normal-body-fat individuals had the greatest endurance regardless of gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiksha Tangri
- Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Maharishi, Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, India
| | - Kanu Goyal
- Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Maharishi, Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, India
| | - Manu Goyal
- Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Maharishi, Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, India
| | - Mayur Wanjari
- Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Maharashtra, India
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Hernández-Davó JL, Sabido R, Omar-García M, Boullosa D. Why Should Athletes Brake Fast? Influence of Eccentric Velocity on Concentric Performance During Countermovement Jumps at Different Loads. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:375-382. [PMID: 38237568 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of different eccentric tempos on eccentric kinetics and kinematics and the subsequent concentric performance when performing countermovement jumps against different loads. METHODS After 1-repetition-maximum assessment and 2 familiarization sessions, 13 well-trained participants performed, in randomized order, 12 sets (4 tempos × 3 loads) of 4 repetitions of the loaded countermovement-jump exercise. The eccentric tempos analyzed were 5 and 2 seconds, as fast as possible, and accelerated (ie, without pause between repetitions), while the loads used were 30%, 50%, and 70% of 1-repetition maximum. Several kinetic and kinematic variables during both phases were recorded by linking a linear position transducer to the barbell. RESULTS The eccentric work was greater in the accelerated condition despite no changes in the eccentric depth. The peak and mean propulsive velocities were greater in the as-fast-as-possible and accelerated conditions. Correlation analysis showed that, compared with the 5-second condition, the increased concentric performance in the accelerated condition was related to the difference in eccentric work performed in the last 100 milliseconds of the eccentric phase (r > .770). CONCLUSIONS Contrary to current practices, the current study highlights the need for performing the eccentric phase of loaded countermovement jumps, a common exercise performed by athletes for both training and evaluation purposes, as fast as possible. This allows not only a greater eccentric work but also improved concentric performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Hernández-Davó
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
- Department of Sports Sciences, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Rafael Sabido
- Department of Sports Sciences, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Manuel Omar-García
- Department of Sports Sciences, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, Leon, Spain
- Integrated Institute of Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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9
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Kissane RWP, Askew GN. Conserved mammalian muscle mechanics during eccentric contractions. J Physiol 2024; 602:1105-1126. [PMID: 38400808 DOI: 10.1113/jp285549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has a broad range of biomechanical functions, including power generation and energy absorption. These roles are underpinned by the force-velocity relationship, which comprises two distinct components: a concentric and an eccentric force-velocity relationship. The concentric component has been extensively studied across a wide range of muscles with different muscle properties. However, to date, little progress has been made in accurately characterising the eccentric force-velocity relationship in mammalian muscle with varying muscle properties. Consequently, mathematical models of this muscle behaviour are based on a poorly understood phenomenon. Here, we present a comprehensive assessment of the concentric force-velocity and eccentric force-velocity relationships of four mammalian muscles (soleus, extensor digitorum longus, diaphragm and digastric) with varying biomechanical functions, spanning three orders of magnitude in body mass (mouse, rat and rabbits). The force-velocity relationship was characterised using a hyperbolic-linear equation for the concentric component a hyperbolic equation for the eccentric component, at the same time as measuring the rate of force development in the two phases of force development in relation to eccentric lengthening velocity. We demonstrate that, despite differences in the curvature and plateau height of the eccentric force-velocity relationship, the rates of relative force development were consistent for the two phases of the force-time response during isovelocity lengthening ramps, in relation to lengthening velocity, in the four muscles studied. Our data support the hypothesis that this relationship depends on cross-bridge and titin activation. Hill-type musculoskeletal models of the eccentric force-velocity relationship for mammalian muscles should incorporate this biphasic force response. KEY POINTS: The capacity of skeletal muscle to generate mechanical work and absorb energy is underpinned by the force-velocity relationship. Despite identification of the lengthening (eccentric) force-velocity relationship over 80 years ago, no comprehensive study has been undertaken to characterise this relationship in skeletal muscle. We show that the biphasic force response seen during active muscle lengthening is conserved over three orders of magnitude of mammalian skeletal muscle mass. Using mice with a small deletion in titin, we show that part of this biphasic force profile in response to muscle lengthening is reliant on normal titin activation. The rate of force development during muscle stretch may be a more reliable way to describe the forces experienced during eccentric muscle contractions compared to the traditional hyperbolic curve fitting, and functions as a novel predictor of force-velocity characteristics that may be used to better inform hill-type musculoskeletal models and assess pathophysiological remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger W P Kissane
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Graham N Askew
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Cornejo-Daza PJ, Sánchez-Valdepeñas J, Rodiles-Guerrero L, Páez-Maldonado JA, Ara I, León-Prados JA, Alegre LM, Pareja-Blanco F, Alcazar J. Vastus Lateralis Muscle Size Is Differently Associated With the Different Regions of the Squat Force-Velocity and Load-Velocity Relationships, Rate of Force Development, and Physical Performance Young Men. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:450-458. [PMID: 38231131 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cornejo-Daza, PJ, Sánchez-Valdepeñas, J, Rodiles-Guerrero, L, Páez-Maldonado, JA, Ara, I, León-Prados, JA, Alegre, LM, Pareja-Blanco, F, and Alcazar, J. Vastus lateralis muscle size is differently associated with the different regions of the squat force-velocity and load-velocity relationships, rate of force development, and physical performance young men. J Strength Cond Res 38(3): 450-458, 2024-The influence that regional muscle size and muscle volume may have on different portions of the force-velocity (F-V) and load-velocity (L-V) relationships, explosive force, and muscle function of the lower limbs is poorly understood. This study assessed the association of muscle size with the F-V and L-V relationships, rate of force development (RFD) and maximal isometric force in the squat exercise, and vertical jump performance via countermovement jump (CMJ) height. Forty-nine resistance-trained young men (22.7 ± 3.3 years old) participated in the study. Anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA) of the vastus lateralis (VLA) muscle was measured using the extended field of view mode in an ultrasound device at 3 different femur lengths (40% [distal], 57.5% [medial], and 75% [proximal]), and muscle volume was estimated considering the VLA muscle insertion points previously published and validated in this study. There were significant associations between all muscle size measures (except distal ACSA) and (a) forces and loads yielded at velocities ranging from 0 to 1.5 m·s -1 ( r = 0.36-0.74, p < 0.05), (b) velocities exerted at forces and loads ranging between 750-2,000 N and 75-200 kg, respectively ( r = 0.31-0.69, p < 0.05), and (c) RFD at 200 and 400 milliseconds ( r = 0.35-0.64, p < 0.05). Proximal and distal ACSA and muscle volume were significantly associated with CMJ height ( r = 0.32-0.51, p < 0.05). Vastus lateralis muscle size exhibited a greater influence on performance at higher forces or loads and lower velocities and late phases of explosive muscle actions. Additionally, proximal ACSA and muscle volume showed the highest correlation with the muscle function measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Cornejo-Daza
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Sánchez-Valdepeñas
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Luis Rodiles-Guerrero
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Education, Department of Human Movement and Sport Performance, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - José A Páez-Maldonado
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Seville, Osuna, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ara
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), Spain
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain; and
- CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A León-Prados
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Luis M Alegre
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), Spain
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain; and
- CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Julian Alcazar
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), Spain
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain; and
- CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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11
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McNeill C, Beaven CM, McMaster DT, Ward P, Gill N. Eccentric Force-Velocity-Load Relationship in Trained Rugby Union Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:549-555. [PMID: 38088926 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT McNeill, C, Beaven, CM, McMaster, DT, Ward, P, and Gill, N. Eccentric force-velocity-load relationship in trained rugby union athletes. J Strength Cond Res 38(3): 549-555, 2024-The force-velocity relationship is traditionally believed to resemble a hyperbolic shape, known as the "force-velocity curve." However, there is less evidence regarding this relationship during eccentric muscle action in multijoint isotonic exercise, especially in applied settings. The purpose of this study was to investigate the force-velocity-load relationship in an incremental eccentric back squat test. In addition, 37 professional male rugby union athletes were recruited to participate. Separate generalized linear mixed models were used to analyze the effect of barbell load on relative eccentric peak force (REPF), relative eccentric mean force (REMF), eccentric peak velocity (EPV), and eccentric mean velocity (EMV). A significant effect of load ( p < 0.05) was observed for each of the eccentric variables tested. Each increase in barbell load tended to result in a linear increase in REMF and a decrease in EMV and EPV; however, we observed a plateauing effect for REPF as load increased. These results show that for "peak" variables lighter loads produced similar magnitudes of force, but generally moved at higher velocities than heavier loads. These observations suggest that the eccentric force-velocity-load relationship may vary depending on the parameters used. Quantifying rapid, multijoint eccentric performance is justified as it seems to provide valuable insight into individual athletic capability and training program design. Further research may investigate the responsiveness of the qualities to training and the causal nature of eccentric characteristics and athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor McNeill
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, Adams Centre for High Performance, The University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
- New Zealand Rugby Union, Wellington, New Zealand; and
| | - C Martyn Beaven
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, Adams Centre for High Performance, The University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Daniel T McMaster
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, Adams Centre for High Performance, The University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
- New Zealand Rugby Union, Wellington, New Zealand; and
| | | | - Nicholas Gill
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, Adams Centre for High Performance, The University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
- New Zealand Rugby Union, Wellington, New Zealand; and
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12
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Liang C, Jiang F, Kawaguchi D, Chen X. A Biomechanical Simulation of Forearm Flexion Using the Finite Element Approach. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 11:23. [PMID: 38247900 PMCID: PMC10812974 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Upper limb movement is vital in daily life. A biomechanical simulation of the forearm with consideration of the physiological characteristics of the muscles is instrumental in gaining deeper insights into the upper limb motion mechanisms. In this study, we established a finite element model of the forearm, including the radius, biceps brachii, and tendons. We simulated the motion of the forearm resulting from the contraction of the biceps brachii by using a Hill-type transversely isotropic hyperelastic muscle model. We adjusted the contraction velocity of the biceps brachii muscle in the simulation and found that a slower muscle contraction velocity facilitated forearm flexion. Then, we changed the percentage of fast-twitch fibers, the maximum muscle strength, and the neural excitation values of the biceps brachii muscle to investigate the forearm flexion of elderly individuals. Our results indicated that reduced fast-twitch fiber percentage, maximum muscle strength, and neural excitation contributed to the decline in forearm motion capability in elderly individuals. Additionally, there is a threshold for neural excitation, below which, motion capability sharply declines. Our model aids in understanding the role of the biceps brachii in forearm flexion and identifying the causes of upper limb movement disorders, which is able to provide guidance for enhancing upper limb performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fei Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Tokiwadai, Ube 7558611, Yamaguchi, Japan; (C.L.); (D.K.); (X.C.)
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13
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Coertjens M, Coertjens PC, Tartaruga MP, Gorski T, Lima-Silva AE, Carminatti LJ, Beyer PO, de Almeida APV, Geremia JM, Peyré-Tartaruga LA, Kruel LFM. Energetic responses of head-out water immersion at different temperatures during post-exercise recovery and its consequence on anaerobic mechanical power. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2813-2831. [PMID: 37393218 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE While exercise recovery may be beneficial from a physiological point of view, it may be detrimental to subsequent anaerobic performance. To investigate the energetic responses of water immersion at different temperatures during post-exercise recovery and its consequences on subsequent anaerobic performance, a randomized and controlled crossover experimental design was performed with 21 trained cyclists. METHOD Participants were assigned to receive three passive recovery strategies during 10 min after a Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT): control (CON: non-immersed condition), cold water immersion (CWI: 20 ℃), and hot water immersion (HWI: 40 ℃). Blood lactate, cardiorespiratory, and mechanical outcomes were measured during the WAnT and its recovery. Time constant (τ), asymptotic value, and area under the curve (AUC) were quantified for each physiologic parameter during recovery. After that, a second WAnT test and 10-min recovery were realized in the same session. RESULTS Regardless the water immersion temperature, water immersion increased [Formula: see text] (+ 18%), asymptote ([Formula: see text]+ 16%, [Formula: see text] + 13%, [Formula: see text] + 17%, HR + 16%) and AUC ([Formula: see text]+ 27%, [Formula: see text] + 18%, [Formula: see text] + 20%, HR + 25%), while decreased [Formula: see text] (- 33%). There was no influence of water immersion on blood lactate parameters. HWI improved the mean power output during the second WAnT (2.2%), while the CWI decreased 2.4% (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Independent of temperature, water immersion enhanced aerobic energy recovery without modifying blood lactate recovery. However, subsequent anaerobic performance was increased only during HWI and decreased during CWI. Despite higher than in other studies, 20 °C effectively triggered physiological and performance responses. Water immersion-induced physiological changes did not predict subsequent anaerobic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Coertjens
- School of Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Parnaíba, PI, CEP: 64202-020, Brazil.
- Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, Parnaíba, PI, Brazil.
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Chaves Coertjens
- School of Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Parnaíba, PI, CEP: 64202-020, Brazil
| | - Marcus Peikriszwili Tartaruga
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Energetics of the Human Movement, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste do Paraná, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Gorski
- Laboratory of Exercise and Health, ETH Zürich-Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Eduardo Lima-Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- The Human Performance Research Group, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Lorival José Carminatti
- Morpho-Functional Research Laboratory, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Paulo Otto Beyer
- Laboratory of Steam and Refrigeration, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Jeam Marcel Geremia
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Alexandre Peyré-Tartaruga
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Martins Kruel
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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14
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Alcazar J, Pareja-Blanco F, Ara I, Alegre LM. Comment on: Exploring the Low Force-High Velocity Domain of the Force-Velocity Relationship in Acyclic Lower-Limb Extensions. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:110. [PMID: 38010439 PMCID: PMC10682299 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00648-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.
- CIBER On Frailty and Healthy Ageing (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), Castilla-La Mancha, Spain.
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ara
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- CIBER On Frailty and Healthy Ageing (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
| | - Luis M Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- CIBER On Frailty and Healthy Ageing (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
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15
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Heller J, Kinkorova I, Vodicka P, Nikolaidis PT, Balko S. Force-Velocity Relationship in Cycling and Arm Cranking: A Comparison of Men and Women. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:151. [PMID: 37987487 PMCID: PMC10660457 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8040151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at comparing the force-velocity relationship during cycling and arm cranking in males and females. Thirty-two male and twenty-two female healthy volunteers performed a force-velocity test on a cycle ergometer and a cranking ergometer in a randomly selected order. The theoretical values of the maximum force at zero speed (F0) and the maximum velocity at zero braking force (v0) for the lower and upper limbs were determined, and the maximum anaerobic power (Pmax) was calculated from the individual force-velocity relationship. The Pmax and F0 of the upper limbs related to the lower limbs correspond to 78.2 ± 14.3% and 80.1 ± 17.3% in men and 65.5 ± 12.5% and 74.5 ± 6.5% in women, respectively. The theoretical maximum velocity v0 of the upper limbs to the lower limbs attained 129.1 ± 29.0% in men and 127.4 ± 26.4% in women. The results of the study can serve as reference data for the force-velocity characteristics of the upper and lower limbs of male and female athletes. The results can be used both in training and rehabilitation programs, where the starting point is the objectification of possible strength deficits in various areas of the force-velocity characteristic spectrum of the muscles of the upper and lower limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Heller
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.K.); (P.V.)
| | - Ivana Kinkorova
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.K.); (P.V.)
| | - Pavel Vodicka
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.K.); (P.V.)
| | | | - Stefan Balko
- Faculty of Education, Jan Evangelista Purkyne University, 400 96 Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic;
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Schwaner MJ, Mayfield DL, Azizi E, Daley MA. Linking in vivo muscle dynamics to in situ force-length and force-velocity reveals that guinea fowl lateral gastrocnemius operates at shorter than optimal lengths. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.11.561922. [PMID: 37905058 PMCID: PMC10614737 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.11.561922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Force-length (F-L) and force-velocity (F-V) properties characterize skeletal muscle's intrinsic properties under controlled conditions, and it is thought that these properties can inform and predict in vivo muscle function. Here, we map dynamic in vivo operating range and mechanical function during walking and running, to the measured in situ F-L and F-V characteristics of guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) lateral gastrocnemius (LG), a primary ankle extensor. We use in vivo patterns of muscle tendon force, fascicle length, and activation to test the hypothesis that muscle fascicles operate at optimal lengths and velocities to maximize force or power production during walking and running. Our findings only partly support our hypothesis: in vivo LG velocities are consistent with optimizing power during work production, and economy of force at higher loads. However, LG does not operate at lengths on the force plateau (±5% Fmax) during force production. LG length was near L0 at the time of EMG onset but shortened rapidly such that force development during stance occurred almost entirely on the ascending limb of the F-L curve, at shorter than optimal lengths. These data suggest that muscle fascicles shorten across optimal lengths in late swing, to optimize the potential for rapid force development near the swing-stance transition. This may provide resistance against unexpected perturbations that require rapid force development at foot contact. We also found evidence of passive force rise (in absence of EMG activity) in late swing, at lengths where passive force is zero in situ, suggesting that dynamic history dependent and viscoelastic effects may contribute to in vivo force development. Direct comparison of in vivo work loops and physiological operating ranges to traditional measures of F-L and F-V properties suggests the need for new approaches to characterize dynamic muscle properties in controlled conditions that more closely resemble in vivo dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Schwaner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA United States
| | - D L Mayfield
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA United States
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - E Azizi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA United States
| | - M A Daley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA United States
- Center for Integrative Movement Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
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Mahdian ZS, Wang H, Refai MIM, Durandau G, Sartori M, MacLean MK. Tapping Into Skeletal Muscle Biomechanics for Design and Control of Lower Limb Exoskeletons: A Narrative Review. J Appl Biomech 2023; 39:318-333. [PMID: 37751903 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2023-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Lower limb exoskeletons and exosuits ("exos") are traditionally designed with a strong focus on mechatronics and actuation, whereas the "human side" is often disregarded or minimally modeled. Muscle biomechanics principles and skeletal muscle response to robot-delivered loads should be incorporated in design/control of exos. In this narrative review, we summarize the advances in literature with respect to the fusion of muscle biomechanics and lower limb exoskeletons. We report methods to measure muscle biomechanics directly and indirectly and summarize the studies that have incorporated muscle measures for improved design and control of intuitive lower limb exos. Finally, we delve into articles that have studied how the human-exo interaction influences muscle biomechanics during locomotion. To support neurorehabilitation and facilitate everyday use of wearable assistive technologies, we believe that future studies should investigate and predict how exoskeleton assistance strategies would structurally remodel skeletal muscle over time. Real-time mapping of the neuromechanical origin and generation of muscle force resulting in joint torques should be combined with musculoskeletal models to address time-varying parameters such as adaptation to exos and fatigue. Development of smarter predictive controllers that steer rather than assist biological components could result in a synchronized human-machine system that optimizes the biological and electromechanical performance of the combined system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra S Mahdian
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Huawei Wang
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | | | - Guillaume Durandau
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Massimo Sartori
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Mhairi K MacLean
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
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18
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Ishøi L, Thorborg K, Krohn L, Louis Andersen L, Møller Nielsen A, Bek Clausen MI. Maximal and Explosive Muscle Strength During Hip Adduction Squeeze and Hip Abduction Press Test Using A Handheld Dynamometer: An Intra- and Inter-tester Reliability Study. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2023; 18:905-916. [PMID: 37547845 PMCID: PMC10399103 DOI: 10.26603/001c.83259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hip adduction and abduction muscle function plays an important role for risk of groin pain in athletes. Maximal isometric strength can be obtained clinically using a handheld dynamometer. However, in very strong athletes this is challenging, as external fixation of the dynamometer is needed for reliable measures. An alternative to unilateral testing, is the long-lever hip adduction squeeze test and a novel bilateral hip abduction press test. While promising intra-tester reliability has been found for maximal strength during the long-lever hip adduction squeeze test, inter-tester reliability may be more challenging during both maximal and explosive strength measurements. Hypothesis/purpose The aim of the present study was to assess intra- and inter-tester reliability of maximal, and explosive strength during the long lever hip adduction squeeze test and the long lever hip abduction press test in healthy adults using a hand-held dynamometer. Study design Intra- and interrater reliability study. Methods Forty-nine healthy subjects were included for intra- (n=20) and inter-tester reliability (n=29). Subjects performed the hip adduction long lever squeeze test and the bilateral hip abduction press test in a randomized order. Maximal isometric strength and early (0-100 ms) and late (0-200 ms) phase rate of force development (explosive muscle strength) was obtained using a hand-held dynamometer. Relative reliability for all tests was assessed using ICC2,1 two-way mixed model with absolute agreement, thereby taking bias between testers into account. Results Maximal isometric strength showed good intra- and inter-tester reliability for adduction (ICC: 0.93-0.97) and abduction (ICC: 0.88-0.92). For 0-200 ms rate of force development, both the squeeze and press test showed good intra-tester reliability (ICC: 0.85-0.87), whereas inter-tester reliability was good for hip adduction squeeze (ICC: 0.75) and moderate for hip abduction press (ICC: 0.71). For 0-100 ms rate of force development, the hip abduction press test showed good intra-tester reliability (ICC: 0.78). Remaining tests for intra- and inter-tester reliability showed moderate reliability (ICC: 0.50-0.71). Conclusion Assessment of maximal isometric strength in hip adduction squeeze and abduction press test showed good intra- and inter-tester reliability, whereas only 0-200 ms rate of force development demonstrated good intra-tester reliability of both tests. Therefore, rate of force development should preferably be conducted by the same tester, while the long lever squeeze and press test can reliably be used within- and between testers to measure maximal isometric strength. Level of Evidence 3©The Author(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Ishøi
- Sports Orthopedic Research Center - Copenhagen (SORC-C), Department of Orthopedic Surgery Copenhagen University Hospital
| | - Kristian Thorborg
- Sports Orthopedic Research Center - Copenhagen (SORC-C), Department of Orthopedic Surgery Copenhagen University Hospital
| | - Laura Krohn
- Sports Orthopedic Research Center - Copenhagen (SORC-C), Department of Orthopedic Surgery Copenhagen University Hospital
| | | | - Asger Møller Nielsen
- Sports Orthopedic Research Center - Copenhagen (SORC-C), Department of Orthopedic Surgery Copenhagen University Hospital
| | - MIkkel Bek Clausen
- Sports Orthopedic Research Center - Copenhagen (SORC-C), Department of Orthopedic Surgery Copenhagen University Hospital
- University College Copenhagen
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Venter S, Stapley PJ, Walsh JA, Cheung R, Sreenivasa M. Analysing the contributions of lower limb muscles to eccentric cycling using musculoskeletal modeling and simulation. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2023; 2023:1-4. [PMID: 38083365 DOI: 10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Eccentric (ECC) cycling, compared to traditional concentric cycling, has been shown to improve muscle strength and neuromuscular control at a lower metabolic cost. Despite the popularity of this exercise in the sports and rehabilitation contexts, there is a gap in our knowledge of which muscles are behaving eccentrically during ECC cycling. To this end, we used a musculoskeletal model and computer simulations to calculate joint kinematics and muscle lengths during ECC cycling. Movements were recorded using 3D motion capture technology while cycling eccentrically on a custom-built semi-recumbent ergometer. The software Opensim was used to calculate joint kinematics and muscle lengths from recorded movements. We found that among the primary knee extensors, it was predominantly the Vastii muscles that acted eccentrically in the ECC cycling phase, with other lower limb muscles showing mixed eccentric/concentric activation. Additionally, the muscle force-length and force-velocity factors in the ECC phase suggest that changes to the participant's pose and pedaling speed may elicit larger active muscle forces. Our work provides an interesting application of musculoskeletal modeling to ECC cycling, and an alternative way to help understand in-vivo muscle mechanics during this activity.
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Nuzzo JL, Pinto MD, Nosaka K, Steele J. The Eccentric:Concentric Strength Ratio of Human Skeletal Muscle In Vivo: Meta-analysis of the Influences of Sex, Age, Joint Action, and Velocity. Sports Med 2023; 53:1125-1136. [PMID: 37129779 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01851-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
For decades, researchers have observed that eccentric (ECC) muscle strength is greater than concentric (CON) muscle strength. However, knowledge of the ECC:CON strength ratio is incomplete and might inform resistance exercise prescriptions. Our purposes were to determine the magnitude of the ECC:CON ratio of human skeletal muscle in vivo and explore if sex, age, joint actions/exercises, and movement velocity impact it. A total of 340 studies were identified through searches. It was possible to analyse 1516 ECC:CON ratios, aggregated from 12,546 individuals who made up 564 groups in 335 of the identified studies. Approximately 98% of measurements occurred on isokinetic machines. Bayesian meta-analyses were performed using log-ratios as response variables then exponentiated back to raw ratios. The overall main model estimate for the ECC:CON ratio was 1.41 (95% credible interval [CI] 1.38-1.44). The ECC:CON ratio was slightly less in men (1.38 [CI 1.34-1.41]) than women (1.47 [CI 1.43-1.51]), and greater in older adults (1.62 [CI 1.57-1.68]) than younger adults (1.39 [CI 1.36-1.42]). The ratio was similar between grouped upper-body (1.42 [CI 1.38-1.46]) and lower-body joint actions/exercises (1.40 [CI 1.37-1.44]). However, heterogeneity in the ratio existed across joint actions/exercises, with point estimates ranging from 1.32 to 2.61. The ECC:CON ratio was most greatly impacted by movement velocity, with a 0.20% increase in the ratio for every 1°/s increase in velocity. The results show that ECC muscle strength is ~ 40% greater than CON muscle strength. However, the ECC:CON ratio is greatly affected by movement velocity and to lesser extents age and sex. Differences between joint actions/exercises likely exist, but more data are needed to provide more precise estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Nuzzo
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
| | - Matheus D Pinto
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - James Steele
- School of Sport, Health, and Social Sciences, Solent University, Southampton, UK
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21
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Holt NC, Mayfield DL. Muscle-tendon unit design and tuning for power enhancement, power attenuation, and reduction of metabolic cost. J Biomech 2023; 153:111585. [PMID: 37126884 PMCID: PMC10949972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The contractile elements in skeletal muscle fibers operate in series with elastic elements, tendons and potentially aponeuroses, in muscle-tendon units (MTUs). Elastic strain energy (ESE), arising from either work done by muscle fibers or the energy of the body, can be stored in these series elastic elements (SEEs). MTUs vary considerably in their design in terms of the relative lengths and stiffnesses of the muscle fibers and SEEs, and the force and work generating capacities of the muscle fibers. However, within an MTU it is thought that contractile and series elastic elements can be matched or tuned to maximize ESE storage. The use of ESE is thought to improve locomotor performance by enhancing contractile element power during activities such as jumping, attenuating contractile element power during activities such as landing, and reducing the metabolic cost of movement during steady-state activities such as walking and running. The effectiveness of MTUs in these potential roles is contingent on factors such as the source of mechanical energy, the control of the flow of energy, and characteristics of SEE recoil. Hence, we suggest that MTUs specialized for ESE storage may vary considerably in the structural, mechanical, and physiological properties of their components depending on their functional role and required versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Holt
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - D L Mayfield
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Eccentric muscle contractions: from single muscle fibre to whole muscle mechanics. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:421-435. [PMID: 36790515 PMCID: PMC10011336 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02794-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Eccentric muscle loading encompasses several unique features compared to other types of contractions. These features include increased force, work, and performance at decreased oxygen consumption, reduced metabolic cost, improved energy efficiency, as well as decreased muscle activity. This review summarises explanatory approaches to long-standing questions in terms of muscular contraction dynamics and molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying eccentric muscle loading. Moreover, this article intends to underscore the functional link between sarcomeric components, emphasising the fundamental role of titin in skeletal muscle. The giant filament titin reveals versatile functions ranging from sarcomere organisation and maintenance, providing passive tension and elasticity, and operates as a mechanosensory and signalling platform. Structurally, titin consists of a viscoelastic spring segment that allows activation-dependent coupling to actin. This titin-actin interaction can explain linear force increases in active lengthening experiments in biological systems. A three-filament model of skeletal muscle force production (mediated by titin) is supposed to overcome significant deviations between experimental observations and predictions by the classic sliding-filament and cross-bridge theories. Taken together, this review intends to contribute to a more detailed understanding of overall muscle behaviour and force generation-from a microscopic sarcomere level to a macroscopic multi-joint muscle level-impacting muscle modelling, the understanding of muscle function, and disease.
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Hicks DS, Drummond C, Williams KJ, van den Tillaar R. Force-Velocity Profiling in Club-Based Field Hockey Players: Analyzing the Relationships between Mechanical Characteristics, Sex, and Positional Demands. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:142-155. [PMID: 36876183 PMCID: PMC9982534 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate differences between sex and positional demands in club-based field hockey players by analyzing vertical force-velocity characteristics. Thirty-three club-based field hockey athletes (16 males - age: 24.8 ± 7.3yrs, body mass: 76.8 ± 8.2kg, height: 1.79 ± 0.05m; 17 females - age: 22.3 ± 4.2yrs, body mass: 65.2 ± 7.6kg, height: 1.66 ± 0.05m) were classified into two key positional groups (attacker or defender) based on dominant field position during gameplay. Force-velocity (F-v) profiles were established by performing countermovement jumps (CMJ) using a three-point loading protocol ranging from body mass (i.e., zero external mass, 0%) to loads corresponding to 25% and 50% of their own body mass. Across all loads, between-trial reliability of F-v and CMJ variables was determined by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and coefficient of variation (CV) and deemed to be acceptable (ICC: 0.87-0.95, CV% 2.8-8.2). Analysis by sex identified male athletes had significantly greater differences in all F-v variables (12.81-40.58%, p ≤ 0.001, ES = 1.10-3.19), a more enhanced F-v profile (i.e., greater theoretical maximal force, velocity, and power values), plus overall stronger correlations between relative maximal power (PMAX) and jump height (r = 0.67, p ≤ 0.06) when compared to female athletes (-0.71≤ r ≥ 0.60, p = 0.08). Male attackers demonstrated a more 'velocity-oriented' F-v profile compared to defenders due to significant mean differences in theoretical maximal velocity (v0) (6.64%, p ≤ 0.05, ES: 1.11), however differences in absolute and relative theoretical force (F0) (15.43%, p ≤ 0.01, ES = 1.39) led to female attackers displaying a more 'force-oriented' profile in comparison to defenders. The observed mechanical differences identify the underpinning characteristics of position specific expression of PMAX should be reflected in training programmes. Therefore, our findings suggest F-v profiling is acceptable to differentiate between sex and positional demands in club-based field hockey players. Furthermore, it is recommended field hockey players explore a range of loads and exercises across the F-v continuum through on-field and gym-based field hockey strength and conditioning practices to account for sex and positional mechanical differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan S Hicks
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Claire Drummond
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Kym J Williams
- SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
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24
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Alcazar J, Rodriguez-Lopez C, Delecluse C, Thomis M, Van Roie E. Ten-year longitudinal changes in muscle power, force, and velocity in young, middle-aged, and older adults. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:1019-1032. [PMID: 36788413 PMCID: PMC10067493 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maximum muscle power (Pmax ) is a biomarker of physical performance in all ages. No longitudinal studies have assessed the effects of aging on Pmax obtained from the torque-velocity (T-V) relationship, which should be considered the 'gold standard'. This study evaluated the longitudinal changes in the T-V relationship and Pmax of the knee-extensor muscles in young, middle-aged, and older adults after 10 years of follow-up. METHODS Four hundred eighty-nine subjects (311 men and 178 women; aged 19-68 years) were tested at baseline and after a 10-year follow-up. Anthropometric data, daily protein intake, physical activity level (PAL), and knee-extension muscle function (isometric, isokinetic, and isotonic) were evaluated. A novel hybrid equation combining a linear and a hyperbolic (Hill-type) region was used to obtain the T-V relationship and Pmax of the participants, who were grouped by sex and age (young: 20-40 years; middle-aged: 40-60 years; and old: ≥60 years). Linear mixed-effect models were used to assess effects of time, sex, and age on T-V parameters, Pmax , and body mass index (BMI). Additional analyses were performed to adjust for changes in daily protein intake and PAL. RESULTS Pmax decreased in young men (-0.6% per year; P < 0.001), middle-aged men and women (-1.1% to -1.4% per year; P < 0.001), and older men and women (-2.2% to -2.4% per year; P ≤ 0.053). These changes were mainly related to decrements in torque at Pmax at early age and to decrements in both torque and velocity at Pmax at older age. BMI increased among young and middle-aged adults (0.2% to 0.5% per year; P < 0.001), which led to greater declines in relative Pmax in those groups. S/T0 , that is, the linear slope of the T-V relationship relative to maximal torque, exhibited a significant decline over time (-0.10%T0 ·rad·s-1 per year; P < 0.001), which was significant among middle-aged men and old men and women (all P < 0.05). Annual changes in PAL index were significantly associated to annual changes in Pmax (P = 0.017), so the overall decline in Pmax was slightly attenuated in the adjusted model (-5.26 vs. -5.05 W per year; both P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Pmax decreased in young, middle-aged, and older adults after a 10-year follow-up. The early declines in Pmax seemed to coincide with declines in force, whereas the progressive decline at later age was associated with declines in both force and velocity. A progressively blunted ability to produce force, especially at moderate to high movement velocities, should be considered a specific hallmark of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Lopez
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Christophe Delecluse
- Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martine Thomis
- Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evelien Van Roie
- Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Lanza MB, Kang JH, Karl H, Myers J, Ryan E, Gray VL. Hip Abductor Power and Velocity: Reliability and Association With Physical Function. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:284-290. [PMID: 36696257 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lanza, MB, Jin, KH, Karl, H, Myers, J, Ryan, E, and Gray, VL. Hip abductor power and velocity: reliability and association with physical function. J Strength Cond Res 37(2): 284-290, 2023-Muscle power, defined as the ability of the muscle to produce torque quickly, has received little attention and may be critical for understanding physical function and performance. Hip abductors' capacity to produce power through both torque and velocity is important for different human activities; hence, a reliable assessment of hip abduction is critical. The first aim of the study was to assess the intersession reliability of hip abductor muscles maximal torque and submaximal power and power during standing hip abduction in young adults using pneumatic resistance. A secondary aim was to investigate whether there was a relationship between hip abductor maximal torque and submaximal power and velocity with clinical assessments of strength and power in young adults. The subjects (n = 24; 26.0 ± 3.7 years) visited the laboratory 2 times. In the first visit, the subjects performed on a pneumatic resistance machine 1-repetition maximum (1RM) and submaximal tests (40, 60, and 70% of 1RM) of the hip abductors and clinical tests of lower-extremity strength and power (The 30-second chair stand test [30CST]; and stair climb power test). During the second visit, all tests were repeated except the clinical tests. One-repetition maximum torque and submaximal power and velocity (at all levels) had excellent reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient ≥ 0.943) with absolute reliability of 13.5% up to 28.3%. The agreement between days from Bland-Altman plots for power and velocity was near 0 for all levels. Hip abduction velocity had a significant positive correlation with 30CST at 60% (r = 0.416; p = 0.048) and 70% of 1RM (r = 0.442; p = 0.035). In conclusion, we showed an excellent intersession reliability of the hip abductor muscles 1RM torque and submaximal power and velocity using pneumatic resistance. Furthermore, we demonstrated that hip abduction velocity might be important for the performance of the 30CST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel B Lanza
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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26
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Castro AA, Garland T, Ahmed S, Holt NC. Trade-offs in muscle physiology in selectively bred high runner mice. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:285903. [PMID: 36408738 PMCID: PMC9789404 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A trade-off between locomotor speed and endurance occurs in various taxa, and is thought to be underpinned by a muscle-level trade-off. Among four replicate high runner (HR) lines of mice, selectively bred for voluntary wheel-running behavior, a negative correlation between average running speed and time spent running has evolved. We hypothesize that this trade-off is due to changes in muscle physiology. We studied the HR lines at generation 90, at which time one line (L3) is fixed for the mini-muscle phenotype, another is polymorphic (L6) and the others (L7, L8) lack mini-muscle individuals. We used in situ preparations to quantify the contractile properties of the triceps surae muscle complex. Maximal shortening velocity varied significantly, being lowest in mini-muscle mice (L3 mini=25.2 mm s-1, L6 mini=25.5 mm s-1), highest in normal-muscle mice L6 and L8 (40.4 and 50.3 mm s-1, respectively) and intermediate in normal-muscle L7 mice (37.2 mm s-1). Endurance, measured both as the slope of the decline in force and the proportion of initial force that could be sustained, also varied significantly. The slope was shallowest in mini-muscle mice (L3 mini=-0.00348, L6 mini=-0.00238), steepest in lines L6 and L8 (-0.01676 and -0.01853), and intermediate in L7 (-0.01145). Normalized sustained force was highest in mini-muscle mice (L3 mini=0.98, L6 mini=0.92) and lowest in L8 (0.36). There were significant, negative correlations between velocity and endurance metrics, indicating a muscle-level trade-off. However, this muscle-level trade-off does not seem to underpin the organismal-level speed and endurance trade-off previously reported as the ordering of the lines is reversed: the lines that run the fastest for the least time have the lowest muscle complex velocity and highest endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto A. Castro
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Theodore Garland
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Saad Ahmed
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Natalie C. Holt
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA,Author for correspondence ()
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27
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Hicks DS, Drummond C, Williams KJ. Measurement Agreement Between Samozino's Method and Force Plate Force-Velocity Profiles During Barbell and Hexbar Countermovement Jumps. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3290-3300. [PMID: 34657074 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hicks, DS, Drummond, C, and Williams, KJ. Measurement agreement between Samozino's method and force plate force-velocity profiles during barbell and hexbar countermovement jumps. J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3290-3300, 2022-This study aimed to measure agreement between using Samozino's method and force plates to determine mean force, velocity, and power during unloaded and loaded barbell and hexbar countermovement jumps. Twenty-one subjects performed countermovement jumps against incremental loads using both loading conditions. Ground reaction force was recorded using a dual-force plate system (1,000 Hz) and used as the criterion method to compare with Samozino's method. Reliability and validity was determined by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), coefficient of variation (CV), limits of agreement plots, and least products regression analysis. Samozino's method provided acceptable levels of reliability for mean force, velocity, and power (ICC > 0.90, CV% < 5.5) across both loading conditions. Limits of agreement analysis showed the mean bias was 2.7, 15.4, and 7.2% during barbell countermovement jumps and 1.8, 12.4, and 5.0% during hexbar countermovement jumps for mean force, velocity, and power, respectively. Based on these findings, Samozino's method not only is reliable when measuring mean force, velocity, and power during loaded and unloaded barbell and hexbar countermovement jumps but also identifies limitations regarding concurrent validity compared with the gold standard. Across loading conditions, Samozino's method overestimated mean force (0.5-4.5%) and underestimated mean velocity (11.81-16.78%) and mean power (2.26-7.85%) compared with the force plates. Because of fixed and proportional bias between criterion and predictor, the results do not support the use of Samozino's method to measure mean force, velocity, and power. Therefore, it is not recommended for practitioners to use Samozino's method to estimate mechanical variables during loaded and unloaded countermovement jump actions using a barbell and hexbar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan S Hicks
- Exercise Science, Flinders University, SHAPE Research Center, Bedford Park, Australia
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Alcazar J, Csapo R, Alegre LM. Editorial: The force-velocity relationship: Assessment and adaptations provoked by exercise, disuse and disease. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1062041. [PMID: 36338489 PMCID: PMC9634622 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1062041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Aging, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Julian Alcazar, ; Robert Csapo, ; Luis M. Alegre,
| | - Robert Csapo
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Julian Alcazar, ; Robert Csapo, ; Luis M. Alegre,
| | - Luis M. Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Aging, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Julian Alcazar, ; Robert Csapo, ; Luis M. Alegre,
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29
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Saeterbakken AH, Prieske O, Jorung Solstad TE, Stien N, van den Tillaar R, Larsen S, Andersen V. Does relative strength influence bench press kinematics in resistance-trained men? J Sports Sci 2022; 40:2225-2232. [PMID: 36413441 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2148075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine whether relative strength influences lifting kinematics (e.g., lifting time, barbell velocity, vertical displacement) during the bench press (BP) exercise with healthy men. Loaded BP 6-repetition maximum normalized to body mass (i.e., relative strength) was examined in 110 resistance-trained men (age: 22.9 ± 2.5 years, height: 180.9 ± 6.9 cm, body mass: 80.3 ± 7.9 kg), by analysing lifting kinematics using a linear encoder. According to relative BP strength, subjects were classified as beginners, recreationally trained, intermediate, and advanced. Results showed that in the intermediate (p = 0.004, ES = 0.85) and advanced (p = 0.016, ES = 0.81) groups barbell velocity was lower in the sticking region of the BP action, compared with beginners, however there were no significant differences between groups for vertical displacement (p = 0.122-1.000) and lifting time (p = 0.052-1.000). These findings suggest that greater relative strength improves the capacity to perform the eccentric but not the concentric phase of BP. Enhanced barbell lowering indicates that the sticking region is caused by a high demand for eccentric force production during biomechanically disadvantageous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atle Hole Saeterbakken
- Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Olaf Prieske
- Division of Exercise and Movement, University of Applied Sciences for Sports and Management Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Nicolay Stien
- Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | | | - Stian Larsen
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | - Vidar Andersen
- Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
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30
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Assessment of muscle strength in para-athletes: A systematic review of observational studies. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2022; 4:225-238. [PMID: 36600967 PMCID: PMC9806714 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate and reliable evaluation of muscle strength in para-athletes is essential for monitoring the effectiveness of strength training and/or rehabilitation programmes, and sport classification. Our aim is to synthesise evidence related to assessing muscle strength in para-athletes. Four databases were searched from January 1990 to July 2021 for observational studies focusing on strength assessment. Independent screening, data extraction, and quality assessment were performed in duplicate. A total of 1764 potential studies were identified. Thirty met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The mean age of participants was 30.7 years (standard deviation [SD]: 2.4). The majority were men (88%) participating in wheelchair sports, including basketball, rugby, and tennis (23/30: 76%). Overall quality varied, with more than half of the studies failing to identify strategies for dealing with confounding variables. Despite manual muscle testing being a standard component of para-sport classification systems, evidence examining strength characteristics in para-athletes is derived primarily from isometric and isokinetic testing. In studies that included comparative strength data, findings were mixed. Some studies found strength values were similar to or lower than able-bodied athletic controls. However, an important observation was that others reported higher shoulder strength in para-athletes taking part in wheelchair sports than both able-bodied and disabled non-athletes. Studies need to develop accessible, standardised strength testing methods that account for training influence and establish normative strength values in para-athletes. There is also a need for additional studies that include female para-athletes and para-athletes with greater functional impairments.
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31
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Kramer M, Thomas EJ, Pretorius C. Application of the Force-velocity-power Concept to the 3-Min all-out Running Test. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:1196-1205. [PMID: 35952680 DOI: 10.1055/a-1873-1829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Force-velocity-power (FVP) profiling offers insights related to key factors that may enhance or hinder sprinting performances. Whether the same FVP principles could be applied to the sprinting portion of the 3-minute all-out test for running (3MT) has not been previously investigated. Twenty moderately trained participants volunteered for the study (age: 24.75 ± 3.58 yrs; height: 1.69±0.11 m; mass: 73.74±12.26 kg). After familiarization of all testing procedures, participants completed: (i) a 40-m all-out sprint test, and (ii) a 3MT. Theoretical maximal force and power, but not velocity, were significantly higher for the 40-m sprint test. Most FVP variables from the two tests were weakly to moderately correlated, with the exception of maximal velocity. Finally, maximal velocity and relative peak power were predictive of D', explaining approximately 51% of the variance in D'. Although similar maximal velocities are attained during both the 40-m sprint and the 3MT, the underlying mechanisms are markedly different. The FVP parameters obtained from either test are likely not interchangeable but do provide valuable insights regarding the potential mechanisms by which D' may be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kramer
- Physical Activity, Sport, and Recreation, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Emma Jayne Thomas
- Human Movement Sciences, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
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32
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Hu D, Xiong C, Wang T, Zhou T, Liang J, Li Y. Modulating Energy Among Foot-Ankle Complex With an Unpowered Exoskeleton Improves Human Walking Economy. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2022; 30:1961-1970. [PMID: 35793296 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2022.3188870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Over the course of both evolution and development, the human musculoskeletal system has been well shaped for the cushion function of the foot during foot-strike and the impulsive function of the ankle joint during push-off. Nevertheless, an efficient energy interaction between foot structure and ankle joint is still lacking in the human body itself, which may limit the further potential of economical walking. Here we showed the metabolic expenditure of walking can be lessened by an unpowered exoskeleton robot that modulates energy among the foot-ankle complex towards a more effective direction. The unpowered exoskeleton recycles negative mechanical energy of the foot that is normally dissipated in heel-strike, retains the stored energy before mid-stance, and then transfers the energy to the ankle joint to assist the push-off. The modulation process of the exoskeleton consumes no input energy, yet reduces the metabolic cost of walking by 8.19 ± 0.96 % (mean ± s.e.m) for healthy subjects. The electromyography measurements demonstrate the activities of target ankle plantarflexors decreased significantly without added effort for the antagonistic muscle, suggesting the exoskeleton enhanced the subjects' energy efficiency of the foot-ankle complex in a natural manner. Furthermore, the exoskeleton also provides cushion assistance for walking, which leads to significantly decreased activity of the quadriceps muscle during heel-strike. Rather than strengthening the functions of existing biological structures, developing the complementary energy loop that does not exist in the human body itself also shows its potential for gait assistance.
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33
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Alcazar J, Pareja-Blanco F, Rodriguez-Lopez C, Gutierrez-Reguero H, Sanchez-Valdepeñas J, Cornejo-Daza PJ, Ara I, Alegre LM. A novel equation that incorporates the linear and hyperbolic nature of the force-velocity relationship in lower and upper limb exercises. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:2305-2313. [PMID: 35864344 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to provide a force-velocity (F-V) equation that combines a linear and a hyperbolic region, and to compare its derived results to those obtained from linear equations. A total of 10 cross-training athletes and 14 recreationally resistance-trained young men were assessed in the unilateral leg press (LP) and bilateral bench press (BP) exercises, respectively. F-V data were recorded using a force plate and a linear encoder. Estimated maximum isometric force (F0), maximum muscle power (Pmax), and maximum unloaded velocity (V0) were calculated using a hybrid (linear and hyperbolic) equation and three different linear equations: one derived from the hybrid equation (linearhyb), one applied to data from 0 to 100% of F0 (linear0-100), and one applied to data from 45 to 100% of F0 (linear45-100). The hybrid equation presented the best fit to the recorded data (R2 = 0.996 and 0.998). Compared to the results derived from the hybrid equation in the LP, significant differences were observed in F0 derived from linear0-100; V0 derived from linearhyb, linear0-100 and linear45-100; and Pmax derived from linearhyb and linear45-100 (all p < 0.05). For the BP, compared to the hybrid equation, significant differences were found in F0 derived from linear0-100; and V0 and Pmax derived from linearhyb, linear0-100 and linear45-100 (all p < 0.05). An F-V equation combining a linear and a hyperbolic region showed to fit adequately recorded F-V data from ~ 20 to 100% of F0, and overcame the limitations shown by linear equations while providing relevant results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Physical Performance and Athletic Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Lopez
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Hector Gutierrez-Reguero
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Sanchez-Valdepeñas
- Physical Performance and Athletic Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Pedro J Cornejo-Daza
- Physical Performance and Athletic Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ara
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain. .,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.
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34
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Hinks A, Jacob K, Mashouri P, Medak KD, Franchi MV, Wright DC, Brown SHM, Power GA. Influence of weighted downhill running training on serial sarcomere number and work loop performance in the rat soleus. Biol Open 2022; 11:276077. [PMID: 35876382 PMCID: PMC9346294 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased serial sarcomere number (SSN) has been observed in rats following downhill running training due to the emphasis on active lengthening contractions; however, little is known about the influence on dynamic contractile function. Therefore, we employed 4 weeks of weighted downhill running training in rats, then assessed soleus SSN and work loop performance. We hypothesised trained rats would produce greater net work output during work loops due to a greater SSN. Thirty-one Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to a training or sedentary control group. Weight was added during downhill running via a custom-made vest, progressing from 5–15% body mass. Following sacrifice, the soleus was dissected, and a force-length relationship was constructed. Work loops (cyclic muscle length changes) were then performed about optimal muscle length (LO) at 1.5–3-Hz cycle frequencies and 1–7-mm length changes. Muscles were then fixed in formalin at LO. Fascicle lengths and sarcomere lengths were measured to calculate SSN. Intramuscular collagen content and crosslinking were quantified via a hydroxyproline content and pepsin-solubility assay. Trained rats had longer fascicle lengths (+13%), greater SSN (+8%), and a less steep passive force-length curve than controls (P<0.05). There were no differences in collagen parameters (P>0.05). Net work output was greater (+78–209%) in trained than control rats for the 1.5-Hz work loops at 1 and 3-mm length changes (P<0.05), however, net work output was more related to maximum specific force (R2=0.17-0.48, P<0.05) than SSN (R2=0.03-0.07, P=0.17-0.86). Therefore, contrary to our hypothesis, training-induced sarcomerogenesis likely contributed little to the improvements in work loop performance. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: An investigation of adaptations in mechanical function induced by a novel method of weighted downhill running training in rats, and the connections to adaptations in muscle architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery Hinks
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Kaitlyn Jacob
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Parastoo Mashouri
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Kyle D Medak
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Martino V Franchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, University of Padua, Padua 35122, Italy
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.,School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Stephen H M Brown
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A Power
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Tam AKY, Mogilner A, Oelz DB. F-actin bending facilitates net actomyosin contraction By inhibiting expansion with plus-end-located myosin motors. J Math Biol 2022; 85:4. [PMID: 35788426 PMCID: PMC9252981 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-022-01737-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Contraction of actomyosin networks underpins important cellular processes including motility and division. The mechanical origin of actomyosin contraction is not fully-understood. We investigate whether contraction arises on the scale of individual filaments, without needing to invoke network-scale interactions. We derive discrete force-balance and continuum partial differential equations for two symmetric, semi-flexible actin filaments with an attached myosin motor. Assuming the system exists within a homogeneous background material, our method enables computation of the stress tensor, providing a measure of contractility. After deriving the model, we use a combination of asymptotic analysis and numerical solutions to show how F-actin bending facilitates contraction on the scale of two filaments. Rigid filaments exhibit polarity-reversal symmetry as the motor travels from the minus to plus-ends, such that contractile and expansive components cancel. Filament bending induces a geometric asymmetry that brings the filaments closer to parallel as a myosin motor approaches their plus-ends, decreasing the effective spring force opposing motor motion. The reduced spring force enables the motor to move faster close to filament plus-ends, which reduces expansive stress and gives rise to net contraction. Bending-induced geometric asymmetry provides both new understanding of actomyosin contraction mechanics, and a hypothesis that can be tested in experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K Y Tam
- UniSA STEM, The University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia. .,School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, St Lucia, 4072, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, 10012-1185, NY, USA
| | - Dietmar B Oelz
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, St Lucia, 4072, Queensland, Australia
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Sašek M, Mirkov DM, Hadžić V, Šarabon N. The Validity of the 2-Point Method for Assessing the Force-Velocity Relationship of the Knee Flexors and Knee Extensors: The Relevance of Distant Force-Velocity Testing. Front Physiol 2022; 13:849275. [PMID: 35812338 PMCID: PMC9263277 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.849275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, force-velocity (F-v) profiling has emerged as a promising tool for assessing neuromuscular capacity to design individually tailored interventions in diverse populations. To date, a limited number of studies have addressed the optimization of the linear method for measuring F-v profiles of single-joint isokinetic movements. We aimed to simplify the measurement of knee extension (KE) and knee flexion (KF) isokinetic tasks by evaluating the most appropriate combination of two velocities (i.e., the 2-point method). Twenty-two healthy participants (11 males and 11 females) were included in the study. Isokinetic peak torque was measured at nine angular velocities (30-60-90-120-150-180-210-240-300°/s) and under isometric conditions (at 150° and 120° of KF for KE, and KF, respectively). Maximal theoretical force (F0), maximal theoretical velocity (v0), slope of the relationship (Sfv) and maximal theoretical power (Pmax) were derived from the linear F-v profiles of KE and KF and compared between the 9-point method and all possible combinations (36 in total) of the 2-point methods. The F-v profiles obtained from nine points were linear for KE (R2 = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.94–0.96) and KF (R2 = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.90–0.95), with F0 underestimating isometric force. Further analyses revealed great to excellent validity (range: ICCs = 0.89–0.99; CV = 2.54%–4.34%) and trivial systematic error (range: ES = −0.11–0.24) of the KE 2-point method when force from distant velocities (30°/s, 60°/s or 90°/s combined with 210°/s, 240°/s or 300°/s) was used. Similarly, great to excellent validity and trivial systematic error of the KF 2-point method for F0 and Pmax (range: ICC = 0.90–0.96; CV = 2.94%–6.38%; ES = −0.07–0.14) were observed when using the previously described combinations of velocities. These results suggest that practitioners should consider using more distant velocities when performing simplified isokinetic 2-point single-joint F-v profiling. Furthermore, the F-v profile has the potential to differentiate between the mechanical properties of knee extensors and flexors and could therefore serve as a potential descriptor of performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matic Sašek
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
- InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Dragan M. Mirkov
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vedran Hadžić
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
- InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia
- Andrej Marušič Institute, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
- S2P, Science to Practice, Ltd., Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Nejc Šarabon,
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Smajla D, Spudić D, Kozinc Ž, Šarabon N. Differences in Force-Velocity Profiles During Countermovement Jump and Flywheel Squats and Associations With a Different Change of Direction Tests in Elite Karatekas. Front Physiol 2022; 13:828394. [PMID: 35800347 PMCID: PMC9253395 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.828394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The force-velocity (F-v) relationship has been proposed as a biomechanical characteristic to comprehensively evaluate neuromuscular capabilities within different tasks such as vertical jumping, sprinting and bench pressing. F-v relationship during flywheel (FW) squats was already validated, however, it was never compared to F-v profile of vertical jumps or associated with change of direction (CoD) performance. The aims of our study were (1) to compare F-v profiles measured during counter movement jumps (CMJs) and FW squats, (2) to determine correlations of F-v mechanical capacities with different CoD tests, (3) to investigate the portion of explained variance in CoD tests with the F-v outcome measures. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 39 elite karatekas. They performed CMJs and FW squats using progressive loads to calculate F-v profile outcome variables and different CoD tests (CoD at 90°, CoD at 180°, t-test, short karate specific test (KST) and long KST). Our results showed significantly higher values in all F-v outcome variables (F0—theoretical maximal force, V0—maximal unloaded velocity, Pmax—maximal power output, F-vslope—the slope of F-v relationship) calculated from CMJs compared to FW squats (all p < 0.01). Significant positive moderate correlations between the tasks were found for F0 and Pmax (r = 0.323–0.378, p = 0.018–0.045). In comparison to F-v outcome variables obtained in FW squats, higher correlations were found between F-v outcome variables calculated from CMJs and CoD tests. The only significant correlation in F-v outcome variables calculated from FW squats was found between Pmax and short KST time. For all CoD tests, only one F-v predictor was included; more specifically—CMJ-F0 for CoD 90°, CoD 180° and t-test, and FW-Pmax for short KST performance. To conclude, our results showed that F-v relationship between CMJs and FW squats differed significantly and cannot be used interchangeably for F-v profiling. Moreover, we confirmed that high force and power production is important for the successful performance of general and karate specific CoD tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darjan Smajla
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
- Human Health Department, InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Darjan Spudić
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Kozinc
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
- Human Health Department, InnoRenew CoE, Izola, Slovenia
- S2P, Science to Practice, Ltd., Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behavior, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Nejc Šarabon,
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Lindberg K, Lohne-Seiler H, Fosstveit SH, Sibayan EE, Fjeller JS, Løvold S, Kolnes T, Vårvik FT, Berntsen S, Paulsen G, Seynnes O, Bjørnsen T. Effectiveness of individualized training based on force-velocity profiling on physical function in older men. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:1013-1025. [PMID: 35305276 PMCID: PMC9313882 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of an individualized power training program based on force–velocity (FV) profiling on physical function, muscle morphology, and neuromuscular adaptations in older men. Forty‐nine healthy men (68 ± 5 years) completed a 10‐week training period to enhance muscular power. They were randomized to either a generic power training group (GPT) or an individualized power training group (IPT). Unlike generic training, individualized training was based on low‐ or high‐resistance exercises, from an initial force–velocity profile. Lower‐limb FV profile was measured in a pneumatic leg‐press, and physical function was assessed as timed up‐and‐go time (TUG), sit‐to‐stand power, grip strength, and stair‐climbing time (loaded [20kg] and unloaded). Vastus lateralis morphology was measured with ultrasonography. Rate of force development (RFD) and rate of myoelectric activity (RMA) were measured during an isometric knee extension. The GPT group improved loaded stair‐climbing time (6.3 ± 3.8 vs. 2.3% ± 7.3%, p = 0.04) more than IPT. Both groups improved stair‐climbing time, sit to stand, and leg press power, grip strength, muscle thickness, pennation angle, fascicle length, and RMA from baseline (p < 0.05). Only GPT increased loaded stair‐climbing time and RFD (p < 0.05). An individualized power training program based on FV profiling did not improve physical function to a greater degree than generic power training. A generic power training approach combining both heavy and low loads might be advantageous through eliciting both force‐ and velocity‐related neuromuscular adaptions with a concomitant increase in muscular power and physical function in older men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolbjørn Lindberg
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Hilde Lohne-Seiler
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Sindre H Fosstveit
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Erlend E Sibayan
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Joachim S Fjeller
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Sondre Løvold
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Tommy Kolnes
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Fredrik T Vårvik
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Sveinung Berntsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Gøran Paulsen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olivier Seynnes
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Bjørnsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
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Harper DJ, McBurnie AJ, Santos TD, Eriksrud O, Evans M, Cohen DD, Rhodes D, Carling C, Kiely J. Biomechanical and Neuromuscular Performance Requirements of Horizontal Deceleration: A Review with Implications for Random Intermittent Multi-Directional Sports. Sports Med 2022; 52:2321-2354. [PMID: 35643876 PMCID: PMC9474351 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01693-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rapid horizontal accelerations and decelerations are crucial events enabling the changes of velocity and direction integral to sports involving random intermittent multi-directional movements. However, relative to horizontal acceleration, there have been considerably fewer scientific investigations into the biomechanical and neuromuscular demands of horizontal deceleration and the qualities underpinning horizontal deceleration performance. Accordingly, the aims of this review article are to: (1) conduct an evidence-based review of the biomechanical demands of horizontal deceleration and (2) identify biomechanical and neuromuscular performance determinants of horizontal deceleration, with the aim of outlining relevant performance implications for random intermittent multi-directional sports. We highlight that horizontal decelerations have a unique ground reaction force profile, characterised by high-impact peak forces and loading rates. The highest magnitude of these forces occurs during the early stance phase (< 50 ms) and is shown to be up to 2.7 times greater than those seen during the first steps of a maximal horizontal acceleration. As such, inability for either limb to tolerate these forces may result in a diminished ability to brake, subsequently reducing deceleration capacity, and increasing vulnerability to excessive forces that could heighten injury risk and severity of muscle damage. Two factors are highlighted as especially important for enhancing horizontal deceleration ability: (1) braking force control and (2) braking force attenuation. Whilst various eccentric strength qualities have been reported to be important for achieving these purposes, the potential importance of concentric, isometric and reactive strength, in addition to an enhanced technical ability to apply braking force is also highlighted. Last, the review provides recommended research directions to enhance future understanding of horizontal deceleration ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian J. Harper
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Fylde Road, Preston, PR1 2HE UK
| | - Alistair J. McBurnie
- Department of Football Medicine and Science, Manchester United Football Club, AON Training Complex, Manchester, UK
| | - Thomas Dos’ Santos
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Ola Eriksrud
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Evans
- The FA Group, St George’s Park, Burton-Upon-Trent, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Daniel D. Cohen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Masira Research Institute, University of Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
- Sports Science Centre (CCD), Colombian Ministry of Sport (Mindeporte), Bogotá, Distrito Capital Colombia
| | - David Rhodes
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Fylde Road, Preston, PR1 2HE UK
| | - Christopher Carling
- Present Address: FFF Research Centre, French Football Federation, Clairefontaine National Football Centre, Clairefontaine-en-Yvelines, France
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - John Kiely
- Physical Education and Sports Science Department, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Vesga-Castro C, Aldazabal J, Vallejo-Illarramendi A, Paredes J. Contractile force assessment methods for in vitro skeletal muscle tissues. eLife 2022; 11:e77204. [PMID: 35604384 PMCID: PMC9126583 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, there has been growing interest in measuring the contractile force (CF) of engineered muscle tissues to evaluate their functionality. However, there are still no standards available for selecting the most suitable experimental platform, measuring system, culture protocol, or stimulation patterns. Consequently, the high variability of published data hinders any comparison between different studies. We have identified that cantilever deflection, post deflection, and force transducers are the most commonly used configurations for CF assessment in 2D and 3D models. Additionally, we have discussed the most relevant emerging technologies that would greatly complement CF evaluation with intracellular and localized analysis. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the most significant advances in CF evaluation and its critical parameters. In order to compare contractile performance across experimental platforms, we have used the specific force (sF, kN/m2), CF normalized to the calculated cross-sectional area (CSA). However, this parameter presents a high variability throughout the different studies, which indicates the need to identify additional parameters and complementary analysis suitable for proper comparison. We propose that future contractility studies in skeletal muscle constructs report detailed information about construct size, contractile area, maturity level, sarcomere length, and, ideally, the tetanus-to-twitch ratio. These studies will hopefully shed light on the relative impact of these variables on muscle force performance of engineered muscle constructs. Prospective advances in muscle tissue engineering, particularly in muscle disease models, will require a joint effort to develop standardized methodologies for assessing CF of engineered muscle tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Vesga-Castro
- University of Navarra, Tecnun School of Engineering, Manuel de LardizábalSan SebastianSpain
- University of Navarra, Biomedical Engineering Center, Campus UniversitarioPamplonaSpain
- Group of Neurosciences, Department of Pediatrics, UPV/EHU, Hospital Donostia - IIS BiodonostiaSan SebastianSpain
| | - Javier Aldazabal
- University of Navarra, Tecnun School of Engineering, Manuel de LardizábalSan SebastianSpain
- University of Navarra, Biomedical Engineering Center, Campus UniversitarioPamplonaSpain
| | - Ainara Vallejo-Illarramendi
- Group of Neurosciences, Department of Pediatrics, UPV/EHU, Hospital Donostia - IIS BiodonostiaSan SebastianSpain
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministry of Science, Innovation, and UniversitiesMadridSpain
| | - Jacobo Paredes
- University of Navarra, Tecnun School of Engineering, Manuel de LardizábalSan SebastianSpain
- University of Navarra, Biomedical Engineering Center, Campus UniversitarioPamplonaSpain
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Hinks A, Franchi MV, Power GA. The influence of longitudinal muscle fascicle growth on mechanical function. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:87-103. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00114.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has the remarkable ability to remodel and adapt, such as the increase in serial sarcomere number (SSN) or fascicle length (FL) observed after overstretching a muscle. This type of remodelling is termed longitudinal muscle fascicle growth, and its impact on biomechanical function has been of interest since the 1960s due to its clinical applications in muscle strain injury, muscle spasticity, and sarcopenia. Despite simplified hypotheses on how longitudinal muscle fascicle growth might influence mechanical function, existing literature presents conflicting results partly due to a breadth of methodologies. The purpose of this review is to outline what is currently known about the influence of longitudinal muscle fascicle growth on mechanical function and suggest future directions to address current knowledge gaps and methodological limitations. Various interventions indicate longitudinal muscle fascicle growth can increase the optimal muscle length for active force, but whether the whole force-length relationship widens has been less investigated. Future research should also explore the ability for longitudinal fascicle growth to broaden the torque-angle relationship's plateau region, and the relation to increased force during shortening. Without a concurrent increase in intramuscular collagen, longitudinal muscle fascicle growth also reduces passive tension at long muscle lengths; further research is required to understand whether this translates to increased joint range of motion. Lastly, some evidence suggests longitudinal fascicle growth can increase maximum shortening velocity and peak isotonic power, however, there has yet to be direct assessment of these measures in a neurologically intact model of longitudinal muscle fascicle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery Hinks
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martino V. Franchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences,, University of Padua, Padova, Veneto, Italy
| | - Geoffrey A. Power
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Role of Knee and Ankle Extensors' Muscle-Tendon Properties in Dynamic Balance Recovery from a Simulated Slip. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22093483. [PMID: 35591172 PMCID: PMC9104373 DOI: 10.3390/s22093483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Participants exposed to a simulated slip with forward loss of balance (FLB) develop large lower limb joint moments which may be a limiting factor for those whose muscle-tendon units’ (MTUs) properties are deteriorated. Whether the age-related decline in these properties limits participants’ capacity to recover their balance following a slip with FLB remains unclear. We combined isokinetic dynamometry, ultrasound and EMG to understand how knee extensor and ankle plantarflexor muscle strength and power, rate of moment development, electromechanical delay, and tendon stiffness affected the balance of young (25.3 ± 3.9 years) and older adults (62.8 ± 7.1 years) when recovering from a single slip with FLB triggered whilst walking on a split-belt instrumented treadmill. Except for the patellar tendon’s stiffness, knee extensor and ankle plantarflexor electromechanical delays, older adults’ MTUs properties were deteriorated compared to those of young participants (p < 0.05). We found no significant relationship between age or the MTUs properties of participants and balance recovery. These findings provide additional support that neither maximal nor explosive strength training are likely to be successful in preventing a fall for healthy older adults, and that other type of interventions, such as task-specific training that has already proved efficacious in reducing the risk of falling, should be developed.
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Linear Motor Driven Leg-Press Dynamometer for Testing, Training, and Rehabilitation: A Scoping Review with a Focus on the Concept of Serial Stretch Loading. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084445. [PMID: 35457310 PMCID: PMC9025751 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this scoping review was to analyze the evidence of acute and long-term effects of the application of leg-press strength training with or without serial stretch-loading stimuli on various biomechanical and physiological outcomes. Methods: This review was performed in accordance with PRISMA for Scoping Reviews recommendations, and two researchers independently searched the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, Cochrane, and Google Scholar. All studies that used unique leg-press device for testing, acute responses and long-term adaptation were included in this review, irrespective of the measured outcomes. A total of 13 studies were included in this review, with 5 focused on the testing capabilities of the device and acute training responses and 8 focused on the long-term adaptations in various physical and physiological outcomes. Results: Regarding the acute responses after leg-press strength training with or without serial stretch-loading stimuli, visible changes were observed in the muscle force, rate of force development, and hormonal concentrations between pre- and postmenopausal women (only one study). Long-term studies revealed different training adaptations after performing leg-press strength training with unique serial stretch-loading stimuli. A positive trend for leg-press strength training with serial stretch-loading was recorded in the young population and athletes; however, more variable training effects favoring one or the other approach were achieved in the older population. Conclusions: In summary, this review shows the uniqueness and usability of a leg-press device that is capable of various exercising modes, including special serial stretch-loading stimuli. The use of this device can serve as a positive addition to training regiments, and the main application appears to be suitable for rehabilitation needs.
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Pérez-Castilla A, Samozino P, Jukic I, Iglesias-Soler E, García-Ramos A. The linear regression model provides the force-velocity relationship parameters with the highest reliability. Sports Biomech 2022:1-20. [PMID: 35377269 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2058992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
An a-posteriori multicentre reliability study was conducted to compare the between-session reliability of the force-velocity relationship parameters (force-intercept [F0], velocity-intercept [v0], and maximum power [Pmax]) between different regression models during the bench press (BP) and bench press throw (BPT) exercises. Data from four and three studies were considered for the BP (n = 102) and BPT (n = 81) exercises, respectively. The force-velocity relationships were determined using five regression models: linear multiple-point, linear two-point, quadratic polynomial, hyperbolic, and exponential. All regression models provided F0 and Pmax with acceptable reliability (cut-off CV ≤ 9.45%; cut-off ICC ≥ 0.79) with the exceptions of F0 for the quadratic polynomial and hyperbolic models (BPT) and Pmax for the exponential model (BP and BPT). Only the linear multiple- and linear two-point models provided v0 with acceptable absolute reliability (cut-off CV ≤ 7.72%). Regardless of the exercise, the reliability of the three parameters was generally higher for the linear multiple- and two-point models compared to the other models (CVratio ≥ 1.22), and no significant differences were observed between multiple- and linear two-point models (CVratio ≤ 1.11). Linear regression models are recommended to maximise the reliability of the force-velocity relationship parameters during the BP and BPT exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, University Savoie Mont BlancInter-university, Chambery, France
| | - Ivan Jukic
- School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Eliseo Iglesias-Soler
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of a Coruna, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Neltner TJ, Anders JPV, Smith RW, Arnett JE, Keller JL, Housh TJ, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO. Coactivation does not contribute to fatigue-induced decreases in torque during reciprocal, isokinetic muscle actions. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-210229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Studies of coactivation have typically utilized single movement isometric or isokinetic fatiguing muscle actions. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the current study was to examine coactivation of the biceps brachii (BB) and triceps brachii (TB) in response to a maximal, reciprocal, isokinetic fatiguing task of the forearm flexors and extensors at slow (60∘/s) and moderate (180∘/s) isokinetic velocities in men. METHODS: Ten men (mean ± SD: age = 21.6 ± 1.3 years) completed 50 consecutive, maximal, reciprocal, isokinetic muscle actions of the right forearm flexors and extensors at 60 and 180∘/s. The amplitude (AMP) and mean power frequency (MPF) contents of the electromyographic (EMG) and mechanomyographic (MMG) signals from the BB and TB were recorded simultaneously throughout the fatiguing task. Repeated measures ANOVAs with Tukey post hocs were used to determine mean differences for the torque and neuromuscular parameters across repetitions. RESULTS: The torque analyses indicated greater fatigability at 180∘/s, compared to 60∘/s (p= 0.02). There were no significant changes in EMG AMP for either muscle during flexion or extension at 60∘/s (p> 0.05). At 180∘/s, there were significant increases in agonist EMG AMP (p= 0.01 to 0.004), however, no changes in antagonist EMG AMP (p> 0.05). For EMG MPF, there were significant decreases during flexion and extension (p< 0.001 to p= 0.02) at both velocities, collapsed across Muscle. There were no significant (p> 0.05) changes across repetition for MMG AMP or MPF. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated velocity-specific responses to fatigue, with a greater magnitude of fatigability at 180∘/s. Furthermore, despite increases in EMG AMP of the agonist muscles at 180∘/s only, it was not sufficient to alter the ratio of coactivation, likely due to common neural drive between muscles. Thus, the decreases in torque in the present study were not attributable to increases in coactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Neltner
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - John Paul V. Anders
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Robert W. Smith
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Jocelyn E. Arnett
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Joshua L. Keller
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Terry J. Housh
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Richard J. Schmidt
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Glen O. Johnson
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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Sánchez-Malia J, Rodiles-Guerrero L, Pareja-Blanco F, Ortega-Becerra M. Determinant factors for specific throwing and physical performance in beach handball. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Puttaraksa G, Muceli S, Barsakcioglu DY, Holobar A, Clarke AK, Charles SK, Pons JL, Farina D. Online tracking of the phase difference between neural drives to antagonist muscle pairs in essential tremor patients. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2022; 30:709-718. [PMID: 35271447 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2022.3158606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Transcutaneous electrical stimulation has been applied in tremor suppression applications. Out-of-phase stimulation strategies applied above or below motor threshold result in a significant attenuation of pathological tremor. For stimulation to be properly timed, the varying phase relationship between agonist-antagonist muscle activity during tremor needs to be accurately estimated in real-time. Here we propose an online tremor phase and frequency tracking technique for the customized control of electrical stimulation, based on a phase-locked loop (PLL) system applied to the estimated neural drive to muscles. Surface electromyography signals were recorded from the wrist extensor and flexor muscle groups of 13 essential tremor patients during postural tremor. The EMG signals were pre-processed and decomposed online and offline via the convolution kernel compensation algorithm to discriminate motor unit spike trains. The summation of motor unit spike trains detected for each muscle was bandpass filtered between 3 to 10 Hz to isolate the tremor related components of the neural drive to muscles. The estimated tremorogenic neural drive was used as input to a PLL that tracked the phase differences between the two muscle groups. The online estimated phase difference was compared with the phase calculated offline using a Hilbert Transform as a ground truth. The results showed a rate of agreement of 0.88 ± 0.22 between offline and online EMG decomposition. The PLL tracked the phase difference of tremor signals in real-time with an average correlation of 0.86 ± 0.16 with the ground truth (average error of 6.40° ± 3.49°). Finally, the online decomposition and phase estimation components were integrated with an electrical stimulator and applied in closed-loop on one patient, to representatively demonstrate the working principle of the full tremor suppression system. The results of this study support the feasibility of real-time estimation of the phase of tremorogenic neural drive to muscles, providing a methodology for future tremor-suppression neuroprostheses.
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Determining concentric and eccentric force-velocity profiles during squatting. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:769-779. [PMID: 35038023 PMCID: PMC8854263 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04875-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The force–velocity relationship of muscular contraction has been extensively studied. However, previous research has focussed either on isolated muscle or single-joint movements, whereas human movement consists of multi-joint movements (e.g. squatting). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the force–velocity relationship of isovelocity squatting. Methods Fifteen male participants (24 ± 2 years, 79.8 ± 9.1 kg, 177.5 ± 6 cm) performed isovelocity squats on a novel motorised isovelocity device (Kineo Training System) at three concentric (0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 m s−1) and three eccentric velocities (− 0.25, − 0.5, and − 0.75 m s−1). Peak vertical ground reaction forces, that occurred during the isovelocity phase, were collected using dual force plates (2000 Hz) (Kistler, Switzerland). Results The group mean squat force–velocity profile conformed to the typical in vivo profile, with peak vertical ground reaction forces during eccentric squatting being 9.5 ± 19% greater than isometric (P = 0.037), and occurring between − 0.5 and − 0.75 m s−1. However, large inter-participant variability was identified (0.84–1.62 × isometric force), with some participants being unable to produce eccentric forces greater than isometric. Sub-group analyses could not identify differences between individuals who could/could not produce eccentric forces above isometric, although those who could not tended to be taller. Conclusions These finding suggest that variability exists between participants in the ability to generate maximum eccentric forces during squatting, and the magnitude of eccentric increase above isometric cannot be predicted solely based on a concentric assessment. Therefore, an assessment of eccentric capabilities may be required prior to prescribing eccentric-specific resistance training.
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Higueras-Ruiz DR, Nishikawa K, Feigenbaum H, Shafer M. What is an artificial muscle? A comparison of soft actuators to biological muscles. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2021; 17:011001. [PMID: 34792040 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ac3adf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Interest in emulating the properties of biological muscles that allow for fast adaptability and control in unstructured environments has motivated researchers to develop new soft actuators, often referred to as 'artificial muscles'. The field of soft robotics is evolving rapidly as new soft actuator designs are published every year. In parallel, recent studies have also provided new insights for understanding biological muscles as 'active' materials whose tunable properties allow them to adapt rapidly to external perturbations. This work presents a comparative study of biological muscles and soft actuators, focusing on those properties that make biological muscles highly adaptable systems. In doing so, we briefly review the latest soft actuation technologies, their actuation mechanisms, and advantages and disadvantages from an operational perspective. Next, we review the latest advances in understanding biological muscles. This presents insight into muscle architecture, the actuation mechanism, and modeling, but more importantly, it provides an understanding of the properties that contribute to adaptability and control. Finally, we conduct a comparative study of biological muscles and soft actuators. Here, we present the accomplishments of each soft actuation technology, the remaining challenges, and future directions. Additionally, this comparative study contributes to providing further insight on soft robotic terms, such as biomimetic actuators, artificial muscles, and conceptualizing a higher level of performance actuator named artificial supermuscle. In conclusion, while soft actuators often have performance metrics such as specific power, efficiency, response time, and others similar to those in muscles, significant challenges remain when finding suitable substitutes for biological muscles, in terms of other factors such as control strategies, onboard energy integration, and thermoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego R Higueras-Ruiz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ-86011, United States of America
| | - Kiisa Nishikawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ-86011, United States of America
| | - Heidi Feigenbaum
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ-86011, United States of America
| | - Michael Shafer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ-86011, United States of America
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50
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Harris-Love MO, Gollie JM, Keogh JWL. Eccentric Exercise: Adaptations and Applications for Health and Performance. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:96. [PMID: 34842737 PMCID: PMC8628948 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6040096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The goals of this narrative review are to provide a brief overview of the muscle and tendon adaptations to eccentric resistance exercise and address the applications of this form of training to aid rehabilitative interventions and enhance sports performance. This work is centered on the author contributions to the Special Issue entitled "Eccentric Exercise: Adaptations and Applications for Health and Performance". The major themes from the contributing authors include the need to place greater attention on eccentric exercise mode selection based on training goals and individual fitness level, optimal approaches to implementing eccentric resistance exercise for therapeutic purposes, factors that affect the use of eccentric exercise across the lifespan, and general recommendations to integrate eccentric exercise in athletic training regimens. The authors propose that movement velocity and the absorption or recovery of kinetic energy are critical components of eccentric exercise programming. Regarding the therapeutic use of eccentric resistance training, patient-level factors regarding condition severity, fitness level, and stage of rehabilitation should govern the plan of care. In athletic populations, use of eccentric exercise may improve movement competency and promote improved safety and performance of sport-specific tasks. Eccentric resistance training is a viable option for youth, young adults, and older adults when the exercise prescription appropriately addresses program goals, exercise tolerability, and compliance. Despite the benefits of eccentric exercise, several key questions remain unanswered regarding its application underscoring the need for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O. Harris-Love
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Muscle Morphology, Mechanics, and Performance Laboratory, Geriatrics Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA;
| | - Jared M. Gollie
- Muscle Morphology, Mechanics, and Performance Laboratory, Geriatrics Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA;
- Department of Health, Human Function, and Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Justin W. L. Keogh
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia;
- Sports Performance Research Centre New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Cluster for Health Improvement, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, QLD 4556, Australia
- Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
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