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Zhang Y, Ding X, Yuan C, Yang Y, Zhang Q, Yao J, Zhang Y, Wang J, Dai Y. Anti-Inflammatory Responses Produced with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis-Derived Uridine via the Mitochondrial ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channel and Its Anti-Atherosclerosis Effect in an Apolipoprotein E Gene Knockout Mouse Model. Biomolecules 2024; 14:672. [PMID: 38927075 PMCID: PMC11201709 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) has become the leading cause of cardiovascular disease worldwide. Our previous study had observed that Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) infection or its derived products could inhibit AS development by inducing an anti-inflammatory response. We performed a metabolic analysis to screen Nb-derived metabolites with anti-inflammation activity and evaluated the AS-prevention effect. We observed that the metabolite uridine had higher expression levels in mice infected with the Nb and ES (excretory-secretory) products and could be selected as a key metabolite. ES and uridine interventions could reduce the pro-inflammatory responses and increase the anti-inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo. The apolipoprotein E gene knockout (ApoE-/-) mice were fed with a high-fat diet for the AS modeling. Following the in vivo intervention, ES products or uridine significantly reduced serum and liver lipid levels, alleviated the formation of atherosclerosis, and reduced the pro-inflammatory responses in serum or plaques, while the anti-inflammatory responses showed opposite trends. After blocking with 5-HD (5-hydroxydecanoate sodium) in vitro, the mRNA levels of M2 markers were significantly reduced. When blocked with 5-HD in vivo, the degree of atherosclerosis was worsened, the pro-inflammatory responses were increased compared to the uridine group, while the anti-inflammatory responses decreased accordingly. Uridine, a key metabolite from Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, showed anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic effects in vitro and in vivo, which depend on the activation of the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Avenue 101, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xin Ding
- Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yang Xiang 117, Wuxi 214064, China
| | - Caiyi Yuan
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Avenue 101, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yougui Yang
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Avenue 101, Nanjing 211166, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yang Xiang 117, Wuxi 214064, China
- Department of Parasitic Disease Control, Lishui District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Middle Street 17, Nanjing 211200, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yang Xiang 117, Wuxi 214064, China
| | - Jiakai Yao
- Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yang Xiang 117, Wuxi 214064, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yang Xiang 117, Wuxi 214064, China
| | - Junhong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yang Dai
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Avenue 101, Nanjing 211166, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yang Xiang 117, Wuxi 214064, China
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Shi X, Liu C, Chen J, Zhou S, Li Y, Zhao X, Xing J, Xue J, Liu F, Li F. Endothelial MICU1 alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy by attenuating nitrative stress-mediated cardiac microvascular injury. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2023; 22:216. [PMID: 37592255 PMCID: PMC10436431 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-023-01941-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial microvascular injury is the key event in early diabetic heart disease. The injury of myocardial microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) is the main cause and trigger of myocardial microvascular disease. Mitochondrial calcium homeostasis plays an important role in maintaining the normal function, survival and death of endothelial cells. Considering that mitochondrial calcium uptake 1 (MICU1) is a key molecule in mitochondrial calcium regulation, this study aimed to investigate the role of MICU1 in CMECs and explore its underlying mechanisms. METHODS To examine the role of endothelial MICU1 in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), we used endothelial-specific MICU1ecKO mice to establish a diabetic mouse model and evaluate the cardiac function. In addition, MICU1 overexpression was conducted by injecting adeno-associated virus 9 carrying MICU1 (AAV9-MICU1). Transcriptome sequencing technology was used to explore underlying molecular mechanisms. RESULTS Here, we found that MICU1 expression is decreased in CMECs of diabetic mice. Moreover, we demonstrated that endothelial cell MICU1 knockout exacerbated the levels of cardiac hypertrophy and interstitial myocardial fibrosis and led to a further reduction in left ventricular function in diabetic mice. Notably, we found that AAV9-MICU1 specifically upregulated the expression of MICU1 in CMECs of diabetic mice, which inhibited nitrification stress, inflammatory reaction, and apoptosis of the CMECs, ameliorated myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis, and promoted cardiac function. Further mechanistic analysis suggested that MICU1 deficiency result in excessive mitochondrial calcium uptake and homeostasis imbalance which caused nitrification stress-induced endothelial damage and inflammation that disrupted myocardial microvascular endothelial barrier function and ultimately promoted DCM progression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that MICU1 expression was downregulated in the CMECs of diabetic mice. Overexpression of endothelial MICU1 reduced nitrification stress induced apoptosis and inflammation by inhibiting mitochondrial calcium uptake, which improved myocardial microvascular function and inhibited DCM progression. Our findings suggest that endothelial MICU1 is a molecular intervention target for the potential treatment of DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xide Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiangwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Medical Rehabilitation, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shiqiang Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yajuan Li
- Aerospace Clinical Medical Center, School of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xingcheng Zhao
- Aerospace Clinical Medical Center, School of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinliang Xing
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Junhui Xue
- Aerospace Clinical Medical Center, School of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
- Department of Aviation Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Fengzhou Liu
- Aerospace Clinical Medical Center, School of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
- Department of Aviation Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
- Department of Aviation Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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INOUE M, TANIDA T, KONDO T, TAKENAKA S, NAKAJIMA T. Oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced glial cell reactivity in the rat primary neuron-glia co-culture. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:799-808. [PMID: 37407448 PMCID: PMC10466061 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that in vivo brain ischemia induces activation and proliferation of astrocytes and microglia. However, the mechanism underlying the ischemia-induced activation and proliferation of these cells remains to be unclear. Oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), an in vitro ischemia mimic, has been extensively used to analyze the hypoxia response of various cell types. This study examined the OGD-induced changes in the expression level of astrocytes and microglia marker proteins and immunoreactivity for Ki-67, a marker protein for cell proliferation, using rat primary hippocampal neuron-glia co-culture (NGC) cells. Furthermore, OGD-induced changes in the expression of M1/M2 microglia phenotype-related genes were also examined. MTT assay indicated that 120 min of OGD decreased cell viability, and immunocytochemistry indicated that 120 min of OGD abolished most microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2)-immunopositive neurons. In contrast, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunopositive astrocytes and ionized calcium-binding adapter protein-1 (Iba-1)-immunopositive microglia, and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide-3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase)-immunopositive oligodendrocytes survived OGD. Western blot assays and double-immunofluorescent staining indicated that OGD increased the GFAP expression level and the Ki-67-immunopositive/GFAP-immunopositive cells' ratio. Real-time PCR analysis showed that OGD altered M1 microglia phenotype-related genes. Specifically, OGD decreased the expression level of CD32 and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) genes and increased that of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene. Therefore, applying OGD to NGC cells could serve as a useful in vitro tool to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying brain ischemia-induced changes in GFAP expression, astrocyte proliferation, and M1 microglia phenotype-related gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko INOUE
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Graduate School of
Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi TANIDA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Graduate School of
Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro KONDO
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Graduate School of Veterinary
Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeo TAKENAKA
- Department of Nutrition, Graduate School of Human Life and
Ecology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayuki NAKAJIMA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Graduate School of
Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
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Lozano O, Marcos P, Salazar-Ramirez FDJ, Lázaro-Alfaro AF, Sobrevia L, García-Rivas G. Targeting the mitochondrial Ca 2+ uniporter complex in cardiovascular disease. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 237:e13946. [PMID: 36751976 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the leading cause of death worldwide, share in common mitochondrial dysfunction, in specific a dysregulation of Ca2+ uptake dynamics through the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) complex. In particular, Ca2+ uptake regulates the mitochondrial ATP production, mitochondrial dynamics, oxidative stress, and cell death. Therefore, modulating the activity of the MCU complex to regulate Ca2+ uptake, has been suggested as a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of CVDs. Here, the role and implications of the MCU complex in CVDs are presented, followed by a review of the evidence for MCU complex modulation, genetically and pharmacologically. While most approaches have aimed within the MCU complex for the modulation of the Ca2+ pore channel, the MCU subunit, its intra- and extra- mitochondrial implications, including Ca2+ dynamics, oxidative stress, post-translational modifications, and its repercussions in the cardiac function, highlight that targeting the MCU complex has the translational potential for novel CVDs therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Lozano
- Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
- Biomedical Research Center, Hospital Zambrano-Hellion, TecSalud, Tecnologico de Monterrey, San Pedro Garza García, Mexico
- The Institute for Obesity Research, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Patricio Marcos
- Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Felipe de Jesús Salazar-Ramirez
- Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Anay F Lázaro-Alfaro
- Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- The Institute for Obesity Research, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gerardo García-Rivas
- Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
- Biomedical Research Center, Hospital Zambrano-Hellion, TecSalud, Tecnologico de Monterrey, San Pedro Garza García, Mexico
- The Institute for Obesity Research, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
- Center of Functional Medicine, Hospital Zambrano-Hellion, TecSalud, Tecnologico de Monterrey, San Pedro Garza García, Mexico
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Patel A, Pietromicca JG, Venkatesan M, Maity S, Bard JE, Madesh M, Alevriadou BR. Modulation of the mitochondrial Ca 2+ uniporter complex subunit expression by different shear stress patterns in vascular endothelial cells. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15588. [PMID: 36754446 PMCID: PMC9908435 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial calcium (m Ca2+ ) uptake occurs via the Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uniporter (MCU) complex and plays a critical role in mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy, and apoptosis. MCU complex activity is in part modulated by the expression of its regulatory subunits. Cardiovascular disease models demonstrated altered gene/protein expression of one or multiple subunits in different cells, including vascular endothelial cells (ECs). MCU complex activity was found necessary for stable flow (s-flow)-induced mitophagy and promotion of an atheroprotective EC phenotype. Disturbed flow (d-flow) is known to lead to an atheroprone phenotype. Despite the role of MCU in flow-regulated EC function, flow-induced alterations in MCU complex subunit expression are currently unknown. We exposed cultured human ECs to atheroprotective (steady shear stress, SS) or atheroprone flow (oscillatory shear stress, OS) and measured mRNA and protein levels of the MCU complex members. SS and OS differentially modulated subunit expression at gene/protein levels. Protein expression changes of the core MCU, m Ca2+ uptake 1 (MICU1) and MCU regulator 1 (MCUR1) subunits in SS- and OS-exposed, compared to static, ECs suggested an enhanced m Ca2+ influx under each flow and a potential contribution to EC dysfunction under OS. In silico analysis of a single-cell RNA-sequencing dataset was employed to extract transcript values of MCU subunits in mouse carotid ECs from regions exposed to s-flow or d-flow. Mcu and Mcur1 genes showed significant differences in expression after prolonged exposure to each flow. The differential expression of MCU complex subunits indicated a tight regulation of the complex activity under physiological and pathological hemodynamic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshar Patel
- Vascular Mechanobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Cell, Gene, and Tissue EngineeringUniversity at Buffalo – The State University of New YorkBuffaloNew YorkUSA
| | - Julia G. Pietromicca
- Vascular Mechanobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Cell, Gene, and Tissue EngineeringUniversity at Buffalo – The State University of New YorkBuffaloNew YorkUSA
| | - Manigandan Venkatesan
- Department of Medicine, Center for Mitochondrial MedicineUniversity of Texas Health San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Soumya Maity
- Department of Medicine, Center for Mitochondrial MedicineUniversity of Texas Health San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Jonathan E. Bard
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesUniversity at Buffalo – The State University of New YorkBuffaloNew YorkUSA
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Department of Medicine, Center for Mitochondrial MedicineUniversity of Texas Health San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - B. Rita Alevriadou
- Vascular Mechanobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Cell, Gene, and Tissue EngineeringUniversity at Buffalo – The State University of New YorkBuffaloNew YorkUSA
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Zhao Y, Wang P, Liu T, Yang Y, Guo J, He Y, Xi J. Zn 2+ protect cardiac H9c2 cells from endoplasmic reticulum stress by preventing mPTP opening through MCU. Cell Signal 2022; 100:110467. [PMID: 36126793 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Zn2+ regulates endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and is essential for myocardial protection through gating the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). However, the underlining mechanism of the mPTP opening remains uncertain. Cells under sustained ERS induce unfolded protein responses (UPR) and cell apoptosis. Glucose regulatory protein 78 (GRP 78) and glucose regulatory protein 94 (GRP 94) are marker proteins of ERS and regulate the onset of apoptosis through the endoplasmic reticulum signaling pathway. We found tunicamycin (TM) treatment activates ERS and significantly increases intracellular Ca2+ and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in H9c2 cardiomyocyte cells. Zn2+ markedly decreased protein level of GRP 78/94 and suppressed intracellular Ca2+ and ROS elevation. Mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) is an important Ca2+ transporter protein, through which Zn2+ enter mitochondria. MCU inhibitor ruthenium red (RR) or siRNA significantly reversed the Zinc effect on GRP 78, mitochondrial Ca2+ and ROS. Additionally, Zn2+ prevented TM-induced mPTP opening and decreased mitochondrial Ca2+ concentration, which were blocked through inhibiting or knockdown MCU with siRNA. In summary, our study suggests that Zn2+ protected cardiac ERS by elevating Ca2+ and closing mPTP through MCU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Basic School of Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Pei Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Tianyu Liu
- Clinic School of Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Medical-Industrial Integration Precision Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Basic School of Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Jiabao Guo
- Clinic School of Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Medical-Industrial Integration Precision Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Yonggui He
- Affiliated Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China.
| | - Jinkun Xi
- Clinic School of Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Medical-Industrial Integration Precision Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China.
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Garbincius JF, Elrod JW. Mitochondrial calcium exchange in physiology and disease. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:893-992. [PMID: 34698550 PMCID: PMC8816638 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The uptake of calcium into and extrusion of calcium from the mitochondrial matrix is a fundamental biological process that has critical effects on cellular metabolism, signaling, and survival. Disruption of mitochondrial calcium (mCa2+) cycling is implicated in numerous acquired diseases such as heart failure, stroke, neurodegeneration, diabetes, and cancer and is genetically linked to several inherited neuromuscular disorders. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for mCa2+ exchange therefore holds great promise for the treatment of these diseases. The past decade has seen the genetic identification of many of the key proteins that mediate mitochondrial calcium uptake and efflux. Here, we present an overview of the phenomenon of mCa2+ transport and a comprehensive examination of the molecular machinery that mediates calcium flux across the inner mitochondrial membrane: the mitochondrial uniporter complex (consisting of MCU, EMRE, MICU1, MICU2, MICU3, MCUB, and MCUR1), NCLX, LETM1, the mitochondrial ryanodine receptor, and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. We then consider the physiological implications of mCa2+ flux and evaluate how alterations in mCa2+ homeostasis contribute to human disease. This review concludes by highlighting opportunities and challenges for therapeutic intervention in pathologies characterized by aberrant mCa2+ handling and by summarizing critical unanswered questions regarding the biology of mCa2+ flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne F Garbincius
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John W Elrod
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Pallafacchina G, Zanin S, Rizzuto R. From the Identification to the Dissection of the Physiological Role of the Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter: An Ongoing Story. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060786. [PMID: 34071006 PMCID: PMC8224590 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The notion of mitochondria being involved in the decoding and shaping of intracellular Ca2+ signals has been circulating since the end of the 19th century. Despite that, the molecular identity of the channel that mediates Ca2+ ion transport into mitochondria remained elusive for several years. Only in the last decade, the genes and pathways responsible for the mitochondrial uptake of Ca2+ began to be cloned and characterized. The gene coding for the pore-forming unit of the mitochondrial channel was discovered exactly 10 years ago, and its product was called mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter or MCU. Before that, only one of its regulators, the mitochondria Ca2+ uptake regulator 1, MICU1, has been described in 2010. However, in the following years, the scientific interest in mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling regulation and physiological role has increased. This shortly led to the identification of many of its components, to the description of their 3D structure, and the characterization of the uniporter contribution to tissue physiology and pathology. In this review, we will summarize the most relevant achievements in the history of mitochondrial Ca2+ studies, presenting a chronological overview of the most relevant and landmarking discoveries. Finally, we will explore the impact of mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling in the context of muscle physiology, highlighting the recent advances in understanding the role of the MCU complex in the control of muscle trophism and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Pallafacchina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (R.R.); Tel.: +39-049-827-6029 (G.P.); +39-049-827-3001 (R.R.)
| | - Sofia Zanin
- Department of Immunology, Infectiology and Haematology, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Rosario Rizzuto
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), 35131 Padua, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (R.R.); Tel.: +39-049-827-6029 (G.P.); +39-049-827-3001 (R.R.)
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9
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Kim D, Kim EH, Choi S, Lim KM, Tie L, Majid A, Bae ON. A Commonly Used Biocide 2-N-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-oneInduces Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction via Cellular Thiol Modification and Mitochondrial Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052563. [PMID: 33806369 PMCID: PMC7975974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Isothiazolinone (IT) biocides are potent antibacterial substances commonly used as preservatives or disinfectants, and 2-n-Octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (OIT; octhilinone) is a common IT biocide that is present in leather products, glue, paints, and cleaning products. Although humans are exposed to OIT through personal and industrial use, the potentially deleterious effects of OIT on human health are still unknown. To investigate the effects of OIT on the vascular system, which is continuously exposed to xenobiotics through systemic circulation, we treated brain endothelial cells with OIT. OIT treatment significantly activated caspase-3-mediated apoptosis and reduced the bioenergetic function of mitochondria in a bEnd.3 cell-based in vitro blood–brain barrier (BBB) model. Interestingly, OIT significantly altered the thiol redox status, as evidenced by reduced glutathione levels and protein S-nitrosylation. The endothelial barrier function of bEnd.3 cells was significantly impaired by OIT treatment. OIT affected mitochondrial dynamics through mitophagy and altered mitochondrial morphology in bEnd.3 cells. N-acetyl cysteine significantly reversed the effects of OIT on the metabolic capacity and endothelial function of bEnd.3 cells. Taken together, we demonstrated that the alteration of the thiol redox status and mitochondrial damage contributed to OIT-induced BBB dysfunction, and we hope that our findings will improve our understanding of the potential hazardous health effects of IT biocides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (D.K.); (E.-H.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Eun-Hye Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (D.K.); (E.-H.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Sungbin Choi
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (D.K.); (E.-H.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
| | - Lu Tie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Arshad Majid
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK;
| | - Ok-Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (D.K.); (E.-H.K.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-400-5805
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