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Su Y, Lucas R, Fulton DJ, Verin AD. Mechanisms of pulmonary endothelial barrier dysfunction in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. CHINESE MEDICAL JOURNAL PULMONARY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE 2024; 2:80-87. [PMID: 39006829 PMCID: PMC11242916 DOI: 10.1016/j.pccm.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) form a semi-permeable barrier between the interior space of blood vessels and the underlying tissues. Pulmonary endothelial barrier integrity is maintained through coordinated cellular processes involving receptors, signaling molecules, junctional complexes, and protein-regulated cytoskeletal reorganization. In acute lung injury (ALI) or its more severe form acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the loss of endothelial barrier integrity secondary to endothelial dysfunction caused by severe pulmonary inflammation and/or infection leads to pulmonary edema and hypoxemia. Pro-inflammatory agonists such as histamine, thrombin, bradykinin, interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor α, vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin-2, and platelet-activating factor, as well as bacterial toxins and reactive oxygen species, cause dynamic changes in cytoskeletal structure, adherens junction disorganization, and detachment of vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) from the actin cytoskeleton, leading to an increase in endothelial permeability. Endothelial interactions with leukocytes, platelets, and coagulation enhance the inflammatory response. Moreover, inflammatory infiltration and the associated generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines during infection cause EC death, resulting in further compromise of the structural integrity of lung endothelial barrier. Despite the use of potent antibiotics and aggressive intensive care support, the mortality of ALI is still high, because the mechanisms of pulmonary EC barrier disruption are not fully understood. In this review, we summarized recent advances in the studies of endothelial cytoskeletal reorganization, inter-endothelial junctions, endothelial inflammation, EC death, and endothelial repair in ALI and ARDS, intending to shed some light on the potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets in the clinical management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Su
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Research Service, Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Rudolf Lucas
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - David J.R. Fulton
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Alexander D. Verin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Luo Z, Song X, Huang D, Xiao L, Zou K. Research hotspots and evolving trends of barrier dysfunction in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30579. [PMID: 38742065 PMCID: PMC11089360 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelial and epithelial barrier dysfunction due to increased permeability and heightened inflammatory reactions influences the emergence of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Nevertheless, bibliometric research comparing endothelial and epithelial barriers is limited. Therefore, this bibliometric study analyzed the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) of the Science Citation Index Expanded literature to explore present research priorities and development tendencies within this field. We conducted a comprehensive search (October 18, 2023) on WoSCC from January 1, 2010, to October 18, 2023, focusing on articles related to endothelial and epithelial barriers in ALI and ARDS. Retrieved data were visualized and analyzed using R-bibliometrix, VOS viewer 1.6.19, and CiteSpace 6.2. R4. Functional enrichment analysis of gene targets identified in the keyword list using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene ontology databases, and based on the STRING database to construct a PPI network to predict core genes. A total of 941 original articles and reviews were identified. The United States had the highest number of publications and citations and the highest H-index and G-index. According to the Collaboration Network Analysis graph, the United States and China had the strongest collaboration. Birukova AA had the most publications and citations among all authors, while eight of the top ten institutions with mediator centrality were located in the United States. The American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology was the leading journal and had the most well-established publication on endothelial and epithelial barriers in ALI and ARDS. Bibliometric analysis revealed that the most frequently used keywords were acute lung injury, ARDS, activation, expression, and inflammation. RHOA appeared most frequently among gene-related keywords, and the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway had the highest count in KEGG pathway enrichment. Research on endothelial versus epithelial barriers in ALI and ARDS remains preliminary. This bibliometric study examined cooperative network connections among countries, authors, journals, and network associations in the cited references. Investigation of the functions of the endothelial and epithelial barriers in ALI/ARDS associated with COVID-19 has recently gained significant attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Luo
- The First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, 341000, China
| | - Xinyue Song
- The First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, 341000, China
| | - Duoqin Huang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, 341000, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, 341000, China
| | - Kang Zou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, 341000, China
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Citi S, Fromm M, Furuse M, González-Mariscal L, Nusrat A, Tsukita S, Turner JR. A short guide to the tight junction. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261776. [PMID: 38712627 PMCID: PMC11128289 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are specialized regions of contact between cells of epithelial and endothelial tissues that form selective semipermeable paracellular barriers that establish and maintain body compartments with different fluid compositions. As such, the formation of TJs represents a critical step in metazoan evolution, allowing the formation of multicompartmental organisms and true, barrier-forming epithelia and endothelia. In the six decades that have passed since the first observations of TJs by transmission electron microscopy, much progress has been made in understanding the structure, function, molecular composition and regulation of TJs. The goal of this Perspective is to highlight the key concepts that have emerged through this research and the future challenges that lie ahead for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Citi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael Fromm
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin,Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mikio Furuse
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama Myodajii, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Lorenza González-Mariscal
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Mexico City 07360, México
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Mucosal Biology and Inflammation Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 4057 Biomedical Science Research Building, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization (ACRO),Teikyo University, Kaga 2-21-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Jerrold R. Turner
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 01125, USA
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Lv Y, Yu W, Xuan R, Yang Y, Xue X, Ma X. Human Placental Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Exosomes Alleviate Endothelial Barrier Dysfunction via Cytoskeletal Remodeling through hsa-miR-148a-3p/ROCK1 Pathway. Stem Cells Int 2024; 2024:2172632. [PMID: 38681858 PMCID: PMC11055650 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2172632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelial barrier disruption of human pulmonary vascular endothelial cells (HPVECs) is an important pathogenic factor for acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Mesenchymal stem cells-exosome (MSCs-Exo) represents an ideal carrier for cell-free therapy. The therapeutic implication and underlying mechanism of human placental MSCs-Exo (HPMSCs-Exo) in ALI/ARDS need to be further explored. Materials and Methods HPMSCs-Exo was extracted from HPMSCs and characterized. Then, the therapeutic effects of exosomes were evaluated in ALI mice and HPVECs. RNA-sequencing was applied to reveal the miRNA profile of HPMSCs-Exo and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in HPMSCs-Exo-pretreated HPVECs. The targets of miRNAs were predicted by bioinformatics methods and correlated to DEGs. Finally, the role of hsa-miR-148a-3p/ROCK1 pathway in HPVECs has been further discussed. Results The results showed that HPMSCs-Exo could downregulate Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1), upregulate the expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and F-actin, promote HPVECs migration and tube formation, reduce cytoskeletal disorders and cell permeability, and thus improve ALI/ARDS. RNA-sequencing revealed the DEGs were mainly enriched in cell junction, angiogenesis, inflammation, and energy metabolism. HPMSCs-Exo contains multiple miRNAs which are associated with cytoskeletal function; the expression abundance of hsa-miR-148a-3p is the highest. Bioinformatic analysis identified ROCK1 as a target of hsa-miR-148a-3p. The overexpression of hsa-miR-148a-3p in HPMSCs-Exo promoted the migration and tube formation of HPVECs and reduced ROCK1 expression. However, the overexpression of ROCK1 on HPVECs reduced the therapeutic effect of HPMSCs-Exo. Conclusions HPMSCs-Exo represents a protective regimen against endothelial barrier disruption of HPVECs in ALI/ARDS, and the hsa-miR-148a-3p/ROCK1 pathway plays an important role in this therapeutics implication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Lv
- School of Clinical, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750003, China
- Ningxia Institute for Human Stem Cell Research, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750003, China
| | - Wenqin Yu
- School of Clinical, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750003, China
- Ningxia Institute for Human Stem Cell Research, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750003, China
| | - Ruiui Xuan
- School of Clinical, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750003, China
| | - Yulu Yang
- School of Clinical, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750003, China
| | - Xiaolan Xue
- School of Clinical, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750003, China
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- Intensive Care Unit, Cardiocerebral Vascular Disease Hospital, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750003, China
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Patil RS, Maloney ME, Lucas R, Fulton DJR, Patel V, Bagi Z, Kovacs-Kasa A, Kovacs L, Su Y, Verin AD. Zinc-Dependent Histone Deacetylases in Lung Endothelial Pathobiology. Biomolecules 2024; 14:140. [PMID: 38397377 PMCID: PMC10886568 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A monolayer of endothelial cells (ECs) lines the lumen of blood vessels and, as such, provides a semi-selective barrier between the blood and the interstitial space. Compromise of the lung EC barrier due to inflammatory or toxic events may result in pulmonary edema, which is a cardinal feature of acute lung injury (ALI) and its more severe form, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The EC functions are controlled, at least in part, via epigenetic mechanisms mediated by histone deacetylases (HDACs). Zinc-dependent HDACs represent the largest group of HDACs and are activated by Zn2+. Members of this HDAC group are involved in epigenetic regulation primarily by modifying the structure of chromatin upon removal of acetyl groups from histones. In addition, they can deacetylate many non-histone histone proteins, including those located in extranuclear compartments. Recently, the therapeutic potential of inhibiting zinc-dependent HDACs for EC barrier preservation has gained momentum. However, the role of specific HDAC subtypes in EC barrier regulation remains largely unknown. This review aims to provide an update on the role of zinc-dependent HDACs in endothelial dysfunction and its related diseases. We will broadly focus on biological contributions, signaling pathways and transcriptional roles of HDACs in endothelial pathobiology associated mainly with lung diseases, and we will discuss the potential of their inhibitors for lung injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S. Patil
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - McKenzie E. Maloney
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Rudolf Lucas
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - David J. R. Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Vijay Patel
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Zsolt Bagi
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Anita Kovacs-Kasa
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Laszlo Kovacs
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yunchao Su
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Alexander D. Verin
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Gu X, Wang S, Zhang W, Li C, Guo L, Wang Z, Li H, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Liang W, Li H, Liu Y, Wang Y, Huang L, Dong T, Zhang D, Wong CCL, Cao B. Probing long COVID through a proteomic lens: a comprehensive two-year longitudinal cohort study of hospitalised survivors. EBioMedicine 2023; 98:104851. [PMID: 37924708 PMCID: PMC10660018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a debilitating condition that can impact a whole spectrum of people and involve multi-organ systems, long COVID has aroused the most attention than ever. However, mechanisms of long COVID are not clearly understood, and underlying biomarkers that can affect the long-term consequences of COVID-19 are paramount to be identified. METHODS Participants for the current study were from a cohort study of COVID-19 survivors discharged from hospital between Jan 7, and May 29, 2020. We profiled the proteomic of plasma samples from hospitalised COVID-19 survivors at 6-month, 1-year, and 2-year after symptom onset and age and sex matched healthy controls. Fold-change of >2 or <0.5, and false-discovery rate adjusted P value of 0.05 were used to filter differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). In-genuity pathway analysis was performed to explore the down-stream effects in the dataset of significantly up- or down-regulated proteins. Proteins were integrated with long-term consequences of COVID-19 survivors to explore potential biomarkers of long COVID. FINDINGS The proteomic of 709 plasma samples from 181 COVID-19 survivors and 181 matched healthy controls was profiled. In both COVID-19 and control group, 114 (63%) were male. The results indicated four major recovery modes of biological processes. Pathways related to cell-matrix interactions and cytoskeletal remodeling and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy pathways recovered relatively earlier which was before 1-year after infection. Majority of immune response pathways, complement and coagulation cascade, and cholesterol metabolism returned to similar status of matched healthy controls later but before 2-year after infection. Fc receptor signaling pathway still did not return to status similar to healthy controls at 2-year follow-up. Pathways related to neuron generation and differentiation showed persistent suppression across 2-year after infection. Among 98 DEPs from the above pathways, evidence was found for association of 11 proteins with lung function recovery, with the associations consistent at two consecutive or all three follow-ups. These proteins were mainly enriched in complement and coagulation (COMP, PLG, SERPINE1, SRGN, COL1A1, FLNA, and APOE) and hypertrophic/dilated cardiomyopathy (TPM2, TPM1, and AGT) pathways. Two DEPs (APOA4 and LRP1) involved in both neuron and cholesterol pathways showed associations with smell disorder. INTERPRETATION The study findings provided molecular insights into potential mechanism of long COVID, and put forward biomarkers for more precise intervention to reduce burden of long COVID. FUNDING National Natural Science Foundation of China; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences; Clinical Research Operating Fund of Central High Level Hospitals; the Talent Program of the Chinese Academy of Medical Science; Training Program of the Big Science Strategy Plan; Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China; New Cornerstone Science Foundation; Peking Union Medical College Education Foundation; Research Funds from Health@InnoHK Program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Gu
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Clinical Research and Data Management, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, PR China; Changping Laboratory, Beijing, PR China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Clinical Research Institute, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wanying Zhang
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Caihong Li
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China; Wuhan Research Center for Communicable Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Li Guo
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China; NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Merieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zai Wang
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, PR China; Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Haibo Li
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, PR China; National Center for Respiratory Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Clinical Research Institute, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuhan Zhou
- Foreseen Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China
| | | | - Hui Li
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Clinical Research Institute, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Clinical Research Institute, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China; Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Yeming Wang
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Clinical Research Institute, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lixue Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Tao Dong
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dingyu Zhang
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China; Wuhan Research Center for Communicable Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China; Hubei Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China.
| | - Catherine C L Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Clinical Research Institute, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China; Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Bin Cao
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, PR China; National Center for Respiratory Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, PR China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China; Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
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Takyar SS. Against the Waves: Blocking the EB3-IP3 Interaction Inhibits Calcium Waves in the Lung Endothelium. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023; 69:371-372. [PMID: 37348847 PMCID: PMC10557917 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2023-0197ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shervin S Takyar
- Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Section Department of Internal Medicine Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut
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Kim J, Mooren OL, Onken MD, Cooper JA. Septin and actin contributions to endothelial cell-cell junctions and monolayer integrity. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2023; 80:228-241. [PMID: 36205643 PMCID: PMC10079785 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Septins in endothelial cells (ECs) have important roles supporting the integrity of the endothelial monolayer. Cell-cell junctions in EC monolayers are highly dynamic, with continuous retractions and protrusions. Depletion of septins in ECs leads to disruption of cell-cell junctions, which are composed of VE-cadherin and other junctional proteins. In EC monolayers, septins are concentrated at the plasma membrane at sites of cell-cell contact, in curved- and scallop-shaped patterns. These membrane-associated septin accumulations are located in regions of positive membrane curvature, and those regions are often associated with and immediately adjacent to actin-rich protrusions with negative membrane curvature. EC septins associate directly with plasma membrane lipids, based on findings with site-specific mutations of septins in ECs, which is consistent with biochemical and cell biological studies in other systems. Loss of septins leads to disruption of the EC monolayer, and gaps form between cells. The number and breadth of cell-cell contacts and junctions decreases, and the number and frequency of retractions, ruffles, and protrusions at cell edges also decreases. In addition, loss of septins leads to decreased amounts of F-actin at the cortical membrane, along with increased amounts of F-actin in stress fibers of the cytoplasm. Endothelial monolayer disruption from loss of septins is also associated with decreased transendothelial electric resistance (TEER) and increased levels of transendothelial migration (TEM) by immune and cancer cells, owing to the gaps in the monolayer. A current working model is that assembly of septin filaments at regions of positive membrane curvature contributes to a mechanical footing or base for actin-based protrusive forces generated at adjoining regions of the membrane. Specific molecular interactions between the septin and actin components of the cytoskeleton may also be important contributors. Regulators of actin assembly may promote and support the assembly of septin filaments at the membrane, as part of a molecular feedback loop between the assembly of septin and actin filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Olivia L Mooren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael D Onken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John A Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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9
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Patil RS, Kovacs-Kasa A, Gorshkov BA, Fulton DJR, Su Y, Batori RK, Verin AD. Serine/Threonine Protein Phosphatases 1 and 2A in Lung Endothelial Barrier Regulation. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1638. [PMID: 37371733 PMCID: PMC10296329 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular barrier dysfunction is characterized by increased permeability and inflammation of endothelial cells (ECs), which are prominent features of acute lung injury (ALI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and sepsis, and a major complication of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. Functional impairment of the EC barrier and accompanying inflammation arises due to microbial toxins and from white blood cells of the lung as part of a defensive action against pathogens, ischemia-reperfusion or blood product transfusions, and aspiration syndromes-based injury. A loss of barrier function results in the excessive movement of fluid and macromolecules from the vasculature into the interstitium and alveolae resulting in pulmonary edema and collapse of the architecture and function of the lungs, and eventually culminates in respiratory failure. Therefore, EC barrier integrity, which is heavily dependent on cytoskeletal elements (mainly actin filaments, microtubules (MTs), cell-matrix focal adhesions, and intercellular junctions) to maintain cellular contacts, is a critical requirement for the preservation of lung function. EC cytoskeletal remodeling is regulated, at least in part, by Ser/Thr phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of key cytoskeletal proteins. While a large body of literature describes the role of phosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins on Ser/Thr residues in the context of EC barrier regulation, the role of Ser/Thr dephosphorylation catalyzed by Ser/Thr protein phosphatases (PPases) in EC barrier regulation is less documented. Ser/Thr PPases have been proposed to act as a counter-regulatory mechanism that preserves the EC barrier and opposes EC contraction. Despite the importance of PPases, our knowledge of the catalytic and regulatory subunits involved, as well as their cellular targets, is limited and under-appreciated. Therefore, the goal of this review is to discuss the role of Ser/Thr PPases in the regulation of lung EC cytoskeleton and permeability with special emphasis on the role of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) as major mammalian Ser/Thr PPases. Importantly, we integrate the role of PPases with the structural dynamics of the cytoskeleton and signaling cascades that regulate endothelial cell permeability and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S. Patil
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Anita Kovacs-Kasa
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Boris A. Gorshkov
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - David J. R. Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yunchao Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Robert K. Batori
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Alexander D. Verin
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Molecular Pathogenesis of Endotheliopathy and Endotheliopathic Syndromes, Leading to Inflammation and Microthrombosis, and Various Hemostatic Clinical Phenotypes Based on "Two-Activation Theory of the Endothelium" and "Two-Path Unifying Theory" of Hemostasis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58091311. [PMID: 36143988 PMCID: PMC9504959 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58091311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endotheliopathy, according to the “two-activation theory of the endothelium”, can be triggered by the activated complement system in critical illnesses, such as sepsis and polytrauma, leading to two distinctly different molecular dysfunctions: (1) the activation of the inflammatory pathway due to the release of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, and (2) the activation of the microthrombotic pathway due to the exocytosis of hemostatic factors, such as ultra-large von Willebrand factor (ULVWF) multimers and FVIII. The former promotes inflammation, including inflammatory organ syndrome (e.g., myocarditis and encephalitis) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome (e.g., cytokine storm), and the latter provokes endotheliopathy-associated vascular microthrombotic disease (VMTD), orchestrating thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)-like syndrome in arterial endotheliopathy, and immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)-like syndrome in venous endotheliopathy, as well as multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Because the endothelium is widely distributed in the entire vascular system, the phenotype manifestations of endotheliopathy are variable depending on the extent and location of the endothelial injury, the cause of the underlying pathology, as well as the genetic factor of the individual. To date, because the terms of many human diseases have been defined based on pathological changes in the organ and/or physiological dysfunction, endotheliopathy has not been denoted as a disease entity. In addition to inflammation, endotheliopathy is characterized by the increased activity of FVIII, overexpressed ULVWF/VWF antigen, and insufficient ADAMTS13 activity, which activates the ULVWF path of hemostasis, leading to consumptive thrombocytopenia and microthrombosis. Endothelial molecular pathogenesis produces the complex syndromes of inflammation, VMTD, and autoimmunity, provoking various endotheliopathic syndromes. The novel conceptual discovery of in vivo hemostasis has opened the door to the understanding of the pathogeneses of many endotheliopathy-associated human diseases. Reviewed are the hemostatic mechanisms, pathogenesis, and diagnostic criteria of endotheliopathy, and identified are some of the endotheliopathic syndromes that are encountered in clinical medicine.
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