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Yang WH, Park SY, Kwak YJ, Kim ZH, Choi SH. Third-Man-Passing Small-Sided Games Induce Higher Anaerobic Energy Contributions Than Regular-Passing Small-Sided Games in Football Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024:1-10. [PMID: 39191379 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study compared the physiological profiles and energy-system contributions of trained football players engaged in regular-passing and third-man-passing small-sided games (SSGs) that included 4 versus 4 and a goalkeeper. METHODS Ten male trained football players participated in this crossover study. All participants were randomly assigned to either regular-passing SSG or third-man-passing SSG (4 vs 4 with a goalkeeper, 35-m × 17-m pitch size, and 6-min match duration). During these SSGs, physiological parameters including peak and mean heart rate, oxygen uptake (V˙O2peak and V˙O2mean), metabolic equivalents in V˙O2peak and V˙O2mean, and blood lactate concentrations (peak La- and delta La- [Δ La-]), were measured. Energy contributions (oxidative [WOxi], glycolytic [WGly], and phosphagen [WPCr] systems) and Global Positioning System (GPS) variables (total distance, total acceleration counts, mean speed, and maximum speed) were also analyzed. RESULTS No significant differences in physiological parameters and GPS variables were found between regular- and third-man-passing SSGs. WOxi in kilojoules and percentages was significantly higher during both SSGs than WPCr and WGly (P < .0001, respectively). WPCr and WPCr + WGly values during third-man-passing SSGs were significantly higher than those during regular-passing SSGs (P < .05). Additionally, low to moderate positive correlations were observed between WOxi, WGly in kilojoules, V˙O2peak, V˙O2mean, peak La-, Δ La-, total acceleration counts, and mean speed (r = .39-.64). CONCLUSIONS Third-man-passing SSGs may be useful for increasing anaerobic capacity. More third-man-passing SSG sessions in preparation for football games may support high metabolic power and repeated powerful anaerobic performances in trained football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Hwi Yang
- Graduate School of Sports Medicine, Cha University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, General Graduate School, Cha University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Park
- Graduate School of Sports Medicine, Cha University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Je Kwak
- Graduate School of Sports Medicine, Cha University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Zi-Hyun Kim
- Graduate School of Sports Medicine, Cha University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Choi
- Department of Korea Football Academy, Korea Football Association, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Archacki D, Zieliński J, Pospieszna B, Włodarczyk M, Kusy K. The contribution of energy systems during 15-second sprint exercise in athletes of different sports specializations. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17863. [PMID: 39193515 PMCID: PMC11348913 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Long-term adaptations and ongoing training seem to modify the energy system contribution in highly trained individuals. We aimed to compare the energy metabolism profile during sprint exercise in athletes of different specialties. Methods Endurance (n = 17, 20.3 ± 6.0 yrs), speed-power (n = 14, 20.3 ± 2.5 yrs), and mixed (n = 19, 23.4 ± 4.8 yrs) athletes performed adapted 15-second all-out test before and after a general preparation training period. The contribution of phosphagen, glycolytic, and aerobic systems was calculated using the three-component PCr-LA-O2 method. Results Between-group differences were observed in the contribution of energy systems in the first and second examinations. The proportions were 47:41:12 in endurance, 35:57:8 in team sports, and 45:48:7 in speed-power athletes. Endurance athletes differed in the phosphagen (p < 0.001) and glycolytic systems (p = 0.006) from team sports and in the aerobic system from speed-power athletes (p = 0.003). No substantial shifts were observed after the general preparatory phase, except a decrease in aerobic energy contribution in team sports athletes (p = 0.048). Conclusion Sports specialization and metabolic profile influence energy system contribution during sprint exercise. Highly trained athletes show a stable energy profile during the general preparation phase, indicative of long-term adaptation, rather than immediate training effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Archacki
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jacek Zieliński
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Barbara Pospieszna
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michał Włodarczyk
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kusy
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
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Archacki D, Zieliński J, Ciekot-Sołtysiak M, Zarębska EA, Kusy K. Sex Differences in the Energy System Contribution during Sprint Exercise in Speed-Power and Endurance Athletes. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4812. [PMID: 39200953 PMCID: PMC11355823 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13164812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: A high level of specific metabolic capacity is essential for maximal sprinting in both male and female athletes. Various factors dictate sex differences in maximal power production and energy utilization. This study aims to compare the contribution of energy systems between male and female athletes with similar sport-specific physiological adaptations during a 15-s sprint exercise. Methods: The endurance group consisted of 17 males (23 ± 7 y) and 17 females (20 ± 2 y). The speed-power group included 14 males (21.1 ± 2.6 y) and 14 females (20 ± 3 y). The contribution of phosphagen, glycolytic, and aerobic systems was determined using the three-component PCr-LA-O2 method. Results: Significant differences were observed in the energy expenditure for all systems and total energy expenditure between males and females in both groups (p = 0.001-0.013). The energy expenditure in kJ for individual systems (phosphagen-glycolytic-aerobic) was 35:25:7 vs. 20:16:5 in endurance males vs. female athletes, respectively. In the speed-power group, male athletes expended 33:37:6 kJ and female athletes expended 21:25:4 kJ, respectively. The percentage proportions did not differ between males and females in any system. The contribution of the phosphagen-glycolytic-aerobic systems was 52:37:11 vs. 48:39:13 in endurance male and female athletes, respectively. For speed-power males vs. female athletes, the proportions were 42:50:8 vs. 41:50:9, respectively. Conclusions: Despite the differences in body composition, mechanical output, and absolute energy expenditure, the energy system contribution appears to have a similar metabolic effect between male and female athletes engaged in sprint exercises with similar sport-related adaptations. The magnitude and profile of sex differences are related to sports discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Archacki
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Królowej Jadwigi Street 27/39, 61-871 Poznań, Poland; (J.Z.); (M.C.-S.); (E.A.Z.); (K.K.)
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Pohl A, Schünemann F, Schaaf K, Yang W, Heck H, Heine O, Jacko D, Gehlert S. Increased resting lactate levels and reduced carbohydrate intake cause νLa.max underestimation by reducing net lactate accumulation-A pilot study in young adults. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e70020. [PMID: 39187400 PMCID: PMC11347020 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.70020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Modulation of testing conditions such as resting lactate (Larest) levels or carbohydrate intake may affect the calculation of the maximal glycolytic rate (νLa.max). To evaluate the impact of elevated Larest as well as reduced and increased carbohydrate availability on νLa.max in running sprints (RST), twenty-one participants completed five 15-s RST tests on a running track under five different conditions: (I). baseline: Larest ≤1.5 mmol·L-1; (II). Lactate+: Larest ≥2.5 mmol·L-1; (III). CHO-: carbohydrate intake: ≤ 1 g·kg-1 BW d-1 for 3 days; (IV). CHO+: carbohydrate intake: ≥ 9 g·kg-1 BW d-1 for one day; and (V). acuteCHO: 500 mL glucose containing beverage consumed before RST. νLa.max was significantly reduced in lactate+ and CHO- conditions compared to the baseline RST, due to a reduction in the arithmetic mean delta (∆) between Lapeak and Larest lactate concentration (Lapeak, mmol · L-1). AcuteCHO led to an increase in Larest compared to baseline, CHO- and CHO+ with a high interindividual variability but did not significantly reduce νLa.max. Therefore, avoiding low carbohydrate nutrition before νLa.max testing, along with carefully adjusting Larest to below ≤1.5 mmol·L-1, is crucial to prevent the unintentional underestimation of νLa.max.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pohl
- Department for Biosciences of SportsInstitute of Sport Science, University of HildesheimHildesheimGermany
| | - Frederik Schünemann
- Department for Biosciences of SportsInstitute of Sport Science, University of HildesheimHildesheimGermany
| | - Kirill Schaaf
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University CologneCologneGermany
- Olympic Base Center, North Rhine‐Westphalia/RhinelandCologneGermany
| | - Woo‐Hwi Yang
- Graduate School of Sports MedicineCHA UniversityPocheonRepublic of Korea
| | - Hermann Heck
- Faculty for Sports SciencesRuhr Universität BochumBochumGermany
| | - Oliver Heine
- Olympic Base Center, North Rhine‐Westphalia/RhinelandCologneGermany
| | - Daniel Jacko
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University CologneCologneGermany
- Olympic Base Center, North Rhine‐Westphalia/RhinelandCologneGermany
| | - Sebastian Gehlert
- Department for Biosciences of SportsInstitute of Sport Science, University of HildesheimHildesheimGermany
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University CologneCologneGermany
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Yang WH, Meixner BJ, Sperlich B. Uncertainty in determining the optimal test duration for maximal rate of lactate accumulation during all-out sprint cycle ergometry. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05506-2. [PMID: 38809479 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Hwi Yang
- Graduate School of Sports Medicine, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Benedikt Johannes Meixner
- Department of Sport Science and Sport, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Gebbertstraße 123b, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Iq-Move PG Lochmann & Fraunberger, Gebbertstraße 123b, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science & Training, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Wuerzburg, Judenbuehlweg 11, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science & Training, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Wuerzburg, Judenbuehlweg 11, 97082, Würzburg, Germany.
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Langley JO, Ng SC, Todd EE, Porter MS. V ˙ La max: determining the optimal test duration for maximal lactate formation rate during all-out sprint cycle ergometry. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05456-9. [PMID: 38555335 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05456-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to ascertain the optimal test duration to elicit the highest maximal lactate formation rate ( V ˙ Lamax), whilst exploring the underpinning energetics, and identifying the optimal blood lactate sampling period. METHODS Fifteen trained to well-trained males (age 27 ± 6 years; peak power: 1134 ± 174 W) participated in a randomised cross-over design completing three all-out sprint cycling tests of differing test durations (10, 15, and 30 s). Peak and mean power output (W and W.kg-1), oxygen uptake, and blood lactate concentrations were measured. V ˙ Lamax and energetic contributions (phosphagen, glycolytic, and oxidative) were determined using these parameters. RESULTS The shortest test duration of 10 s elicited a significantly (p = 0.003; p < 0.001) higher V ˙ Lamax (0.86 ± 0.17 mmol.L-1.s-1; 95% CI 0.802-0.974) compared with both 15 s (0.68 ± 0.18 mmol.L-1.s-1; 95% CI 0.596-0.794) and 30 s (0.45 ± 0.07 mmol.L-1.s-1; 95% CI 0.410-0.487). Differences in V ˙ Lamax were associated with large effect sizes (d = 1.07, d = 3.15). We observed 81% of the PCr and 53% of the glycolytic work completed over the 30 s sprint duration was attained after 10 s. BLamaxpost were achieved at 5 ± 2 min (ttest 10 s), 6 ± 2 min (ttest 15 s), and 7 ± 2 min (ttest 30 s), respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated a 10 s test duration elicited the highest V ˙ Lamax. Furthermore, the 10 s test duration mitigated the influence of the oxidative metabolism during all-out cycling. The optimal sample time to determine peak blood lactate concentration following 10 s was 5 ± 2 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Langley
- Department of Higher Education Sport, Loughborough College, Radmoor Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3BT, UK.
| | - S C Ng
- Department of Higher Education Sport, Loughborough College, Radmoor Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3BT, UK
| | - E E Todd
- Department of Higher Education Sport, Loughborough College, Radmoor Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3BT, UK
| | - M S Porter
- Department of Higher Education Sport, Loughborough College, Radmoor Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3BT, UK
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Spanakis M, Fragkiadaki P, Renieri E, Vakonaki E, Fragkiadoulaki I, Alegakis A, Kiriakakis M, Panagiotou N, Ntoumou E, Gratsias I, Zoubaneas E, Morozova GD, Ovchinnikova MA, Tsitsimpikou C, Tsarouhas K, Drakoulis N, Skalny AV, Tsatsakis A. Advancing athletic assessment by integrating conventional methods with cutting-edge biomedical technologies for comprehensive performance, wellness, and longevity insights. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 5:1327792. [PMID: 38260814 PMCID: PMC10801261 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1327792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In modern athlete assessment, the integration of conventional biochemical and ergophysiologic monitoring with innovative methods like telomere analysis, genotyping/phenotypic profiling, and metabolomics has the potential to offer a comprehensive understanding of athletes' performance and potential longevity. Telomeres provide insights into cellular functioning, aging, and adaptation and elucidate the effects of training on cellular health. Genotype/phenotype analysis explores genetic variations associated with athletic performance, injury predisposition, and recovery needs, enabling personalization of training plans and interventions. Metabolomics especially focusing on low-molecular weight metabolites, reveal metabolic pathways and responses to exercise. Biochemical tests assess key biomarkers related to energy metabolism, inflammation, and recovery. Essential elements depict the micronutrient status of the individual, which is critical for optimal performance. Echocardiography provides detailed monitoring of cardiac structure and function, while burnout testing evaluates psychological stress, fatigue, and readiness for optimal performance. By integrating this scientific testing battery, a multidimensional understanding of athlete health status can be achieved, leading to personalized interventions in training, nutrition, supplementation, injury prevention, and mental wellness support. This scientifically rigorous approach hereby presented holds significant potential for improving athletic performance and longevity through evidence-based, individualized interventions, contributing to advances in the field of sports performance optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Spanakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Computational Bio-Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- LifePlus Diagnostic & Consulting Health Services, Science Technology Park of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Persefoni Fragkiadaki
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- LifePlus Diagnostic & Consulting Health Services, Science Technology Park of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Elisavet Renieri
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- LifePlus Diagnostic & Consulting Health Services, Science Technology Park of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Elena Vakonaki
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- LifePlus Diagnostic & Consulting Health Services, Science Technology Park of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Irene Fragkiadoulaki
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- LifePlus Diagnostic & Consulting Health Services, Science Technology Park of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Athanasios Alegakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- LifePlus Diagnostic & Consulting Health Services, Science Technology Park of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Mixalis Kiriakakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- LifePlus Diagnostic & Consulting Health Services, Science Technology Park of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | | | - Ioannis Gratsias
- Check Up Medicus Biopathology & Ultrasound Diagnostic Center – Polyclinic, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Galina Dmitrievna Morozova
- Bioelementology and Human Ecology Center, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Alekseevna Ovchinnikova
- Department of Sport Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov Univercity), Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Nikolaos Drakoulis
- Research Group of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anatoly Viktorovich Skalny
- Bioelementology and Human Ecology Center, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
- Medical Elementology Department, Peoples Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aristides Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Computational Bio-Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- LifePlus Diagnostic & Consulting Health Services, Science Technology Park of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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Park SY, Yang WH. Applied high-intensity interval cardio yoga improves cardiometabolic fitness, energetic contributions, and metabolic flexibility in healthy adults. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1279505. [PMID: 37916218 PMCID: PMC10616977 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1279505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Currently, there is no interventional approach to increase the intensity of Surya Namaskar a popular hatha yoga sequence used worldwide. Therefore, this study investigated how tempo-based high-intensity interval cardio yoga (HIICY) and traditional interval hatha yoga (TIHY) affects cardiometabolic fitness in active adults. Methods: Twenty physically active male and female individuals were randomly separated into HIICY (5 males, 5 females, 1.5 s tempo) and TIHY (5 males, 5 females, 3 s tempo) groups. The intervention included twelve exercise sessions for 4 weeks in both groups. Participants conducted a ramp test to determine their maximal oxygen uptake (V ˙ O2max), maximal velocity at V ˙ O2max (vV ˙ O2max), and maximal heart rate (HRmax). Afterward, they performed a 10-min high-intensity cardio yoga test (HICYT) to determine heart rate (HRpeak and HRmean), oxygen uptake (V ˙ O2peak and V ˙ O2mean), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), blood lactate concentrations (La- peak and ∆La-), fat and carbohydrate oxidations (FATox, CHOox), and energetic contributions (oxidative; W Oxi, glycolytic; W Gly, and phosphagen; W PCr, total energy demand; W Total). Results: V ˙ O2max and vV ˙ O2max showed time and group × time interactions (p < 0.01, p < 0.0001, p < 0.001, respectively). V ˙ O2max after HIICY was significantly higher than in pre-testing and following TIHY (p < 0.001, p < 0.0001, respectively). V ˙ O2peak, V ˙ O2mean, RER, HRpeak, and HRmean during the 10-min HICYT showed significant time effects (p < 0.05). ∆La- indicated a group × time interaction (p < 0.05). Group x time interaction effects for FATox at the fourth and sixth minute were observed (p < 0.05, respectively). Absolute (kJ) and relative (%) W Oxi, W Gly, and W Total showed time and group × time interaction effects (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively). Furthermore, %W Gly was reduced following HIICY (p < 0.05). Additionally, V ˙ O2max and vV ˙ O2max were highly correlated with W Oxi in kJ (r = 0.91, 0.80, respectively). Moderate to high correlations were observed among CHOox, FATox, and absolute V ˙ O2max (r = 0.76, 0.62, respectively). Conclusion: A 4-week period of HIICY improved cardiometabolic fitness, oxidative capacity, and metabolic flexibility compared with TIHY, in physically active adults. Therefore, HIICY is suitable as HY-specific HIIT and time-efficient approach for relatively healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Young Park
- Graduate School of Sports Medicine, CHA University, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Hwi Yang
- Graduate School of Sports Medicine, CHA University, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, General Graduate School, CHA University, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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