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Ranaweera T, Brown BN, Wang P, Shiu SH. Temporal regulation of cold transcriptional response in switchgrass. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:998400. [PMID: 36299783 PMCID: PMC9589291 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.998400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Switchgrass low-land ecotypes have significantly higher biomass but lower cold tolerance compared to up-land ecotypes. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying cold response, including the ones at transcriptional level, can contribute to improving tolerance of high-yield switchgrass under chilling and freezing environmental conditions. Here, by analyzing an existing switchgrass transcriptome dataset, the temporal cis-regulatory basis of switchgrass transcriptional response to cold is dissected computationally. We found that the number of cold-responsive genes and enriched Gene Ontology terms increased as duration of cold treatment increased from 30 min to 24 hours, suggesting an amplified response/cascading effect in cold-responsive gene expression. To identify genomic sequences likely important for regulating cold response, machine learning models predictive of cold response were established using k-mer sequences enriched in the genic and flanking regions of cold-responsive genes but not non-responsive genes. These k-mers, referred to as putative cis-regulatory elements (pCREs) are likely regulatory sequences of cold response in switchgrass. There are in total 655 pCREs where 54 are important in all cold treatment time points. Consistent with this, eight of 35 known cold-responsive CREs were similar to top-ranked pCREs in the models and only these eight were important for predicting temporal cold response. More importantly, most of the top-ranked pCREs were novel sequences in cold regulation. Our findings suggest additional sequence elements important for cold-responsive regulation previously not known that warrant further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilanka Ranaweera
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Energy (DOE) Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Brianna N.I. Brown
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Peipei Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Energy (DOE) Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Kunpeng Institute of Modern Agriculture at Foshan, Foshan, China
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shin-Han Shiu
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Energy (DOE) Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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2
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Ramirez VE, Poppenberger B. Modes of Brassinosteroid Activity in Cold Stress Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:583666. [PMID: 33240301 PMCID: PMC7677411 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.583666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cold stress is a significant environmental factor that negatively affects plant growth and development in particular when it occurs during the growth phase. Plants have evolved means to protect themselves from damage caused by chilling or freezing temperatures and some plant species, in particular those from temperate geographical zones, can increase their basal level of freezing tolerance in a process termed cold acclimation. Cold acclimation improves plant survival, but also represses growth, since it inhibits activity of the growth-promoting hormones gibberellins (GAs). In addition to GAs, the steroid hormones brassinosteroids (BRs) also take part in growth promotion and cold stress signaling; however, in contrast to Gas, BRs can improve cold stress tolerance with fewer trade-offs in terms of growth and yields. Here we summarize our current understanding of the roles of BRs in cold stress responses with a focus on freezing tolerance and cold acclimation pathways.
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Cao Y, Meng D, Li X, Wang L, Cai Y, Jiang L. A Chinese White Pear ( Pyrus bretschneideri) BZR Gene PbBZR1 Act as a Transcriptional Repressor of Lignin Biosynthetic Genes in Fruits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1087. [PMID: 32765567 PMCID: PMC7379032 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BZR transcription factors play essential roles in plant growth and environmental stimuli, and they are also the positive regulators of Brassinosteroid (BR) signal transduction in diverse plants. In addition, BZR TFs, as crucial regulators of BR synthesis, may have multiple stress-resistance functions and their related regulatory mechanisms have been well illustrated in model plants. Here, we carried out a genome-wide identification of BZR members in Chinese pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) and identified 13 members. By comparative analysis in five Rosaceae genomes, BZR members in the pear genome may have undergone large-scale duplication events during evolution. Purifying selection played an important role in almost all of the orthologous and paralogous gene pairs. According to the expression analysis of the PbBZRs during fruit development, three PbBZRs were selected for detailed analysis. Transcriptional activation assays presented that PbBZR1 repressed the promoters of P. bretschneideri lignin biosynthetic genes, such as PbCES9, PbCOMT3, and PbHCT6. Our study traces the evolution of BZR gene family members in Rosaceae genomes and illustrates that the rates of gene loss and gain are far from equilibrium in different species. At the same time, our results suggest that PbBZR1 may be involved in the negative regulation of lignin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Lab of Non-wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Dandan Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co., Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Lihu Wang
- College of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
- *Correspondence: Lihu Wang, ; Yongping Cai, ; Lan Jiang,
| | - Yongping Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Lihu Wang, ; Yongping Cai, ; Lan Jiang,
| | - Lan Jiang
- Central Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- *Correspondence: Lihu Wang, ; Yongping Cai, ; Lan Jiang,
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Podgórska A, Burian M, Gieczewska K, Ostaszewska-Bugajska M, Zebrowski J, Solecka D, Szal B. Altered Cell Wall Plasticity Can Restrict Plant Growth under Ammonium Nutrition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1344. [PMID: 28848567 PMCID: PMC5554365 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants mainly utilize inorganic forms of nitrogen (N), such as nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+). However, the composition of the N source is important, because excess of NH4+ promotes morphological disorders. Plants cultured on NH4+ as the sole N source exhibit serious growth inhibition, commonly referred to as "ammonium toxicity syndrome." NH4+-mediated suppression of growth may be attributable to both repression of cell elongation and reduction of cell division. The precondition for cell enlargement is the expansion of the cell wall, which requires the loosening of the cell wall polymers. Therefore, to understand how NH4+ nutrition may trigger growth retardation in plants, properties of their cell walls were analyzed. We found that Arabidopsis thaliana using NH4+ as the sole N source has smaller cells with relatively thicker cell walls. Moreover, cellulose, which is the main load-bearing polysaccharide revealed a denser assembly of microfibrils. Consequently, the leaf blade tissue showed elevated tensile strength and indicated higher cell wall stiffness. These changes might be related to changes in polysaccharide and ion content of cell walls. Further, NH4+ toxicity was associated with altered activities of cell wall modifying proteins. The lower activity and/or expression of pectin hydrolyzing enzymes and expansins might limit cell wall expansion. Additionally, the higher activity of cell wall peroxidases can lead to higher cross-linking of cell wall polymers. Overall, the NH4+-mediated inhibition of growth is related to a more rigid cell wall structure, which limits expansion of cells. The changes in cell wall composition were also indicated by decreased expression of Feronia, a receptor-like kinase involved in the control of cell wall extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Podgórska
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Burian
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gieczewska
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Ostaszewska-Bugajska
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Zebrowski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biotechnology and Basic Science, University of RzeszówKolbuszowa, Poland
| | - Danuta Solecka
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Bożena Szal
- Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
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Xu Y, Sechet J, Wu Y, Fu Y, Zhu L, Li J, Zhang Y, Gineau E, Gaertner C, Zhou J, Fan X, Liu Y, Zhou L, Mouille G, Lin X. Rice Sucrose Partitioning Mediated by a Putative Pectin Methyltransferase and Homogalacturonan Methylesterification. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:1595-1608. [PMID: 28495893 PMCID: PMC5490883 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Homogalacturonan (HG) is the main component of pectins. HG methylesterification has recently emerged as a key determinant controlling cell attachment, organ formation, and phyllotaxy. However, whether and how HG methylesterification affects intercellular metabolite transport has rarely been reported. Here, we identified and characterized knockout mutants of the rice (Oryza sativa) OsQUA2 gene encoding a putative pectin methyltransferase. Osqua2 mutants exhibit a remarkable decrease in the degree of methylesterification of HG in the culm-sieve element cell wall and a markedly reduced grain yield. The culm of Osqua2 mutant plants contains excessive sucrose (Suc), and a 13CO2 feeding experiment showed that the Suc overaccumulation in the culm was caused by blocked Suc translocation. These and other findings demonstrate that OsQUA2 is essential for maintaining a high degree of methylesterification of HG in the rice culm-sieve element cell wall, which may be critical for efficient Suc partitioning and grain filling. In addition, our results suggest that the apoplastic pathway is involved in long-distance Suc transport in rice. The identification and characterization of the OsQUA2 gene and its functionality revealed a previously unknown contribution of HG methylesterification and provided insight into how modification of the cell wall regulates intercellular transport in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghan Xu
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China
- JJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Julien Sechet
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/AgroParisTech, ERL3559 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Saclay Plant Sciences, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Yingbao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Suzhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Suzhou 215155, China
| | - Yaping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Longfei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jincai Li
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- JJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- JJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Emilie Gineau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/AgroParisTech, ERL3559 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Saclay Plant Sciences, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Cyril Gaertner
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/AgroParisTech, ERL3559 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Saclay Plant Sciences, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Jian Zhou
- Center For Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaorong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/AgroParisTech, ERL3559 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Saclay Plant Sciences, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Xinchun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China
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6
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Rao X, Dixon RA. Brassinosteroid Mediated Cell Wall Remodeling in Grasses under Abiotic Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:806. [PMID: 28567047 PMCID: PMC5434148 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Unlike animals, plants, being sessile, cannot escape from exposure to severe abiotic stresses such as extreme temperature and water deficit. The dynamic structure of plant cell wall enables them to undergo compensatory changes, as well as maintain physical strength, with changing environments. Plant hormones known as brassinosteroids (BRs) play a key role in determining cell wall expansion during stress responses. Cell wall deposition differs between grasses (Poaceae) and dicots. Grass species include many important food, fiber, and biofuel crops. In this article, we focus on recent advances in BR-regulated cell wall biosynthesis and remodeling in response to stresses, comparing our understanding of the mechanisms in grass species with those in the more studied dicots. A more comprehensive understanding of BR-mediated changes in cell wall integrity in grass species will benefit the development of genetic tools to improve crop productivity, fiber quality and plant biomass recalcitrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Rao
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, DentonTX, United States
- BioEnergy Science Center, US Department of Energy, Oak RidgeTN, United States
- *Correspondence: Xiaolan Rao,
| | - Richard A. Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, DentonTX, United States
- BioEnergy Science Center, US Department of Energy, Oak RidgeTN, United States
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7
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Brulé V, Rafsanjani A, Pasini D, Western TL. Hierarchies of plant stiffness. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 250:79-96. [PMID: 27457986 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants must meet mechanical as well as physiological and reproductive requirements for survival. Management of internal and external stresses is achieved through their unique hierarchical architecture. Stiffness is determined by a combination of morphological (geometrical) and compositional variables that vary across multiple length scales ranging from the whole plant to organ, tissue, cell and cell wall levels. These parameters include, among others, organ diameter, tissue organization, cell size, density and turgor pressure, and the thickness and composition of cell walls. These structural parameters and their consequences on plant stiffness are reviewed in the context of work on stems of the genetic reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), and the suitability of Arabidopsis as a model system for consistent investigation of factors controlling plant stiffness is put forward. Moving beyond Arabidopsis, the presence of morphological parameters causing stiffness gradients across length-scales leads to beneficial emergent properties such as increased load-bearing capacity and reversible actuation. Tailoring of plant stiffness for old and new purposes in agriculture and forestry can be achieved through bioengineering based on the knowledge of the morphological and compositional parameters of plant stiffness in combination with gene identification through the use of genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Brulé
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Docteur Penfield Ave., Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada.
| | - Ahmad Rafsanjani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A OC3, Canada.
| | - Damiano Pasini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A OC3, Canada.
| | - Tamara L Western
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Docteur Penfield Ave., Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada.
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8
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Nissen KS, Willats WG, Malinovsky FG. Understanding CrRLK1L Function: Cell Walls and Growth Control. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:516-527. [PMID: 26778775 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
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9
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Shyu C, Brutnell TP. Growth-defence balance in grass biomass production: the role of jasmonates. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4165-76. [PMID: 25711704 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Growth-defence balance is the selective partitioning of resources between biomass accumulation and defence responses. Although it is generally postulated that reallocation of limited carbon pools drives the antagonism between growth and defence, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this regulation. Jasmonates (JAs) are a group of oxylipins that are required for a broad range of responses from defence against insects to reproductive growth. Application of JAs to seedlings also leads to inhibited growth and repression of photosynthesis, suggesting a role for JAs in regulating growth-defence balance. The majority of JA research uses dicot models such as Arabidopsis and tomato, while understanding of JA biology in monocot grasses, which comprise most bioenergy feedstocks, food for human consumption, and animal feed, is limited. Interestingly, JA mutants of grasses exhibit unique phenotypes compared with well-studied dicot models. Gene expression analyses in bioenergy grasses also suggest roles for JA in rhizome development, which has not been demonstrated in Arabidopsis. In this review we summarize current knowledge of JA biology in panicoid grasses-the group that consists of the world's emerging bioenergy grasses such as switchgrass, sugarcane, Miscanthus, and sorghum. We discuss outstanding questions regarding the role of JAs in panicoid grasses, and highlight the importance of utilizing emerging grass models for molecular studies to provide a basis for engineering bioenergy grasses that can maximize biomass accumulation while efficiently defending against stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Shyu
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO 63132, USA
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10
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Cáez-Ramirez GR, Téllez-Medina DI, Gutierrez-López GF. Multiscale and Nanostructural Approach to Fruits Stability. FOOD NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13596-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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11
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Bergonci T, Ribeiro B, Ceciliato PH, Guerrero-Abad JC, Silva-Filho MC, Moura DS. Arabidopsis thaliana RALF1 opposes brassinosteroid effects on root cell elongation and lateral root formation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2219-30. [PMID: 24620000 PMCID: PMC3991750 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rapid alkalinization factor (RALF) is a peptide signal that plays a basic role in cell biology and most likely regulates cell expansion. In this study, transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines with high and low levels of AtRALF1 transcripts were used to investigate this peptide's mechanism of action. Overexpression of the root-specific isoform AtRALF1 resulted in reduced cell size. Conversely, AtRALF1 silencing increased root length by increasing the size of root cells. AtRALF1-silenced plants also showed an increase in the number of lateral roots, whereas AtRALF1 overexpression produced the opposite effect. In addition, four AtRALF1-inducible genes were identified: two genes encoding proline-rich proteins (AtPRP1 and AtPRP3), one encoding a hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (AtHRPG2), and one encoding a xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (TCH4). These genes were expressed in roots and involved in cell-wall rearrangement, and their induction was concentration dependent. Furthermore, AtRALF1-overexpressing plants were less sensitive to exogenous brassinolide (BL); upon BL treatment, the plants showed no increase in root length and a compromised increase in hypocotyl elongation. In addition, the treatment had no effect on the number of emerged lateral roots. AtRALF1 also induces two brassinosteroid (BR)-downregulated genes involved in the BR biosynthetic pathway: the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHISM AND DWARFISM (CPD) and DWARF4 (DWF4). Simultaneous treatment with both AtRALF1 and BL caused a reduction in AtRALF1-inducible gene expression levels, suggesting that these signals may compete for components shared by both pathways. Taken together, these results indicate an opposing effect of AtRALF1 and BL, and suggest that RALF's mechanism of action could be to interfere with the BR signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tábata Bergonci
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13418–900, Brazil
| | - Bianca Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13418–900, Brazil
| | - Paulo H.O. Ceciliato
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13418–900, Brazil
| | - Juan Carlos Guerrero-Abad
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13418–900, Brazil
| | - Marcio C. Silva-Filho
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13418–900, Brazil
| | - Daniel S. Moura
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13418–900, Brazil
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12
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Chimeric repressor analysis identifies MYB87 as a possible regulator of morphogenesis via cell wall organization and remodeling in Arabidopsis. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:1049-57. [PMID: 24563287 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-013-1451-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant growth and development require proper cell wall organization but little is known about the transcription factors responsible for the regulation of gene expression involved in cell wall organization. Here we show, using Arabidopsis thaliana, that constitutive expression of the chimeric repressor for the MYB87 transcription factor causes suppression of longitudinal elongation, aberrant radial growth, and radially expanded or swollen cells in multiple organs. Microarray analysis revealed that plants expressing the chimeric repressor have altered expression of various cell wall related genes. MYB87 may therefore function as a regulator of genes affecting cell wall organization and remodeling. These findings improve our understanding of cell wall regulation and its roles in plant growth and development and also contribute information that may allow engineering of plant growth and architecture.
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13
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Kubicek CP, Starr TL, Glass NL. Plant cell wall-degrading enzymes and their secretion in plant-pathogenic fungi. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2014; 52:427-51. [PMID: 25001456 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-102313-045831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Approximately a tenth of all described fungal species can cause diseases in plants. A common feature of this process is the necessity to pass through the plant cell wall, an important barrier against pathogen attack. To this end, fungi possess a diverse array of secreted enzymes to depolymerize the main structural polysaccharide components of the plant cell wall, i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. Recent advances in genomic and systems-level studies have begun to unravel this diversity and have pinpointed cell wall-degrading enzyme (CWDE) families that are specifically present or enhanced in plant-pathogenic fungi. In this review, we discuss differences between the CWDE arsenal of plant-pathogenic and non-plant-pathogenic fungi, highlight the importance of individual enzyme families for pathogenesis, illustrate the secretory pathway that transports CWDEs out of the fungal cell, and report the transcriptional regulation of expression of CWDE genes in both saprophytic and phytopathogenic fungi.
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14
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Paul AL, Zupanska AK, Schultz ER, Ferl RJ. Organ-specific remodeling of the Arabidopsis transcriptome in response to spaceflight. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:112. [PMID: 23919896 PMCID: PMC3750915 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spaceflight presents a novel environment that is outside the evolutionary experience of terrestrial organisms. Full activation of the International Space Station as a science platform complete with sophisticated plant growth chambers, laboratory benches, and procedures for effective sample return, has enabled a new level of research capability and hypothesis testing in this unique environment. The opportunity to examine the strategies of environmental sensing in spaceflight, which includes the absence of unit gravity, provides a unique insight into the balance of influence among abiotic cues directing plant growth and development: including gravity, light, and touch. The data presented here correlate morphological and transcriptome data from replicated spaceflight experiments. RESULTS The transcriptome of Arabidopsis thaliana demonstrated organ-specific changes in response to spaceflight, with 480 genes showing significant changes in expression in spaceflight plants compared with ground controls by at least 1.9-fold, and 58 by more than 7-fold. Leaves, hypocotyls, and roots each displayed unique patterns of response, yet many gene functions within the responses are related. Particularly represented across the dataset were genes associated with cell architecture and growth hormone signaling; processes that would not be anticipated to be altered in microgravity yet may correlate with morphological changes observed in spaceflight plants. As examples, differential expression of genes involved with touch, cell wall remodeling, root hairs, and cell expansion may correlate with spaceflight-associated root skewing, while differential expression of auxin-related and other gravity-signaling genes seemingly correlates with the microgravity of spaceflight. Although functionally related genes were differentially represented in leaves, hypocotyls, and roots, the expression of individual genes varied substantially across organ types, indicating that there is no single response to spaceflight. Rather, each organ employed its own response tactics within a shared strategy, largely involving cell wall architecture. CONCLUSIONS Spaceflight appears to initiate cellular remodeling throughout the plant, yet specific strategies of the response are distinct among specific organs of the plant. Further, these data illustrate that in the absence of gravity plants rely on other environmental cues to initiate the morphological responses essential to successful growth and development, and that the basis for that engagement lies in the differential expression of genes in an organ-specific manner that maximizes the utilization of these signals--such as the up-regulation of genes associated with light-sensing in roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lisa Paul
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Program in Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Agata K Zupanska
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Program in Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Eric R Schultz
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Program in Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Robert J Ferl
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Program in Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Domozych DS, Fujimoto C, LaRue T. Polar Expansion Dynamics in the Plant Kingdom: A Diverse and Multifunctional Journey on the Path to Pollen Tubes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2013; 2:148-73. [PMID: 27137370 PMCID: PMC4844288 DOI: 10.3390/plants2010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polar expansion is a widespread phenomenon in plants spanning all taxonomic groups from the Charophycean Green Algae to pollen tubes in Angiosperms and Gymnosperms. Current data strongly suggests that many common features are shared amongst cells displaying polar growth mechanics including changes to the structural features of localized regions of the cell wall, mobilization of targeted secretion mechanisms, employment of the actin cytoskeleton for directing secretion and in many cases, endocytosis and coordinated interaction of multiple signal transduction mechanisms prompted by external biotic and abiotic cues. The products of polar expansion perform diverse functions including delivery of male gametes to the egg, absorption, anchorage, adhesion and photo-absorption efficacy. A comparative analysis of polar expansion dynamics is provided with special emphasis on those found in early divergent plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Domozych
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, NY 12866, USA.
| | - Chelsea Fujimoto
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, NY 12866, USA.
| | - Therese LaRue
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, NY 12866, USA.
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DeBolt S, Estevez JM. Current challenges in plant cell walls: editorial overview. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:232. [PMID: 23087699 PMCID: PMC3473367 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seth DeBolt
- Department of Horticulture, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA
| | - Jose M. Estevez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, University of Buenos Aires and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, IFIByNEBuenos aires, Argentina
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