1
|
Das A, Subrahmanian N, Gabilly ST, Andrianova EP, Zhulin IB, Motohashi K, Hamel PP. Two disulfide-reducing pathways are required for the maturation of plastid c-type cytochromes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Genetics 2023; 225:iyad155. [PMID: 37595062 PMCID: PMC10550313 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In plastids, conversion of light energy into ATP relies on cytochrome f, a key electron carrier with a heme covalently attached to a CXXCH motif. Covalent heme attachment requires reduction of the disulfide-bonded CXXCH by CCS5 and CCS4. CCS5 receives electrons from the oxidoreductase CCDA, while CCS4 is a protein of unknown function. In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, loss of CCS4 or CCS5 yields a partial cytochrome f assembly defect. Here, we report that the ccs4ccs5 double mutant displays a synthetic photosynthetic defect characterized by a complete loss of holocytochrome f assembly. This defect is chemically corrected by reducing agents, confirming the placement of CCS4 and CCS5 in a reducing pathway. CCS4-like proteins occur in the green lineage, and we show that HCF153, a distant ortholog from Arabidopsis thaliana, can substitute for Chlamydomonas CCS4. Dominant suppressor mutations mapping to the CCS4 gene were identified in photosynthetic revertants of the ccs4ccs5 mutants. The suppressor mutations yield changes in the stroma-facing domain of CCS4 that restore holocytochrome f assembly above the residual levels detected in ccs5. Because the CCDA protein accumulation is decreased specifically in the ccs4 mutant, we hypothesize the suppressor mutations enhance the supply of reducing power through CCDA in the absence of CCS5. We discuss the operation of a CCS5-dependent and a CCS5-independent pathway controlling the redox status of the heme-binding cysteines of apocytochrome f.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Das
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, 500 Aronoff Laboratory, 318 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Molecular Genetics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Nitya Subrahmanian
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, 500 Aronoff Laboratory, 318 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Stéphane T Gabilly
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, 500 Aronoff Laboratory, 318 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ekaterina P Andrianova
- Department of Microbiology and Translational Data Analytics Institute, The Ohio State University, 318 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Igor B Zhulin
- Department of Microbiology and Translational Data Analytics Institute, The Ohio State University, 318 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ken Motohashi
- Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Karigamo Motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8047, Japan
| | - Patrice Paul Hamel
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, 500 Aronoff Laboratory, 318 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chin-Fatt A, Menassa R. A V HH-Fc Fusion Targeted to the Chloroplast Thylakoid Lumen Assembles and Neutralizes Enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:686421. [PMID: 34122494 PMCID: PMC8193579 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.686421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric fusion proteins comprising a single domain antibody (VHH) fused to a crystallizable fragment (Fc) of an immunoglobulin are modular glycoproteins that are becoming increasingly in demand because of their value as diagnostics, research reagents and passive immunization therapeutics. Because ER-associated degradation and misfolding may potentially be limiting factors in the oxidative folding of VHH-Fc fusion proteins in the ER, we sought to explore oxidative folding in an alternative sub-compartment, the chloroplast thylakoid lumen, and determine its viability in a molecular farming context. We developed a set of in-house expression vectors for transient transformation of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves that target a VHH-Fc to the thylakoid lumen via either secretory (Sec) or twin-arginine translocation (Tat) import pathways. Compared to stromal [6.63 ± 3.41 mg/kg fresh weight (FW)], cytoplasmic (undetectable) and Tat-import pathways (5.43 ± 2.41 mg/kg FW), the Sec-targeted VHH-Fc showed superior accumulation (30.56 ± 5.19 mg/kg FW), but was less than that of the ER (51.16 ± 9.11 mg/kg FW). Additionally, the introduction of a rationally designed de novo disulfide bond enhances in planta accumulation when introduced into the Sec-targeted Fc fusion protein from 50.24 ± 4.08 mg/kg FW to 110.90 ± 6.46 mg/kg FW. In vitro immunofluorescent labeling assays on VHH-Fc purified from Sec, Tat, and stromal pathways demonstrate that the antibody still retains VHH functionality in binding Escherichia coli O157:H7 and neutralizing its intimate adherence to human epithelial type 2 cells. These results overall provide a proof of concept that the oxidative folding environment of the thylakoid lumen may be a viable compartment for stably folding disulfide-containing recombinant VHH-Fc proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Chin-Fatt
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Rima Menassa
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
McKinnon LJ, Fukushima J, Endow JK, Inoue K, Theg SM. Membrane Chaperoning of a Thylakoid Protease Whose Structural Stability Is Modified by the Protonmotive Force. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:1589-1609. [PMID: 32169961 PMCID: PMC7203927 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Protein folding is a complex cellular process often assisted by chaperones, but it can also be facilitated by interactions with lipids. Disulfide bond formation is a common mechanism to stabilize a protein. This can help maintain functionality amid changes in the biochemical milieu, including those relating to energy-transducing membranes. Plastidic Type I Signal Peptidase 1 (Plsp1) is an integral thylakoid membrane signal peptidase that requires an intramolecular disulfide bond for in vitro activity. We have investigated the interplay between disulfide bond formation, lipids, and pH in the folding and activity of Plsp1. By combining biochemical approaches with a genetic complementation assay using Arabidopsis thaliana plants, we provide evidence that interactions with lipids in the thylakoid membrane have reconstitutive chaperoning activity toward Plsp1. Further, the disulfide bridge appears to prevent an inhibitory conformational change resulting from proton motive force-mimicking pH conditions. Broader implications related to the folding of proteins in energy-transducing membranes are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J McKinnon
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Jeremy Fukushima
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Joshua K Endow
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Kentaro Inoue
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Steven M Theg
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wessendorf RL, Lu Y. Photosynthetic characterization of transgenic Synechocystis expressing a plant thiol/disulfide-modulating protein. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 15:1709708. [PMID: 31889463 PMCID: PMC7053882 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1709708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A previous study showed that introducing an Arabidopsis thaliana thiol/disulfide-modulating protein, Low Quantum Yield of Photosystem II 1 (LQY1), into the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 increased the efficiency of Photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry. In the present study, the authors provided additional evidence for the role of AtLQY1 in improving PSII photochemical efficiency and cell growth. Light response curve analysis showed that AtLQY1-expressing Synechocystis grown at a moderate growth light intensity (50 µmol photons m-2 s-1) had higher minimal, maximal, and variable fluorescence than the empty-vector control, under a wide range of actinic light intensities. Light induction and dark recovery curves demonstrated that AtLQY1-expressing Synechocystis grown at the moderate growth light intensity had higher effective PSII quantum yield, higher photochemical quenching, lower regulated heat dissipation (non-photochemical quenching), low amounts of reduced plastoquinone, and higher amounts of oxidized plastoquinone than the empty-vector control. Furthermore, growth curve analysis indicated that AtLQY1-expressing Synechocystis grew faster than the empty-vector control at the moderate growth light intensity. These results suggest that transgenic expression of AtLQY1 in Synechocystis significantly improves PSII photochemical efficiency and overall cell growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L. Wessendorf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ameztoy K, Baslam M, Sánchez-López ÁM, Muñoz FJ, Bahaji A, Almagro G, García-Gómez P, Baroja-Fernández E, De Diego N, Humplík JF, Ugena L, Spíchal L, Doležal K, Kaneko K, Mitsui T, Cejudo FJ, Pozueta-Romero J. Plant responses to fungal volatiles involve global posttranslational thiol redox proteome changes that affect photosynthesis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2627-2644. [PMID: 31222760 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms produce volatile compounds (VCs) that promote plant growth and photosynthesis through complex mechanisms involving cytokinin (CK) and abscisic acid (ABA). We hypothesized that plants' responses to microbial VCs involve posttranslational modifications of the thiol redox proteome through action of plastidial NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC), which regulates chloroplast redox status via its functional relationship with 2-Cys peroxiredoxins. To test this hypothesis, we analysed developmental, metabolic, hormonal, genetic, and redox proteomic responses of wild-type (WT) plants and a NTRC knockout mutant (ntrc) to VCs emitted by the phytopathogen Alternaria alternata. Fungal VC-promoted growth, changes in root architecture, shifts in expression of VC-responsive CK- and ABA-regulated genes, and increases in photosynthetic capacity were substantially weaker in ntrc plants than in WT plants. As in WT plants, fungal VCs strongly promoted growth, chlorophyll accumulation, and photosynthesis in ntrc-Δ2cp plants with reduced 2-Cys peroxiredoxin expression. OxiTRAQ-based quantitative and site-specific redox proteomic analyses revealed that VCs promote global reduction of the thiol redox proteome (especially of photosynthesis-related proteins) of WT leaves but its oxidation in ntrc leaves. Our findings show that NTRC is an important mediator of plant responses to microbial VCs through mechanisms involving global thiol redox proteome changes that affect photosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinia Ameztoy
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Avenida Pamplona 123, Mutilva, Navarra, 31192, Spain
| | - Marouane Baslam
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Ángela María Sánchez-López
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Avenida Pamplona 123, Mutilva, Navarra, 31192, Spain
| | - Francisco José Muñoz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Avenida Pamplona 123, Mutilva, Navarra, 31192, Spain
| | - Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Avenida Pamplona 123, Mutilva, Navarra, 31192, Spain
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Avenida Pamplona 123, Mutilva, Navarra, 31192, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Gómez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Avenida Pamplona 123, Mutilva, Navarra, 31192, Spain
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Avenida Pamplona 123, Mutilva, Navarra, 31192, Spain
| | - Nuria De Diego
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Jan F Humplík
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Lydia Ugena
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Doležal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Kentaro Kaneko
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Mitsui
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Francisco Javier Cejudo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, 41092, Spain
| | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Avenida Pamplona 123, Mutilva, Navarra, 31192, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kang Z, Qin T, Zhao Z. Thioredoxins and thioredoxin reductase in chloroplasts: A review. Gene 2019; 706:32-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
7
|
Meyer AJ, Riemer J, Rouhier N. Oxidative protein folding: state-of-the-art and current avenues of research in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1230-1246. [PMID: 30230547 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1230 I. Introduction 1230 II. Formation and isomerization of disulfides in the ER and the Golgi apparatus 1231 III. The disulfide relay in the mitochondrial intermembrane space: why are plants different? 1236 IV. Disulfide bond formation on luminal proteins in thylakoids 1240 V. Conclusion 1242 Acknowledgements 1242 References 1242 SUMMARY: Disulfide bonds are post-translational modifications crucial for the structure and function of thousands of proteins. Their formation and isomerization, referred to as oxidative folding, require specific protein machineries found in oxidizing subcellular compartments, namely the endoplasmic reticulum and the associated endomembrane system, the intermembrane space of mitochondria and the thylakoid lumen of chloroplasts. At least one protein component is required for transferring electrons from substrate proteins to an acceptor that is usually molecular oxygen. For oxidation reactions, incoming reduced substrates are oxidized by thiol-oxidoreductase proteins (or domains in case of chimeric proteins), which are usually themselves oxidized by a single thiol oxidase, the enzyme generating disulfide bonds de novo. By contrast, the description of the molecular actors and pathways involved in proofreading and isomerization of misfolded proteins, which require a tightly controlled redox balance, lags behind. Herein we provide a general overview of the knowledge acquired on the systems responsible for oxidative protein folding in photosynthetic organisms, highlighting their particularities compared to other eukaryotes. Current research challenges are discussed including the importance and specificity of these oxidation systems in the context of the existence of reducing systems in the same compartments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas J Meyer
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Riemer
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cline SG, Laughbaum IA, Hamel PP. CCS2, an Octatricopeptide-Repeat Protein, Is Required for Plastid Cytochrome c Assembly in the Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017. [PMID: 28824661 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In bacteria and energy generating organelles, c-type cytochromes are a class of universal electron carriers with a heme cofactor covalently linked via one or two thioether bonds to a heme binding site. The covalent attachment of heme to apocytochromes is a catalyzed process, taking place via three evolutionarily distinct assembly pathways (Systems I, II, III). System II was discovered in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii through the genetic analysis of the ccs mutants (cytochrome csynthesis), which display a block in the apo- to holo- form conversion of cytochrome f and c6, the thylakoid lumen resident c-type cytochromes functioning in photosynthesis. Here we show that the gene corresponding to the CCS2 locus encodes a 1,719 amino acid polypeptide and identify the molecular lesions in the ccs2-1 to ccs2-5 alleles. The CCS2 protein displays seven degenerate amino acid repeats, which are variations of the octatricopeptide-repeat motif (OPR) recently recognized in several nuclear-encoded proteins controlling the maturation, stability, or translation of chloroplast transcripts. A plastid site of action for CCS2 is inferred from the finding that GFP fused to the first 100 amino acids of the algal protein localizes to chloroplasts in Nicotiana benthamiana. We discuss the possible functions of CCS2 in the heme attachment reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara G Cline
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
- Plant Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Isaac A Laughbaum
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Patrice P Hamel
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
- Plant Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cline SG, Laughbaum IA, Hamel PP. CCS2, an Octatricopeptide-Repeat Protein, Is Required for Plastid Cytochrome c Assembly in the Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1306. [PMID: 28824661 PMCID: PMC5541062 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In bacteria and energy generating organelles, c-type cytochromes are a class of universal electron carriers with a heme cofactor covalently linked via one or two thioether bonds to a heme binding site. The covalent attachment of heme to apocytochromes is a catalyzed process, taking place via three evolutionarily distinct assembly pathways (Systems I, II, III). System II was discovered in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii through the genetic analysis of the ccs mutants (cytochrome csynthesis), which display a block in the apo- to holo- form conversion of cytochrome f and c6, the thylakoid lumen resident c-type cytochromes functioning in photosynthesis. Here we show that the gene corresponding to the CCS2 locus encodes a 1,719 amino acid polypeptide and identify the molecular lesions in the ccs2-1 to ccs2-5 alleles. The CCS2 protein displays seven degenerate amino acid repeats, which are variations of the octatricopeptide-repeat motif (OPR) recently recognized in several nuclear-encoded proteins controlling the maturation, stability, or translation of chloroplast transcripts. A plastid site of action for CCS2 is inferred from the finding that GFP fused to the first 100 amino acids of the algal protein localizes to chloroplasts in Nicotiana benthamiana. We discuss the possible functions of CCS2 in the heme attachment reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara G. Cline
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
- Plant Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Isaac A. Laughbaum
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - Patrice P. Hamel
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
- Plant Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
- *Correspondence: Patrice P. Hamel,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
After a brief discussion of my graduate work at Duke University, I describe a series of investigations on redox proteins at the University of California, Berkeley. Starting with ferredoxin from fermentative bacteria, the Berkeley research fostered experiments that uncovered a pathway for fixing CO2 in bacterial photosynthesis. The carbon work, in turn, opened new vistas, including the discovery that thioredoxin functions universally in regulating the Calvin-Benson cycle in oxygenic photosynthesis. These experiments, which took place over a 50-year period, led to the formulation of a set of biological principles and set the stage for research demonstrating a role for redox in the regulation of previously unrecognized processes extending far beyond photosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bob B Buchanan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Naranjo B, Mignée C, Krieger-Liszkay A, Hornero-Méndez D, Gallardo-Guerrero L, Cejudo FJ, Lindahl M. The chloroplast NADPH thioredoxin reductase C, NTRC, controls non-photochemical quenching of light energy and photosynthetic electron transport in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:804-22. [PMID: 26476233 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
High irradiances may lead to photooxidative stress in plants, and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) contributes to protection against excess excitation. One of the NPQ mechanisms, qE, involves thermal dissipation of the light energy captured. Importantly, plants need to tune down qE under light-limiting conditions for efficient utilization of the available quanta. Considering the possible redox control of responses to excess light implying enzymes, such as thioredoxins, we have studied the role of the NADPH thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC). Whereas Arabidopsis thaliana plants lacking NTRC tolerate high light intensities, these plants display drastically elevated qE, have larger trans-thylakoid ΔpH and have 10-fold higher zeaxanthin levels under low and medium light intensities, leading to extremely low linear electron transport rates. To test the impact of the high qE on plant growth, we generated an ntrc-psbs double-knockout mutant, which is devoid of qE. This double mutant grows faster than the ntrc mutant and has a higher chlorophyll content. The photosystem II activity is partially restored in the ntrc-psbs mutant, and linear electron transport rates under low and medium light intensities are twice as high as compared with plants lacking ntrc alone. These data uncover a new role for NTRC in the control of photosynthetic yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belén Naranjo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad de Sevilla, 410 92, Seville, Spain
| | - Clara Mignée
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) Saclay, Institut de Biologie et de Technologie de Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) Saclay, Institut de Biologie et de Technologie de Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Dámaso Hornero-Méndez
- Departamento de Fitoquímica de los Alimentos, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Javier Cejudo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad de Sevilla, 410 92, Seville, Spain
| | - Marika Lindahl
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad de Sevilla, 410 92, Seville, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kang ZH, Wang GX. Redox regulation in the thylakoid lumen. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 192:28-37. [PMID: 26812087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants need to balance the efficiency of light energy absorption and dissipative photo-protection when exposed to fluctuations in light quantity and quality. This aim is partially realized through redox regulation within the chloroplast, which occurs in all chloroplast compartments except the envelope intermembrane space. In contrast to the chloroplast stroma, less attention has been paid to the thylakoid lumen, an inner, continuous space enclosed by the thylakoid membrane in which redox regulation is also essential for photosystem biogenesis and function. This sub-organelle compartment contains at least 80 lumenal proteins, more than 30 of which are known to contain disulfide bonds. Thioredoxins (Trx) in the chloroplast stroma are photo-reduced in the light, transferring reducing power to the proteins in the thylakoid membrane and ultimately the lumen through a trans-thylakoid membrane-reduced, equivalent pathway. The discovery of lumenal thiol oxidoreductase highlights the importance of the redox regulation network in the lumen for controlling disulfide bond formation, which is responsible for protein activity and folding and even plays a role in photo-protection. In addition, many lumenal members involved in photosystem assembly and non-photochemical quenching are likely required for reduction and/or oxidation to maintain their proper efficiency upon changes in light intensity. In light of recent findings, this review summarizes the multiple redox processes that occur in the thylakoid lumen in great detail, highlighting the essential auxiliary roles of lumenal proteins under fluctuating light conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hui Kang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Gui-Xue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lu Y. Identification and Roles of Photosystem II Assembly, Stability, and Repair Factors in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:168. [PMID: 26909098 PMCID: PMC4754418 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is a multi-component pigment-protein complex that is responsible for water splitting, oxygen evolution, and plastoquinone reduction. Components of PSII can be classified into core proteins, low-molecular-mass proteins, extrinsic oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) proteins, and light-harvesting complex II proteins. In addition to these PSII subunits, more than 60 auxiliary proteins, enzymes, or components of thylakoid protein trafficking/targeting systems have been discovered to be directly or indirectly involved in de novo assembly and/or the repair and reassembly cycle of PSII. For example, components of thylakoid-protein-targeting complexes and the chloroplast-vesicle-transport system were found to deliver PSII subunits to thylakoid membranes. Various auxiliary proteins, such as PsbP-like (Psb stands for PSII) and light-harvesting complex-like proteins, atypical short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family proteins, and tetratricopeptide repeat proteins, were discovered to assist the de novo assembly and stability of PSII and the repair and reassembly cycle of PSII. Furthermore, a series of enzymes were discovered to catalyze important enzymatic steps, such as C-terminal processing of the D1 protein, thiol/disulfide-modulation, peptidylprolyl isomerization, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of PSII core and antenna proteins, and degradation of photodamaged PSII proteins. This review focuses on the current knowledge of the identities and molecular functions of different types of proteins that influence the assembly, stability, and repair of PSII in the higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana.
Collapse
|
14
|
Protein redox regulation in the thylakoid lumen: the importance of disulfide bonds for violaxanthin de-epoxidase. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:919-23. [PMID: 25747136 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
When exposed to saturating light conditions photosynthetic eukaryotes activate the xanthophyll cycle where the carotenoid violaxanthin is converted into zeaxanthin by the enzyme violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE). VDE protein sequence includes 13 cysteine residues, 12 of which are strongly conserved in both land plants and algae. Site directed mutagenesis of Arabidopsis thaliana VDE showed that all these 12 conserved cysteines have a major role in protein function and their mutation leads to a strong reduction of activity. VDE is also shown to be active in its completely oxidized form presenting six disulfide bonds. Redox titration showed that VDE activity is sensitive to variation in redox potential, suggesting the possibility that dithiol/disulfide exchange reactions may represent a mechanism for VDE regulation.
Collapse
|
15
|
Bölter B, Soll J, Schwenkert S. Redox meets protein trafficking. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:949-56. [PMID: 25626173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
After the engulfment of two prokaryotic organisms, the thus emerged eukaryotic cell needed to establish means of communication and signaling to properly integrate the acquired organelles into its metabolism. Regulatory mechanisms had to evolve to ensure that chloroplasts and mitochondria smoothly function in accordance with all other cellular processes. One essential process is the post-translational import of nuclear encoded organellar proteins, which needs to be adapted according to the requirements of the plant. The demand for protein import is constantly changing depending on varying environmental conditions, as well as external and internal stimuli or different developmental stages. Apart from long-term regulatory mechanisms such as transcriptional/translation control, possibilities for short-term acclimation are mandatory. To this end, protein import is integrated into the cellular redox network, utilizing the recognition of signals from within the organelles and modifying the efficiency of the translocon complexes. Thereby, cellular requirements can be communicated throughout the whole organism. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Chloroplast Biogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Bölter
- Department Biologie I-Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Großhadernerstr. 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CiPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Soll
- Department Biologie I-Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Großhadernerstr. 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CiPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Serena Schwenkert
- Department Biologie I-Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Großhadernerstr. 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science CiPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Du JJ, Zhan CY, Lu Y, Cui HR, Wang XY. The conservative cysteines in transmembrane domain of AtVKOR/LTO1 are critical for photosynthetic growth and photosystem II activity in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:238. [PMID: 25941528 PMCID: PMC4400859 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Thylakoid protein vitamin K epoxide reductase (AtVKOR/LTO1) is involved in oxidoreduction. The deficiency of this compound causes pleiotropic defects in Arabidopsis thaliana, such as severely stunted growth, smaller sized leaves, and delay of flowering. Transgenic complementation of wild-type AtVKOR (VKORWT) to vkor mutant lines ultimately demonstrates that the phenotype changes are due to this gene. However, whether AtVKOR functions in Arabidopsis through its protein oxidoreduction is unknown. To further study the redox-active sites of AtVKOR in vivo, a series of plasmids containing cysteine-mutant VKORs were constructed and transformed into vkor deficient lines. Compared with transgenic AtVKORWT plants, the size of the transgenic plants with a single conservative cysteine mutation (VKORC109A, VKORC116A, VKORC195A, and VKORC198A) were smaller, and two double-cysteine mutations (VKORC109AC116A and VKORC195AC198A) showed significantly stunted growth, similar with the vkor mutant line. However, mutations of two non-conservative cysteines (VKORC46A and VKORC230A) displayed little obvious changes in the phenotypes of Arabidopsis. Consistently, the maximum and actual efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) in double-cysteine mutation plants decreased significantly to the level similar to that of the vkor mutant line both under normal growth light and high light. A significantly decreased amount of D1 protein and increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species were observed in two double-cysteine mutations under high light. All of the results above indicated that the conservative cysteines in transmembrane domains were the functional sites of AtVKOR in Arabidopsis and that the oxidoreductase activities of AtVKOR were directly related to the autotrophic photosynthetic growth and PSII activity of Arabidopsis thaliana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiao-Yun Wang
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Yun Wang, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai´an, Shandong 271018, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cejudo FJ, Meyer AJ, Reichheld JP, Rouhier N, Traverso JA. Thiol-based redox homeostasis and signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:266. [PMID: 24959171 PMCID: PMC4050284 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Cejudo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasSevilla, Spain
- *Correspondence: ; ; ; ;
| | - Andreas J. Meyer
- INRES - Chemical Signalling, University of BonnBonn, Germany
- *Correspondence: ; ; ; ;
| | - Jean-Philippe Reichheld
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via DomitiaPerpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRSPerpignan, France
- *Correspondence: ; ; ; ;
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- Faculté des Sciences, UMR1136 Université de Lorraine-INRA, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismesVandoeuvre, France
- *Correspondence: ; ; ; ;
| | - Jose A. Traverso
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de GranadaGranada, Spain
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranada, Spain
- *Correspondence: ; ; ; ;
| |
Collapse
|