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Nagesh CR, Prashat G R, Goswami S, Bharadwaj C, Praveen S, Ramesh SV, Vinutha T. Sulfate transport and metabolism: strategies to improve the seed protein quality. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:242. [PMID: 38300326 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Sulfur-containing amino acids (SAA), namely methionine, and cysteine are crucial essential amino acids (EAA) considering the dietary requirements of humans and animals. However, a few crop plants, especially legumes, are characterized with suboptimal levels of these EAA thereby limiting their nutritive value. Hence, improved comprehension of the mechanistic perspective of sulfur transport and assimilation into storage reserve, seed storage protein (SSP), is imperative. Efforts to augment the level of SAA in seed storage protein form an integral component of strategies to balance nutritive quality and quantity. In this review, we highlight the emerging trends in the sulfur biofortification approaches namely transgenics, genetic and molecular breeding, and proteomic rebalancing with sulfur nutrition. The transgenic 'push and pull strategy' could enhance sulfur capture and storage by expressing genes that function as efficient transporters, sulfate assimilatory enzymes, sulfur-rich foreign protein sinks, or by suppressing catabolic enzymes. Modern molecular breeding approaches that adopt high throughput screening strategies and machine learning algorithms are invaluable in identifying candidate genes and alleles associated with SAA content and developing improved crop varieties. Sulfur is an essential plant nutrient and its optimal uptake is crucial for seed sulfur metabolism, thereby affecting seed quality and yields through proteomic rebalance between sulfur-rich and sulfur-poor seed storage proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Nagesh
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Rama Prashat G
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Suneha Goswami
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - C Bharadwaj
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Shelly Praveen
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - S V Ramesh
- ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, 671 124, Kasaragod, Kerala, India.
| | - T Vinutha
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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Marques ACR, Tiecher TL, Brunetto G, Vendruscolo D, De Conti L, Ambrosini VG, Miotto A, Rosa DJ, da Silva ICB, Trentin E, Ferreira PAA, Jacques RJS, Pescador R, Comin JJ, Ceretta CA, de Melo GWB, Parent LÉ. Phytoremediation of Cu-contaminated vineyard soils in Brazil: A compendium of Brazilian pot studies. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2023; 52:1024-1036. [PMID: 37533339 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Vineyard soils can be contaminated by copper (Cu) due to successive applications of fungicides and organic fertilizers. Soil remediation can be addressed by altering soil properties or selecting efficient Cu-extracting cover crops tolerant to Cu toxicity. Our objectives were to synthesize the Cu-extracting efficiency by plant species tested in Brazil, classify them according to Cu resistance to toxicity, and assess the effect of soil properties on attenuating Cu toxicity. We retrieved results from 41 species and cultivars, totaling 565 observations. Freshly added Cu varied between 50 and 600 mg Cu kg-1 of soil across studies. The partition of Cu removal between the above- and below-ground portions was scaled as a logistic variable to facilitate data synthesis. The data were analyzed using the Adaboost machine learning model. Model accuracy (predicted vs. actual values) reached R2 = 0.862 after relating species, cultivar, Cu addition, clay, SOM, pH, soil test P, and Cu as features to predict the logistic target variable. Tissue Cu concentration varied between 7 and 105 mg Cu kg-1 in the shoot and between 73 and 1340 mg Cu kg-1 in the roots. Among soil properties, organic matter and soil test Cu most influenced the accuracy of the model. Phaseolus vulgaris, Brassica juncea, Ricinus communis, Hordeum vulgare, Sorghum vulgare, Cajanus cajan, Solanum lycopersicum, and Crotolaria spectabilis were the most efficient Cu-extracting cover crops, as shown by positive values of the logistic variable (shoot removal > root removal). Those Cu-tolerant plants showed differential capacity to extract Cu in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tadeu Luis Tiecher
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Brunetto
- Department of Soil, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Diogo Vendruscolo
- Riograndense Association of Technical Assistance and Rural Extension Enterprises (EMATER / RS), Pinhal Grande, Brazil
| | - Lessandro De Conti
- Farroupilha Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Santo Augusto, Brazil
| | | | - Alcione Miotto
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Santa Catarina, São Miguel do Oeste, Brazil
| | - Daniel José Rosa
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Edicarla Trentin
- Department of Soil, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rosete Pescador
- Department of Phytotechnics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Jucinei José Comin
- Department of Phytotechnics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | | | - Léon-Étienne Parent
- Department of Soils and Agrifood Engineering, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
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Pavlů J, Kerchev P, Černý M, Novák J, Berka M, Jobe TO, López Ramos JM, Saiz-Fernández I, Rashotte AM, Kopriva S, Brzobohatý B. Cytokinin modulates the metabolic network of sulfur and glutathione. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7417-7433. [PMID: 36226742 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone cytokinin is implicated in a range of growth, developmental, and defense processes. A growing body of evidence supports a crosstalk between cytokinin and nutrient signaling pathways, such as nitrate availability. Cytokinin signaling regulates sulfur-responsive gene expression, but the underlying molecular mechanisms and their impact on sulfur-containing metabolites have not been systematically explored. Using a combination of genetic and pharmacological tools, we investigated the interplay between cytokinin signaling and sulfur homeostasis. Exogenous cytokinin triggered sulfur starvation-like gene expression accompanied by a decrease in sulfate and glutathione content. This process was uncoupled from the activity of the major transcriptional regulator of sulfate starvation signaling SULFUR LIMITATION 1 and an important glutathione-degrading enzyme, γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase 2;1, expression of which was robustly up-regulated by cytokinin. Conversely, glutathione accumulation was observed in mutants lacking the cytokinin receptor ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE KINASE 3 and in cytokinin-deficient plants. Cytokinin-deficient plants displayed improved root growth upon exposure to glutathione-depleting chemicals which was attributed to a higher capacity to maintain glutathione levels. These results shed new light on the interplay between cytokinin signaling and sulfur homeostasis. They position cytokinin as an important modulator of sulfur uptake, assimilation, and remobilization in plant defense against xenobiotics and root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Pavlů
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kerchev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Černý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Novák
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Berka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Timothy O Jobe
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - José Maria López Ramos
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Iñigo Saiz-Fernández
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aaron Michael Rashotte
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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Cominelli E, Sparvoli F, Lisciani S, Forti C, Camilli E, Ferrari M, Le Donne C, Marconi S, Juan Vorster B, Botha AM, Marais D, Losa A, Sala T, Reboul E, Alvarado-Ramos K, Waswa B, Ekesa B, Aragão F, Kunert K. Antinutritional factors, nutritional improvement, and future food use of common beans: A perspective. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:992169. [PMID: 36082303 PMCID: PMC9445668 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.992169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Common bean seeds are an excellent source of protein as well as of carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and bioactive compounds reducing, when in the diet, the risks of diseases. The presence of bioactive compounds with antinutritional properties (e.g., phytic acid, lectins, raffinosaccharides, protease inhibitors) limits, however, the bean's nutritional value and its wider use in food preparations. In the last decades, concerted efforts have been, therefore, made to develop new common bean genotypes with reduced antinutritional compounds by exploiting the natural genetic variability of common bean and also applying induced mutagenesis. However, possible negative, or positive, pleiotropic effects due to these modifications, in terms of plant performance in response to stresses or in the resulting technological properties of the developed mutant genotypes, have yet not been thoroughly investigated. The purpose of the perspective paper is to first highlight the current advances, which have been already made in mutant bean characterization. A view will be further provided on future research directions to specifically explore further advantages and disadvantages of these bean mutants, their potential use in innovative foods and representing a valuable genetic reservoir of combinations to assess the true functional role of specific seed bioactive components directly in the food matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cominelli
- National Research Council, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Sparvoli
- National Research Council, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Lisciani
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Forti
- National Research Council, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Camilli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Marika Ferrari
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Le Donne
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Marconi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Barend Juan Vorster
- Department Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Anna-Maria Botha
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Diana Marais
- Department Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Alessia Losa
- Council for Research in Agriculture and Economics, Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Montanaso Lombardo, Italy
| | - Tea Sala
- Council for Research in Agriculture and Economics, Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Montanaso Lombardo, Italy
| | | | | | - Boaz Waswa
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), CIAT Regional Office for Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Beatrice Ekesa
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), CIAT Regional Office for Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Karl Kunert
- Department Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Jha UC, Nayyar H, Parida SK, Deshmukh R, von Wettberg EJB, Siddique KHM. Ensuring Global Food Security by Improving Protein Content in Major Grain Legumes Using Breeding and 'Omics' Tools. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7710. [PMID: 35887057 PMCID: PMC9325250 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Grain legumes are a rich source of dietary protein for millions of people globally and thus a key driver for securing global food security. Legume plant-based 'dietary protein' biofortification is an economic strategy for alleviating the menace of rising malnutrition-related problems and hidden hunger. Malnutrition from protein deficiency is predominant in human populations with an insufficient daily intake of animal protein/dietary protein due to economic limitations, especially in developing countries. Therefore, enhancing grain legume protein content will help eradicate protein-related malnutrition problems in low-income and underprivileged countries. Here, we review the exploitable genetic variability for grain protein content in various major grain legumes for improving the protein content of high-yielding, low-protein genotypes. We highlight classical genetics-based inheritance of protein content in various legumes and discuss advances in molecular marker technology that have enabled us to underpin various quantitative trait loci controlling seed protein content (SPC) in biparental-based mapping populations and genome-wide association studies. We also review the progress of functional genomics in deciphering the underlying candidate gene(s) controlling SPC in various grain legumes and the role of proteomics and metabolomics in shedding light on the accumulation of various novel proteins and metabolites in high-protein legume genotypes. Lastly, we detail the scope of genomic selection, high-throughput phenotyping, emerging genome editing tools, and speed breeding protocols for enhancing SPC in grain legumes to achieve legume-based dietary protein security and thus reduce the global hunger risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday C. Jha
- ICAR—Indian Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR), Kanpur 208024, India
| | - Harsh Nayyar
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India;
| | - Swarup K. Parida
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi 110067, India;
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Punjab 140308, India;
| | | | - Kadambot H. M. Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia
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6
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Mondal S, Pramanik K, Panda D, Dutta D, Karmakar S, Bose B. Sulfur in Seeds: An Overview. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11030450. [PMID: 35161431 PMCID: PMC8838887 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur is a growth-limiting and secondary macronutrient as well as an indispensable component for several cellular components of crop plants. Over the years various scientists have conducted several experiments on sulfur metabolism based on different aspects of plants. Sulfur metabolism in seeds has immense importance in terms of the different sulfur-containing seed storage proteins, the significance of transporters in seeds, the role of sulfur during the time of seed germination, etc. The present review article is based on an overview of sulfur metabolism in seeds, in respect to source to sink relationships, S transporters present in the seeds, S-regulated seed storage proteins and the importance of sulfur at the time of seed germination. Sulfur is an essential component and a decidable factor for seed yield and the quality of seeds in terms of oil content in oilseeds, storage of qualitative proteins in legumes and has a significant role in carbohydrate metabolism in cereals. In conclusion, a few future perspectives towards a more comprehensive knowledge on S metabolism/mechanism during seed development, storage and germination have also been stated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sananda Mondal
- Department of Crop Physiology, Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati University, Sriniketan 731236, India;
| | - Kalipada Pramanik
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati University, Sriniketan 731236, India;
| | - Debasish Panda
- Department of Crop Physiology, Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati University, Sriniketan 731236, India;
| | - Debjani Dutta
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur 741252, India; (D.D.); (S.K.)
| | - Snehashis Karmakar
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur 741252, India; (D.D.); (S.K.)
| | - Bandana Bose
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India;
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Garneau MG, Lu MZ, Grant J, Tegeder M. Role of source-to-sink transport of methionine in establishing seed protein quantity and quality in legumes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2134-2155. [PMID: 34618032 PMCID: PMC8644406 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Grain legumes such as pea (Pisum sativum L.) are highly valued as a staple source of protein for human and animal nutrition. However, their seeds often contain limited amounts of high-quality, sulfur (S) rich proteins, caused by a shortage of the S-amino acids cysteine and methionine. It was hypothesized that legume seed quality is directly linked to the amount of organic S transported from leaves to seeds, and imported into the growing embryo. We expressed a high-affinity yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) methionine/cysteine transporter (Methionine UPtake 1) in both the pea leaf phloem and seed cotyledons and found source-to-sink transport of methionine but not cysteine increased. Changes in methionine phloem loading triggered improvements in S uptake and assimilation and long-distance transport of the S compounds, S-methylmethionine and glutathione. In addition, nitrogen and carbon assimilation and source-to-sink allocation were upregulated, together resulting in increased plant biomass and seed yield. Further, methionine and amino acid delivery to individual seeds and uptake by the cotyledons improved, leading to increased accumulation of storage proteins by up to 23%, due to both higher levels of S-poor and, most importantly, S-rich proteins. Sulfate delivery to the embryo and S assimilation in the cotyledons were also upregulated, further contributing to the improved S-rich storage protein pools and seed quality. Overall, this work demonstrates that methionine transporter function in source and sink tissues presents a bottleneck in S allocation to seeds and that its targeted manipulation is essential for overcoming limitations in the accumulation of high-quality seed storage proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Garneau
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Ming-Zhu Lu
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Jan Grant
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
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Joshi J, Saboori-Robat E, Solouki M, Mohsenpour M, Marsolais F. Distribution and possible biosynthetic pathway of non-protein sulfur amino acids in legumes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4115-4121. [PMID: 31231767 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Some grain legumes store sulfur in the form of non-protein amino acids in seed. γ-Glutamyl-S-methylcysteine is found in Phaseolus and several Vigna species. γ-Glutamyl-S-ethenylcysteine, an antinutritional compound, is present in Vicia narbonensis. In P. vulgaris, free S-methylcysteine levels are higher at early stages of seed development followed by a decline. γ-Glutamyl-S-methylcysteine accumulates later, in two phases, with a lag during reserve accumulation. The concentration of total S-methylcysteine, quantified after acid hydrolysis, is positively regulated by sulfate nutrition. The levels of both γ-glutamyl-S-methylcysteine and γ-glutamyl-S-ethenylcysteine are modulated in response to changes in seed protein composition. A model is proposed whereby the majority of γ-glutamyl-S-methylcysteine in P. vulgaris is synthesized via the intermediate S-methylhomoglutathione. Knowledge of the biosynthesis of non-protein sulfur amino acids is required for metabolic engineering approaches, in conjunction with manipulation of the protein sink, to increase the concentration of nutritionally essential methionine and cysteine. This would improve protein quality of some important legume crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Joshi
- Genomics and Biotechnology, London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elham Saboori-Robat
- Genomics and Biotechnology, London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Mahmood Solouki
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Motahhareh Mohsenpour
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Frédéric Marsolais
- Genomics and Biotechnology, London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Amir R, Cohen H, Hacham Y. Revisiting the attempts to fortify methionine content in plant seeds. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4105-4114. [PMID: 30911752 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The sulfur-containing amino acid methionine belongs to the group of essential amino acids, meaning that humans and animals must consume it in their diets. However, plant seeds have low levels of methionine, limiting their nutritional potential. For this reason, efforts have been made over the years to increase methionine levels in seeds. Here, we summarize these efforts and focus particularly on those utilizing diverse genetic and molecular tools. Four main approaches are described: (i) expression of methionine-rich storage proteins in a seed-specific manner to incorporate more soluble methionine into the protein fraction; (ii) reduction of methionine-poor storage proteins inside the seeds to reinforce the accumulation of methionine-rich proteins; (iii) silencing methionine catabolic enzymes; and (iv) up-regulation of key biosynthetic enzymes participating in methionine synthesis. We focus on the biosynthetic genes that operate de novo in seeds and that belong to the sulfur assimilation and aspartate family pathways, as well as genes from the methionine-specific pathway. We also include those enzymes that operate in non-seed tissues that contribute to the accumulation of methionine in seeds, such as S-methylmethionine enzymes. Finally, we discuss the biotechnological potential of these manipulations to increase methionine content in plant seeds and their effect on seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Amir
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal - Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yael Hacham
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal - Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
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10
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Common Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Accumulates Most S-Methylcysteine as Its γ-Glutamyl Dipeptide. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8050126. [PMID: 31091711 PMCID: PMC6572574 DOI: 10.3390/plants8050126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) constitutes an excellent source of vegetable dietary protein. However, there are sub-optimal levels of the essential amino acids, methionine and cysteine. On the other hand, P. vulgaris accumulates large amounts of the γ-glutamyl dipeptide of S-methylcysteine, and lower levels of free S-methylcysteine and S-methylhomoglutathione. Past results suggest two distinct metabolite pools. Free S-methylcysteine levels are high at the beginning of seed development and decline at mid-maturation, while there is a biphasic accumulation of γ-glutamyl-S-methylcysteine, at early cotyledon and maturation stages. A possible model involves the formation of S-methylcysteine by cysteine synthase from O-acetylserine and methanethiol, whereas the majority of γ-glutamyl-S-methylcysteine may arise from S-methylhomoglutathione. Metabolite profiling during development and in genotypes differing in total S-methylcysteine accumulation showed that γ-glutamyl-S-methylcysteine accounts for most of the total S-methylcysteine in mature seed. Profiling of transcripts for candidate biosynthetic genes indicated that BSAS4;1 expression is correlated with both the developmental timing and levels of free S-methylcysteine accumulated, while homoglutathione synthetase (hGS) expression was correlated with the levels of γ-glutamyl-S-methylcysteine. Analysis of S-methylated phytochelatins by liquid chromatography and high resolution tandem mass spectrometry revealed only small amounts of homophytochelatin-2 with a single S-methylcysteine. The mitochondrial localization of phytochelatin synthase 2—predominant in seed, determined by confocal microscopy of a fusion with the yellow fluorescent protein—and its spatial separation from S-methylhomoglutathione may explain the lack of significant accumulation of S-methylated phytochelatins.
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Joshi J, Pandurangan S, Diapari M, Marsolais F. Comparison of Gene Families: Seed Storage and Other Seed Proteins. THE COMMON BEAN GENOME 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63526-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Cohen H, Pajak A, Pandurangan S, Amir R, Marsolais F. Higher endogenous methionine in transgenic Arabidopsis seeds affects the composition of storage proteins and lipids. Amino Acids 2016; 48:1413-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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