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Luo M, Chu J, Wang Y, Chang J, Zhou Y, Jiang X. Positive Regulatory Roles of Manihot esculenta HAK5 under K + Deficiency or High Salt Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:849. [PMID: 38592853 PMCID: PMC10974855 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
HAK/KUP/KT family members have been identified as playing key roles in K+ uptake and salt tolerance in numerous higher plants. However, their functions in cassava (Manihot esculenta Cantz) remain unknown. In this study, a gene encoding for a high-affinity potassium transporter (MeHAK5) was isolated from cassava and its function was investigated. Subcellular localization analysis showed that MeHAK5 is a plasma membrane-localized transporter. RT-PCR and RT-qPCR indicated that MeHAK5 is predominantly expressed in cassava roots, where it is upregulated by low potassium or high salt; in particular, its highest expression levels separately increased by 2.2 and 2.9 times after 50 µM KCl and 150 mM NaCl treatments. When heterologously expressed in yeast, MeHAK5 mediated K+ uptake within the cells of the yeast strain CY162 and rescued the salt-sensitive phenotype of AXT3K yeast. MeHAK5 overexpression in transgenic Arabidopsis plants exhibited improved growth and increased shoot K+ content under low potassium conditions. Under salt stress, MeHAK5 transgenic Arabidopsis plants accumulated more K+ in the shoots and roots and had reduced Na+ content in the shoots. As a result, MeHAK5 transgenic Arabidopsis demonstrated a more salt-tolerant phenotype. These results suggest that MeHAK5 functions as a high-affinity K+ transporter under K+ starvation conditions, improving K+/Na+ homeostasis and thereby functioning as a positive regulator of salt stress tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. Therefore, MeHAK5 may be a suitable candidate gene for improving K+ utilization efficiency and salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Luo
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (M.L.); (J.C.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jing Chu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (M.L.); (J.C.); (Y.W.)
- National Center for Technology Innovation of Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China;
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (M.L.); (J.C.); (Y.W.)
- National Center for Technology Innovation of Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China;
| | - Jingyan Chang
- National Center for Technology Innovation of Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China;
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (M.L.); (J.C.); (Y.W.)
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (M.L.); (J.C.); (Y.W.)
- National Center for Technology Innovation of Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China;
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Contribution of Rhizobium–Legume Symbiosis in Salt Stress Tolerance in Medicago truncatula Evaluated through Photosynthesis, Antioxidant Enzymes, and Compatible Solutes Accumulation. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13063369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of salt stress on the growth, nodulation, and nitrogen (N) fixation of legumes are well known, but the relationship between symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) driven by rhizobium–legume symbiosis and salt tolerance in Medicago truncatula is not well studied. The effects of the active nodulation process on salt stress tolerance of Medicago truncatula were evaluated by quantifying the compatible solutes, soluble sugars, and antioxidants enzymes, as well as growth and survival rate of plants. Eight weeks old plants, divided in three groups: (i) no nodules (NN), (ii) inactive nodules (IN), and (iii) active nodules (AN), were exposed to 150 mM of NaCl salt stress for 0, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, and 48 h in hydroponic system. AN plants showed a higher survival rate (30.83% and 38.35%), chlorophyll contents (37.18% and 44.51%), and photosynthesis compared to IN and NN plants, respectively. Improved salt tolerance in AN plants was linked with higher activities of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants and higher K+ (20.45% and 39.21%) and lower Na+ accumulations (17.54% and 24.51%) when compared with IN and NN plants, respectively. Additionally, higher generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was indicative of salt stress, causing membrane damage as revealed by higher electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation. All such effects were significantly ameliorated in AN plants, showing higher compatible solutes (proline, free amino acids, glycine betaine, soluble sugars, and proteins) and maintaining higher relative water contents (61.34%). This study advocates positive role of Rhizobium meliloti inoculation against salt stress through upregulation of antioxidant system and a higher concentration of compatible solutes.
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Patel M, Parida AK. Salinity alleviates the arsenic toxicity in the facultative halophyte Salvadora persica L. by the modulations of physiological, biochemical, and ROS scavenging attributes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123368. [PMID: 32653791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal(loid)s contamination in soil is a major environmental concern that limits agricultural yield and threatens human health worldwide. Arsenic (As) is the most toxic non-essential metalloid found in soil which comes from various natural as well as human activities. S. persica is a facultative halophyte found abundantly in dry, semiarid and saline areas. In the present study, growth, mineral nutrient homeostasis, MDA content, phytochelatin levels, and ROS-scavenging attributes were examined in S. persica imposed to solitary treatments of salinity (250 mM and 750 mM NaCl), solitary treatments of arsenic (200 μM and 600 μM As), and combined treatments of As with 250 mM NaCl with an aim to elucidate salinity and As tolerance mechanisms. The results demonstrated that S. persica plants sustained under high levels of As (600 μM As) as well as NaCl (750 mM). The activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were either elevated or unaffected under salt or As stress. However, ascorbate peroxidase activity declined under both solitary and combination of As with NaCl. Furthermore, the cellular redox status measured in terms of reduced ascorbate/dehydroascorbate, and reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratios also either increased or remained unaffected in seedlings treated with both solitary and combined treatments of As + NaCl. Significant accumulation of various oxidative stress indicators (H2O2 and O2-) were observed under high As stress condition. However, presence of salt with high As significantly reduced the levels of ROS. Furthermore, exogenous salt improved As tolerance index (Ti) under high As stress condition. The values of translocation factor (Tf) and As bioaccumulation factor (BF) were >1 in all the treatments. From this study, it can be concluded that the facultative halophyte S. persica is a potential As accumulator and may find application for phytoextraction of arsenic-contaminated saline soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Patel
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, Gujarat, India
| | - Asish Kumar Parida
- Plant Omics Division, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, Gujarat, India.
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Cushman KR, Pabuayon ICM, Hinze LL, Sweeney ME, de los Reyes BG. Networks of Physiological Adjustments and Defenses, and Their Synergy With Sodium (Na +) Homeostasis Explain the Hidden Variation for Salinity Tolerance Across the Cultivated Gossypium hirsutum Germplasm. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:588854. [PMID: 33363555 PMCID: PMC7752944 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.588854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The abilities to mobilize and/or sequester excess ions within and outside the plant cell are important components of salt-tolerance mechanisms. Mobilization and sequestration of Na+ involves three transport systems facilitated by the plasma membrane H+/Na+ antiporter (SOS1), vacuolar H+/Na+ antiporter (NHX1), and Na+/K+ transporter in vascular tissues (HKT1). Many of these mechanisms are conserved across the plant kingdom. While Gossypium hirsutum (upland cotton) is significantly more salt-tolerant relative to other crops, the critical factors contributing to the phenotypic variation hidden across the germplasm have not been fully unraveled. In this study, the spatio-temporal patterns of Na+ accumulation along with other physiological and biochemical interactions were investigated at different severities of salinity across a meaningful genetic diversity panel across cultivated upland Gossypium. The aim was to define the importance of holistic or integrated effects relative to the direct effects of Na+ homeostasis mechanisms mediated by GhHKT1, GhSOS1, and GhNHX1. Multi-dimensional physio-morphometric attributes were investigated in a systems-level context using univariate and multivariate statistics, randomForest, and path analysis. Results showed that mobilized or sequestered Na+ contributes significantly to the baseline tolerance mechanisms. However, the observed variance in overall tolerance potential across a meaningful diversity panel were more significantly attributed to antioxidant capacity, maintenance of stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, and divalent cation (Mg2+) contents other than Ca2+ through a complex interaction with Na+ homeostasis. The multi-tier macro-physiological, biochemical and molecular data generated in this study, and the networks of interactions uncovered strongly suggest that a complex physiological and biochemical synergy beyond the first-line-of defense (Na+ sequestration and mobilization) accounts for the total phenotypic variance across the primary germplasm of Gossypium hirsutum. These findings are consistent with the recently proposed Omnigenic Theory for quantitative traits and should contribute to a modern look at phenotypic selection for salt tolerance in cotton breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R. Cushman
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Isaiah C. M. Pabuayon
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Lori L. Hinze
- USDA-ARS, Crop Germplasm Research, College Station, TX, United States
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Hayat K, Zhou Y, Menhas S, Bundschuh J, Hayat S, Ullah A, Wang J, Chen X, Zhang D, Zhou P. Pennisetum giganteum: An emerging salt accumulating/tolerant non-conventional crop for sustainable saline agriculture and simultaneous phytoremediation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114876. [PMID: 32512425 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is a global threat to the environmental sustainability, in particular to the developing countries due to their limited resources for soil reclamation. In a greenhouse pot experiment, Pennisetum giganteum, was investigated for its tolerance to salt stress and simultaneous phytoremediation capability. 4 weeks post-germination, NaCl (10, 50, 150, 250, 350, 450 and 550 mM) and tap water (control) was applied after every 2 consecutive days for two weeks in a completely randomized design and their effects were established in the growth and physico-chemical aspects of these plants. Our results indicated that P. giganteum withstood high salt stress (with 550 mM NaCl tolerance threshold level). Interestingly, the plants grown under saline conditions had higher biomass yield when compared to the control. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity and proline content of plants under saline conditions were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those of control plants, indicating their adaptability to high salt stress. Biochemical analysis such as chlorophyll contents, total soluble sugar, total phenol and protein contents revealed considerable differences between plants grown under higher NaCl stress compared to the control conditions. Additionally, significantly different ionic flux along with high K+/Na+ ratio was observed in plants grown under a range of saline conditions. The results obtained are therefore of value to indicate P. giganteum an eco-friendly alternate source for the phytoremediation of saline soils and may be used as base for future research on this plant. Effective strategies need to be adopted with this plant to reclaim saline-degraded as well as marginal soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Hayat
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanfei Zhou
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Saiqa Menhas
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Jochen Bundschuh
- UNESCO Chair on Groundwater Arsenic within the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development & Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, 4350, Australia
| | - Sikandar Hayat
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China
| | - Abid Ullah
- Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir Lower, 18800, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, IR, Pakistan
| | - Juncai Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Xunfeng Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Zhou
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China.
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Rahman MM, Mostofa MG, Rahman MA, Miah MG, Saha SR, Karim MA, Keya SS, Akter M, Islam M, Tran LSP. Insight into salt tolerance mechanisms of the halophyte Achras sapota: an important fruit tree for agriculture in coastal areas. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:181-191. [PMID: 30062531 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1289-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sapota (Achras sapota), a fruit tree with nutritional and medicinal properties, is known to thrive in salt-affected areas. However, the underlying mechanisms that allow sapota to adapt to saline environment are yet to be explored. Here, we examined various morphological, physiological, and biochemical features of sapota under a gradient of seawater (0, 4, 8, and 12 dS m-1) to study its adaptive responses against salinity. Our results showed that seawater-induced salinity negatively impacted on growth-related attributes, such as plant height, root length, leaf area, and dry biomass in a dose-dependent manner. This growth reduction was positively correlated with reductions in relative water content, stomatal conductance, xylem exudation rate, and chlorophyll, carbohydrate, and protein contents. However, the salt tolerance index did not decline in proportional to the increasing doses of seawater, indicating a salt tolerance capacity of sapota. Under salt stress, ion analysis revealed that Na+ mainly retained in roots, whereas K+ and Ca2+ were more highly accumulated in leaves than in roots, suggesting a potential mechanism in restricting transport of excessive Na+ to leaves to facilitate the uptake of other essential minerals. Sapota plants also maintained an improved leaf succulence with increasing levels of seawater. Furthermore, increased accumulations of proline, total amino acids, soluble sugars, and reducing sugars suggested an enhanced osmoprotective capacity of sapota to overcome salinity-induced osmotic stress. Our results demonstrate that the salt adaptation strategy of sapota is attributed to increased leaf succulence, selective transport of minerals, efficient Na+ retention in roots, and accumulation of compatible solutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mezanur Rahman
- Department of Agroforestry and Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Golam Mostofa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Abiar Rahman
- Department of Agroforestry and Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Md Giashuddin Miah
- Department of Agroforestry and Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Satya Ranjan Saha
- Department of Agroforestry and Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh
| | - M Abdul Karim
- Department of Agronomy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Sanjida Sultana Keya
- Department of Agroforestry and Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Munny Akter
- Department of Agronomy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Mohidul Islam
- Hill Agricultural Research Station, Raikhali, Rangamati Hill District, Bangladesh
| | - Lam-Son Phan Tran
- Plant Stress Research Group & Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Stress Adaptation Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan.
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Duvane JA, Jorge TF, Maquia I, Ribeiro N, Ribeiro-Barros AIF, António C. Characterization of the Primary Metabolome of Brachystegia boehmii and Colophospermum mopane under Different Fire Regimes in Miombo and Mopane African Woodlands. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2130. [PMID: 29312388 PMCID: PMC5735074 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Miombo and Mopane are ecological and economic important woodlands from Africa, highly affected by a combination of climate change factors, and anthropogenic fires. Although most species of these ecosystems are fire tolerant, the mechanisms that lead to adaptive responses (metabolic reconfiguration) are unknown. In this context, the aim of this study was to characterize the primary metabolite composition of typical legume trees from these ecosystems, namely, Brachystegia boehmii (Miombo) and Colophospermum mopane (Mopane) subjected to different fire regimes. Fresh leaves from each species were collected in management units and landscapes across varied fire frequencies in the Niassa National Reserve (NNR) and Limpopo National Park (LNP) in Mozambique. Primary metabolites were extracted and analyzed with a well-established gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry metabolomics platform (GC-TOF-MS). In B. boehmii, 39 primary metabolites were identified from which seven amino acids, two organic acids and two sugars increased significantly, whereas in C. mopane, 41 primary metabolites were identified from which eight amino acids, one sugar and two organic acids significantly increased with increasing fire frequency. The observed changes in the pool of metabolites of C. mopane might be related to high glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) rate, which provided increased levels of amino acids and energy yield. In B. boehmii, the high levels of amino acids might be due to inhibition of protein biosynthesis. The osmoprotectant and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging properties of accumulated metabolites in parallel with a high-energy yield might support plants survival under fire stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jossias A. Duvane
- Faculty of Sciences, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
- Plant Metabolomics Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Tiago F. Jorge
- Plant Metabolomics Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Natasha Ribeiro
- Faculty of Agronomy and Forest Engineering, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Ana I. F. Ribeiro-Barros
- Plant Metabolomics Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Plant Stress and Biodiversity Laboratory, Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carla António
- Plant Metabolomics Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
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Rahman MM, Rahman MA, Miah MG, Saha SR, Karim MA, Mostofa MG. Mechanistic Insight into Salt Tolerance of Acacia auriculiformis: The Importance of Ion Selectivity, Osmoprotection, Tissue Tolerance, and Na + Exclusion. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:155. [PMID: 28421081 PMCID: PMC5378810 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Salinity, one of the major environmental constraints, threatens soil health and consequently agricultural productivity worldwide. Acacia auriculiformis, being a halophyte, offers diverse benefits against soil salinity; however, the defense mechanisms underlying salt-tolerant capacity in A. auriculiformis are still elusive. In this study, we aimed to elucidate mechanisms regulating the adaptability of the multi-purpose perennial species A. auriculiformis to salt stress. The growth, ion homeostasis, osmoprotection, tissue tolerance and Na+ exclusion, and anatomical adjustments of A. auriculiformis grown in varied doses of seawater for 90 and 150 days were assessed. Results showed that diluted seawater caused notable reductions in the level of growth-related parameters, relative water content, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic pigments, proteins, and carbohydrates in dose- and time-dependent manners. However, the percent reduction of these parameters did not exceed 50% of those of control plants. Na+ contents in phyllodes and roots increased with increasing levels of salinity, whereas K+ contents and K+/Na+ ratio decreased significantly in comparison with control plants. A. auriculiformis retained more Na+ in the roots and maintained higher levels of K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+, and K+/Na+ ratio in phyllodes than roots through ion selective capacity. The contents of proline, total free amino acids, total sugars and reducing sugars significantly accumulated together with the levels of malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage in the phyllodes, particularly at day 150th of salt treatment. Anatomical investigations revealed various anatomical changes in the tissues of phyllodes, stems and roots by salt stress, such as increase in the size of spongy parenchyma of phyllodes, endodermal thickness of stems and roots, and the diameter of root vascular bundle, relative to control counterparts. Furthermore, the estimated values for Na+ exclusion and tissue tolerance index suggested that A. auriculiformis efficiently adopted these two mechanisms to address higher salinity levels. Our results conclude that the adaptability of A. auriculiformis to salinity is closely associated with ion selectivity, increased accumulation of osmoprotectants, efficient Na+ retention in roots, anatomical adjustments, Na+ exclusion and tissue tolerance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. M. Rahman
- Department of Agroforestry and Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural UniversityGazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Md. A. Rahman
- Department of Agroforestry and Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural UniversityGazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Md. G. Miah
- Department of Agroforestry and Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural UniversityGazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Satya R. Saha
- Department of Agroforestry and Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural UniversityGazipur, Bangladesh
| | - M. A. Karim
- Department of Agronomy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural UniversityGazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad G. Mostofa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural UniversityGazipur, Bangladesh
- *Correspondence: Mohammad G. Mostofa,
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Rangani J, Parida AK, Panda A, Kumari A. Coordinated Changes in Antioxidative Enzymes Protect the Photosynthetic Machinery from Salinity Induced Oxidative Damage and Confer Salt Tolerance in an Extreme Halophyte Salvadora persica L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:50. [PMID: 26904037 PMCID: PMC4748684 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Salinity-induced modulations in growth, photosynthetic pigments, relative water content (RWC), lipid peroxidation, photosynthesis, photosystem II efficiency, and changes in activity of various antioxidative enzymes were studied in the halophyte Salvadora persica treated with various levels of salinity (0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mM NaCl) to obtain an insight into the salt tolerance ability of this halophyte. Both fresh and dry biomass as well as leaf area (LA) declined at all levels of salinity whereas salinity caused an increase in leaf succulence. A gradual increase was observed in the Na(+) content of leaf with increasing salt concentration up to 750 mM NaCl, but at higher salt concentration (1000 mM NaCl), the Na(+) content surprisingly dropped down to the level of 250 mM NaCl. The chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of the leaf remained unaffected by salinity. The photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs), the transpiration rate (E), quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII), photochemical quenching (qP), and electron transport rate remained unchanged at low salinity (250 to 500 mM NaCl) whereas, significant reduction in these parameters were observed at high salinity (750 to 1000 mM NaCl). The RWC% and water use efficiency (WUE) of leaf remained unaffected by salinity. The salinity had no effect on maximum quantum efficiency of PS II (Fv/Fm) which indicates that PS II is not perturbed by salinity-induced oxidative damage. Analysis of the isoforms of antioxidative enzymes revealed that the leaves of S. persica have two isoforms each of Mn-SOD and Fe-SOD and one isoform of Cu-Zn SOD, three isoforms of POX, two isoforms of APX and one isoform of CAT. There was differential responses in activity and expression of different isoforms of various antioxidative enzymes. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content (a product of lipid peroxidation) of leaf remained unchanged in S. persica treated with various levels of salinity. Our results suggest that the absence of pigment degradation, the reduction of water loss, and the maintenance of WUE and protection of PSII from salinity-induced oxidative damage by the coordinated changes in antioxidative enzymes are important factors responsible for salt tolerance of S. persica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaykumar Rangani
- Division of Wasteland Research, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute – Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute – Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
| | - Asish K. Parida
- Division of Wasteland Research, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute – Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute – Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
| | - Ashok Panda
- Division of Wasteland Research, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute – Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
| | - Asha Kumari
- Division of Wasteland Research, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute – Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute – Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
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