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Perween N, Pekhale K, Haval G, Sirkar G, Bose GS, Mittal SPK, Ghaskadbi S, Ghaskadbi SS. Identification and characterization of multidomain monothiol glutaredoxin 3 from diploblastic Hydra. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 273:110986. [PMID: 38703881 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.110986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Intracellular antioxidant glutaredoxin controls cell proliferation and survival. Based on the active site, structure, and conserved domain motifs, it is classified into two classes. Class I contains dithiol Grxs with two cysteines in the consensus active site sequence CXXC, while class II has monothiol Grxs with one cysteine residue in the active site. Monothiol Grxs can also have an additional N-terminal thioredoxin (Trx)-like domain. Previously, we reported the characterization of Grx1 from Hydra vulgaris (HvGrx1), which is a dithiol isoform. Here, we report the molecular cloning, expression, analysis, and characterization of another isoform of Grx, which is the multidomain monothiol glutaredoxin-3 from Hydra vulgaris (HvGrx3). It encodes a protein with 303 amino acids and is significantly larger and more divergent than HvGrx1. In-silico analysis revealed that Grx1 and Grx3 have 22.5% and 9.9% identical nucleotide and amino acid sequences, respectively. HvGrx3 has two glutaredoxin domains and a thioredoxin-like domain at its amino terminus, unlike HvGrx1, which has a single glutaredoxin domain. Like other monothiol glutaredoxins, HvGrx3 failed to reduce glutathione-hydroxyethyl disulfide. In the whole Hydra, HvGrx3 was found to be expressed all over the body column, and treatment with H2O2 led to a significant upregulation of HvGrx3. When transfected in HCT116 (human colon cancer cells) cells, HvGrx3 enhanced cell proliferation and migration, indicating that this isoform could be involved in these cellular functions. These transfected cells also tolerate oxidative stress better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Perween
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India; Department of Zoology, M.C.E. Society's Abeda Inamdar Senior College, Pune 411001, India. https://twitter.com/nusratperween13
| | - Komal Pekhale
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Gauri Haval
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India; Department of Zoology, Abasaheb Garware College, Pune 411004, India
| | - Gargi Sirkar
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Ganesh S Bose
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Smriti P K Mittal
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Surendra Ghaskadbi
- Developmental Biology Group, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India
| | - Saroj S Ghaskadbi
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India.
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El Baidouri M, Reichheld JP, Belin C. An evolutionary view of the function of CC-type glutaredoxins in plant development and adaptation to the environment. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4287-4299. [PMID: 38787597 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Land plants have to face an oxidizing, heterogeneous, and fast changing environment. Redox-dependent post-translational modifications emerge as a critical component of plant responses to stresses. Among the thiol oxidoreductase superfamily, class III CC-type glutaredoxins (called ROXYs) are land plant specific, and their evolutionary history is highly dynamic. Angiosperms encode many isoforms, classified into five subgroups (Aα, Aβ, Bα, Bβ, Bγ) that probably evolved from five common ancestral ROXYs, with higher evolutionary dynamics in the Bγ subgroup compared with the other subgroups. ROXYs can modulate the transcriptional activity of TGA transcription factor target genes, although their biochemical function is still debated. ROXYs participate in the control of proper plant development and reproduction, and are mainly negative regulators of plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. This suggests that most ROXYs could play essential and conserved functions in resetting redox-dependent changes in transcriptional activity upon stress signaling to ensure the responsiveness of the system and/or avoid exaggerated responses that could lead to major defects in plant growth and reproduction. In Arabidopsis Bγ members acquired important functions in responses to nitrogen availability and endogenous status, but the rapid and independent evolution of this subclass might suggest that this function results from neofunctionalization, specifically observed in core eudicots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moaïne El Baidouri
- Université Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR5096, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR5096, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Reichheld
- Université Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR5096, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR5096, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Christophe Belin
- Université Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR5096, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR5096, F-66860 Perpignan, France
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Kumar RMS, Ramesh SV, Sun Z, Thankappan S, Nulu NPC, Binodh AK, Kalaipandian S, Srinivasan R. Capsicum chinense Jacq.-derived glutaredoxin (CcGRXS12) alters redox status of the cells to confer resistance against pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV-I). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:108. [PMID: 38557872 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The CcGRXS12 gene protects plants from cellular oxidative damage that are caused by both biotic and abiotic stresses. The protein possesses GSH-disulphide oxidoreductase property but lacks Fe-S cluster assembly mechanism. Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are small, ubiquitous and multi-functional proteins. They are present in different compartments of plant cells. A chloroplast targeted Class I GRX (CcGRXS12) gene was isolated from Capsicum chinense during the pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) infection. Functional characterization of the gene was performed in Nicotiana benthamiana transgenic plants transformed with native C. chinense GRX (Nb:GRX), GRX-fused with GFP (Nb:GRX-GFP) and GRX-truncated for chloroplast sequences fused with GFP (Nb:Δ2MGRX-GFP). Overexpression of CcGRXS12 inhibited the PMMoV-I accumulation at the later stage of infection, accompanied with the activation of salicylic acid (SA) pathway pathogenesis-related (PR) transcripts and suppression of JA/ET pathway transcripts. Further, the reduced accumulation of auxin-induced Glutathione-S-Transferase (pCNT103) in CcGRXS12 overexpressing lines indicated that the protein could protect the plants from the oxidative stress caused by the virus. PMMoV-I infection increased the accumulation of pyridine nucleotides (PNs) mainly due to the reduced form of PNs (NAD(P)H), and it was high in Nb:GRX-GFP lines compared to other transgenic lines. Apart from biotic stress, CcGRXS12 protects the plants from abiotic stress conditions caused by H2O2 and herbicide paraquat. CcGRXS12 exhibited GSH-disulphide oxidoreductase activity in vitro; however, it was devoid of complementary Fe-S cluster assembly mechanism found in yeast. Overall, this study proves that CcGRXS12 plays a crucial role during biotic and abiotic stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Saravana Kumar
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India.
| | - S V Ramesh
- Physiology, Biochemistry and Post-Harvest Technology Division, ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671 124, India
| | - Z Sun
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Sugitha Thankappan
- Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Asish Kanakaraj Binodh
- Center for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sundaravelpandian Kalaipandian
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
| | - Ramachandran Srinivasan
- Centre for Ocean Research, Sathyabama Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119, Tamil Nadu, India
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Nguyen DK, Nguyen TP, Li YR, Ohme-Takagi M, Liu ZH, Ly TT, Nguyen VA, Trinh NN, Huang HJ. Comparative study of two indoor microbial volatile pollutants, 2-Methyl-1-butanol and 3-Methyl-1-butanol, on growth and antioxidant system of rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 272:116055. [PMID: 38340597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
2-Methyl-1-butanol (2MB) and 3-Methyl-1-butanol (3MB) are microbial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and found in indoor air. Here, we applied rice as a bioindicator to investigate the effects of these indoor microbial volatile pollutants. A remarkable decrease in germination percentage, shoot and root elongation, as well as lateral root numbers were observed in 3MB. Furthermore, ROS production increased by 2MB and 3MB, suggesting that pentanol isomers could induce cytotoxicity in rice seedlings. The enhancement of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activity provided evidence that pentanol isomers activated the enzymatic antioxidant scavenging systems, with a more significant effect observed in 3MB. Furthermore, 3MB induced higher activity levels of glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and the GSH/GSSG ratio in rice compared to the levels induced by 2MB. Additionally, qRT-PCR analysis showed more up-regulation in the expression of glutaredoxins (GRXs), peroxiredoxins (PRXs), thioredoxins (TRXs), and glutathione S-transferases (GSTUs) genes in 3MB. Taking the impacts of pentanol isomers together, the present study suggests that 3MB exhibits more cytotoxic than 2MB, as such has critical effects on germination and the early seedling stage of rice. Our results provide molecular insights into how isomeric indoor microbial volatile pollutants affect plant growth through airborne signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diem-Kieu Nguyen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tri-Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Rong Li
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Masaru Ohme-Takagi
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Zin-Huang Liu
- Graduate Program in Translational Agricultural Sciences, NCKU and Academia Sinica, Taiwan
| | - Thach-Thao Ly
- Graduate Program in Translational Agricultural Sciences, NCKU and Academia Sinica, Taiwan
| | - Van-Anh Nguyen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Intellectual Property Office of Vietnam, Thanh Xuan District, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc-Nam Trinh
- Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Go Vap District, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Hao-Jen Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Graduate Program in Translational Agricultural Sciences, NCKU and Academia Sinica, Taiwan.
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5
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Jiménez A, López-Martínez R, Martí MC, Cano-Yelo D, Sevilla F. The integration of TRX/GRX systems and phytohormonal signalling pathways in plant stress and development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 207:108298. [PMID: 38176187 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Plant acclimation to changing environmental conditions involves the interaction of different signalling molecules, including reactive oxygen species and hormones. Redox regulation exerted by thioredoxin (TRX) and glutaredoxin (GRX), two oxidoreductases, is emerging as a specific point of control mediating signal transduction pathways associated with plant growth and stress response. Phytohormones are messengers that coordinate plant cell activities to regulate growth, defence, and productivity, although their cross-talk with components of the redox system is less known. The present review focuses on our current knowledge of the interplay that occurs between TRX and GRX systems and phytohormonal signalling pathways in connection with the control of plant development and stress responses. Here, we consider the regulation that phytohormones exert on TRX and GRX systems, as well as the involvement of these redox proteins in the control of phytohormone-mediated signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Jiménez
- Abiotic Stress, Production and Quality Laboratory, Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Raquel López-Martínez
- Abiotic Stress, Production and Quality Laboratory, Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain.
| | - María Carmen Martí
- Abiotic Stress, Production and Quality Laboratory, Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Desiré Cano-Yelo
- Abiotic Stress, Production and Quality Laboratory, Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Francisca Sevilla
- Abiotic Stress, Production and Quality Laboratory, Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain.
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6
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Zhai R, Ye S, Ye J, Wu M, Zhu G, Yu F, Wang X, Feng Y, Zhang X. Glutaredoxin in Rice Growth, Development, and Stress Resistance: Mechanisms and Research Advances. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16968. [PMID: 38069292 PMCID: PMC10707574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food for more than half of the global population. Various abiotic and biotic stresses lead to accumulation of reactive oxygen species in rice, which damage macromolecules and signaling pathways. Rice has evolved a variety of antioxidant systems, including glutaredoxin (GRX), that protect against various stressors. A total of 48 GRX gene loci have been identified on 11 of the 12 chromosomes of the rice genome; none were found on chromosome 9. GRX proteins were classified into four categories according to their active sites: CPYC, CGFS, CC, and GRL. In this paper, we summarized the recent research advances regarding the roles of GRX in rice development regulation and response to stresses, and discussed future research perspectives related to rice production. This review could provide information for rice researchers on the current status of the GRX and serve as guidance for breeding superior varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Zhai
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Shenghai Ye
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Mingming Wu
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Guofu Zhu
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Faming Yu
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xingyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yue Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
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Um TY, Hong SY, Han JS, Jung KH, Moon S, Choi BS, Basnet P, Chung YS, Lee SW, Yang WT, Kim DH. Gibberellic acid sensitive dwarf encodes an ARPC2 subunit that mediates gibberellic acid biosynthesis, effects to grain yield in rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1027688. [PMID: 36618614 PMCID: PMC9813395 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1027688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone gibberellic acid (GA) is important for plant growth and productivity. Actin-related proteins (ARPs) also play central roles in plant growth, including cell elongation and development. However, the relationships between ARPs and GA signaling and biosynthesis are not fully understood. Here, we isolated OsGASD, encoding an ARP subunit from rice (Oryza sativa), using the Ac/Ds knockout system. The osgasd knockout (Ko) mutation reduced GA3 content in shoots as well as plant growth and height. However, GA application restored the plant height of the osgasd Ko mutant to a height similar to that of the wild type (WT). Rice plants overexpressing OsGASD (Ox) showed increased plant height and grain yield compared to the WT. Transcriptome analysis of flag leaves of OsGASD Ox and osgasd Ko plants revealed that OsGASD regulates cell development and the expression of elongation-related genes. These observations suggest that OsGASD is involved in maintaining GA homeostasis to regulate plant development, thereby affecting rice growth and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Young Um
- Department of Agriculture and Life Industry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Hong
- College of Life Science and Natural Resources, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Sung Han
- College of Life Science and Natural Resources, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hong Jung
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunok Moon
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom-Soon Choi
- Research Institute, NBIT Co., Ltd., Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Prakash Basnet
- Department of Agriculture and Life Industry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Soo Chung
- College of Life Science and Natural Resources, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Woo Lee
- College of Life Science and Natural Resources, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Tae Yang
- College of Life Science and Natural Resources, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Doh Hoon Kim
- College of Life Science and Natural Resources, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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8
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Guo X, Yu X, Xu Z, Zhao P, Zou L, Li W, Geng M, Zhang P, Peng M, Ruan M. CC-type glutaredoxin, MeGRXC3, associates with catalases and negatively regulates drought tolerance in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:2389-2405. [PMID: 36053917 PMCID: PMC9674314 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (GRXs) are essential for reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis in responses of plants to environment changes. We previously identified several drought-responsive CC-type GRXs in cassava, an important tropical crop. However, how CC-type GRX regulates ROS homeostasis of cassava under drought stress remained largely unknown. Here, we report that a drought-responsive CC-type GRX, namely MeGRXC3, was associated with activity of catalase in the leaves of 100 cultivars (or unique unnamed genotypes) of cassava under drought stress. MeGRXC3 negatively regulated drought tolerance by modulating drought- and abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure in transgenic cassava. It antagonistically regulated hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) accumulation in epidermal cells and guard cells. Moreover, MeGRXC3 interacted with two catalases of cassava, MeCAT1 and MeCAT2, and regulated their activity in vivo. Additionally, MeGRXC3 interacts with a cassava TGA transcription factor, MeTGA2, in the nucleus, and regulates the expression of MeCAT7 through a MeTGA2-MeMYB63 pathway. Overall, we demonstrated the roles of MeGRXC3 in regulating activity of catalase at both transcriptional and post-translational levels, therefore involving in ROS homeostasis and stomatal movement in responses of cassava to drought stress. Our study provides the first insights into how MeGRXC3 may be used in molecular breeding of cassava crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical CropsInstitute of Tropical Bioscience and BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikouChina
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical BioresourcesHainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural ResourcesHaikouChina
| | - Xiaoling Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical CropsInstitute of Tropical Bioscience and BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikouChina
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical BioresourcesHainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural ResourcesHaikouChina
| | - Ziyin Xu
- College of Tropical CropsHainan UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Pingjuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical CropsInstitute of Tropical Bioscience and BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikouChina
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical BioresourcesHainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural ResourcesHaikouChina
| | - Liangping Zou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical CropsInstitute of Tropical Bioscience and BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikouChina
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical BioresourcesHainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural ResourcesHaikouChina
| | - Wenbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical CropsInstitute of Tropical Bioscience and BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikouChina
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical BioresourcesHainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural ResourcesHaikouChina
| | - Mengting Geng
- College of Tropical CropsHainan UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Peng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Ming Peng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical CropsInstitute of Tropical Bioscience and BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikouChina
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical BioresourcesHainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural ResourcesHaikouChina
| | - Mengbin Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical CropsInstitute of Tropical Bioscience and BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikouChina
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical BioresourcesHainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural ResourcesHaikouChina
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9
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Zheng Y, Zong J, Liu J, Wang R, Chen J, Guo H, Kong W, Liu J, Chen Y. Mining for salt-tolerant genes from halophyte Zoysia matrella using FOX system and functional analysis of ZmGnTL. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1063436. [PMID: 36466287 PMCID: PMC9714509 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1063436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Zoysia matrella is a salt-tolerant turfgrass grown in areas with high soil salinity irrigated with effluent water. Previous studies focused on explaining the regulatory mechanism of Z. matrella salt-tolerance at phenotypic and physiological levels. However, the molecular mechanism associated with salt tolerance of Z. matrella remained unclear. In this study, a high-efficient method named FOX (full-length cDNA overexpression) hunting system was used to search for salt-tolerant genes in Z. matrella. Eleven candidate genes, including several known or novel salt-tolerant genes involved in different metabolism pathways, were identified. These genes exhibited inducible expression under salt stress condition. Furthermore, a novel salt-inducible candidate gene ZmGnTL was transformed into Arabidopsis for functional analysis. ZmGnTL improved salt-tolerance through regulating ion homeostasis, reactive oxygen species scavenging, and osmotic adjustment. In summary, we demonstrated that FOX is a reliable system for discovering novel genes relevant to salt tolerance and several candidate genes were identified from Z. matrella that can assist molecular breeding for plant salt-tolerance improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Zheng
- College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junqin Zong
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruying Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jingbo Chen
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hailin Guo
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiyi Kong
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianxiu Liu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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10
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Varshney V, Majee M. Emerging roles of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in enhancing crop yield by optimizing seed agronomic traits. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1805-1826. [PMID: 35678849 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02884-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway has the potential to modulate crop productivity by influencing agronomic traits. Being sessile, the plant often uses the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway to maintain the stability of different regulatory proteins to survive in an ever-changing environment. The ubiquitin system influences plant reproduction, growth, development, responses to the environment, and processes that control critical agronomic traits. E3 ligases are the major players in this pathway, and they are responsible for recognizing and tagging the targets/substrates. Plants have a variety of E3 ubiquitin ligases, whose functions have been studied extensively, ranging from plant growth to defense strategies. Here we summarize three agronomic traits influenced by ubiquitination: seed size and weight, seed germination, and accessory plant agronomic traits particularly panicle architecture, tillering in rice, and tassels branch number in maize. This review article highlights some recent progress on how the ubiquitin system influences the stability/modification of proteins that determine seed agronomic properties like size, weight, germination and filling, and ultimately agricultural productivity and quality. Further research into the molecular basis of the aforementioned processes might lead to the identification of genes that could be modified or selected for crop development. Likewise, we also propose advances and future perspectives in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Varshney
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Manoj Majee
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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11
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Kobayashi T, Shinkawa H, Nagano AJ, Nishizawa NK. The basic leucine zipper transcription factor OsbZIP83 and the glutaredoxins OsGRX6 and OsGRX9 facilitate rice iron utilization under the control of OsHRZ ubiquitin ligases. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:1731-1750. [PMID: 35411594 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Under low iron availability, plants induce the expression of various genes for iron uptake and translocation. The rice (Oryza sativa) ubiquitin ligases OsHRZ1 and OsHRZ2 cause overall repression of these iron-related genes at the transcript level, but their protein-level regulation is unclear. We conducted a proteome analysis to identify key regulators whose abundance was regulated by OsHRZs at the protein level. In response to iron deficiency or OsHRZ knockdown, many genes showed differential regulation between the transcript and protein levels, including the TGA-type basic leucine zipper transcription factor OsbZIP83. We also identified two glutaredoxins, OsGRX6 and OsGRX9, as OsHRZ-interacting proteins in yeast and plant cells. OsGRX6 also interacted with OsbZIP83. Our in vitro degradation assay suggested that OsbZIP83, OsGRX6 and OsGRX9 proteins are subjected to 26S proteasome- and OsHRZ-dependent degradation. Proteome analysis and our in vitro degradation assay also suggested that OsbZIP83 protein was preferentially degraded under iron-deficient conditions in rice roots. Transgenic rice lines overexpressing OsGRX9 and OsbZIP83 showed improved tolerance to iron deficiency. Expression of iron-related genes was affected in the OsGRX9 and OsGRX6 knockdown lines, suggesting disturbed iron utilization and signaling. OsbZIP83 overexpression lines showed enhanced expression of OsYSL2 and OsNAS3, which are involved in internal iron translocation, in addition to OsGRX9 and genes related to phytoalexin biosynthesis and the salicylic acid pathway. The results suggest that OsbZIP83, OsGRX6 and OsGRX9 facilitate iron utilization downstream of the OsHRZ pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Haruka Shinkawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Atsushi J Nagano
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0017, Japan
| | - Naoko K Nishizawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
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12
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The tomato yellow leaf curl virus C4 protein alters the expression of plant developmental genes correlating to leaf upward cupping phenotype in tomato. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0257936. [PMID: 35551312 PMCID: PMC9098041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a monopartite begomovirus in the family Geminiviridae, is efficiently transmitted by the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, and causes serious economic losses to tomato crops around the world. TYLCV-infected tomato plants develop distinctive symptoms of yellowing and leaf upward cupping. In recent years, excellent progress has been made in the characterization of TYLCV C4 protein function as a pathogenicity determinant in experimental plants, including Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the molecular mechanism leading to disease symptom development in the natural host plant, tomato, has yet to be characterized. The aim of the current study was to generate transgenic tomato plants expressing the TYLCV C4 gene and evaluate differential gene expression through comparative transcriptome analysis between the transgenic C4 plants and the transgenic green fluorescent protein (Gfp) gene control plants. Transgenic tomato plants expressing TYLCV C4 developed phenotypes, including leaf upward cupping and yellowing, that are similar to the disease symptoms expressed on tomato plants infected with TYLCV. In a total of 241 differentially expressed genes identified in the transcriptome analysis, a series of plant development-related genes, including transcription factors, glutaredoxins, protein kinases, R-genes and microRNA target genes, were significantly altered. These results provide further evidence to support the important function of the C4 protein in begomovirus pathogenicity. These transgenic tomato plants could serve as basic genetic materials for further characterization of plant receptors that are interacting with the TYLCV C4.
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Hayford RK, Serba DD, Xie S, Ayyappan V, Thimmapuram J, Saha MC, Wu CH, Kalavacharla VK. Global analysis of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) transcriptomes in response to interactive effects of drought and heat stresses. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:107. [PMID: 35260072 PMCID: PMC8903725 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03477-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sustainable production of high-quality feedstock has been of great interest in bioenergy research. Despite the economic importance, high temperatures and water deficit are limiting factors for the successful cultivation of switchgrass in semi-arid areas. There are limited reports on the molecular basis of combined abiotic stress tolerance in switchgrass, particularly the combination of drought and heat stress. We used transcriptomic approaches to elucidate the changes in the response of switchgrass to drought and high temperature simultaneously. RESULTS We conducted solely drought treatment in switchgrass plant Alamo AP13 by withholding water after 45 days of growing. For the combination of drought and heat effect, heat treatment (35 °C/25 °C day/night) was imposed after 72 h of the initiation of drought. Samples were collected at 0 h, 72 h, 96 h, 120 h, 144 h, and 168 h after treatment imposition, total RNA was extracted, and RNA-Seq conducted. Out of a total of 32,190 genes, we identified 3912, as drought (DT) responsive genes, 2339 and 4635 as, heat (HT) and drought and heat (DTHT) responsive genes, respectively. There were 209, 106, and 220 transcription factors (TFs) differentially expressed under DT, HT and DTHT respectively. Gene ontology annotation identified the metabolic process as the significant term enriched in DTHT genes. Other biological processes identified in DTHT responsive genes included: response to water, photosynthesis, oxidation-reduction processes, and response to stress. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis on DT and DTHT responsive genes revealed that TFs and genes controlling phenylpropanoid pathways were important for individual as well as combined stress response. For example, hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT) from the phenylpropanoid pathway was induced by single DT and combinations of DTHT stress. CONCLUSION Through RNA-Seq analysis, we have identified unique and overlapping genes in response to DT and combined DTHT stress in switchgrass. The combination of DT and HT stress may affect the photosynthetic machinery and phenylpropanoid pathway of switchgrass which negatively impacts lignin synthesis and biomass production of switchgrass. The biological function of genes identified particularly in response to DTHT stress could further be confirmed by techniques such as single point mutation or RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita K Hayford
- Molecular Genetics and Epigenomics Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Science and Technology, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, USA
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Desalegn D Serba
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | - Shaojun Xie
- Bioinformatics Core, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Vasudevan Ayyappan
- Molecular Genetics and Epigenomics Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Science and Technology, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, USA
| | | | - Malay C Saha
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, USA.
| | - Cathy H Wu
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Venu Kal Kalavacharla
- Molecular Genetics and Epigenomics Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Science and Technology, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, USA.
- Center for Integrated Biological and Environmental Research, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, USA.
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Ruan MB, Yu XL, Guo X, Zhao PJ, Peng M. Role of cassava CC-type glutaredoxin MeGRXC3 in regulating sensitivity to mannitol-induced osmotic stress dependent on its nuclear activity. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:41. [PMID: 35057736 PMCID: PMC8772167 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03433-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously identified six drought-inducible CC-type glutaredoxins in cassava cultivars, however, less is known about their potential role in the molecular mechanism by which cassava adapted to abiotic stress. RESULTS Herein, we investigate one of cassava drought-responsive CC-type glutaredoxins, namely MeGRXC3, that involved in regulation of mannitol-induced inhibition on seed germination and seedling growth in transgenic Arabidopsis. MeGRXC3 overexpression up-regulates several stress-related transcription factor genes, such as PDF1.2, ERF6, ORA59, DREB2A, WRKY40, and WRKY53 in Arabidopsis. Protein interaction assays show that MeGRXC3 interacts with Arabidopsis TGA2 and TGA5 in the nucleus. Eliminated nuclear localization of MeGRXC3 failed to result mannitol-induced inhibition of seed germination and seedling growth in transgenic Arabidopsis. Mutation analysis of MeGRXC3 indicates the importance of conserved motifs for its transactivation activity in yeast. Additionally, these motifs are also indispensable for its functionality in regulating mannitol-induced inhibition of seed germination and enhancement of the stress-related transcription factors in transgenic Arabidopsis. CONCLUSIONS MeGRXC3 overexpression confers mannitol sensitivity in transgenic Arabidopsis possibly through interaction with TGA2/5 in the nucleus, and nuclear activity of MeGRXC3 is required for its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Bin Ruan
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101 China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Torpical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101 China
| | - Xiao-Ling Yu
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101 China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Torpical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101 China
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Torpical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101 China
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Ping-Juan Zhao
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101 China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Torpical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101 China
| | - Ming Peng
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101 China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Torpical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101 China
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15
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Riyazuddin R, Nisha N, Ejaz B, Khan MIR, Kumar M, Ramteke PW, Gupta R. A Comprehensive Review on the Heavy Metal Toxicity and Sequestration in Plants. Biomolecules 2021; 12:biom12010043. [PMID: 35053191 PMCID: PMC8774178 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal (HM) toxicity has become a global concern in recent years and is imposing a severe threat to the environment and human health. In the case of plants, a higher concentration of HMs, above a threshold, adversely affects cellular metabolism because of the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which target the key biological molecules. Moreover, some of the HMs such as mercury and arsenic, among others, can directly alter the protein/enzyme activities by targeting their –SH group to further impede the cellular metabolism. Particularly, inhibition of photosynthesis has been reported under HM toxicity because HMs trigger the degradation of chlorophyll molecules by enhancing the chlorophyllase activity and by replacing the central Mg ion in the porphyrin ring which affects overall plant growth and yield. Consequently, plants utilize various strategies to mitigate the negative impact of HM toxicity by limiting the uptake of these HMs and their sequestration into the vacuoles with the help of various molecules including proteins such as phytochelatins, metallothionein, compatible solutes, and secondary metabolites. In this comprehensive review, we provided insights towards a wider aspect of HM toxicity, ranging from their negative impact on plant growth to the mechanisms employed by the plants to alleviate the HM toxicity and presented the molecular mechanism of HMs toxicity and sequestration in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyazuddin Riyazuddin
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Kozep fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary;
- Faculty of Science and Informatics, Doctoral School in Biology, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nisha Nisha
- Department of Integrated Plant Protection, Faculty of Horticultural Science, Plant Protection Institute, Szent István University, 2100 Godollo, Hungary;
| | - Bushra Ejaz
- Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (B.E.); (M.I.R.K.)
| | - M. Iqbal R. Khan
- Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (B.E.); (M.I.R.K.)
| | - Manu Kumar
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University, Seoul 10326, Korea;
| | - Pramod W. Ramteke
- Department of Life Sciences, Mandsaur University, Mandsaur 458001, India;
| | - Ravi Gupta
- College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea
- Correspondence: or
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Ghorbani F, Abolghasemi R, Haghighi M, Etemadi N, Wang S, Karimi M, Soorni A. Global identification of long non-coding RNAs involved in the induction of spinach flowering. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:704. [PMID: 34587906 PMCID: PMC8482690 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07989-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinach is a beneficial annual vegetable species and sensitive to the bolting or early flowering, which causes a large reduction in quality and productivity. Indeed, bolting is an event induced by the coordinated effects of various environmental factors and endogenous genetic components. Although some key flowering responsive genes have been identified in spinach, non-coding RNA molecules like long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were not investigated yet. Herein, we used bioinformatic approaches to analyze the transcriptome datasets from two different accessions Viroflay and Kashan at two vegetative and reproductive stages to reveal novel lncRNAs and the construction of the lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network. Additionally, correlations among gene expression modules and phenotypic traits were investigated; day to flowering was chosen as our interesting trait. Results In the present study, we identified a total of 1141 lncRNAs, of which 111 were differentially expressed between vegetative and reproductive stages. The GO and KEGG analyses carried out on the cis target gene of lncRNAs showed that the lncRNAs play an important role in the regulation of flowering spinach. Network analysis pinpointed several well-known flowering-related genes such as ELF, COL1, FLT, and FPF1 and also some putative TFs like MYB, WRKY, GATA, and MADS-box that are important regulators of flowering in spinach and could be potential targets for lncRNAs. Conclusions This study is the first report on identifying bolting and flowering-related lncRNAs based on transcriptome sequencing in spinach, which provides a useful resource for future functional genomics studies, genes expression researches, evaluating genes regulatory networks and molecular breeding programs in the regulation of the genetic mechanisms related to bolting in spinach. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07989-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ghorbani
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Abolghasemi
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Haghighi
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nematollah Etemadi
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shui Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Marzieh Karimi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, University of Shahrekord, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Aboozar Soorni
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran.
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Hao J, Wang D, Wu Y, Huang K, Duan P, Li N, Xu R, Zeng D, Dong G, Zhang B, Zhang L, Inzé D, Qian Q, Li Y. The GW2-WG1-OsbZIP47 pathway controls grain size and weight in rice. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1266-1280. [PMID: 33930509 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of seed size is a key strategy for improving crop yield and is also a basic biological question. However, the molecular mechanisms by which plants determine their seed size remain elusive. Here, we report that the GW2-WG1-OsbZIP47 regulatory module controls grain width and weight in rice. WG1, which encodes a glutaredoxin protein, promotes grain growth by increasing cell proliferation. Interestingly, WG1 interacts with the transcription factor OsbZIP47 and represses its transcriptional activity by associating with the transcriptional co-repressor ASP1, indicating that WG1 may act as an adaptor protein to recruit the transcriptional co-repressor. In contrary, OsbZIP47 restricts grain growth by decreasing cell proliferation. Further studies reveal that the E3 ubiquitin ligase GW2 ubiquitinates WG1 and targets it for degradation. Genetic analyses confirm that GW2, WG1, and OsbZIP47 function in a common pathway to control grain growth. Taken together, our findings reveal a genetic and molecular framework for the control of grain size and weight by the GW2-WG1-OsbZIP47 regulatory module, providing new targets for improving seed size and weight in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dekai Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yingbao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ke Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Penggen Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ran Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dali Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Guojun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Baolan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Yunhai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
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18
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Ha CM, Rao X, Saxena G, Dixon RA. Growth-defense trade-offs and yield loss in plants with engineered cell walls. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:60-74. [PMID: 33811329 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As a major component of plant secondary cell walls, lignin provides structural integrity and rigidity, and contributes to primary defense by providing a physical barrier to pathogen ingress. Genetic modification of lignin biosynthesis has been adopted to reduce the recalcitrance of lignified cell walls to improve biofuel production, tree pulping properties and forage digestibility. However, lignin-modification is often, but unpredictably, associated with dwarf phenotypes. Hypotheses suggested to explain this include: collapsed vessels leading to defects in water and solute transport; accumulation of molecule(s) that are inhibitory to plant growth or deficiency of metabolites that are critical for plant growth; activation of defense pathways linked to cell wall integrity sensing. However, there is still no commonly accepted underlying mechanism for the growth defects. Here, we discuss recent data on transcriptional reprogramming in plants with modified lignin content and their corresponding suppressor mutants, and evaluate growth-defense trade-offs as a factor underlying the growth phenotypes. New approaches will be necessary to estimate how gross changes in transcriptional reprogramming may quantitatively affect growth. Better understanding of the basis for yield drag following cell wall engineering is important for the biotechnological exploitation of plants as factories for fuels and chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Man Ha
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311428, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Xiaolan Rao
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, No. 28 Nanli Road, Hong-shan District, Wuchang, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430068, China
| | - Garima Saxena
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311428, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311428, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
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CC-type glutaredoxin, OsGrx_C7 plays a crucial role in enhancing protection against salt stress in rice. J Biotechnol 2021; 329:192-203. [PMID: 33610657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Soil salinity is one of the critical issue worldwide that adversely affect soil fertility. Salt stress significantly limits crop yield and grain quality; therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a strategy to improve salt stress tolerance. In present study, we reported that rice glutaredoxin (OsGrx_C7) plays a positive response in salt induced stress. Gene expression analysis, silencing, and overexpression of OsGrx_C7 gene were used to discover the role of OsGrx_C7 in response to salt stress. Gene expression analysis suggested that OsGrx_C7 expression was induced under salt stress and ubiquitously expressed in rice including root and shoot. The silencing of osgrx_c7 gene leads to increased sensitivity to salt stress, indicating its importance in salt stress tolerance. A gain-of-function approach showed that OsGrx_C7 may act as an important determinant in salt stress, compared with WT, and revealed higher biomass accumulation, improved root and plant growth under salt stress. Under salt stress condition, OsGrx_C7 overexpressing rice plants showed lower level of lipid peroxidation and Na+/K+ ratio, while proline accumulation, soluble sugar content and GSH/GSSG ratio was higher compared to WT. Furthermore, expression analysis suggested that OsGrx_C7 acted as positive regulator of salt tolerance by reinforcing the expression of transporters (OsHKT2;1, OsHKT1;5 and OsSOS1) engaged in Na+ homeostasis in overexpressing plants. Overall our study revealed that OsGrx_C7 emerged as a key mediator in response to salt stress in rice and could be used for engineering tolerance against salt stress in rice and other crops.
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Li T, Li M, Jiang Y, Duan X. Genome-wide identification, characterization and expression profile of glutaredoxin gene family in relation to fruit ripening and response to abiotic and biotic stresses in banana (Musa acuminata). Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 170:636-651. [PMID: 33385451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (GRXs) are disulfide oxidoreductases that are involved in various biological processes. However, little information on the role of GRXs in the regulation of fruit ripening and the response to stress is available. In this study, we isolated 64 GRX genes from banana genome. Their encoded GRX proteins could be classified into four classes: CC, CGFS, CPYC and GRL types. The distribution and synteny of these GRXs on chromosomes, the gene structures, the promoter sequences, and the possible protein subcellular localizations were characterized. Molecular interaction network analysis suggested that MaGRX might interact with glutathione reductase (GR), sulfiredoxin, peroxiredoxin (Prx), and NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC), contributing to the antioxidative defense of banana fruit. MicroRNA prediction showed that MaGRX genes might be targeted by different miRNAs. Transcriptome analysis characterized the expression profiles of different MaGRX genes during banana fruit ripening, and in response to different storage stresses. The results suggested that CC-type, CPYC-type and GRL-type MaGRXs might be more active than CGFS-type MaGRXs during banana fruit ripening and the response to stress. Moreover, MaGRX6/7/9/11/17/23/28 and MaGRL3/16/19 might play important roles in regulating fruit ripening or in response to low and high temperature, or Fusarium proliferatum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Li
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Mingzhi Li
- Independent Researcher, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xuewu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
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Tiwari JK, Buckseth T, Singh RK, Kumar M, Kant S. Prospects of Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Potato: Lessons From Transgenics to Genome Editing Strategies in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:597481. [PMID: 33424892 PMCID: PMC7785987 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.597481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jagesh Kumar Tiwari
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, India
| | - Tanuja Buckseth
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Singh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, India
| | - Surya Kant
- Agriculture Victoria, Grains Innovation Park, Horsham, VIC, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Centre for Agricultural Innovation, School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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22
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Xiong E, Li Z, Zhang C, Zhang J, Liu Y, Peng T, Chen Z, Zhao Q. A study of leaf-senescence genes in rice based on a combination of genomics, proteomics and bioinformatics. Brief Bioinform 2020; 22:5998850. [PMID: 33257942 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a highly complex, genetically regulated and well-ordered process with multiple layers and pathways. Delaying leaf senescence would help increase grain yields in rice. Over the past 15 years, more than 100 rice leaf-senescence genes have been cloned, greatly improving the understanding of leaf senescence in rice. Systematically elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf senescence will provide breeders with new tools/options for improving many important agronomic traits. In this study, we summarized recent reports on 125 rice leaf-senescence genes, providing an overview of the research progress in this field by analyzing the subcellular localizations, molecular functions and the relationship of them. These data showed that chlorophyll synthesis and degradation, chloroplast development, abscisic acid pathway, jasmonic acid pathway, nitrogen assimilation and ROS play an important role in regulating the leaf senescence in rice. Furthermore, we predicted and analyzed the proteins that interact with leaf-senescence proteins and achieved a more profound understanding of the molecular principles underlying the regulatory mechanisms by which leaf senescence occurs, thus providing new insights for future investigations of leaf senescence in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhui Xiong
- College of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University (HAU), China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, South University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Ye Liu
- College of Agriculture, HAU
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Ueda Y, Ohtsuki N, Kadota K, Tezuka A, Nagano AJ, Kadowaki T, Kim Y, Miyao M, Yanagisawa S. Gene regulatory network and its constituent transcription factors that control nitrogen-deficiency responses in rice. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1434-1452. [PMID: 32343414 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Increase in the nitrogen (N)-use efficiency and optimization of N response in crop species are urgently needed. Although transcription factor-based genetic engineering is a promising approach for achieving these goals, transcription factors that play key roles in the response to N deficiency have not been studied extensively. Here, we performed RNA-seq analysis of root samples of 20 Asian rice (Oryza sativa) accessions with differential nutrient uptake. Data obtained from plants exposed to N-replete and N-deficient conditions were subjected to coexpression analysis and machine learning-based pathway inference to dissect the gene regulatory network required for the response to N deficiency. Four transcription factors, including members of the G2-like and bZIP families, were predicted to function as key regulators of gene transcription within the network in response to N deficiency. Cotransfection assays validated inferred novel regulatory pathways, and further analyses using genome-edited knockout lines suggested that these transcription factors are important for N-deficiency responses in planta. Many of the N deficiency-responsive genes, including those encoding key regulators within the network, were coordinately regulated by transcription factors belonging to different families. Transcription factors identified in this study could be valuable for the modification of N response and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Ueda
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Namie Ohtsuki
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Koji Kadota
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ayumi Tezuka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Yokotani 1-5, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Atsushi J Nagano
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Yokotani 1-5, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Taro Kadowaki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba 468-1, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Yonghyun Kim
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba 468-1, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Mitsue Miyao
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba 468-1, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Shuichi Yanagisawa
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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Tiwari JK, Buckseth T, Zinta R, Saraswati A, Singh RK, Rawat S, Dua VK, Chakrabarti SK. Transcriptome analysis of potato shoots, roots and stolons under nitrogen stress. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1152. [PMID: 31980689 PMCID: PMC6981199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato crop requires high dose of nitrogen (N) to produce high tuber yield. Excessive application of N causes environmental pollution and increases cost of production. Hence, knowledge about genes and regulatory elements is essential to strengthen research on N metabolism in this crop. In this study, we analysed transcriptomes (RNA-seq) in potato tissues (shoot, root and stolon) collected from plants grown in aeroponic culture under controlled conditions with varied N supplies i.e. low N (0.2 milli molar N) and high N (4 milli molar N). High quality data ranging between 3.25 to 4.93 Gb per sample were generated using Illumina NextSeq500 that resulted in 83.60-86.50% mapping of the reads to the reference potato genome. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed in the tissues based on statistically significance (p ≤ 0.05) and up-regulation with ≥ 2 log2 fold change (FC) and down-regulation with ≤ -2 log2 FC values. In shoots, of total 19730 DEGs, 761 up-regulated and 280 down-regulated significant DEGs were identified. Of total 20736 DEGs in roots, 572 (up-regulated) and 292 (down-regulated) were significant DEGs. In stolons, of total 21494 DEG, 688 and 230 DEGs were significantly up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively. Venn diagram analysis showed tissue specific and common genes. The DEGs were functionally assigned with the GO terms, in which molecular function domain was predominant in all the tissues. Further, DEGs were classified into 24 KEGG pathways, in which 5385, 5572 and 5594 DEGs were annotated in shoots, roots and stolons, respectively. The RT-qPCR analysis validated gene expression of RNA-seq data for selected genes. We identified a few potential DEGs responsive to N deficiency in potato such as glutaredoxin, Myb-like DNA-binding protein, WRKY transcription factor 16 and FLOWERING LOCUS T in shoots; high-affinity nitrate transporter, protein phosphatase-2c, glutaredoxin family protein, malate synthase, CLE7, 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase and transcription factor in roots; and glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocator 2, BTB/POZ domain-containing protein, F-box family protein and aquaporin TIP1;3 in stolons, and many genes of unknown function. Our study highlights that these potential genes play very crucial roles in N stress tolerance, which could be useful in augmenting research on N metabolism in potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagesh Kumar Tiwari
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India.
| | - Tanuja Buckseth
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India
| | - Rasna Zinta
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India
| | - Aastha Saraswati
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Singh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India
| | - Shashi Rawat
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Dua
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India
| | - Swarup Kumar Chakrabarti
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India
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25
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Xu F, Tang J, Gao S, Cheng X, Du L, Chu C. Control of rice pre-harvest sprouting by glutaredoxin-mediated abscisic acid signaling. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:1036-1051. [PMID: 31436865 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is one of the major problems in cereal production worldwide, which causes significant losses of both yield and quality; however, the molecular mechanism underlying PHS remains largely unknown. Here, we identified a dominant PHS mutant phs9-D. The corresponding gene PHS9 encodes a higher plant unique CC-type glutaredoxin and is specifically expressed in the embryo at the late embryogenesis stage, implying that PHS9 plays some roles in the late stage of seed development. Yeast two-hybrid screening showed that PHS9 could interact with OsGAP, which is an interaction partner of the abscicic acid (ABA) receptor OsRCAR1. PHS9- or OsGAP overexpression plants showed reduced ABA sensitivity in seed germination, whereas PHS9 or OsGAP knock-out mutant plants showed increased ABA sensitivity in seed germination, suggesting that PHS9 and OsGAP acted as negative regulators in ABA signaling during seed germination. Interestingly, the germination of PHS9 and OsGAP overexpression or knock-out plant seeds was weakly promoted by H2 O2 , implying that PHS9 and OsGAP could affect reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling during seed germination. These results indicate that PHS9 plays an important role in the regulation of rice PHS through the integration of ROS signaling and ABA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiuyou Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaopei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengcai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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26
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Identification of Maize CC-Type Glutaredoxins That Are Associated with Response to Drought Stress. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10080610. [PMID: 31409044 PMCID: PMC6722656 DOI: 10.3390/genes10080610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Global maize cultivation is often adversely affected by drought stress. The CC-type glutaredoxin (GRX) genes form a plant-specific subfamily that regulate plant growth and respond to environmental stresses. However, how maize CC-type GRX (ZmGRXCC) genes respond to drought stress remains unclear. We performed a TBLASTN search to identify ZmGRXCCs in the maize genome and verified the identified sequences using the NCBI conservative domain database (CDD). We further established a phylogenetic tree using Mega7 and surveyed known cis-elements in the promoters of ZmGRXCCs using the PlantCARE database. We found twenty-one ZmGRXCCs in the maize genome by a genome-wide investigation and compared their phylogenetic relationships with rice, maize, and Arabidopsis. The analysis of their redox active sites showed that most of the 21 ZmGRXCCs share similar structures with their homologs. We assessed their expression at young seedlings and adult leaves under drought stress and their expression profiles in 15 tissues, and found that they were differentially expressed, indicating that different ZmGRXCC genes have different functions. Notably, ZmGRXCC14 is up-regulated at seedling, V12, V14, V16, and R1 stages. Importantly, significant associations between genetic variation in ZmGRXCC14 and drought tolerance are found at the seedling stage. These results will help to advance the study of the function of ZmGRXCCs genes under drought stress and understand the mechanism of drought resistance in maize.
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Liu S, Fu H, Jiang J, Chen Z, Gao J, Shu H, Zhang S, Yang C, Liu J. Overexpression of a CPYC-Type Glutaredoxin, OsGrxC2.2, Causes Abnormal Embryos and an Increased Grain Weight in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:848. [PMID: 31316541 PMCID: PMC6610441 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are a ubiquitous group of oxidoreductase enzymes that are important in plant growth and development; however, the functions of rice Grxs have not been fully elucidated. In this paper, we showed that one of the Grxs, encoded by OsGrxC2.2, exhibited Grx activity. Furthermore, we demonstrated that OsGrxC2.2 was able to regulate embryo development during embryogenesis. Transgenic rice lines overexpressing OsGrxC2.2 unexpectedly exhibited degenerate embryos as well as embryoless seeds. Our data indicated that the embryonic abnormalities occurred at an early stage during embryogenesis. We found that the expression of several endodermal layer marker genes for embryo development, such as OSH1 (apical region marker), OsSCR (L2 ground tissue marker), and OsPNH1 (L3 vascular tissue marker), were significantly decreased in the OsGrxC2.2-overexpressed transgenic rice lines. In contrast, the transcript levels of the majority of protodermal layer markers, including HAZ1, ROC2, ROC3, and RAmy1A, and the shoot apical meristem marker HB, showed little change between the wild-type (WT) and OsGrxC2.2-overexpressing embryos. Surprisingly, the seed weight of the overexpressed transgenic rice was remarkably increased in comparison to that of the WT. These results indicate that the overexpression of OsGrxC2.2 interferes with the normal embryogenesis of rice embryos and leads to increased grain weight. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that OsGrxC2.2 is a rice embryo development-associated gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Liu
- Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Fu
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jieming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiadong Gao
- Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoran Shu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Chengwei Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Ruan MB, Yang YL, Li KM, Guo X, Wang B, Yu XL, Peng M. Identification and characterization of drought-responsive CC-type glutaredoxins from cassava cultivars reveals their involvement in ABA signalling. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:329. [PMID: 30514219 PMCID: PMC6280520 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1528-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CC-type glutaredoxins (GRXs) are plant-specific glutaredoxin, play regulatory roles in response of biotic and abiotic stress. However, it is not clear whether the CC-type GRXs are involve in drought response in cassava (Manihot esculenta), an important tropical tuber root crop. RESULTS Herein, genome-wide analysis identified 18 CC-type GRXs in the cassava genome, of which six (namely MeGRXC3, C4, C7, C14, C15, and C18) were induced by drought stress in leaves of two cassava cultivars Argentina 7 (Arg7) and South China 124 (SC124). Exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) application induced the expression of all the six CC-type GRXs in leaves of both Arg7 and SC124 plants. Overexpression of MeGRXC15 in Arabidopsis (Col-0) increases tolerance of ABA on the sealed agar plates, but results in drought hypersensitivity in soil-grown plants. The results of microarray assays show that MeGRXC15 overexpression affected the expression of a set of transcription factors which involve in stress response, ABA, and JA/ET signalling pathway. The results of protein interaction analysis show that MeGRXC15 can interact with TGA5 from Arabidopsis and MeTGA074 from cassava. CONCLUSIONS CC-type glutaredoxins play regulatory roles in cassava response to drought possibly through ABA signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Bin Ruan
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101 China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Torpical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101 China
| | - Yi-Ling Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Kai-Mian Li
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Danzhou, 571701 China
| | - Xin Guo
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Bin Wang
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Xiao-Ling Yu
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101 China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Torpical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101 China
| | - Ming Peng
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101 China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Torpical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, 571101 China
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29
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Jung JY, Ahn JH, Schachtman DP. CC-type glutaredoxins mediate plant response and signaling under nitrate starvation in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:281. [PMID: 30424734 PMCID: PMC6234535 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1512-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen is an essential nutrient in plants. Despite the importance of nitrogen for plant growth and agricultural productivity, signal transduction pathways in response to nitrate starvation have not been fully elucidated in plants. RESULTS Gene expression analysis and ectopic expression were used to discover that many CC-type glutaredoxins (ROXYs) are differentially expressed in response to nitrate deprivation. A gain-of-function approach showed that ROXYs may play a role in nutrient sensing through the regulation of chlorophyll content, root hair growth, and transcription of nitrate-related genes such as NRT2.1 under low or high nitrate conditions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were produced in plant roots under nitrate starvation and H2O2 treatment differentially regulated the expression of the ROXYs, suggesting the involvement of ROS in signaling pathways under nitrate deficiency. CONCLUSION This work adds to what is known about nitrogen sensing and signaling through the findings that the ROXYs and ROS are likely to be involved in the nitrate deprivation signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yul Jung
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 South Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Ahn
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 South Korea
| | - Daniel P. Schachtman
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
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30
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Tognetti VB, Bielach A, Hrtyan M. Redox regulation at the site of primary growth: auxin, cytokinin and ROS crosstalk. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2586-2605. [PMID: 28708264 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To maintain the activity of meristems is an absolute requirement for plant growth and development, and the role of the plant hormones auxin and cytokinin in apical meristem function is well established. Only little attention has been given, however, to the function of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) gradient along meristematic tissues and its interplay with hormonal regulatory networks. The interdependency between auxin-related, cytokinin-related and ROS-related circuits controls primary growth and development while modulating plant morphology in response to detrimental environmental factors. Because ROS interaction with redox-active compounds significantly affects the cellular redox gradient, the latter constitutes an interface for crosstalk between hormone and ROS signalling pathways. This review focuses on the mechanisms underlying ROS-dependent interactions with redox and hormonal components in shoot and root apical meristems which are crucial for meristems maintenance when plants are exposed to environmental hardships. We also emphasize the importance of cell type and the subcellular compartmentalization of ROS and redox networks to obtain a holistic understanding of how apical meristems adapt to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa B Tognetti
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Agnieszka Bielach
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mónika Hrtyan
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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31
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Cui J, Luan Y, Jiang N, Bao H, Meng J. Comparative transcriptome analysis between resistant and susceptible tomato allows the identification of lncRNA16397 conferring resistance to Phytophthora infestans by co-expressing glutaredoxin. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:577-589. [PMID: 27801966 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of omics sequencing technology has facilitated the identification of thousands of long non-coding (lnc)RNAs in plant species, but the role of lncRNAs in plant-pathogen interactions remains largely unexplored. We used comparative transcriptome analysis of Phytophthora infestans-resistant and -susceptible tomatoes to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and lncRNAs (DELs), and examine lncRNA-mRNA networks. A total of 1037 DEGs and 688 DELs were identified between P. infestans-resistant and -susceptible tomatoes. The co-localization networks, including 128 DEGs and 127 DELs, were performed. We found that lncRNA16397 acted as an antisense transcript of SlGRX22 to regulate its expression, and also induced SlGRX21 expression when lncRNA16397 was overexpressed. In addition, disease symptoms and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in tomatoes overexpressing lncRNA16397 and SpGRX were fewer and lower than those in wild-type after P. infestans infection. This result suggests that tomato lncRNA16397 induces SlGRX expression to reduce ROS accumulation and alleviate cell membrane injury, resulting in enhanced resistance to P. infestans. Our results provide insight into lncRNAs involved in the response of tomato to P. infestans infection, demonstrate that the lncRNA16397-GRXs network is an important component of the P. infestans network in tomato, and provide candidates for breeding to enhance biotic stress-resistance in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cui
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yushi Luan
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Hang Bao
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jun Meng
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
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Peña PA, Quach T, Sato S, Ge Z, Nersesian N, Changa T, Dweikat I, Soundararajan M, Clemente TE. Expression of the Maize Dof1 Transcription Factor in Wheat and Sorghum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:434. [PMID: 28424717 PMCID: PMC5371680 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is essential for plant growth and development. Improving the ability of plants to acquire and assimilate nitrogen more efficiently is a key agronomic parameter that will augment sustainability in agriculture. A transcription factor approach was pursued to address improvement of nitrogen use efficiency in two major commodity crops. To this end, the Zea mays Dof1 (ZmDof1) transcription factor was expressed in both wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) either constitutively, UBI4 promoter from sugarcane, or in a tissue specific fashion via the maize rbcS1 promoter. The primary transcription activation target of ZmDof1, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), is observed in transgenic wheat events. Expression ZmDof1 under control of the rbcs1 promoter translates to increase in biomass and yield components in wheat. However, constitutive expression of ZmDof1 led to the down-regulation of genes involved in photosynthesis and the functional apparatus of chloroplasts, and an outcome that negatively impacts photosynthesis, height, and biomass in wheat. Similar patterns were also observed in sorghum transgenic events harboring the constitutive expression cassette of ZmDof1. These results indicate that transcription factor strategies to boost agronomic phenotypic outcomes in crops need to consider expression patterns of the genetic elements to be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A. Peña
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-LincolnLincoln, NE, USA
| | - Truyen Quach
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-LincolnLincoln, NE, USA
| | - Shirley Sato
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-LincolnLincoln, NE, USA
| | - Zhengxiang Ge
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-LincolnLincoln, NE, USA
| | - Natalya Nersesian
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-LincolnLincoln, NE, USA
| | - Taity Changa
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-LincolnLincoln, NE, USA
| | - Ismail Dweikat
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-LincolnLincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Tom E. Clemente
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-LincolnLincoln, NE, USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-LincolnLincoln, NE, USA
- *Correspondence: Tom E. Clemente
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Patterson K, Walters LA, Cooper AM, Olvera JG, Rosas MA, Rasmusson AG, Escobar MA. Nitrate-Regulated Glutaredoxins Control Arabidopsis Primary Root Growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:989-99. [PMID: 26662603 PMCID: PMC4734588 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is an essential soil nutrient for plants, and lack of nitrogen commonly limits plant growth. Soil nitrogen is typically available to plants in two inorganic forms: nitrate and ammonium. To better understand how nitrate and ammonium differentially affect plant metabolism and development, we performed transcriptional profiling of the shoots of ammonium-supplied and nitrate-supplied Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants. Seven genes encoding class III glutaredoxins were found to be strongly and specifically induced by nitrate. RNA silencing of four of these glutaredoxin genes (AtGRXS3/4/5/8) resulted in plants with increased primary root length (approximately 25% longer than the wild type) and decreased sensitivity to nitrate-mediated inhibition of primary root growth. Increased primary root growth is also a well-characterized phenotype of many cytokinin-deficient plant lines. We determined that nitrate induction of glutaredoxin gene expression was dependent upon cytokinin signaling and that cytokinins could activate glutaredoxin gene expression independent of plant nitrate status. In addition, crosses between "long-root" cytokinin-deficient plants and "long-root" glutaredoxin-silenced plants generated hybrids that displayed no further increase in primary root length (i.e. epistasis). Collectively, these findings suggest that AtGRXS3/4/5/8 operate downstream of cytokinins in a signal transduction pathway that negatively regulates plant primary root growth in response to nitrate. This pathway could allow Arabidopsis to actively discriminate between different nitrogen sources in the soil, with the preferred nitrogen source, nitrate, acting to suppress primary root growth (vertical dimension) in concert with its well-characterized stimulatory effect on lateral root growth (horizontal dimension).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Patterson
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, California 92096 (K.P., L.A.W., A.M.C., J.G.O., M.A.R., M.A.E.); andDepartment of Biology, Lund University, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden (A.G.R., M.A.E.)
| | - Laura A Walters
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, California 92096 (K.P., L.A.W., A.M.C., J.G.O., M.A.R., M.A.E.); andDepartment of Biology, Lund University, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden (A.G.R., M.A.E.)
| | - Andrew M Cooper
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, California 92096 (K.P., L.A.W., A.M.C., J.G.O., M.A.R., M.A.E.); andDepartment of Biology, Lund University, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden (A.G.R., M.A.E.)
| | - Jocelyn G Olvera
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, California 92096 (K.P., L.A.W., A.M.C., J.G.O., M.A.R., M.A.E.); andDepartment of Biology, Lund University, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden (A.G.R., M.A.E.)
| | - Miguel A Rosas
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, California 92096 (K.P., L.A.W., A.M.C., J.G.O., M.A.R., M.A.E.); andDepartment of Biology, Lund University, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden (A.G.R., M.A.E.)
| | - Allan G Rasmusson
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, California 92096 (K.P., L.A.W., A.M.C., J.G.O., M.A.R., M.A.E.); andDepartment of Biology, Lund University, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden (A.G.R., M.A.E.)
| | - Matthew A Escobar
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, California 92096 (K.P., L.A.W., A.M.C., J.G.O., M.A.R., M.A.E.); andDepartment of Biology, Lund University, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden (A.G.R., M.A.E.)
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