1
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Zhang W, Planas-Marquès M, Mazier M, Šimkovicová M, Rocafort M, Mantz M, Huesgen PF, Takken FLW, Stintzi A, Schaller A, Coll NS, Valls M. The tomato P69 subtilase family is involved in resistance to bacterial wilt. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:388-404. [PMID: 38150324 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The intercellular space or apoplast constitutes the main interface in plant-pathogen interactions. Apoplastic subtilisin-like proteases-subtilases-may play an important role in defence and they have been identified as targets of pathogen-secreted effector proteins. Here, we characterise the role of the Solanaceae-specific P69 subtilase family in the interaction between tomato and the vascular bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. R. solanacearum infection post-translationally activated several tomato P69s. Among them, P69D was exclusively activated in tomato plants resistant to R. solanacearum. In vitro experiments showed that P69D activation by prodomain removal occurred in an autocatalytic and intramolecular reaction that does not rely on the residue upstream of the processing site. Importantly P69D-deficient tomato plants were more susceptible to bacterial wilt and transient expression of P69B, D and G in Nicotiana benthamiana limited proliferation of R. solanacearum. Our study demonstrates that P69s have conserved features but diverse functions in tomato and that P69D is involved in resistance to R. solanacearum but not to other vascular pathogens like Fusarium oxysporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Zhang
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marc Planas-Marquès
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Margarita Šimkovicová
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mercedes Rocafort
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Melissa Mantz
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- CECAD, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Pitter F Huesgen
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- CECAD, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Frank L W Takken
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annick Stintzi
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nuria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Valls
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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2
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Yu DS, Outram MA, Smith A, McCombe CL, Khambalkar PB, Rima SA, Sun X, Ma L, Ericsson DJ, Jones DA, Williams SJ. The structural repertoire of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici effectors revealed by experimental and computational studies. eLife 2024; 12:RP89280. [PMID: 38411527 PMCID: PMC10942635 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens secrete proteins, known as effectors, that function in the apoplast or inside plant cells to promote virulence. Effector recognition by cell-surface or cytosolic receptors results in the activation of defence pathways and plant immunity. Despite their importance, our general understanding of fungal effector function and recognition by immunity receptors remains poor. One complication often associated with effectors is their high sequence diversity and lack of identifiable sequence motifs precluding prediction of structure or function. In recent years, several studies have demonstrated that fungal effectors can be grouped into structural classes, despite significant sequence variation and existence across taxonomic groups. Using protein X-ray crystallography, we identify a new structural class of effectors hidden within the secreted in xylem (SIX) effectors from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol). The recognised effectors Avr1 (SIX4) and Avr3 (SIX1) represent the founding members of the Fol dual-domain (FOLD) effector class, with members containing two distinct domains. Using AlphaFold2, we predicted the full SIX effector repertoire of Fol and show that SIX6 and SIX13 are also FOLD effectors, which we validated experimentally for SIX6. Based on structural prediction and comparisons, we show that FOLD effectors are present within three divisions of fungi and are expanded in pathogens and symbionts. Further structural comparisons demonstrate that Fol secretes effectors that adopt a limited number of structural folds during infection of tomato. This analysis also revealed a structural relationship between transcriptionally co-regulated effector pairs. We make use of the Avr1 structure to understand its recognition by the I receptor, which leads to disease resistance in tomato. This study represents an important advance in our understanding of Fol-tomato, and by extension plant-fungal interactions, which will assist in the development of novel control and engineering strategies to combat plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Yu
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Megan A Outram
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Ashley Smith
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Carl L McCombe
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Pravin B Khambalkar
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Sharmin A Rima
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Xizhe Sun
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Lisong Ma
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Daniel J Ericsson
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
- The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Australian SynchrotronClaytonAustralia
| | - David A Jones
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Simon J Williams
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
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3
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Li S, Wang Z, Gao M, Li T, Cui X, Zu J, Sang S, Fan W, Zhang H. Intraspecific Comparative Analysis Reveals Genomic Variation of Didymella arachidicola and Pathogenicity Factors Potentially Related to Lesion Phenotype. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030476. [PMID: 36979167 PMCID: PMC10045276 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Didymella arachidicola is one of the most important fungal pathogens, causing foliar disease and leading to severe yield losses of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) in China. Two main lesion phenotypes of peanut web blotch have been identified as reticulation type (R type) and blotch type (B type). As no satisfactory reference genome is available, the genomic variations and pathogenicity factors of D. arachidicola remain to be revealed. In the present study, we collected 41 D. arachidicola isolates from 26 geographic locations across China (33 for R type and 8 for B type). The chromosome-scale genome of the most virulent isolate (YY187) was assembled as a reference using PacBio and Hi-C technologies. In addition, we re-sequenced 40 isolates from different sampling sites. Genome-wide alignments showed high similarity among the genomic sequences from the 40 isolates, with an average mapping rate of 97.38%. An average of 3242 SNPs and 315 InDels were identified in the genomic variation analysis, which revealed an intraspecific polymorphism in D. arachidicola. The comparative analysis of the most and least virulent isolates generated an integrated gene set containing 512 differential genes. Moreover, 225 genes individually or simultaneously harbored hits in CAZy-base, PHI-base, DFVF, etc. Compared with the R type reference, the differential gene sets from all B type isolates identified 13 shared genes potentially related to lesion phenotype. Our results reveal the intraspecific genomic variation of D. arachidicola isolates and pathogenicity factors potentially related to different lesion phenotypes. This work sets a genomic foundation for understanding the mechanisms behind genomic diversity driving different pathogenic phenotypes of D. arachidicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojian Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, International Joint Research Laboratory for Crop Protection of Henan, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, International Joint Research Laboratory for Crop Protection of Henan, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Meng Gao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, International Joint Research Laboratory for Crop Protection of Henan, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Tong Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, International Joint Research Laboratory for Crop Protection of Henan, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Xiaowei Cui
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, International Joint Research Laboratory for Crop Protection of Henan, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Junhuai Zu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, International Joint Research Laboratory for Crop Protection of Henan, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Suling Sang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, International Joint Research Laboratory for Crop Protection of Henan, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Wanwan Fan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, International Joint Research Laboratory for Crop Protection of Henan, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, International Joint Research Laboratory for Crop Protection of Henan, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China
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4
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Achari SR, Mann RC, Sharma M, Edwards J. Diagnosis of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris causing Fusarium wilt of chickpea using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and conventional end-point PCR. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2640. [PMID: 36788315 PMCID: PMC9929042 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29730-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) is ubiquitous in soil and forms a species complex of pathogenic and putatively non-pathogenic strains. Pathogenic strains cause disease in over 150 plant species. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris (Foc) is a major fungal pathogen causing Fusarium wilt in chickpeas (Cicer arietinum). In some countries such as Australia, Foc is a high-priority pest of biosecurity concern. Specific, sensitive, robust and rapid diagnostic assays are essential for effective disease management on the farm and serve as an effective biosecurity control measure. We developed and validated a novel and highly specific PCR and a LAMP assay for detecting the Indian Foc race 1 based on a putative effector gene uniquely present in its genome. These assays were assessed against 39 Fo formae speciales and found to be specific, only amplifying the target species, in a portable real-time fluorometer (Genie III) and qPCR machine in under 13 min with an anneal derivative temperature ranging from 87.7 to 88.3 °C. The LAMP assay is sensitive to low levels of target DNA (> 0.009 ng/µl). The expected PCR product size is 143 bp. The LAMP assay developed in this study was simple, fast, sensitive and specific and could be explored for other Foc races due to the uniqueness of this marker to the Foc genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saidi R. Achari
- grid.452283.a0000 0004 0407 2669AgriBio, Agriculture Victoria Research, DJPR, Bundoora, VIC Australia
| | - Ross C. Mann
- grid.452283.a0000 0004 0407 2669AgriBio, Agriculture Victoria Research, DJPR, Bundoora, VIC Australia
| | - Mamta Sharma
- grid.419337.b0000 0000 9323 1772International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jacqueline Edwards
- grid.452283.a0000 0004 0407 2669AgriBio, Agriculture Victoria Research, DJPR, Bundoora, VIC Australia ,grid.1018.80000 0001 2342 0938School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC Australia
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5
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Wang C, Zheng Y, Liu Z, Qian Y, Li Y, Yang L, Liu S, Liang W, Li J. The secreted FolAsp aspartic protease facilitates the virulence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1103418. [PMID: 36760509 PMCID: PMC9905682 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1103418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens utilize secretory effectors to manipulate plant defense. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) is the causal agent of Fusarium wilt disease in tomatoes. We previously identified 32 secreted effector candidates by LC-MS analysis. In this study, we functionally identified one of the secreted proteins, FolAsp, which belongs to the aspartic proteases (Asp) family. The FolAsp was upregulated with host root specifically induction. Its N-terminal 1-19 amino acids performed the secretion activity in the yeast system, which supported its secretion in Fol. Phenotypically, the growth and conidia production of the FolAsp deletion mutants were not changed; however, the mutants displayed significantly reduced virulence to the host tomato. Further study revealed the FolAsp was localized at the apoplast and inhibited INF1-induced cell death in planta. Meanwhile, FolAsp could inhibit flg22-mediated ROS burst. Furthermore, FolAsp displayed protease activity on host protein, and overexpression of FolAsp in Fol enhanced pathogen virulence. These results considerably extend our understanding of pathogens utilizing secreted protease to inhibit plant defense and promote its virulence, which provides potential applications for tomato improvement against disease as the new drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Wang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yaning Zheng
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhishan Liu
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yongpan Qian
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Limei Yang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Sihui Liu
- College of Science and Information, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenxing Liang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China,*Correspondence: Wenxing Liang,
| | - Jingtao Li
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China,Jingtao Li,
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6
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Momo J, Rawoof A, Kumar A, Islam K, Ahmad I, Ramchiary N. Proteomics of Reproductive Development, Fruit Ripening, and Stress Responses in Tomato. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:65-95. [PMID: 36584279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The fruits of the tomato crop (Solanum lycopersicum L.) are increasingly consumed by humans worldwide. Due to their rich nutritional quality, pharmaceutical properties, and flavor, tomato crops have gained a salient role as standout crops among other plants. Traditional breeding and applied functional research have made progress in varying tomato germplasms to subdue biotic and abiotic stresses. Proteomic investigations within a span of few decades have assisted in consolidating the functional genomics and transcriptomic research. However, due to the volatility and dynamicity of proteins in the regulation of various biosynthetic pathways, there is a need for continuing research in the field of proteomics to establish a network that could enable a more comprehensive understanding of tomato growth and development. With this view, we provide a comprehensive review of proteomic studies conducted on the tomato plant in past years, which will be useful for future breeders and researchers working to improve the tomato crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Momo
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi 110067, India
| | - Abdul Rawoof
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala 671316, India
| | - Khushbu Islam
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ilyas Ahmad
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi 110067, India
| | - Nirala Ramchiary
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi 110067, India
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7
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Martínez-Soto D, Yu H, Allen KS, Ma LJ. Differential Colonization of the Plant Vasculature Between Endophytic Versus Pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum Strains. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:4-13. [PMID: 36279112 PMCID: PMC10052776 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-22-0166-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant xylem colonization is the hallmark of vascular wilt diseases caused by phytopathogens within the Fusarium oxysporum species complex. Recently, xylem colonization has also been reported among endophytic F. oxysporum strains, resulting in some uncertainty. This study compares xylem colonization processes by pathogenic versus endophytic strains in Arabidopsis thaliana and Solanum lycopersicum, using Arabidopsis pathogen Fo5176, tomato pathogen Fol4287, and the endophyte Fo47, which can colonize both plant hosts. We observed that all strains were able to advance from epidermis to endodermis within 3 days postinoculation (dpi) and reached the root xylem at 4 dpi. However, this shared progression was restricted to lateral roots and the elongation zone of the primary root. Only pathogens reached the xylem above the primary-root maturation zone (PMZ). Related to the distinct colonization patterns, we also observed stronger induction of callose at the PMZ and lignin deposition at primary-lateral root junctions by the endophyte in both plants. This observation was further supported by stronger induction of Arabidopsis genes involved in callose and lignin biosynthesis during the endophytic colonization (Fo47) compared with the pathogenic interaction (Fo5176). Moreover, both pathogens encode more plant cell wall-degrading enzymes than the endophyte Fo47. Therefore, observed differences in callose and lignin deposition could be the combination of host production and the subsequent fungal degradation. In summary, this study demonstrates spatial differences between endophytic and pathogenic colonization, strongly suggesting that further investigations of molecular arm-races are needed to understand how plants differentiate friend from foe. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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8
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Qian H, Song L, Wang L, Wang B, Liang W. The secreted FoAPY1 peptidase promotes Fusarium oxysporum invasion. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1040302. [PMID: 36338032 PMCID: PMC9626516 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1040302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The secretion of peptidases from several pathogens has been reported, but the biological function of these proteins in plant-pathogen interactions is poorly understood. Fusarium oxysporum, a soil-borne plant pathogenic fungus that causes Fusarium wilt in its host, can secrete proteins into host plant cells during the infection process to interfere with the host plant defense response and promote disease occurrence. In this study, we identified a peptidase, FoAPY1, that could be secreted from F. oxysporum depending on the N-terminal signal peptide of the protein. FoAPY1 belongs to the peptidase M28 family and exerts peptidase activity in vitro. Furthermore, the FoAYP1 gene knockout strain (∆FoAYP1) presented reduced virulence to tomato plants, but its mycelial growth and conidiation were unchanged. Moreover, FoAYP1 overexpression tomato seedlings exhibited enhanced susceptibility to F. oxysporum and Botrytis cinerea strains. These data demonstrated that FoAYP1 contributes to the virulence of F. oxysporum may through peptidase activity against host plant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengwei Qian
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Limin Song
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Baoshan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenxing Liang
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Wenxing Liang,
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9
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Redkar A, Sabale M, Schudoma C, Zechmann B, Gupta YK, López-Berges MS, Venturini G, Gimenez-Ibanez S, Turrà D, Solano R, Di Pietro A. Conserved secreted effectors contribute to endophytic growth and multihost plant compatibility in a vascular wilt fungus. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:3214-3232. [PMID: 35689625 PMCID: PMC9421472 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fungal interactions with plant roots, either beneficial or detrimental, have a crucial impact on agriculture and ecosystems. The cosmopolitan plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) provokes vascular wilts in more than a hundred different crops. Isolates of this fungus exhibit host-specific pathogenicity, which is conferred by lineage-specific Secreted In Xylem (SIX) effectors encoded on accessory genomic regions. However, such isolates also can colonize the roots of other plants asymptomatically as endophytes or even protect them against pathogenic strains. The molecular determinants of endophytic multihost compatibility are largely unknown. Here, we characterized a set of Fo candidate effectors from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) root apoplastic fluid; these early root colonization (ERC) effectors are secreted during early biotrophic growth on main and alternative plant hosts. In contrast to SIX effectors, ERCs have homologs across the entire Fo species complex as well as in other plant-interacting fungi, suggesting a conserved role in fungus-plant associations. Targeted deletion of ERC genes in a pathogenic Fo isolate resulted in reduced virulence and rapid activation of plant immune responses, while ERC deletion in a nonpathogenic isolate led to impaired root colonization and biocontrol ability. Strikingly, some ERCs contribute to Fo infection on the nonvascular land plant Marchantia polymorpha, revealing an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for multihost colonization by root infecting fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mugdha Sabale
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Bernd Zechmann
- Baylor University, Center for Microscopy and Imaging, Waco, Texas 76798, USA
| | - Yogesh K Gupta
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | | | - Selena Gimenez-Ibanez
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologıa-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Turrà
- Department of Agriculture and Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-enviromental Technology, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Roberto Solano
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologıa-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Sun X, Fang X, Wang D, Jones DA, Ma L. Transcriptome Analysis of Fusarium–Tomato Interaction Based on an Updated Genome Annotation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Identifies Novel Effector Candidates That Suppress or Induce Cell Death in Nicotiana benthamiana. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070672. [PMID: 35887429 PMCID: PMC9316272 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) causes vascular wilt disease in tomato. Upon colonization of the host, Fol secretes many small effector proteins into the xylem sap to facilitate infection. Besides known SIX (secreted in xylem) proteins, the identity of additional effectors that contribute to Fol pathogenicity remains largely unexplored. We performed a deep RNA-sequencing analysis of Fol race 2-infected tomato, used the sequence data to annotate a published genome assembly generated via PacBio SMRT sequencing of the Fol race 2 reference strain Fol4287, and analysed the resulting transcriptome to identify Fol effector candidates among the newly annotated genes. We examined the Fol-infection expression profiles of all 13 SIX genes present in Fol race 2 and identified 27 new candidate effector genes that were likewise significantly upregulated upon Fol infection. Using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, we tested the ability of 22 of the new candidate effector genes to suppress or induce cell death in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. One effector candidate designated Fol-EC19, encoding a secreted guanyl-specific ribonuclease, was found to trigger cell death and two effector candidates designated Fol-EC14 and Fol-EC20, encoding a glucanase and a secreted trypsin, respectively, were identified that can suppress Bax-mediated cell death. Remarkably, Fol-EC14 and Fol-EC20 were also found to suppress I-2/Avr2- and I/Avr1-mediated cell death. Using the yeast secretion trap screening system, we showed that these three biologically-active effector candidates each contain a functional signal peptide for protein secretion. Our findings provide a basis for further understanding the virulence functions of Fol effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhe Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (X.S.); (D.W.)
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Xiangling Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China;
| | - Dongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (X.S.); (D.W.)
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - David A. Jones
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
- Correspondence: (D.A.J.); (L.M.)
| | - Lisong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (X.S.); (D.W.)
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, the Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
- Correspondence: (D.A.J.); (L.M.)
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11
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Mapuranga J, Zhang N, Zhang L, Chang J, Yang W. Infection Strategies and Pathogenicity of Biotrophic Plant Fungal Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:799396. [PMID: 35722337 PMCID: PMC9201565 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.799396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotrophic plant pathogenic fungi are widely distributed and are among the most damaging pathogenic organisms of agriculturally important crops responsible for significant losses in quality and yield. However, the pathogenesis of obligate parasitic pathogenic microorganisms is still under investigation because they cannot reproduce and complete their life cycle on an artificial medium. The successful lifestyle of biotrophic fungal pathogens depends on their ability to secrete effector proteins to manipulate or evade plant defense response. By integrating genomics, transcriptomics, and effectoromics, insights into how the adaptation of biotrophic plant fungal pathogens adapt to their host populations can be gained. Efficient tools to decipher the precise molecular mechanisms of rust–plant interactions, and standardized routines in genomics and functional pipelines have been established and will pave the way for comparative studies. Deciphering fungal pathogenesis not only allows us to better understand how fungal pathogens infect host plants but also provides valuable information for plant diseases control, including new strategies to prevent, delay, or inhibit fungal development. Our review provides a comprehensive overview of the efforts that have been made to decipher the effector proteins of biotrophic fungal pathogens and demonstrates how rapidly research in the field of obligate biotrophy has progressed.
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12
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Roy A, Kalita B, Jayaprakash A, Kumar A, Lakshmi PTV. Computational identification and characterization of vascular wilt pathogen ( Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici) CAZymes in tomato xylem sap. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-17. [PMID: 35470778 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2067236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici is a devastating plant pathogenic fungi known for wilt disease in the tomato plant and secrete cell wall degrading enzymes. These enzymes are collectively known as carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), crucial for growth, colonization and pathogenesis. Therefore, the present study was aimed to identify and annotate pathogen CAZymes in the xylem sap of a susceptible tomato variety using downstream proteomics and meta servers. Further, structural elucidation and conformational stability analysis of the selected CAZyme families were done through homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulation. Among all the fungal proteins identified, the carbohydrate metabolic process was found to be enriched. Most of the annotated CAZymes belonged to the hydrolase and oxidoreductase families, and 90% were soluble and extracellular. Moreover, using a publically available interactome database, interactions were observed between the families acting on chitin, hemicellulose and pectin. Subsequently, important catalytic residues were identified in the candidate CAZymes belonging to carbohydrate esterase (CE8) and glycosyl hydrolase (GH18 and GH28). Further, essential dynamics after molecular simulation of 100 ns revealed the overall behavior of these CAZymes with distinct global minima and transition states in CE8. Thus, our study identified some of the CAZyme families that assist in pathogenesis and growth through host cell wall deconstruction with further structural insight into the selected CAZyme families.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet Roy
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
| | - Barsha Kalita
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
| | - Aiswarya Jayaprakash
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
| | - Amrendra Kumar
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
| | - P T V Lakshmi
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
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13
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Fosp9, a novel secreted protein, is essential for full virulence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense on banana ( Musa spp.). Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0060421. [PMID: 35108093 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00604-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The banana vascular wilt pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, delivers a number of different secreted proteins into host plant tissues during infection. Until now, only a few of the secreted proteins from this fungus have been shown to be virulence effectors. Here, the product of fosp9, which is a gene from this pathogen, was found to be a novel virulence effector. The fosp9 gene encodes a hypothetical 185 amino acid protein which has a functional signal peptide, but contains no known motifs or domains. The fosp9 disruptants displayed a significant reduction in producing wilt symptoms on bananas, indicating that fosp9 is essential for the full virulence of this pathogen towards banana. These disruptants did not exhibit a change in either saprophytic growth or conidiation on potato dextrose agar medium, but their invasive growth in the rhizomes of banana was markedly compromised, suggesting a pivotal role for fosp9 in the colonization of banana rhizome tissues by this fungus. Live-cell imaging revealed that the Fosp9:GFP fusion protein accumulated in the apoplast of the plant cells. Moreover, transcriptome profiling revealed that a number of virulence-associated genes were differentially expressed in the fosp9 disruptant relative to the wild-type. Taken together, these findings suggest that Fosp9 is a genuine effector of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense. IMPORTANCE Fusarium wilt of bananas (also known as Panama disease) caused by the fungus F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense is one of the most devastating banana diseases worldwide. The understanding of molecular mechanism of its pathogenicity is very limited until now. We demonstrated that the secreted protein Fosp9 from this fungus contributed to its virulence against banana hosts, and was essential for colonization of banana rhizome tissues by this fungus. Especially, Fosp9 contains no any known domains or motifs, and has no functionally characterized homologs, implying that it is a novel secreted effector involved in F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense- banana interactions. This work provides insight into molecular mechanisms of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense pathogenicity, and the fosp9 gene characterized would facilitates us develop transgenic banana and plantain resistant to this disease by silencing of this effector gene through host-induced gene silencing or other strategies in future.
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14
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An automated and combinative method for the predictive ranking of candidate effector proteins of fungal plant pathogens. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19731. [PMID: 34611252 PMCID: PMC8492765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99363-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal plant-pathogens promote infection of their hosts through the release of 'effectors'-a broad class of cytotoxic or virulence-promoting molecules. Effectors may be recognised by resistance or sensitivity receptors in the host, which can determine disease outcomes. Accurate prediction of effectors remains a major challenge in plant pathology, but if achieved will facilitate rapid improvements to host disease resistance. This study presents a novel tool and pipeline for the ranking of predicted effector candidates-Predector-which interfaces with multiple software tools and methods, aggregates disparate features that are relevant to fungal effector proteins, and applies a pairwise learning to rank approach. Predector outperformed a typical combination of secretion and effector prediction methods in terms of ranking performance when applied to a curated set of confirmed effectors derived from multiple species. We present Predector ( https://github.com/ccdmb/predector ) as a useful tool for the ranking of predicted effector candidates, which also aggregates and reports additional supporting information relevant to effector and secretome prediction in a simple, efficient, and reproducible manner.
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15
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Debbarma J, Saikia B, Singha DL, Maharana J, Velmuruagan N, Dekaboruah H, Arunkumar KP, Chikkaputtaiah C. XSP10 and SlSAMT, Fusarium wilt disease responsive genes of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) express tissue specifically and interact with each other at cytoplasm in vivo. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:1559-1575. [PMID: 34366597 PMCID: PMC8295444 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-01025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) is a major fungal disease of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Xylem sap protein 10 (XSP10) and Salicylic acid methyl transferase (SlSAMT) have been identified as putative negative regulatory genes associated with Fusarium wilt of tomato. Despite their importance as potential genes for developing Fusarium wilt disease tolerance, very little knowledge is available about their expression, cell biology, and functional genomics. Semi-quantitative and quantitative real-time PCR expression analysis of XSP10 and SlSAMT, in this study, revealed higher expression in root and flower tissue respectively in different tomato cultivars viz. Micro-Tom (MT), Arka Vikas (AV), and Arka Abhed (AA). Therefore, the highly up-regulated expression of XSP10 and SlSAMT in biotic stress susceptible tomato cultivar (AV) than a multiple disease resistant cultivar (AA) suggested the disease susceptibility nature of these genes for Fusarium wilt. Sub-cellular localization analysis through the expression of gateway cloning constructs in tomato protoplasts and seedlings showed the predominant localization of XSP10 in the nucleus and SlSAMT at the cytoplasm. A strong in vivo protein-protein interaction of XSP10 with SlSAMT at cytoplasm from bi-molecular fluorescent complementation study suggested that these two proteins function together in regulating responses to Fusarium wilt tolerance in tomato. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-01025-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johni Debbarma
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006 Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Banashree Saikia
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006 Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Dhanawantari L. Singha
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006 Assam India
| | - Jitendra Maharana
- Distributed Information Centre (DIC), Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam India
- Present Address: Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Natarajan Velmuruagan
- Biological Sciences Division, Branch Laboratory-Itanagar, CSIR-NEIST, Naharlagun, 791110 Arunachal Pradesh India
| | - Hariprasanna Dekaboruah
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006 Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Kallare P. Arunkumar
- Central Muga Eri Research and Training Institute (CMER&TI), Lahdoigarh, Jorhat, 785006 Assam India
| | - Channakeshavaiah Chikkaputtaiah
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006 Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002 Uttar Pradesh India
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006 Assam India
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16
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Babilonia K, Wang P, Liu Z, Jamieson P, Mormile B, Rodrigues O, Zhang L, Lin W, Danmaigona Clement C, Menezes de Moura S, Alves-Ferreira M, Finlayson SA, Loring Nichols R, Wheeler TA, Dever JK, Shan L, He P. A nonproteinaceous Fusarium cell wall extract triggers receptor-like protein-dependent immune responses in Arabidopsis and cotton. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:275-289. [PMID: 33314087 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt caused by the ascomycete fungus Fusarium oxysporum is a devastating disease of many economically important crops. The mechanisms underlying plant responses to F. oxysporum infections remain largely unknown. We demonstrate here that a water-soluble, heat-resistant and nonproteinaceous F. oxysporum cell wall extract (FoCWE) component from multiple F. oxysporum isolates functions as a race-nonspecific elicitor, also termed pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP). FoCWE triggers several demonstrated immune responses, including mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphorylation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, ethylene production, and stomatal closure, in cotton and Arabidopsis. Pretreated FoCWE protects cotton seeds against infections by virulent F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (Fov), and Arabidopsis plants against the virulent bacterium, Pseudomonas syringae, suggesting the potential application of FoCWEs in crop protection. Host-mediated responses to FoCWE do not appear to require LYKs/CERK1, BAK1 or SOBIR1, which are commonly involved in PAMP perception and/or signalling. However, FoCWE responses and Fusarium resistance in cotton partially require two receptor-like proteins, GhRLP20 and GhRLP31. Transcriptome analysis suggests that FoCWE preferentially activates cell wall-mediated defence, and Fov has evolved virulence mechanisms to suppress FoCWE-induced defence. These findings suggest that FoCWE is a classical PAMP that is potentially recognised by a novel pattern-recognition receptor to regulate cotton resistance to Fusarium infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Babilonia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Zunyong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Pierce Jamieson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Brendan Mormile
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Olivier Rodrigues
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Wenwei Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | | | - Stéfanie Menezes de Moura
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, R.J. 21941, Brazil
| | - Marcio Alves-Ferreira
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, R.J. 21941, Brazil
| | - Scott A Finlayson
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Robert Loring Nichols
- Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Cotton Incorporated, 6399 Weston Parkway, Cary, NC, 27513, USA
| | - Terry A Wheeler
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, 1102 East Drew St., Lubbock, TX, 79403, USA
| | - Jane K Dever
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, 1102 East Drew St., Lubbock, TX, 79403, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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17
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Li J, Fokkens L, Rep M. A single gene in Fusarium oxysporum limits host range. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:108-116. [PMID: 33146465 PMCID: PMC7749751 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysoporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum (Forc) is able to cause disease in cucumber, melon, and watermelon, while F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis (Fom) can only infect melon plants. Earlier research showed that mobile chromosomes in Forc and Fom determine the difference in host range between Forc and Fom. By closely comparing these pathogenicity chromosomes combined with RNA-sequencing data, we selected 11 candidate genes that we tested for involvement in the difference in host range between Forc and Fom. One of these candidates is a putative effector gene on the Fom pathogenicity chromosome that has nonidentical homologs on the Forc pathogenicity chromosome. Four independent Forc transformants with this gene from Fom showed strongly reduced or no pathogenicity towards cucumber, while retaining pathogenicity towards melon and watermelon. This suggests that the protein encoded by this gene is recognized by an immune receptor in cucumber plants. This is the first time that a single gene has been demonstrated to determine a difference in host specificity between formae speciales of F. oxysporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiming Li
- Molecular Plant PathologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Like Fokkens
- Molecular Plant PathologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Martijn Rep
- Molecular Plant PathologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
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18
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Henry P, Kaur S, Pham QAT, Barakat R, Brinker S, Haensel H, Daugovish O, Epstein L. Genomic differences between the new Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. apii (Foa) race 4 on celery, the less virulent Foa races 2 and 3, and the avirulent on celery f. sp. coriandrii. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:730. [PMID: 33081696 PMCID: PMC7576743 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the F. oxysporium species complex (FOSC) in the f. sp. apii (Foa) are pathogenic on celery and those in f. sp. coriandrii (Foci) are pathogenic on coriander (=cilantro). Foci was first reported in California in 2005; a new and highly aggressive race 4 of Foa was observed in 2013 in California. Preliminary evidence indicated that Foa can also cause disease on coriander, albeit are less virulent than Foci. Comparative genomics was used to investigate the evolutionary relationships between Foa race 4, Foa race 3, and the Foci, which are all in FOSC Clade 2, and Foa race 2, which is in FOSC Clade 3. RESULTS A phylogenetic analysis of 2718 single-copy conserved genes and mitochondrial DNA sequence indicated that Foa races 3 and 4 and the Foci are monophyletic within FOSC Clade 2; these strains also are in a single somatic compatibility group. However, in the accessory genomes, the Foci versus Foa races 3 and 4 differ in multiple contigs. Based on significantly increased expression of Foa race 4 genes in planta vs. in vitro, we identified 23 putative effectors and 13 possible pathogenicity factors. PCR primers for diagnosis of either Foa race 2 or 4 and the Foci were identified. Finally, mixtures of conidia that were pre-stained with different fluorochromes indicated that Foa race 4 formed conidial anastomosis tubes (CATs) with Foci. Foa race 4 and Foa race 2, which are in different somatic compatibility groups, did not form CATs with each other. CONCLUSIONS There was no evidence that Foa race 2 was involved in the recent evolution of Foa race 4; Foa race 2 and 4 are CAT-incompatible. Although Foa races 3 and 4 and the Foci are closely related, there is no evidence that either Foci contributed to the evolution of Foa race 4, or that Foa race 4 was the recent recipient of a multi-gene chromosomal segment from another strain. However, horizontal chromosome transfer could account for the major difference in the accessory genomes of Foa race 4 and the Foci and for their differences in host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Henry
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616-8680, USA.,USDA-ARS, 1636 East Alisal St., Salinas, CA, 93905, USA
| | - Sukhwinder Kaur
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616-8680, USA
| | - Quyen Anh Tran Pham
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616-8680, USA.,Current address: Janssen Biopharma, Inc., 260 E Grand Ave., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Radwan Barakat
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616-8680, USA.,Department of Plant Production & Protection, College of Agriculture, Hebron University, Hebron, Palestine
| | - Samuel Brinker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616-8680, USA
| | - Hannah Haensel
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616-8680, USA
| | - Oleg Daugovish
- University of California Cooperative Extension, 669 County Square Drive, Suite 100, Ventura, CA, 93003, USA
| | - Lynn Epstein
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616-8680, USA.
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19
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Li J, Gao M, Gabriel DW, Liang W, Song L. Secretome-Wide Analysis of Lysine Acetylation in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Provides Novel Insights Into Infection-Related Proteins. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:559440. [PMID: 33013791 PMCID: PMC7506082 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.559440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) is the causal agent of Fusarium wilt disease in tomato. Proteins secreted by this pathogen during initial host colonization largely determine the outcome of pathogen-host interactions. Lysine acetylation (Kac) plays a vital role in the functions of many proteins, but little is known about Kac in Fol secreted proteins. In this study, we analyzed lysine acetylation of the entire Fol secretome. Using high affinity enrichment of Kac peptides and LC-MS/MS analysis, 50 potentially secreted Fol proteins were identified and acetylation sites determined. Bioinformatics analysis revealed 32 proteins with canonical N-terminal signal peptide leaders, and most of them were predicted to be enzymes involved in a variety of biological processes and metabolic pathways. Remarkably, all 32 predicted secreted proteins were novel and encoded on the core chromosomes rather than on the previously identified LS pathogenicity chromosomes. Homolog scanning of the secreted proteins among 40 different species revealed 4 proteins that were species specific, 3 proteins that were class-specific in the Ascomycota phylum, and 25 proteins that were more widely conserved genes. These secreted proteins provide a starting resource for investigating putative novel pathogenic genes, with 26 up-regulated genes encoding Kac proteins that may play an important role during initial symptomless infection stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Li
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingming Gao
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dean W Gabriel
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Wenxing Liang
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Limin Song
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Tintor N, Paauw M, Rep M, Takken FLW. The root-invading pathogen Fusarium oxysporum targets pattern-triggered immunity using both cytoplasmic and apoplastic effectors. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1479-1492. [PMID: 32323328 PMCID: PMC7496899 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens use effector proteins to promote host colonisation. The mode of action of effectors from root-invading pathogens, such as Fusarium oxysporum (Fo), is poorly understood. Here, we investigated whether Fo effectors suppress pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), and whether they enter host cells during infection. Eight candidate effectors of an Arabidopsis-infecting Fo strain were expressed with and without signal peptide for secretion in Nicotiana benthamiana and their effect on flg22-triggered and chitin-triggered reactive oxidative species (ROS) burst was monitored. To detect uptake, effector biotinylation by an intracellular Arabidopsis-produced biotin ligase was examined following root infection. Four effectors suppressed PTI signalling; two acted intracellularly and two apoplastically. Heterologous expression of a PTI-suppressing effector in Arabidopsis enhanced bacterial susceptibility. Consistent with an intracellular activity, host cell uptake of five effectors, but not of the apoplastically acting ones, was detected in Fo-infected Arabidopsis roots. Multiple Fo effectors targeted PTI signalling, uncovering a surprising overlap in infection strategies between foliar and root pathogens. Extracellular targeting of flg22 signalling by a microbial effector provides a new mechanism on how plant pathogens manipulate their host. Effector translocation appears independent of protein size, charge, presence of conserved motifs or the promoter driving its expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Tintor
- Molecular Plant PathologySILSUniversity of AmsterdamPO Box 942151090 GEAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Misha Paauw
- Molecular Plant PathologySILSUniversity of AmsterdamPO Box 942151090 GEAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Martijn Rep
- Molecular Plant PathologySILSUniversity of AmsterdamPO Box 942151090 GEAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Frank L. W. Takken
- Molecular Plant PathologySILSUniversity of AmsterdamPO Box 942151090 GEAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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Abstract
Most genomes within the species complex of Fusarium oxysporum are organized into two compartments: the core chromosomes (CCs) and accessory chromosomes (ACs). As opposed to CCs, which are conserved and vertically transmitted to carry out essential housekeeping functions, lineage- or strain-specific ACs are believed to be initially horizontally acquired through unclear mechanisms. These two genomic compartments are different in terms of gene density, the distribution of transposable elements, and epigenetic markers. Although common in eukaryotes, the functional importance of ACs is uniquely emphasized among fungal species, specifically in relationship to fungal pathogenicity and their adaptation to diverse hosts. With a focus on the cross-kingdom fungal pathogen F. oxysporum, this review provides a summary of the differences between CCs and ACs based on current knowledge of gene functions, genome structures, and epigenetic signatures, and explores the transcriptional crosstalk between the core and accessory genomes.
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Leonard M, Kühn A, Harting R, Maurus I, Nagel A, Starke J, Kusch H, Valerius O, Feussner K, Feussner I, Kaever A, Landesfeind M, Morgenstern B, Becher D, Hecker M, Braus-Stromeyer SA, Kronstad JW, Braus GH. Verticillium longisporum Elicits Media-Dependent Secretome Responses With Capacity to Distinguish Between Plant-Related Environments. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1876. [PMID: 32849460 PMCID: PMC7423881 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillia cause a vascular wilt disease affecting a broad range of economically valuable crops. The fungus enters its host plants through the roots and colonizes the vascular system. It requires extracellular proteins for a successful plant colonization. The exoproteomes of the allodiploid Verticillium longisporum upon cultivation in different media or xylem sap extracted from its host plant Brassica napus were compared. Secreted fungal proteins were identified by label free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry screening. V. longisporum induced two main secretion patterns. One response pattern was elicited in various non-plant related environments. The second pattern includes the exoprotein responses to the plant-related media, pectin-rich simulated xylem medium and pure xylem sap, which exhibited similar but additional distinct features. These exoproteomes include a shared core set of 221 secreted and similarly enriched fungal proteins. The pectin-rich medium significantly induced the secretion of 143 proteins including a number of pectin degrading enzymes, whereas xylem sap triggered a smaller but unique fungal exoproteome pattern with 32 enriched proteins. The latter pattern included proteins with domains of known pathogenicity factors, metallopeptidases and carbohydrate-active enzymes. The most abundant proteins of these different groups are the necrosis and ethylene inducing-like proteins Nlp2 and Nlp3, the cerato-platanin proteins Cp1 and Cp2, the metallopeptidases Mep1 and Mep2 and the carbohydrate-active enzymes Gla1, Amy1 and Cbd1. Their pathogenicity contribution was analyzed in the haploid parental strain V. dahliae. Deletion of the majority of the corresponding genes caused no phenotypic changes during ex planta growth or invasion and colonization of tomato plants. However, we discovered that the MEP1, NLP2, and NLP3 deletion strains were compromised in plant infections. Overall, our exoproteome approach revealed that the fungus induces specific secretion responses in different environments. The fungus has a general response to non-plant related media whereas it is able to fine-tune its exoproteome in the presence of plant material. Importantly, the xylem sap-specific exoproteome pinpointed Nlp2 and Nlp3 as single effectors required for successful V. dahliae colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Leonard
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anika Kühn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rebekka Harting
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Isabel Maurus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Nagel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jessica Starke
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Harald Kusch
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Valerius
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kirstin Feussner
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Kaever
- Department of Bioinformatics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Landesfeind
- Department of Bioinformatics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Burkhard Morgenstern
- Department of Bioinformatics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Department Microbial Proteomics, Institute for Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Hecker
- Department of Microbial Physiology, Institute for Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Susanna A. Braus-Stromeyer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - James W. Kronstad
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gerhard H. Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Maio F, Helderman TA, Arroyo-Mateos M, van der Wolf M, Boeren S, Prins M, van den Burg HA. Identification of Tomato Proteins That Interact With Replication Initiator Protein (Rep) of the Geminivirus TYLCV. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1069. [PMID: 32760417 PMCID: PMC7373745 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Geminiviruses are plant-infecting DNA viruses that reshape the intracellular environment of their host in order to create favorable conditions for viral replication and propagation. Viral manipulation is largely mediated via interactions between viral and host proteins. Identification of this protein network helps us to understand how these viruses manipulate their host and therefore provides us potentially with novel leads for resistance against this class of pathogens, as genetic variation in the corresponding plant genes could subvert viral manipulation. Different studies have already yielded a list of host proteins that interact with one of the geminiviral proteins. Here, we use affinity purification followed by mass spectrometry (AP-MS) to further expand this list of interacting proteins, focusing on an important host (tomato) and the Replication initiator protein (Rep, AL1, C1) from Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). Rep is the only geminiviral protein proven to be essential for geminiviral replication and it forms an integral part of viral replisomes, a protein complex that consists of plant and viral proteins that allows for viral DNA replication. Using AP-MS, fifty-four 'high confidence' tomato proteins were identified that specifically co-purified with Rep. For two of them, an unknown EWS-like RNA-binding protein (called Geminivirus Rep interacting EWS-like protein 1 or GRIEP1) and an isoform of the THO complex subunit 4A (ALY1), we were able to confirm this interaction with Rep in planta using a second method, bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). The THO subunit 4 is part of the THO/TREX (TRanscription-EXport) complex, which controls RNA splicing and nuclear export of mRNA to the cytoplasm and is also connected to plant disease resistance. This work represents the first step towards characterization of novel host factors with a putative role in the life cycle of TYLCV and possibly other geminiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Maio
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tieme A. Helderman
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Manuel Arroyo-Mateos
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Miguel van der Wolf
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marcel Prins
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Keygene N.V., Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Harrold A. van den Burg
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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de Lamo FJ, Takken FLW. Biocontrol by Fusarium oxysporum Using Endophyte-Mediated Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:37. [PMID: 32117376 PMCID: PMC7015898 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between plants and the root-colonizing fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) can be neutral, beneficial, or detrimental for the host. Fo is infamous for its ability to cause wilt, root-, and foot-rot in many plant species, including many agronomically important crops. However, Fo also has another face; as a root endophyte, it can reduce disease caused by vascular pathogens such as Verticillium dahliae and pathogenic Fo strains. Fo also confers protection to root pathogens like Pythium ultimum, but typically not to pathogens attacking above-ground tissues such as Botrytis cinerea or Phytophthora capsici. Endophytes confer biocontrol either directly by interacting with pathogens via mycoparasitism, antibiosis, or by competition for nutrients or root niches, or indirectly by inducing resistance mechanisms in the host. Fo endophytes such as Fo47 and CS-20 differ from Fo pathogens in their effector gene content, host colonization mechanism, location in the plant, and induced host-responses. Whereas endophytic strains trigger localized cell death in the root cortex, and transiently induce immune signaling and papilla formation, these responses are largely suppressed by pathogenic Fo strains. The ability of pathogenic strains to compromise immune signaling and cell death is likely attributable to their host-specific effector repertoire. The lower number of effector genes in endophytes as compared to pathogens provides a means to distinguish them from each other. Co-inoculation of a biocontrol-conferring Fo and a pathogenic Fo strain on tomato reduces disease, and although the pathogen still colonizes the xylem vessels this has surprisingly little effect on the xylem sap proteome composition. In this tripartite interaction the accumulation of just two PR proteins, NP24 (a PR-5) and a β-glucanase, was affected. The Fo-induced resistance response in tomato appears to be distinct from induced systemic resistance (ISR) or systemic acquired resistance (SAR), as the phytohormones jasmonate, ethylene, and salicylic acid are not required. In this review, we summarize our molecular understanding of Fo-induced resistance in a model and identify caveats in our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank L. W. Takken
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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25
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Yang J, Wang X, Xie M, Wang G, Li Z, Zhang Y, Wu L, Zhang G, Ma Z. Proteomic analyses on xylem sap provides insights into the defense response of Gossypium hirsutum against Verticillium dahliae. J Proteomics 2019; 213:103599. [PMID: 31809902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae seriously affects the yield of cotton. Here, V. dahliae infection induced the significant reduction of protein concentration in cotton xylem sap (CXS), suggesting that the protein composition have changed. Thus, the proteomics in CXS from resistant Gossypium hirsutum cv. ND601 and susceptible CCRI8 infected by V. dahliae were analyzed using the label-free method. A total of 3047 proteins were identified across all four CXS sample groups. 1717 and 1476 proteins were differentially accumulated in ND601 and CCRI8 after infection with V. dahliae, respectively. The majority of up-accumulated and induced proteins belongs to pathogenesis-related proteins and associates with cell wall (CWRPs). Down-accumulated and disappeared proteins were principally related to plant growth and development. Differentially accumulated CWRPs from ND601 and CCRI8 in type and quantity were not entirely consistent with each other, leading to different cell wall dynamics and strength, which were partly proved by the measurement of stem mechanical strength. Most of proteins related to growth and development were down-accumulated in ND601 compared to CCRI8, suggesting that the resistant variety may transfer more energy for defense responses or reduce nutrient acquisition of V. dahliae for colonization more effectively than the susceptible. SIGNIFICANCE: Verticillium wilt, mainly caused by V. dahliae, is one of the most destructive diseases in cotton. V. dahliae usually penetrates the root epidermis, reaches vascular tissues, and eventually extends to the above-ground tissues along the xylem vessels. Obviously, xylem is an important battlefront for plant defense to V. dahliae. Therefore, we analyzed the proteome profiles of xylem saps from resistant and susceptible cotton cultivars. Our findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanism underlying the interaction between V. dahliae and cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Xingfen Wang
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Meixia Xie
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Guoning Wang
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Zhikun Li
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Liqiang Wu
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Guiyin Zhang
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Zhiying Ma
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China.
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Rostaminedjad M, Askari H, Zakavi M, Nadjafabadi MS, Farrokhi N. Energy Flow from Root to Shoot: A Comprehensive In silico Analysis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 17:e1734. [PMID: 31457040 PMCID: PMC6697854 DOI: 10.21859/ijb.1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Root to shoot connection and transfer of information seems to be taken place mostly via the transmissions of signal molecules, secondary metabolites, amino acids, hormones and proteins, through xylem sap. Examination of earlier reports is indicative of relatively high levels of conservation in xylem sap protein compositions. Apparently these protein molecules are being synthesized in roots in response to environmental changes and get transported to aerial plant parts after secretion into xylem sap. Objectives In order to comprehend this so-called passive signaling, some questions need to be answered: 1) Do these proteins have the capability to act as signals? 2) How much energy does root spend for the biosynthesis of the secreted proteins? How similar is the amount of energy that root cells spent for the biosynthesis of intra- and extra-cellular proteins? Materials and Methods Reported xylem sap proteins curated from Arabidopsis, maize and soybean. Their sequences were put under scrutiny in terms of considering their mobility, and physical and chemical properties. Metabolic energy required for their biosynthesis along with the energy hidden in their peptide bonds were calculated and compared with random non-xylem sap proteins as control. Results Xylem sap proteins were significantly smaller than the root proteins, while they were bigger in size when compared to the leaf group. Xylem protein pIs were significantly higher than the control proteins in different plants. Similarly, the protein stability was higher for xylem sap proteins in comparison with roots and leaves in all analyzed plants, except for soybean that the stability was indifferent between xylem and root. The data were suggestive a significantly lower energy consumption for the synthesis of xylem sap proteins. Conclusions Lower energy consumption may suggest an economical route of communication between roots and shoots in plants that mainly rely on symplastic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Rostaminedjad
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G. C., Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Askari
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G. C., Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Zakavi
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G. C., Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masood Soltani Nadjafabadi
- Genetic Research Department, Iranian National Plant Gene Bank, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Naser Farrokhi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G. C., Evin, Tehran, Iran
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Branco R, Masle J. Systemic signalling through translationally controlled tumour protein controls lateral root formation in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3927-3940. [PMID: 31037291 PMCID: PMC6685649 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The plant body plan and primary organs are established during embryogenesis. However, in contrast to animals, plants have the ability to generate new organs throughout their whole life. These give them an extraordinary developmental plasticity to modulate their size and architecture according to environmental constraints and opportunities. How this plasticity is regulated at the whole-organism level is elusive. Here we provide evidence for a role for translationally controlled tumour protein (TCTP) in regulating the iterative formation of lateral roots in Arabidopsis. AtTCTP1 modulates root system architecture through a dual function: as a general constitutive growth promoter enhancing root elongation and as a systemic signalling agent via mobility in the vasculature. AtTCTP1 encodes mRNAs with long-distance mobility between the shoot and roots. Mobile shoot-derived TCTP1 gene products act specifically to enhance the frequency of lateral root initiation and emergence sites along the primary root pericycle, while root elongation is controlled by local constitutive TCTP1 expression and scion size. These findings uncover a novel type for an integrative signal in the control of lateral root initiation and the compromise for roots between branching more profusely or elongating further. They also provide the first evidence in plants of an extracellular function of the vital, highly expressed ubiquitous TCTP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Branco
- The Australian National University, College of Science, Research School of Biology, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Josette Masle
- The Australian National University, College of Science, Research School of Biology, Canberra ACT, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Physiological, Biochemical and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters of Physalis Peruviana L. Seedlings Exposed to Different Short-Term Waterlogging Periods and Fusarium Wilt Infection. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9050213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cape gooseberry has coped with abiotic and biotic stresses such as prolonged waterlogging periods and vascular wilt in recent years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of four waterlogging periods on stomatal conductance (gs), leaf water potential (Ψwf), plant growth, leaf photosynthetic pigments, malondialdehyde (MDA) production, proline content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in cape gooseberry plants infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali (Foph). Two-month-old ecotype “Colombia” plants were arranged in a completely randomized factorial design in eight treatments: plants without waterlogging (control), plants with waterlogging for 4, 6 and 8 d with and without Foph, respectively. The area under the disease progress curve was higher in inoculated plants subjected to 6 and 8 d of waterlogging (55.25 and 64.25) compared to inoculated plants but without waterlogging (45.25). The results also showed a lower plant growth, gs, Ψwf, leaf photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, electron transport rate (ETR), Y (II) and qP) as waterlogging periods in plants with Foph increased. However, this group of plants showed a greater proline and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation and a higher NPQ. In conclusion, cape gooseberry shows a low acclimation to waterlogging conditions of more than 6 d in soils with Foph.
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de Lamo FJ, Constantin ME, Fresno DH, Boeren S, Rep M, Takken FLW. Xylem Sap Proteomics Reveals Distinct Differences Between R Gene- and Endophyte-Mediated Resistance Against Fusarium Wilt Disease in Tomato. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2977. [PMID: 30564219 PMCID: PMC6288350 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance (R) genes and endophytic organisms can both protect plants against pathogens. Although the outcome of both processes is the same, little is known about the commonalities and differences between both immune responses. Here we set out to phenotypically characterize both responses in the tomato-Fusarium pathosystem, and to identify markers to distinguish these responses at the molecular level. As endophyte Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) strain Fo47 was employed, which confers protection against various pathogens, including the vascular wilt fungus F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Fol). As R-gene conferring Fol resistance, the I-2 gene of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) was used. Fol colonizes the xylem vessels of susceptible and I-2 resistant tomato plants, but only causes disease in the former. Fol was found to colonize the vasculature of endophyte-colonized plants, and could be isolated from stems of non-diseased plants co-inoculated with Fo47 and Fol. Because the xylem vessels form the main interface between plant and pathogen, the xylem sap proteomes during R gene- and Endophyte-Mediated Resistance (RMR and EMR) were compared using label-free quantitative nLC-MS/MS. Surprisingly, both proteomes were remarkably similar to the mock, revealing only one or two differentially accumulated proteins in the respective resistant interactions. Whereas in I-2 plants the accumulation of the pathogenesis-related protein PR-5x was strongly induced by Fol, the endophyte triggered induction of both NP24, another PR-5 isoform, and of a β-glucanase in the presence of Fol. Notably, over 54% of the identified xylem sap proteins have a predicted intracellular localization, which implies that these might be present in exosomes. In conclusion, whereas both resistance mechanisms permit the pathogen to colonize the vasculature, this does not result in disease and this resistance coincides with specific induction of two distinct PR-5 isoforms and a β-glucanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. de Lamo
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maria E. Constantin
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - David H. Fresno
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Martijn Rep
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frank L. W. Takken
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Widinugraheni S, Niño-Sánchez J, van der Does HC, van Dam P, García-Bastidas FA, Subandiyah S, Meijer HJG, Kistler HC, Kema GHJ, Rep M. A SIX1 homolog in Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense tropical race 4 contributes to virulence towards Cavendish banana. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205896. [PMID: 30346962 PMCID: PMC6197647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Focub) causes Fusarium wilt of banana. Focub strains are divided into races according to their host specificity, but which virulence factors underlie these interactions is currently unknown. In the F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Fol)-tomato system, small secreted fungal proteins, called Six proteins, were identified in the xylem sap of infected plants. The Fol Six1 protein contributes to virulence and has an avirulence function by activating the I-3 immune receptor of tomato. The Focub tropical race 4 (TR4) genome harbors three SIX1 homologs: SIX1a, b and c. In this study, the role of Focub-SIX1a in pathogenicity was evaluated since this homolog is present in not only TR4 but also in other races. A deletion mutant of the SIX1a gene from Focub TR4 strain II5 was generated (FocubΔSIX1a) and tested in planta. Mutants were found to be severely compromised in their virulence. Ectopic integration of the Focub-SIX1a gene in the FocubΔSIX1a strain restored virulence to wild type levels. We conclude that Focub-SIX1a is required for full virulence of Focub TR4 towards Cavendish banana.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Widinugraheni
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Agriculture, Nusa Cendana University, Kupang, Indonesia
| | - J. Niño-Sánchez
- ARS-USDA Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - H. C. van der Does
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P. van Dam
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F. A. García-Bastidas
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - S. Subandiyah
- Dept. Plant Protection, Fac. Agriculture, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Research Center for Biotechnology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - H. J. G. Meijer
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H. C. Kistler
- ARS-USDA Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - G. H. J. Kema
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M. Rep
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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31
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Armitage AD, Taylor A, Sobczyk MK, Baxter L, Greenfield BPJ, Bates HJ, Wilson F, Jackson AC, Ott S, Harrison RJ, Clarkson JP. Characterisation of pathogen-specific regions and novel effector candidates in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13530. [PMID: 30202022 PMCID: PMC6131394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30335-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A reference-quality assembly of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae (Foc), the causative agent of onion basal rot has been generated along with genomes of additional pathogenic and non-pathogenic isolates of onion. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed a single origin of the Foc pathogenic lineage. Genome alignments with other F. oxysporum ff. spp. and non pathogens revealed high levels of syntenic conservation of core chromosomes but little synteny between lineage specific (LS) chromosomes. Four LS contigs in Foc totaling 3.9 Mb were designated as pathogen-specific (PS). A two-fold increase in segmental duplication events was observed between LS regions of the genome compared to within core regions or from LS regions to the core. RNA-seq expression studies identified candidate effectors expressed in planta, consisting of both known effector homologs and novel candidates. FTF1 and a subset of other transcription factors implicated in regulation of effector expression were found to be expressed in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Taylor
- Warwick Crop Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick, CV35 9EF, UK
| | | | - Laura Baxter
- Warwick Crop Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick, CV35 9EF, UK
| | | | - Helen J Bates
- NIAB-EMR, New Road, East Malling, Kent, ME19 6BJ, UK
| | - Fiona Wilson
- NIAB-EMR, New Road, East Malling, Kent, ME19 6BJ, UK
| | - Alison C Jackson
- Warwick Crop Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick, CV35 9EF, UK
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, Warwick, UK
| | | | - John P Clarkson
- Warwick Crop Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick, CV35 9EF, UK
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32
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Cao L, Blekemolen MC, Tintor N, Cornelissen BJC, Takken FLW. The Fusarium oxysporum Avr2-Six5 Effector Pair Alters Plasmodesmatal Exclusion Selectivity to Facilitate Cell-to-Cell Movement of Avr2. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:691-705. [PMID: 29481865 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens use effector proteins to manipulate their hosts. During infection of tomato, the fungus Fusarium oxysporum secretes the effectors Avr2 and Six5. Whereas Avr2 suffices to trigger I-2-mediated cell death in heterologous systems, both effectors are required for I-2-mediated disease resistance in tomato. How Six5 participates in triggering resistance is unknown. Using bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays we found that Avr2 and Six5 interact at plasmodesmata. Single-cell transformation revealed that a 2xRFP marker protein and Avr2-GFP only move to neighboring cells in the presence of Six5. Six5 alone does not alter plasmodesmatal transduction as 2xRFP was only translocated in the presence of both effectors. In SIX5-expressing transgenic plants, the distribution of virally expressed Avr2-GFP, and subsequent onset of I-2-mediated cell death, differed from that in wild-type tomato. Taken together, our data show that in the presence of Six5, Avr2 moves from cell to cell, which in susceptible plants contributes to virulence, but in I-2 containing plants induces resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxue Cao
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Science, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mila C Blekemolen
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Science, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nico Tintor
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Science, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ben J C Cornelissen
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Science, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank L W Takken
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Science, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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33
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Chagas FO, Pessotti RDC, Caraballo-Rodríguez AM, Pupo MT. Chemical signaling involved in plant-microbe interactions. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:1652-1704. [PMID: 29218336 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00343a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms are found everywhere, and they are closely associated with plants. Because the establishment of any plant-microbe association involves chemical communication, understanding crosstalk processes is fundamental to defining the type of relationship. Although several metabolites from plants and microbes have been fully characterized, their roles in the chemical interplay between these partners are not well understood in most cases, and they require further investigation. In this review, we describe different plant-microbe associations from colonization to microbial establishment processes in plants along with future prospects, including agricultural benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Oliveira Chagas
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP-USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil.
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34
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Sherif SM, Erland LA, Shukla MR, Saxena PK. Bark and wood tissues of American elm exhibit distinct responses to Dutch elm disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7114. [PMID: 28769110 PMCID: PMC5540924 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07779-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tolerance to Dutch elm disease (DED) has been linked to the rapid and/or high induction of disease-responsive genes after infection with the fungus Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. Although the fungal infection by O. novo-ulmi primarily takes places in xylem vessels, it is still unclear how xylem contributes to the defense against DED. Taking advantage of the easy separation of wood and bark tissues in young American elm saplings, here we show that most disease-responsive genes exhibited higher expression in wood compared to bark tissues after fungal infection. On the other hand, the stress-related phytohormones were generally more abundant in the bark compared to wood tissues. However, only endogenous levels of jasmonates (JAs), but not salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) increased in the inoculated tissues. This, along with the upregulation of JA-biosynthesis genes in inoculated bark and core tissues further suggest that phloem and xylem might contribute to the de novo biosynthesis of JA after fungal infection. The comparison between two tolerant elm varieties, 'Valley Forge' and 'Princeton,' also indicated that tolerance against DED might be mediated by different mechanisms in the xylem. The present study sheds some light on the amplitude and kinetics of defense responses produced in the xylem and phloem in response to DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Sherif
- Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Virginia Tech, Alson H. Smith, Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Winchester, VA, USA
| | - L A Erland
- Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - M R Shukla
- Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - P K Saxena
- Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Abstract
The translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) is a small, multifunctional protein found in most, if not all, eukaryotic lineages, involved in a myriad of key regulatory processes. Among these, the control of proliferation and inhibition of cell death, as well as differentiation, are the most important, and it is probable that other responses are derived from the ability of TCTP to influence them in both unicellular and multicellular organisms. In the latter, an additional function for TCTP stems from its capacity to be secreted via a nonclassical pathway and function in a non-cell autonomous (paracrine) manner, thus affecting the responses of neighboring or distant cells to developmental or environmental stimuli (as in the case of serum TCTP/histamine-releasing factor in mammals and phloem TCTP in Arabidopsis). The additional ability to traverse membranes without a requirement for transmembrane receptors adds to its functional flexibility. The long-distance transport of TCTP mRNA and protein in plants via the vascular system supports the notion that an important aspect of TCTP function is its ability to influence the response of neighboring and distant cells to endogenous and exogenous signals in a supracellular manner. The predicted tridimensional structure of TCTPs indicates a high degree of conservation, more than its amino acid sequence similarity could suggest. However, subtle differences in structure could lead to different activities, as evidenced by TCTPs secreted by Plasmodium spp. Similar structural variations in animal and plant TCTPs, likely the result of convergent evolution, could lead to deviations from the canonical function of this group of proteins, which could have an impact from a biomedical and agricultural perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Ruiz-Medrano
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Avenida IPN 2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco, México City, 07360, México.
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36
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van der Does HC, Fokkens L, Yang A, Schmidt SM, Langereis L, Lukasiewicz JM, Hughes TR, Rep M. Transcription Factors Encoded on Core and Accessory Chromosomes of Fusarium oxysporum Induce Expression of Effector Genes. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006401. [PMID: 27855160 PMCID: PMC5140021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins secreted by pathogens during host colonization largely determine the outcome of pathogen-host interactions and are commonly called 'effectors'. In fungal plant pathogens, coordinated transcriptional up-regulation of effector genes is a key feature of pathogenesis and effectors are often encoded in genomic regions with distinct repeat content, histone code and rate of evolution. In the tomato pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol), effector genes reside on one of four accessory chromosomes, known as the 'pathogenicity' chromosome, which can be exchanged between strains through horizontal transfer. The three other accessory chromosomes in the Fol reference strain may also be important for virulence towards tomato. Expression of effector genes in Fol is highly up-regulated upon infection and requires Sge1, a transcription factor encoded on the core genome. Interestingly, the pathogenicity chromosome itself contains 13 predicted transcription factor genes and for all except one, there is a homolog on the core genome. We determined DNA binding specificity for nine transcription factors using oligonucleotide arrays. The binding sites for homologous transcription factors were highly similar, suggesting that extensive neofunctionalization of DNA binding specificity has not occurred. Several DNA binding sites are enriched on accessory chromosomes, and expression of FTF1, its core homolog FTF2 and SGE1 from a constitutive promoter can induce expression of effector genes. The DNA binding sites of only these three transcription factors are enriched among genes up-regulated during infection. We further show that Ftf1, Ftf2 and Sge1 can activate transcription from their binding sites in yeast. RNAseq analysis revealed that in strains with constitutive expression of FTF1, FTF2 or SGE1, expression of a similar set of plant-responsive genes on the pathogenicity chromosome is induced, including most effector genes. We conclude that the Fol pathogenicity chromosome may be partially transcriptionally autonomous, but there are also extensive transcriptional connections between core and accessory chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Like Fokkens
- Molecular Plant Pathology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ally Yang
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah M. Schmidt
- Molecular Plant Pathology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Léon Langereis
- Molecular Plant Pathology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Timothy R. Hughes
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Martijn Rep
- Molecular Plant Pathology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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37
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Dai Y, Cao Z, Huang L, Liu S, Shen Z, Wang Y, Wang H, Zhang H, Li D, Song F. CCR4-Not Complex Subunit Not2 Plays Critical Roles in Vegetative Growth, Conidiation and Virulence in Watermelon Fusarium Wilt Pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1449. [PMID: 27695445 PMCID: PMC5025516 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CCR4-Not complex is a multifunctional regulator that plays important roles in multiple cellular processes in eukaryotes. In the present study, the biological function of FonNot2, a core subunit of the CCR4-Not complex, was explored in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon), the causal agent of watermelon wilt disease. FonNot2 was expressed at higher levels in conidia and germinating conidia and during infection in Fon-inoculated watermelon roots than in mycelia. Targeted disruption of FonNot2 resulted in retarded vegetative growth, reduced conidia production, abnormal conidial morphology, and reduced virulence on watermelon. Scanning electron microscopy observation of infection behaviors and qRT-PCR analysis of in planta fungal growth revealed that the ΔFonNot2 mutant was defective in the ability to penetrate watermelon roots and showed reduced fungal biomass in root and stem of the inoculated plants. Phenotypic and biochemical analyses indicated that the ΔFonNot2 mutant displayed hypersensitivity to cell wall perturbing agents (e.g., Congo Red and Calcofluor White) and oxidative stress (e.g., H2O2 and paraquat), decreased fusaric acid content, and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during spore germination. Our data demonstrate that FonNot2 plays critical roles in regulating vegetable growth, conidiogenesis and conidia morphology, and virulence on watermelon via modulating cell wall integrity, oxidative stress response, ROS production and FA biosynthesis through the regulation of transcription of genes involved in multiple pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongye Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Shixia Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Dayong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengming Song
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
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38
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Chakraborty S, Nascimento R, Zaini PA, Gouran H, Rao BJ, Goulart LR, Dandekar AM. Sequence/structural analysis of xylem proteome emphasizes pathogenesis-related proteins, chitinases and β-1, 3-glucanases as key players in grapevine defense against Xylella fastidiosa. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2007. [PMID: 27257535 PMCID: PMC4888286 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Xylella fastidiosa, the causative agent of various plant diseases including Pierce’s disease in the US, and Citrus Variegated Chlorosis in Brazil, remains a continual source of concern and economic losses, especially since almost all commercial varieties are sensitive to this Gammaproteobacteria. Differential expression of proteins in infected tissue is an established methodology to identify key elements involved in plant defense pathways. Methods. In the current work, we developed a methodology named CHURNER that emphasizes relevant protein functions from proteomic data, based on identification of proteins with similar structures that do not necessarily have sequence homology. Such clustering emphasizes protein functions which have multiple copies that are up/down-regulated, and highlights similar proteins which are differentially regulated. As a working example we present proteomic data enumerating differentially expressed proteins in xylem sap from grapevines that were infected with X. fastidiosa. Results. Analysis of this data by CHURNER highlighted pathogenesis related PR-1 proteins, reinforcing this as the foremost protein function in xylem sap involved in the grapevine defense response to X. fastidiosa. β-1, 3-glucanase, which has both anti-microbial and anti-fungal activities, is also up-regulated. Simultaneously, chitinases are found to be both up and down-regulated by CHURNER, and thus the net gain of this protein function loses its significance in the defense response. Discussion. We demonstrate how structural data can be incorporated in the pipeline of proteomic data analysis prior to making inferences on the importance of individual proteins to plant defense mechanisms. We expect CHURNER to be applicable to any proteomic data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Chakraborty
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis) , CA , United States of America
| | - Rafael Nascimento
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis), CA, United States of America; Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Zaini
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama , Uberlândia Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Hossein Gouran
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis) , CA , United States of America
| | - Basuthkar J Rao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai, Maharashtra , India
| | - Luiz R Goulart
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis (UC Davis), CA, United States of America
| | - Abhaya M Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis) , CA , United States of America
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Carella P, Wilson DC, Kempthorne CJ, Cameron RK. Vascular Sap Proteomics: Providing Insight into Long-Distance Signaling during Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:651. [PMID: 27242852 PMCID: PMC4863880 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The plant vascular system, composed of the xylem and phloem, is important for the transport of water, mineral nutrients, and photosynthate throughout the plant body. The vasculature is also the primary means by which developmental and stress signals move from one organ to another. Due to practical and technological limitations, proteomics analysis of xylem and phloem sap has been understudied in comparison to accessible sample types such as leaves and roots. However, recent advances in sample collection techniques and mass spectrometry technology are making it possible to comprehensively analyze vascular sap proteomes. In this mini-review, we discuss the emerging field of vascular sap proteomics, with a focus on recent comparative studies to identify vascular proteins that may play roles in long-distance signaling and other processes during stress responses in plants.
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40
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Selin C, de Kievit TR, Belmonte MF, Fernando WGD. Elucidating the Role of Effectors in Plant-Fungal Interactions: Progress and Challenges. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:600. [PMID: 27199930 PMCID: PMC4846801 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi have diverse growth lifestyles that support fungal colonization on plants. Successful colonization and infection for all lifestyles depends upon the ability to modify living host plants to sequester the necessary nutrients required for growth and reproduction. Secretion of virulence determinants referred to as “effectors” is assumed to be the key governing factor that determines host infection and colonization. Effector proteins are capable of suppressing plant defense responses and alter plant physiology to accommodate fungal invaders. This review focuses on effector molecules of biotrophic and hemibiotrophic plant pathogenic fungi, and the mechanism required for the release and uptake of effector molecules by the fungi and plant cells, respectively. We also place emphasis on the discovery of effectors, difficulties associated with predicting the effector repertoire, and fungal genomic features that have helped promote effector diversity leading to fungal evolution. We discuss the role of specific effectors found in biotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungi and examine how CRISPR/Cas9 technology may provide a new avenue for accelerating our ability in the discovery of fungal effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Selin
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Mark F Belmonte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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41
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van Overbeek LS, Saikkonen K. Impact of Bacterial-Fungal Interactions on the Colonization of the Endosphere. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:230-242. [PMID: 26821607 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Research on different endophyte taxa and the related scientific disciplines have largely developed separately, and comprehensive community-level studies on bacterial and fungal interactions and their importance are lacking. Here, we discuss the transmission modes of bacteria and fungi and the nature of their interactions in the endosphere at both the molecular and physiological level. Mixed-community biofilms in the endosphere may have a role in protecting endophytes against encountered stresses, such as from plant defense systems. However, transmission from static (in biofilms) to free-living (planktonic) forms may be crucial for the exploration of new habitable spaces in plants. Important features previously recognized as plant-microbe interactions or antagonism in endophyte genomes and metagenomes are proposed to have essential roles in the modulation of endophyte communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard S van Overbeek
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, PO Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Kari Saikkonen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Management and Production of Renewable Resources, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 3, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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42
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Chakraborty S, Nascimento R, Zaini PA, Gouran H, Rao BJ, Goulart LR, Dandekar AM. Sequence/structural analysis of xylem proteome emphasizes pathogenesis-related proteins, chitinases and β-1, 3-glucanases as key players in grapevine defense against Xylella fastidiosa. PeerJ 2016. [PMID: 27257535 DOI: 10.7717/peerj2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Xylella fastidiosa, the causative agent of various plant diseases including Pierce's disease in the US, and Citrus Variegated Chlorosis in Brazil, remains a continual source of concern and economic losses, especially since almost all commercial varieties are sensitive to this Gammaproteobacteria. Differential expression of proteins in infected tissue is an established methodology to identify key elements involved in plant defense pathways. Methods. In the current work, we developed a methodology named CHURNER that emphasizes relevant protein functions from proteomic data, based on identification of proteins with similar structures that do not necessarily have sequence homology. Such clustering emphasizes protein functions which have multiple copies that are up/down-regulated, and highlights similar proteins which are differentially regulated. As a working example we present proteomic data enumerating differentially expressed proteins in xylem sap from grapevines that were infected with X. fastidiosa. Results. Analysis of this data by CHURNER highlighted pathogenesis related PR-1 proteins, reinforcing this as the foremost protein function in xylem sap involved in the grapevine defense response to X. fastidiosa. β-1, 3-glucanase, which has both anti-microbial and anti-fungal activities, is also up-regulated. Simultaneously, chitinases are found to be both up and down-regulated by CHURNER, and thus the net gain of this protein function loses its significance in the defense response. Discussion. We demonstrate how structural data can be incorporated in the pipeline of proteomic data analysis prior to making inferences on the importance of individual proteins to plant defense mechanisms. We expect CHURNER to be applicable to any proteomic data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Chakraborty
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis) , CA , United States of America
| | - Rafael Nascimento
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis), CA, United States of America; Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Zaini
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama , Uberlândia Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Hossein Gouran
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis) , CA , United States of America
| | - Basuthkar J Rao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai, Maharashtra , India
| | - Luiz R Goulart
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis (UC Davis), CA, United States of America
| | - Abhaya M Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis) , CA , United States of America
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Di X, Takken FLW, Tintor N. How Phytohormones Shape Interactions between Plants and the Soil-Borne Fungus Fusarium oxysporum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:170. [PMID: 26909099 PMCID: PMC4754410 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants interact with a huge variety of soil microbes, ranging from pathogenic to mutualistic. The Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) species complex consists of ubiquitous soil inhabiting fungi that can infect and cause disease in over 120 different plant species including tomato, banana, cotton, and Arabidopsis. However, in many cases Fo colonization remains symptomless or even has beneficial effects on plant growth and/or stress tolerance. Also in pathogenic interactions a lengthy asymptomatic phase usually precedes disease development. All this indicates a sophisticated and fine-tuned interaction between Fo and its host. The molecular mechanisms underlying this balance are poorly understood. Plant hormone signaling networks emerge as key regulators of plant-microbe interactions in general. In this review we summarize the effects of the major phytohormones on the interaction between Fo and its diverse hosts. Generally, Salicylic Acid (SA) signaling reduces plant susceptibility, whereas Jasmonic Acid (JA), Ethylene (ET), Abscisic Acid (ABA), and auxin have complex effects, and are potentially hijacked by Fo for host manipulation. Finally, we discuss how plant hormones and Fo effectors balance the interaction from beneficial to pathogenic and vice versa.
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