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Roussin-Léveillée C, Rossi CAM, Castroverde CDM, Moffett P. The plant disease triangle facing climate change: a molecular perspective. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024:S1360-1385(24)00060-8. [PMID: 38580544 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Variations in climate conditions can dramatically affect plant health and the generation of climate-resilient crops is imperative to food security. In addition to directly affecting plants, it is predicted that more severe climate conditions will also result in greater biotic stresses. Recent studies have identified climate-sensitive molecular pathways that can result in plants being more susceptible to infection under unfavorable conditions. Here, we review how expected changes in climate will impact plant-pathogen interactions, with a focus on mechanisms regulating plant immunity and microbial virulence strategies. We highlight the complex interactions between abiotic and biotic stresses with the goal of identifying components and/or pathways that are promising targets for genetic engineering to enhance adaptation and strengthen resilience in dynamically changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina A M Rossi
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | | | - Peter Moffett
- Centre SÈVE, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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2
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Waheed A, Haxim Y, Islam W, Ahmad M, Muhammad M, Alqahtani FM, Hashem M, Salih H, Zhang D. Climate change reshaping plant-fungal interaction. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:117282. [PMID: 37783329 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases pose a severe threat to modern agriculture, necessitating effective and lasting control solutions. Environmental factors significantly shape plant ecology. Human-induced greenhouse gas emissions have led to global temperature rise, impacting various aspects, including carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, temperature, ozone (O3), and ultraviolet-B, all of which influence plant diseases. Altered pathogen ranges can accelerate disease transmission. This review explores environmental effects on plant diseases, with climate change affecting fungal biogeography, disease incidence, and severity, as well as agricultural production. Moreover, we have discussed how climate change influences pathogen development, host-fungal interactions, the emergence of new races of fungi, and the dissemination of emerging fungal diseases across the globe. The discussion about environment-mediated impact on pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), effector-triggered immunity (ETI), and RNA interference (RNAi) is also part of this review. In conclusion, the review underscores the critical importance of understanding how climate change is reshaping plant-fungal interactions. It highlights the need for continuous research efforts to elucidate the mechanisms driving these changes and their ecological consequences. As the global climate continues to evolve, it is imperative to develop innovative strategies for mitigating the adverse effects of fungal pathogens on plant health and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Waheed
- National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Resource Utilization in Arid Areas, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan, 838008, China
| | - Yakoopjan Haxim
- National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Resource Utilization in Arid Areas, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan, 838008, China
| | - Waqar Islam
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | | | - Murad Muhammad
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Fatmah M Alqahtani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haron Salih
- National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Resource Utilization in Arid Areas, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan, 838008, China
| | - Daoyuan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Resource Utilization in Arid Areas, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan, 838008, China.
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3
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Rufián JS, Rueda-Blanco J, Beuzón CR, Ruiz-Albert J. Suppression of NLR-mediated plant immune detection by bacterial pathogens. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6069-6088. [PMID: 37429579 PMCID: PMC10575702 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The plant immune system is constituted of two functionally interdependent branches that provide the plant with an effective defense against microbial pathogens. They can be considered separate since one detects extracellular pathogen-associated molecular patterns by means of receptors on the plant surface, while the other detects pathogen-secreted virulence effectors via intracellular receptors. Plant defense depending on both branches can be effectively suppressed by host-adapted microbial pathogens. In this review we focus on bacterially driven suppression of the latter, known as effector-triggered immunity (ETI) and dependent on diverse NOD-like receptors (NLRs). We examine how some effectors secreted by pathogenic bacteria carrying type III secretion systems can be subject to specific NLR-mediated detection, which can be evaded by the action of additional co-secreted effectors (suppressors), implying that virulence depends on the coordinated action of the whole repertoire of effectors of any given bacterium and their complex epistatic interactions within the plant. We consider how ETI activation can be avoided by using suppressors to directly alter compromised co-secreted effectors, modify plant defense-associated proteins, or occasionally both. We also comment on the potential assembly within the plant cell of multi-protein complexes comprising both bacterial effectors and defense protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- José S Rufián
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Depto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Carmen R Beuzón
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Depto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Málaga, Spain
| | - Javier Ruiz-Albert
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Depto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Málaga, Spain
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4
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Zhao L, Wang HJ, Martins PD, van Dongen JT, Bolger AM, Schmidt RR, Jing HC, Mueller-Roeber B, Schippers JHM. The Arabidopsis thaliana onset of leaf death 12 mutation in the lectin receptor kinase P2K2 results in an autoimmune phenotype. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:294. [PMID: 37264342 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant immunity relies on the perception of immunogenic signals by cell-surface and intracellular receptors and subsequent activation of defense responses like programmed cell death. Under certain circumstances, the fine-tuned innate immune system of plants results in the activation of autoimmune responses that cause constitutive defense responses and spontaneous cell death in the absence of pathogens. RESULTS Here, we characterized the onset of leaf death 12 (old12) mutant that was identified in the Arabidopsis accession Landsberg erecta. The old12 mutant is characterized by a growth defect, spontaneous cell death, plant-defense gene activation, and early senescence. In addition, the old12 phenotype is temperature reversible, thereby exhibiting all characteristics of an autoimmune mutant. Mapping the mutated locus revealed that the old12 phenotype is caused by a mutation in the Lectin Receptor Kinase P2-TYPE PURINERGIC RECEPTOR 2 (P2K2) gene. Interestingly, the P2K2 allele from Landsberg erecta is conserved among Brassicaceae. P2K2 has been implicated in pathogen tolerance and sensing extracellular ATP. The constitutive activation of defense responses in old12 results in improved resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that old12 is an auto-immune mutant and that allelic variation of P2K2 contributes to diversity in Arabidopsis immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Zhao
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Beijng Academy, Beijing, 100028, China
| | - Hao-Jie Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
- Institute of Biology I, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Patricia Dalcin Martins
- Institute of Biology I, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joost T van Dongen
- Institute of Biology I, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anthony M Bolger
- Institute of Biology I, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- IBG-4: Bioinformatik,Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Romy R Schmidt
- Institute of Biology I, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Plant Biotechnology Group, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hai-Chun Jing
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology (CPSBB), Ruski 139 Blvd, Plovdiv, 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Jos H M Schippers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany.
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Ouyang X, Chen J, Sun Z, Wang R, Wu X, Li B, Song C, Liu P, Zhang M. Ubiquitin E3 ligase activity of Ralstonia solanacearum effector RipAW is not essential for induction of plant defense in Nicotiana benthamiana. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1201444. [PMID: 37293211 PMCID: PMC10244751 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1201444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most destructive bacterial phytopathogens, Ralstonia solanacearum causes substantial annual yield losses of many important crops. Deciphering the functional mechanisms of type III effectors, the crucial factors mediating R. solanacearum-plant interactions, will provide a valuable basis for protecting crop plants from R. solanacearum. Recently, the NEL (novel E3 ligase) effector RipAW was found to induce cell death on Nicotiana benthamiana in a E3 ligase activity-dependent manner. Here, we further deciphered the role of the E3 ligase activity in RipAW-triggered plant immunity. We found that RipAWC177A, the E3 ligase mutant of RipAW, could not induce cell death but retained the ability of triggering plant immunity in N. benthamiana, indicating that the E3 ligase activity is not essential for RipAW-triggered immunity. By generating truncated mutants of RipAW, we further showed that the N-terminus, NEL domain and C-terminus are all required but not sufficient for RipAW-induced cell death. Furthermore, all truncated mutants of RipAW triggered ETI immune responses in N. benthamiana, confirming that the E3 ligase activity is not essential for RipAW-triggered plant immunity. Finally, we demonstrated that RipAW- and RipAWC177A-triggered immunity in N. benthamiana requires SGT1 (suppressor of G2 allele of skp1), but not EDS1 (enhanced disease susceptibility), NRG1 (N requirement gene 1), NRC (NLR required for cell death) proteins or SA (salicylic acid) pathway. Our findings provide a typical case in which the effector-induced cell death can be uncoupled with immune responses, shedding new light on effector-triggered plant immunity. Our data also provide clues for further in-depth study of mechanism underlying RipAW-induced plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Ouyang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jialan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhimao Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Endangered Medicinal Resource Development in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Rongbo Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Benjin Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Congfeng Song
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Endangered Medicinal Resource Development in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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6
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Karapetyan S, Mwimba M, Dong X. Circadian redox rhythm gates immune-induced cell death distinctly from the genetic clock. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.21.535069. [PMID: 37131835 PMCID: PMC10153234 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.21.535069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Organisms use circadian clocks to synchronize physiological processes to anticipate the Earth’s day-night cycles and regulate responses to environmental stresses to gain competitive advantage 1 . While divergent genetic clocks have been studied extensively in bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals, a conserved circadian redox rhythm has only recently been reported and hypothesized to be a more ancient clock 2, 3 . However, it is controversial whether the redox rhythm serves as an independent clock and controls specific biological processes 4 . Here, we uncovered the coexistence of redox and genetic rhythms with distinct period lengths and transcriptional targets through concurrent metabolic and transcriptional time-course measurements in an Arabidopsis long-period clock mutant 5 . Analysis of the target genes indicated regulation of the immune-induced programmed cell death (PCD) by the redox rhythm. Moreover, this time-of-day-sensitive PCD was eliminated by redox perturbation and by blocking the signalling pathway of the plant defence hormones jasmonic acid/ethylene, while remaining intact in a genetic-clock-impaired line. We demonstrate that compared to robust genetic clocks, the more sensitive circadian redox rhythm serves as a signalling hub in regulating incidental energy-intensive processes, such as immune-induced PCD 6 , to provide organisms a flexible strategy to prevent metabolic overload caused by stress, a unique role for the redox oscillator.
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7
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Edwards JA, Saran UB, Bonnette J, MacQueen A, Yin J, Nguyen TU, Schmutz J, Grimwood J, Pennacchio LA, Daum C, Glavina Del Rio T, Fritschi FB, Lowry DB, Juenger TE. Genetic determinants of switchgrass-root-associated microbiota in field sites spanning its natural range. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1926-1938.e6. [PMID: 37080198 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental goal in plant microbiome research is to determine the relative impacts of host and environmental effects on root microbiota composition, particularly how host genotype impacts bacterial community composition. Most studies characterizing the effect of plant genotype on root microbiota undersample host genetic diversity and grow plants outside of their native ranges, making the associations between host and microbes difficult to interpret. Here, we characterized the root microbiota of a large diversity panel of switchgrass, a North American native C4 bioenergy crop, in three field locations spanning its native range. Our data, composed of 1,961 samples, suggest that field location is the primary determinant of microbiome composition; however, substantial heritable variation is widespread across bacterial taxa, especially those in the Sphingomonadaceae family. Despite diverse compositions, relatively few highly prevalent taxa make up the majority of the switchgrass root microbiota, a large fraction of which is shared across sites. Local genotypes preferentially recruit/filter for local microbes, supporting the idea of affinity between local plants and their microbiota. Using genome-wide association, we identified loci impacting the abundance of >400 microbial strains and found an enrichment of genes involved in immune responses, signaling pathways, and secondary metabolism. We found loci associated with over half of the core microbiota (i.e., microbes in >80% of samples), regardless of field location. Finally, we show a genetic relationship between a basal plant immunity pathway and relative abundances of root microbiota. This study brings us closer to harnessing and manipulating beneficial microbial associations via host genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Edwards
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, 2415 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Usha Bishnoi Saran
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, 2415 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jason Bonnette
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, 2415 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Alice MacQueen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, 2415 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, 2415 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Tu Uyen Nguyen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, 2415 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way Northwest, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA; Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 91R183 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jane Grimwood
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way Northwest, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Len A Pennacchio
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 91R183 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chris Daum
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 91R183 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tijana Glavina Del Rio
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 91R183 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Felix B Fritschi
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Agriculture Bldg, 52, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - David B Lowry
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, Rm 166, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Thomas E Juenger
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, 2415 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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8
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Kopecká R, Kameniarová M, Černý M, Brzobohatý B, Novák J. Abiotic Stress in Crop Production. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076603. [PMID: 37047573 PMCID: PMC10095105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of agricultural land undergoes abiotic stress that can significantly reduce agricultural yields. Understanding the mechanisms of plant defenses against stresses and putting this knowledge into practice is, therefore, an integral part of sustainable agriculture. In this review, we focus on current findings in plant resistance to four cardinal abiotic stressors—drought, heat, salinity, and low temperatures. Apart from the description of the newly discovered mechanisms of signaling and resistance to abiotic stress, this review also focuses on the importance of primary and secondary metabolites, including carbohydrates, amino acids, phenolics, and phytohormones. A meta-analysis of transcriptomic studies concerning the model plant Arabidopsis demonstrates the long-observed phenomenon that abiotic stressors induce different signals and effects at the level of gene expression, but genes whose regulation is similar under most stressors can still be traced. The analysis further reveals the transcriptional modulation of Golgi-targeted proteins in response to heat stress. Our analysis also highlights several genes that are similarly regulated under all stress conditions. These genes support the central role of phytohormones in the abiotic stress response, and the importance of some of these in plant resistance has not yet been studied. Finally, this review provides information about the response to abiotic stress in major European crop plants—wheat, sugar beet, maize, potatoes, barley, sunflowers, grapes, rapeseed, tomatoes, and apples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Kopecká
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Kameniarová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Černý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Novák
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
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Suraj HM, SharathKumar M, van Kan JAL. Too hot to defend: a tale of salicylic acid. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:4-6. [PMID: 36272889 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Extreme temperatures threaten plant immunity by suppressing the salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis via unknown mechanisms. Kim et al. demonstrated that suppression of the SA pathway and plant immunity can be rescued by optimised expression of two master immune regulator(s), advancing our prospects for better protecting plants in a warming climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Suraj
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M SharathKumar
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Deliflor Chrysanten B.V., Korte Kruisweg 163, 2676 BS Maasdijk, The Netherlands
| | - J A L van Kan
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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10
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Puttilli MR, Danzi D, Correia C, Brandi J, Cecconi D, Manfredi M, Marengo E, Santos C, Spinelli F, Polverari A, Vandelle E. Plant Signals Anticipate the Induction of the Type III Secretion System in Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, Facilitating Efficient Temperature-Dependent Effector Translocation. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0207322. [PMID: 36287008 PMCID: PMC9770001 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02073-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease resistance in plants depends on a molecular dialogue with microbes that involves many known chemical effectors, but the time course of the interaction and the influence of the environment are largely unknown. The outcome of host-pathogen interactions is thought to reflect the offensive and defensive capabilities of both players. When plants interact with Pseudomonas syringae, several well-characterized virulence factors contribute to early bacterial pathogenicity, including the type III secretion system (T3SS), which must be activated by signals from the plant and environment to allow the secretion of virulence effectors. The manner in which these signals regulate T3SS activity is still unclear. Here, we strengthen the paradigm of the plant-pathogen molecular dialogue by addressing overlooked details concerning the timing of interactions, specifically the role of plant signals and temperature on the regulation of bacterial virulence during the first few hours of the interaction. Whole-genome expression profiling after 1 h revealed that the perception of plant signals from kiwifruit or tomato extracts anticipated T3SS expression in P. syringae pv. actinidiae compared to apoplast-like conditions, facilitating more efficient effector transport in planta, as revealed by the induction of a temperature-dependent hypersensitive response in the nonhost plant Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia-0 (Col-0). Our results show that in the arms race between plants and bacteria, the temperature-dependent timing of bacterial virulence versus the induction of plant defenses is probably one of the fundamental parameters governing the outcome of the interaction. IMPORTANCE Plant diseases-their occurrence and severity-result from the impact of three factors: the host, the pathogen, and the environmental conditions, interconnected in the disease triangle. Time was further included as a fourth factor accounting for plant disease, leading to a more realistic three-dimensional disease pyramid to represent the evolution of disease over time. However, this representation still considers time only as a parameter determining when and to what extent a disease will occur, at a scale from days to months. Here, we show that time is a factor regulating the arms race between plants and pathogens, at a scale from minutes to hours, and strictly depends on environmental factors. Thus, besides the arms possessed by pathogens and plants per se, the opportunity and the timing of arms mobilization make the difference in determining the outcome of an interaction and thus the occurrence of plant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davide Danzi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cristiana Correia
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Department of Biology, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jessica Brandi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Daniela Cecconi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marcello Manfredi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune & Allergic Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Emilio Marengo
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Conceição Santos
- Department of Biology, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francesco Spinelli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Elodie Vandelle
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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11
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Tsai WA, Brosnan CA, Mitter N, Dietzgen RG. Perspectives on plant virus diseases in a climate change scenario of elevated temperatures. STRESS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:37. [PMID: 37676437 PMCID: PMC10442010 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-022-00058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Global food production is at risk from many abiotic and biotic stresses and can be affected by multiple stresses simultaneously. Virus diseases damage cultivated plants and decrease the marketable quality of produce. Importantly, the progression of virus diseases is strongly affected by changing climate conditions. Among climate-changing variables, temperature increase is viewed as an important factor that affects virus epidemics, which may in turn require more efficient disease management. In this review, we discuss the effect of elevated temperature on virus epidemics at both macro- and micro-climatic levels. This includes the temperature effects on virus spread both within and between host plants. Furthermore, we focus on the involvement of molecular mechanisms associated with temperature effects on plant defence to viruses in both susceptible and resistant plants. Considering various mechanisms proposed in different pathosystems, we also offer a view of the possible opportunities provided by RNA -based technologies for virus control at elevated temperatures. Recently, the potential of these technologies for topical field applications has been strengthened through a combination of genetically modified (GM)-free delivery nanoplatforms. This approach represents a promising and important climate-resilient substitute to conventional strategies for managing plant virus diseases under global warming scenarios. In this context, we discuss the knowledge gaps in the research of temperature effects on plant-virus interactions and limitations of RNA-based emerging technologies, which should be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-An Tsai
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Christopher A Brosnan
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Neena Mitter
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ralf G Dietzgen
- Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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12
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Thomas SE, Balcerowicz M, Chung BYW. RNA structure mediated thermoregulation: What can we learn from plants? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:938570. [PMID: 36092413 PMCID: PMC9450479 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.938570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RNA molecules have the capacity to form a multitude of distinct secondary and tertiary structures, but only the most energetically favorable conformations are adopted at any given time. Formation of such structures strongly depends on the environment and consequently, these structures are highly dynamic and may refold as their surroundings change. Temperature is one of the most direct physical parameters that influence RNA structure dynamics, and in turn, thermosensitive RNA structures can be harnessed by a cell to perceive and respond to its temperature environment. Indeed, many thermosensitive RNA structures with biological function have been identified in prokaryotic organisms, but for a long time such structures remained elusive in eukaryotes. Recent discoveries, however, reveal that thermosensitive RNA structures are also found in plants, where they affect RNA stability, pre-mRNA splicing and translation efficiency in a temperature-dependent manner. In this minireview, we provide a short overview of thermosensitive RNA structures in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, highlight recent advances made in identifying such structures in plants and discuss their similarities and differences to established prokaryotic RNA thermosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherine E. Thomas
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Balcerowicz
- Division of Plant Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Betty Y.-W. Chung
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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13
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Huh SU. Optimization of immune receptor-related hypersensitive cell death response assay using agrobacterium-mediated transient expression in tobacco plants. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:57. [PMID: 35501866 PMCID: PMC9063123 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00893-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of the regulatory mechanisms of evolutionarily conserved Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) resistance (R) proteins in animals and plants is of increasing importance due to understanding basic immunity and the value of various crop engineering applications of NLR immune receptors. The importance of temperature is also emerging when applying NLR to crops responding to global climate change. In particular, studies of pathogen effector recognition and autoimmune activity of NLRs in plants can quickly and easily determine their function in tobacco using agro-mediated transient assay. However, there are conditions that should not be overlooked in these cell death-related assays in tobacco. RESULTS Environmental conditions play an important role in the immune response of plants. The system used in this study was to establish conditions for optimal hypertensive response (HR) cell death analysis by using the paired NLR RPS4/RRS1 autoimmune and AvrRps4 effector recognition system. The most suitable greenhouse temperature for growing plants was fixed at 22 °C. In this study, RPS4/RRS1-mediated autoimmune activity, RPS4 TIR domain-dependent cell death, and RPS4/RRS1-mediated HR cell death upon AvrRps4 perception significantly inhibited under conditions of 65% humidity. The HR is strongly activated when the humidity is below 10%. Besides, the leaf position of tobacco is important for HR cell death. Position #4 of the leaf from the top in 4-5 weeks old tobacco plants showed the most effective HR cell death. CONCLUSIONS As whole genome sequencing (WGS) or resistance gene enrichment sequencing (RenSeq) of various crops continues, different types of NLRs and their functions will be studied. At this time, if we optimize the conditions for evaluating NLR-mediated HR cell death, it will help to more accurately identify the function of NLRs. In addition, it will be possible to contribute to crop development in response to global climate change through NLR engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Un Huh
- Department of Biological Science, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, 54150, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Qiu J, Xie J, Chen Y, Shen Z, Shi H, Naqvi NI, Qian Q, Liang Y, Kou Y. Warm temperature compromises JA-regulated basal resistance to enhance Magnaporthe oryzae infection in rice. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:723-739. [PMID: 35217224 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Changes in global temperatures profoundly affect the occurrence of plant diseases. It is well known that rice blast can easily become epidemic in relatively warm weather. However, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we show that enhanced blast development at a warm temperature (22°C) compared with the normal growth temperature (28°C) is rice plant-determined. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis and signaling genes in rice could be effectively induced by Magnaporthe oryzae at 28°C but not at 22°C. Phenotypic analyses of the osaoc1 and osmyc2 mutants, OsCOI1 RNAi lines, and OsMYC2-OE plants further demonstrated that compromised M. oryzae-induced JA biosynthesis and signaling lead to enhanced blast susceptibility at the warm temperature. Consistent with these results, we found that exogenous application of methyl jasmonate served as an effective strategy for improving blast resistance under the warm environmental conditions. Furthermore, decreased activation of JA signaling resulted in the downregulated expression of some key basal resistance genes at 22°C when compared with 28°C. Among these affected genes, OsCEBiP (chitin elicitor-binding protein precursor) was found to be directly regulated by OsMYB22 and its interacting protein OsMYC2, a key component of JA signaling, and this contributed to temperature-modulated blast resistance. Taken together, these results suggest that warm temperature compromises basal resistance in rice and enhances M. oryzae infection by reducing JA biosynthesis and signaling, providing potential new strategies for managing rice blast disease under warm climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Junhui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Ya Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Zhenan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Huanbin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Naweed I Naqvi
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, and Department of Biological Sciences, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Yan Liang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanjun Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China.
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15
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Interplay between Ca 2+/Calmodulin-Mediated Signaling and AtSR1/CAMTA3 during Increased Temperature Resulting in Compromised Immune Response in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042175. [PMID: 35216293 PMCID: PMC8880272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Changing temperatures are known to affect plant–microbe interactions; however, the molecular mechanism involved in plant disease resistance is not well understood. Here, we report the effects of a moderate change in temperature on plant immune response through Ca2+/calmodulin-mediated signaling. At 30 °C, Pst DC3000 triggered significantly weak and relatively slow Ca2+ influx in plant cells, as compared to that at 18 °C. Increased temperature contributed to an enhanced disease susceptibility in plants; the enhanced disease susceptibility is the result of the compromised stomatal closure induced by pathogens at high temperature. A Ca2+ receptor, AtSR1, contributes to the decreased plant immunity at high temperatures and the calmodulin-binding domain (CaMBD) is required for its function. Furthermore, both salicylic acid biosynthesis (ICS) and salicylic acid receptor (NPR1) are involved in this process. In addition to stomatal control, AtSR1 is involved in high temperature-compromised apoplastic immune response through the salicylic acid signaling pathway. The qRT-PCR data revealed that AtSR1 contributed to increased temperatures-mediated susceptible immune response by regulating SA-related genes in atsr1, such as PR1, ICS1, NPR1, as well as EDS1. Our results indicate that Ca2+ signaling has broad effects on the molecular interplay between changing temperatures as well as plant defense during plant–pathogen interactions.
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Shen LL, Waheed A, Wang YP, Nkurikiyimfura O, Wang ZH, Yang LN, Zhan J. Multiple Mechanisms Drive the Evolutionary Adaptation of Phytophthora infestans Effector Avr1 to Host Resistance. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7100789. [PMID: 34682211 PMCID: PMC8538934 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Effectors, a group of small proteins secreted by pathogens, play a central role in antagonistic interactions between plant hosts and pathogens. The evolution of effector genes threatens plant disease management and sustainable food production, but population genetic analyses to understand evolutionary mechanisms of effector genes are limited compared to molecular and functional studies. Here we investigated the evolution of the Avr1 effector gene from 111 Phytophthora infestans isolates collected from six areas covering three potato cropping regions in China using a population genetic approach. High genetic variation of the effector gene resulted from diverse mechanisms including base substitution, pre-termination, intragenic recombination and diversifying selection. Nearly 80% of the 111 sequences had a point mutation in the 512th nucleotide (T512G), which generated a pre-termination stop codon truncating 38 amino acids in the C-terminal, suggesting that the C-terminal may not be essential to ecological and biological functions of P. infestans. A significant correlation between the frequency of Avr1 sequences with the pre-termination and annual mean temperature in the collection sites suggests that thermal heterogeneity might be one of contributors to the diversifying selection, although biological and biochemical mechanisms of the likely thermal adaptation are not known currently. Our results highlight the risk of rapid adaptation of P. infestans and possibly other pathogens as well to host resistance, and the application of eco-evolutionary principles is necessary for sustainable disease management in agricultural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Shen
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.-L.S.); (A.W.); (O.N.)
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.-L.S.); (A.W.); (O.N.)
| | - Yan-Ping Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Characteristic Horticultural Biological Resources, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Oswald Nkurikiyimfura
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.-L.S.); (A.W.); (O.N.)
| | - Zong-Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Li-Na Yang
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.-L.S.); (A.W.); (O.N.)
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Correspondence: (L.-N.Y.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-177-2080-5328 (L.-N.Y.); +46-18-673-639 (J.Z.)
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: (L.-N.Y.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-177-2080-5328 (L.-N.Y.); +46-18-673-639 (J.Z.)
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17
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Nakamura M, Kondo M, Suzuki A, Hirai H, Che FS. Novel Effector RHIFs Identified From Acidovorax avenae Strains N1141 and K1 Play Different Roles in Host and Non-host Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:716738. [PMID: 34421970 PMCID: PMC8377416 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.716738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic bacteria inject effectors into plant cells using type III secretion systems (T3SS) to evade plant immune systems and facilitate infection. In contrast, plants have evolved defense systems called effector-triggered immunity (ETI) that can detect such effectors during co-evolution with pathogens. The rice-avirulent strain N1141 of the bacterial pathogen Acidovorax avenae causes rice ETI, including hypersensitive response (HR) cell death in a T3SS-dependent manner, suggesting that strain N1141 expresses an ETI-inducing effector. By screening 6,200 transposon-tagged N1141 mutants based on their ability to induce HR cell death, we identified 17 mutants lacking this ability. Sequence analysis and T3SS-mediated intracellular transport showed that a protein called rice HR cell death inducing factor (RHIF) is a candidate effector protein that causes HR cell death in rice. RHIF-disrupted N1141 lacks the ability to induce HR cell death, whereas RHIF expression in this mutant complemented this ability. In contrast, RHIF from rice-virulent strain K1 functions as an ETI inducer in the non-host plant finger millet. Furthermore, inoculation of rice and finger millet with either RHIF-deficient N1141 or K1 strains showed that a deficiency of RHIF genes in both strains results in decreased infectivity toward each the host plants. Collectively, novel effector RHIFs identified from A. avenae strains N1141 and K1 function in establishing infection in host plants and in ETI induction in non-host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minami Nakamura
- Graduate School of Biosciences, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Japan
| | - Machiko Kondo
- Department of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Japan
| | - Aika Suzuki
- Graduate School of Biosciences, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hirai
- Department of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Japan
| | - Fang-Sik Che
- Graduate School of Biosciences, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Japan
- Department of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Japan
- Genome Editing Research Institute, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Japan
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18
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R-BPMV-Mediated Resistance to Bean pod mottle virus in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Is Heat-Stable but Elevated Temperatures Boost Viral Infection in Susceptible Genotypes. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071239. [PMID: 34206842 PMCID: PMC8310253 DOI: 10.3390/v13071239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of climate change, elevated temperature is a major concern due to the impact on plant–pathogen interactions. Although atmospheric temperature is predicted to increase in the next century, heat waves during summer seasons have already become a current problem. Elevated temperatures strongly influence plant–virus interactions, the most drastic effect being a breakdown of plant viral resistance conferred by some major resistance genes. In this work, we focused on the R-BPMV gene, a major resistance gene against Bean pod mottle virus in Phaseolus vulgaris. We inoculated different BPMV constructs in order to study the behavior of the R-BPMV-mediated resistance at normal (20 °C) and elevated temperatures (constant 25, 30, and 35 °C). Our results show that R-BPMV mediates a temperature-dependent phenotype of resistance from hypersensitive reaction at 20 °C to chlorotic lesions at 35 °C in the resistant genotype BAT93. BPMV is detected in inoculated leaves but not in systemic ones, suggesting that the resistance remains heat-stable up to 35 °C. R-BPMV segregates as an incompletely dominant gene in an F2 population. We also investigated the impact of elevated temperature on BPMV infection in susceptible genotypes, and our results reveal that elevated temperatures boost BPMV infection both locally and systemically in susceptible genotypes.
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19
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Wang ZH, Yan N, Luo X, Guo SS, Xue SQ, Liu JQ, Zhang SS, Zheng LW, Zhang JZ, Guo DP. Role of Long Noncoding RNAs ZlMSTRG.11348 and UeMSTRG.02678 in Temperature-Dependent Culm Swelling in Zizania latifolia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116020. [PMID: 34199611 PMCID: PMC8199642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature influences the physiological processes and ecology of both hosts and endophytes; however, it remains unclear how long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) modulate the consequences of temperature-dependent changes in host-pathogen interactions. To explore the role of lncRNAs in culm gall formation induced by the smut fungus Ustilago esculenta in Zizania latifolia, we employed RNA sequencing to identify lncRNAs and their potential cis-targets in Z. latifolia and U. esculenta under different temperatures. In Z. latifolia and U. esculenta, we identified 3194 and 173 lncRNAs as well as 126 and four potential target genes for differentially expressed lncRNAs, respectively. Further function and expression analysis revealed that lncRNA ZlMSTRG.11348 regulates amino acid metabolism in Z. latifolia and lncRNA UeMSTRG.02678 regulates amino acid transport in U. esculenta. The plant defence response was also found to be regulated by lncRNAs and suppressed in Z. latifolia infected with U. esculenta grown at 25 °C, which may result from the expression of effector genes in U. esculenta. Moreover, in Z. latifolia infected with U. esculenta, the expression of genes related to phytohormones was altered under different temperatures. Our results demonstrate that lncRNAs are important components of the regulatory networks in plant-microbe-environment interactions, and may play a part in regulating culm swelling in Z. latifolia plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Hong Wang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.-H.W.); (X.L.); (S.-S.G.); (S.-Q.X.); (J.-Q.L.); (S.-S.Z.); (L.-W.Z.)
| | - Ning Yan
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China;
| | - Xi Luo
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.-H.W.); (X.L.); (S.-S.G.); (S.-Q.X.); (J.-Q.L.); (S.-S.Z.); (L.-W.Z.)
| | - Sai-Sai Guo
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.-H.W.); (X.L.); (S.-S.G.); (S.-Q.X.); (J.-Q.L.); (S.-S.Z.); (L.-W.Z.)
| | - Shu-Qin Xue
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.-H.W.); (X.L.); (S.-S.G.); (S.-Q.X.); (J.-Q.L.); (S.-S.Z.); (L.-W.Z.)
| | - Jiang-Qiong Liu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.-H.W.); (X.L.); (S.-S.G.); (S.-Q.X.); (J.-Q.L.); (S.-S.Z.); (L.-W.Z.)
| | - Shen-Shen Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.-H.W.); (X.L.); (S.-S.G.); (S.-Q.X.); (J.-Q.L.); (S.-S.Z.); (L.-W.Z.)
| | - Li-Wen Zheng
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.-H.W.); (X.L.); (S.-S.G.); (S.-Q.X.); (J.-Q.L.); (S.-S.Z.); (L.-W.Z.)
| | - Jing-Ze Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence: (J.-Z.Z.); (D.-P.G.); Tel.: +86-571-88982796 (D.-P.G.)
| | - De-Ping Guo
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.-H.W.); (X.L.); (S.-S.G.); (S.-Q.X.); (J.-Q.L.); (S.-S.Z.); (L.-W.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.-Z.Z.); (D.-P.G.); Tel.: +86-571-88982796 (D.-P.G.)
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20
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Waheed A, Wang YP, Nkurikiyimfura O, Li WY, Liu ST, Lurwanu Y, Lu GD, Wang ZH, Yang LN, Zhan J. Effector Avr4 in Phytophthora infestans Escapes Host Immunity Mainly Through Early Termination. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:646062. [PMID: 34122360 PMCID: PMC8192973 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.646062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector genes play critical roles in the antagonistic interactions between plants and pathogens. However, knowledge of mutation mechanisms and evolutionary processes in effector genes and the contribution of climatic factors to the evolution of effector genes are fragmented but important in sustainable management of plant diseases and securing food supply under changing climates. Here, we used a population genetic approach to explore the evolution of the Avr4 gene in Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of potato blight. We found that the Avr4 gene exhibited a high genetic diversity generated by point mutation and sequence deletion. Frameshifts caused by a single base-pair deletion at the 194th nucleotide position generate two stop codons, truncating almost the entire C-terminal, which is important for effector function and R4 recognition in all sequences. The effector is under natural selection for adaptation supported by comparative analyses of population differentiation (FST ) and isolation-by-distance between Avr4 sequences and simple sequence repeat marker loci. Furthermore, we found that local air temperature was positively associated with pairwise FST in the Avr4 sequences. These results suggest that the evolution of the effector gene is influenced by local air temperature, and the C-terminal truncation is one of the main mutation mechanisms in the P. infestans effector gene to circumvent the immune response of potato plants. The implication of these results to agricultural and natural sustainability in future climate conditions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Waheed
- Key Lab for Bio Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ping Wang
- Key Lab for Bio Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Oswald Nkurikiyimfura
- Key Lab for Bio Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wen-Yang Li
- Key Lab for Bio Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shi-Ting Liu
- Key Lab for Bio Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yahuza Lurwanu
- Key Lab for Bio Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Crop Protection, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Guo-Dong Lu
- Key Lab for Bio Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zong-Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li-Na Yang
- Key Lab for Bio Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Schwarczinger I, Kolozsváriné Nagy J, Király L, Mészáros K, Bányai J, Kunos V, Fodor J, Künstler A. Heat Stress Pre-Exposure May Differentially Modulate Plant Defense to Powdery Mildew in a Resistant and Susceptible Barley Genotype. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050776. [PMID: 34069722 PMCID: PMC8160753 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress negatively affects barley production and under elevated temperatures defense responses to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, Bgh) are altered. Previous research has analyzed the effects of short-term (30 s to 2 h) heat stress, however, few data are available on the influence of long-term exposure to heat on powdery mildew infections. We simultaneously assessed the effects of short and long term heat pre-exposure on resistance/susceptibility of barley to Bgh, evaluating powdery mildew infection by analyzing symptoms and Bgh biomass with RT-qPCR in barley plants pre-exposed to high temperatures (28 and 35 °C from 30 s to 5 days). Plant defense gene expression after heat stress pre-exposure and inoculation was also monitored. Our results show that prolonged heat stress (24, 48 and 120 h) further enhanced Bgh susceptibility in a susceptible barley line (MvHV118-17), while a resistant line (MvHV07-17) retained its pathogen resistance. Furthermore, prolonged heat stress significantly repressed the expression of several defense-related genes (BAX inhibitor-1, Pathogenesis related-1b and Respiratory burst oxidase homologue F2) in both resistant and susceptible barley lines. Remarkably, heat-suppressed defense gene expression returned to normal levels only in MvHV07-17, a possible reason why this barley line retains Bgh resistance even at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Schwarczinger
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, ELKH, 15 Herman Ottó Str., H-1022 Budapest, Hungary; (I.S.); (J.K.N.); (J.F.); (A.K.)
| | - Judit Kolozsváriné Nagy
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, ELKH, 15 Herman Ottó Str., H-1022 Budapest, Hungary; (I.S.); (J.K.N.); (J.F.); (A.K.)
| | - Lóránt Király
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, ELKH, 15 Herman Ottó Str., H-1022 Budapest, Hungary; (I.S.); (J.K.N.); (J.F.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-1-487-7527
| | - Klára Mészáros
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Agricultural Institute, ELKH, 2 Brunszvik Str., H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary; (K.M.); (J.B.); (V.K.)
| | - Judit Bányai
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Agricultural Institute, ELKH, 2 Brunszvik Str., H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary; (K.M.); (J.B.); (V.K.)
| | - Viola Kunos
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Agricultural Institute, ELKH, 2 Brunszvik Str., H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary; (K.M.); (J.B.); (V.K.)
| | - József Fodor
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, ELKH, 15 Herman Ottó Str., H-1022 Budapest, Hungary; (I.S.); (J.K.N.); (J.F.); (A.K.)
| | - András Künstler
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, ELKH, 15 Herman Ottó Str., H-1022 Budapest, Hungary; (I.S.); (J.K.N.); (J.F.); (A.K.)
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Yang C, Zou Z, Fernando WGD. The Effect of Temperature on the Hypersensitive Response (HR) in the Brassica napus-Leptosphaeria maculans Pathosystem. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:843. [PMID: 33922044 PMCID: PMC8143495 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Temperature is considered one of the crucial environmental elements in plant pathological interactions, and previous studies have indicated that there is a relationship between temperature change and host-pathogen interactions. The objective of this research is to investigate the link between temperature and the incompatible interactions of the host and pathogen. In this study, two Leptosphaeria maculans isolates (HCRT75 8-1 and HCRT77 7-2) and two Brassica napus genotypes (Surpass400 and 01-23-2-1) were selected. The selected B. napus genotypes displayed intermediate and resistant phenotypes. The inoculated seedlings were tested under three temperature conditions: 16 °C/10 °C, 22 °C/16 °C and 28 °C/22 °C (day/night: 16 h/8 h). Lesion measurements demonstrated that the necrotic lesions from the 28 °C/22 °C treatment were enlarged compared with the other two temperature treatments (i.e., 16 °C/10 °C and 22 °C/16 °C). The results of expression analysis indicated that the three temperature treatments displayed distinct differences in two marker genes (PATHOGENESIS-RELATED (PR) 1 and 2) for plant defense and one temperature-sensitive gene BONZAI 1 (BON1). Additionally, seven dpi at 22 °C/16 °C appeared to be the optimal pre-condition for the induction of PR1 and 2. These findings suggest that B. napus responds to temperature changes when infected with L. maculans.
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Kim Y, Kim YJ, Paek KH. Temperature-specific vsiRNA confers RNAi-mediated viral resistance at elevated temperature in Capsicum annuum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1432-1448. [PMID: 33165515 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Resistance (R) gene-mediated resistance is a robust and efficient antiviral immune system in the plants. Thus, when R-mediated resistance was suppressed at elevated temperatures, resistance towards viruses was expected to be completely collapsed. Nonetheless, the multiplication of Tobacco mosaic virus pathotype P0 (TMV-P0) was inhibited, and TMV-P0 particles were only occasionally present in the systemic leaves of pepper plants (Capsicum annuum). RNAi-mediated RNA silencing is a well-known antiviral immune mechanism. At elevated temperatures, RNAi-mediated antiviral resistance was induced and virus-derived siRNAs (vsiRNAs) were dramatically increased. Through sRNA-sequencing (sRNA-Seq) analysis, we revealed that vsiRNAs derived from TMV-P0 were greatly increased. Intriguingly, virus-infected plants could select the temperature-specific vsiRNAs for antiviral resistance from the amplified vsiRNAs at elevated temperatures. Pre-application of these temperature-specific vsiRNAs endowed antiviral resistance of the plants. Therefore, plants sustain antiviral resistance by activating RNAi-mediated resistance, based on temperature-specific vsiRNAs at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsik Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Paek
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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24
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Bruessow F, Bautor J, Hoffmann G, Yildiz I, Zeier J, Parker JE. Natural variation in temperature-modulated immunity uncovers transcription factor bHLH059 as a thermoresponsive regulator in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009290. [PMID: 33493201 PMCID: PMC7861541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature impacts plant immunity and growth but how temperature intersects with endogenous pathways to shape natural variation remains unclear. Here we uncover variation between Arabidopsis thaliana natural accessions in response to two non-stress temperatures (22°C and 16°C) affecting accumulation of the thermoresponsive stress hormone salicylic acid (SA) and plant growth. Analysis of differentially responding A. thaliana accessions shows that pre-existing SA provides a benefit in limiting infection by Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato DC3000 bacteria at both temperatures. Several A. thaliana genotypes display a capacity to mitigate negative effects of high SA on growth, indicating within-species plasticity in SA—growth tradeoffs. An association study of temperature x SA variation, followed by physiological and immunity phenotyping of mutant and over-expression lines, identifies the transcription factor bHLH059 as a temperature-responsive SA immunity regulator. Here we reveal previously untapped diversity in plant responses to temperature and a way forward in understanding the genetic architecture of plant adaptation to changing environments. Temperature has a profound effect on plant innate immune responses but little is known about the mechanisms underlying natural variation in transmission of temperature signals to defence pathways. Much of our understanding of temperature effects on plant immunity and tradeoffs between activated defences and growth has come from analysis of the common Arabidopsis thaliana genetic accession, Col-0. Here we examine A. thaliana genetic variation in response to temperature (within the non-stress range—22 oC and 16 oC) at the level of accumulation of the thermoresponsive biotic stress hormone salicylic acid (SA), bacterial pathogen resistance, and plant biomass. From analysis of 105 genetically diverse A. thaliana accessions we uncover plasticity in temperature-modulated SA homeostasis and in the relationship between SA levels and plant growth. We find that high SA amounts prior to infection provide a robust benefit of enhancing bacterial resistance. In some accessions this benefit comes without compromised plant growth, suggestive of altered defence–growth tradeoffs. Based on a temperature x SA association study we identify the transcription factor gene, bHLH059, and show that it has features of a temperature-sensitive immunity regulator that are unrelated to PIF4, a known thermosensitive coordinator of immunity and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Bruessow
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jaqueline Bautor
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gesa Hoffmann
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ipek Yildiz
- Institute of Plant Molecular Ecophysiology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Plant Molecular Ecophysiology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jane E. Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
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25
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Desaint H, Aoun N, Deslandes L, Vailleau F, Roux F, Berthomé R. Fight hard or die trying: when plants face pathogens under heat stress. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:712-734. [PMID: 32981118 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In their natural environment, plants are exposed to biotic or abiotic stresses that occur sequentially or simultaneously. Plant responses to these stresses have been studied widely and have been well characterised in simplified systems involving single plant species facing individual stress. Temperature elevation is a major abiotic driver of climate change and scenarios have predicted an increase in the number and severity of epidemics. In this context, here we review the available data on the effect of heat stress on plant-pathogen interactions. Considering 45 studies performed on model or crop species, we discuss the possible implications of the optimum growth temperature of plant hosts and pathogens, mode of stress application and temperature variation on resistance modulations. Alarmingly, most identified resistances are altered under temperature elevation, regardless of the plant and pathogen species. Therefore, we have listed current knowledge on heat-dependent plant immune mechanisms and pathogen thermosensory processes, mainly studied in animals and human pathogens, that could help to understand the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions under elevated temperatures. Based on a general overview of the mechanisms involved in plant responses to pathogens, and integrating multiple interactions with the biotic environment, we provide recommendations to optimise plant disease resistance under heat stress and to identify thermotolerant resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Desaint
- LIPM, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- SYNGENTA Seeds, Sarrians, 84260, France
| | - Nathalie Aoun
- LIPM, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | | | - Fabrice Roux
- LIPM, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Richard Berthomé
- LIPM, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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26
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Aoun N, Desaint H, Boyrie L, Bonhomme M, Deslandes L, Berthomé R, Roux F. A complex network of additive and epistatic quantitative trait loci underlies natural variation of Arabidopsis thaliana quantitative disease resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum under heat stress. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1405-1420. [PMID: 32914940 PMCID: PMC7548995 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant immunity is often negatively impacted by heat stress. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly characterized. Based on a genome-wide association mapping approach, this study aims to identify in Arabidopsis thaliana the genetic bases of robust resistance mechanisms to the devastating pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum under heat stress. A local mapping population was phenotyped against the R. solanacearum GMI1000 strain at 27 and 30 °C. To obtain a precise description of the genetic architecture underlying natural variation of quantitative disease resistance (QDR), we applied a genome-wide local score analysis. Alongside an extensive genetic variation found in this local population at both temperatures, we observed a playful dynamics of quantitative trait loci along the infection stages. In addition, a complex genetic network of interacting loci could be detected at 30 °C. As a first step to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms, the atypical meiotic cyclin SOLO DANCERS gene was validated by a reverse genetic approach as involved in QDR to R. solanacearum at 30 °C. In the context of climate change, the complex genetic architecture underlying QDR under heat stress in a local mapping population revealed candidate genes with diverse molecular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Aoun
- LIPMUniversité de ToulouseINRAECNRSCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Henri Desaint
- LIPMUniversité de ToulouseINRAECNRSCastanet‐TolosanFrance
- SYNGENTA seedsSarriansFrance
| | - Léa Boyrie
- LRSVUniversité de ToulouseCNRSUniversité Paul SabatierCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Maxime Bonhomme
- LRSVUniversité de ToulouseCNRSUniversité Paul SabatierCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | | | | | - Fabrice Roux
- LIPMUniversité de ToulouseINRAECNRSCastanet‐TolosanFrance
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27
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Richard MMS, Knip M, Aalders T, Beijaert MS, Takken FLW. Unlike Many Disease Resistances, Rx1-Mediated Immunity to Potato Virus X Is Not Compromised at Elevated Temperatures. Front Genet 2020; 11:417. [PMID: 32391063 PMCID: PMC7193704 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Specificity in the plant immune system is mediated by Resistance (R) proteins. Most R genes encode intracellular NLR-type immune receptors and these pathogen sensors require helper NLRs to activate immune signaling upon pathogen perception. Resistance conferred by many R genes is temperature sensitive and compromised above 28°C. Many Solanaceae R genes, including the potato NLR Rx1 conferring resistance to Potato Virus X (PVX), have been reported to be temperature labile. Rx1 activity, like many Solanaceae NLRs, depends on helper-NLRs called NRC's. In this study, we investigated Rx1 resistance at elevated temperatures in potato and in Nicotiana benthamiana plants stably expressing Rx1 upon rub-inoculation with GFP-expressing PVX particles. In parallel, we used susceptible plants as a control to assess infectiousness of PVX at a range of different temperatures. Surprisingly, we found that Rx1 confers virus resistance in N. benthamiana up to 32°C, a temperature at which the PVX::GFP lost infectiousness. Furthermore, at 34°C, an Rx1-mediated hypersensitive response could still be triggered in N. benthamiana upon PVX Coat-Protein overexpression. As the Rx1-immune signaling pathway is not temperature compromised, this implies that at least one N. benthamiana helper NRC and its downstream signaling components are temperature tolerant. This finding suggests that the temperature sensitivity for Solanaceous resistances is likely attributable to the sensor NLR and not to its downstream signaling components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon M S Richard
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), Molecular Plant Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marijn Knip
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), Molecular Plant Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Aalders
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), Molecular Plant Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Machiel S Beijaert
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), Molecular Plant Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frank L W Takken
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), Molecular Plant Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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28
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Velásquez AC, Castroverde CDM, He SY. Plant-Pathogen Warfare under Changing Climate Conditions. Curr Biol 2019; 28:R619-R634. [PMID: 29787730 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Global environmental changes caused by natural and human activities have accelerated in the past 200 years. The increase in greenhouse gases is predicted to continue to raise global temperature and change water availability in the 21st century. In this Review, we explore the profound effect the environment has on plant diseases - a susceptible host will not be infected by a virulent pathogen if the environmental conditions are not conducive for disease. The change in CO2 concentrations, temperature, and water availability can have positive, neutral, or negative effects on disease development, as each disease may respond differently to these variations. However, the concept of disease optima could potentially apply to all pathosystems. Plant resistance pathways, including pattern-triggered immunity to effector-triggered immunity, RNA interference, and defense hormone networks, are all affected by environmental factors. On the pathogen side, virulence mechanisms, such as the production of toxins and virulence proteins, as well as pathogen reproduction and survival are influenced by temperature and humidity. For practical reasons, most laboratory investigations into plant-pathogen interactions at the molecular level focus on well-established pathosystems and use a few static environmental conditions that capture only a fraction of the dynamic plant-pathogen-environment interactions that occur in nature. There is great need for future research to increasingly use dynamic environmental conditions in order to fully understand the multidimensional nature of plant-pathogen interactions and produce disease-resistant crop plants that are resilient to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Danve M Castroverde
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sheng Yang He
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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29
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Genome-wide identification, characterization, and expression analysis of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats gene family under environmental stresses in tea (Camellia sinensis). Genomics 2019; 112:1351-1362. [PMID: 31408701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Plants often use nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (NLRs) to recognize specific virulence proteins and activate the hypersensitive response thereby defending against invaders. However, data on NLRs and the resistance mechanism of NLR protein mediation in tea plant are extremely limited. In this study, 400 and 303 CsNLRs were identified from the genomes of C. sinensis var. sinensis (CSS) and C. sinensis var. assamica (CSA), respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the numbers in CNL groups are predominant in both CSS and CSA. RNA-Seq revealed that the expression of CsNLRs is induced by Colletotrichum fructicola, cold, drought, salt stress and exogenous methyl jasmonate. The 21 CsCNLs that are highly expressed in tea plant under biotic and abiotic stresses as well as during bud dormancy and in different tissues are identified. Gene structure analysis revealed several cis-regulatory elements associated with phytohormones and light responsiveness in the promoter regions of these 21 CsCNLs.
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30
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Balint‐Kurti P. The plant hypersensitive response: concepts, control and consequences. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1163-1178. [PMID: 31305008 PMCID: PMC6640183 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The hypersensitive defence response is found in all higher plants and is characterized by a rapid cell death at the point of pathogen ingress. It is usually associated with pathogen resistance, though, in specific situations, it may have other consequences such as pathogen susceptibility, growth retardation and, over evolutionary timescales, speciation. Due to the potentially severe costs of inappropriate activation, plants employ multiple mechanisms to suppress inappropriate activation of HR and to constrain it after activation. The ubiquity of this response among higher plants despite its costs suggests that it is an extremely effective component of the plant immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Balint‐Kurti
- Plant Science Research UnitUSDA‐ARSRaleighNCUSA
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyNC State UniversityRaleighNC27695‐7613USA
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31
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Janda M, Lamparová L, Zubíková A, Burketová L, Martinec J, Krčková Z. Temporary heat stress suppresses PAMP-triggered immunity and resistance to bacteria in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1005-1012. [PMID: 30924595 PMCID: PMC6589723 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) is crucial for plant defence against pathogen attack. The best characterized PAMP is flg22, a 22 amino acid conserved peptide from flagellin protein. In Arabidopsis thaliana, flg22 is recognized by the flagellin sensing 2 (FLS2) receptor. In this study, we focused on biotic stress responses triggered by flg22 after exposure to temporary heat stress (HS). It is important to study the reactions of plants to multiple stress conditions because plants are often exposed simultaneously to a combination of both abiotic and biotic stresses. Transient early production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a well-characterized response to PAMP recognition. We demonstrate the strong reduction of flg22-induced ROS production in A. thaliana after HS treatment. In addition, a decrease in FLS2 transcription and a decrease of the FLS2 presence at the plasma membrane are shown after HS. In summary, our data show the strong inhibitory effect of HS on flg22-triggered events in A. thaliana. Subsequently, temporary HS strongly decreases the resistance of A. thaliana to Pseudomonas syringae. We propose that short exposure to high temperature is a crucial abiotic stress factor that suppresses PAMP-triggered immunity, which subsequently leads to the higher susceptibility of plants to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Janda
- University of Chemistry and Technology PragueTechnická 5, Prague 6 – Dejvice166 282Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Lamparová
- University of Chemistry and Technology PragueTechnická 5, Prague 6 – Dejvice166 282Czech Republic
- The Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of Experimental BotanyRozvojová 263, Prague 6 – Lysolaje165 00Czech Republic
| | - Alžběta Zubíková
- The Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of Experimental BotanyRozvojová 263, Prague 6 – Lysolaje165 00Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Burketová
- The Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of Experimental BotanyRozvojová 263, Prague 6 – Lysolaje165 00Czech Republic
| | - Jan Martinec
- The Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of Experimental BotanyRozvojová 263, Prague 6 – Lysolaje165 00Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Krčková
- The Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of Experimental BotanyRozvojová 263, Prague 6 – Lysolaje165 00Czech Republic
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32
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Yang L, Ouyang H, Fang Z, Zhu W, Wu E, Luo G, Shang L, Zhan J. Evidence for intragenic recombination and selective sweep in an effector gene of Phytophthora infestans. Evol Appl 2018; 11:1342-1353. [PMID: 30151044 PMCID: PMC6099815 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Effectors, a group of small proteins secreted by pathogens, play a critical role in the antagonistic interaction between plant hosts and pathogens through their dual functions in regulating host immune systems and pathogen infection capability. In this study, evolution in effector genes was investigated through population genetic analysis of Avr3a sequences generated from 96 Phytophthora infestans isolates collected from six locations representing a range of thermal variation and cropping systems in China. We found high genetic variation in the Avr3a gene resulting from diverse mechanisms extending beyond point mutations, frameshift, and defeated start and stop codons to intragenic recombination. A total of 51 nucleotide haplotypes encoding 38 amino acid isoforms were detected in the 96 full sequences with nucleotide diversity in the pathogen populations ranging from 0.007 to 0.023 (mean = 0.017). Although haplotype and nucleotide diversity were high, the effector gene was dominated by only three haplotypes. Evidence for a selective sweep was provided by (i) the population genetic differentiation (GST) of haplotypes being lower than the population differentiation (FST) of SSR marker loci; and (ii) negative values of Tajima's D and Fu's FS. Annual mean temperature in the collection sites was negatively correlated with the frequency of the virulent form (Avr3aEM), indicating Avr3a may be regulated by temperature. These results suggest that elevated air temperature due to global warming may hamper the development of pathogenicity traits in P. infestans and further study under confined thermal regimes may be required to confirm the hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Lab of Plant VirologyInstitute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Hai‐Bing Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Lab of Plant VirologyInstitute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Zhi‐Guo Fang
- Fujian Key Lab of Plant VirologyInstitute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Xiangyang Academy of Agricultural SciencesXiangyangChina
| | - Wen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Lab of Plant VirologyInstitute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - E‐Jiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Lab of Plant VirologyInstitute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Gui‐Huo Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Lab of Plant VirologyInstitute of Plant VirologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Li‐Ping Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
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33
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Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae is one of the best-studied plant pathogens and serves as a model for understanding host-microorganism interactions, bacterial virulence mechanisms and host adaptation of pathogens as well as microbial evolution, ecology and epidemiology. Comparative genomic studies have identified key genomic features that contribute to P. syringae virulence. P. syringae has evolved two main virulence strategies: suppression of host immunity and creation of an aqueous apoplast to form its niche in the phyllosphere. In addition, external environmental conditions such as humidity profoundly influence infection. P. syringae may serve as an excellent model to understand virulence and also of how pathogenic microorganisms integrate environmental conditions and plant microbiota to become ecologically robust and diverse pathogens of the plant kingdom.
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34
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Hammoudi V, Fokkens L, Beerens B, Vlachakis G, Chatterjee S, Arroyo-Mateos M, Wackers PFK, Jonker MJ, van den Burg HA. The Arabidopsis SUMO E3 ligase SIZ1 mediates the temperature dependent trade-off between plant immunity and growth. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007157. [PMID: 29357355 PMCID: PMC5794169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased ambient temperature is inhibitory to plant immunity including auto-immunity. SNC1-dependent auto-immunity is, for example, fully suppressed at 28°C. We found that the Arabidopsis sumoylation mutant siz1 displays SNC1-dependent auto-immunity at 22°C but also at 28°C, which was EDS1 dependent at both temperatures. This siz1 auto-immune phenotype provided enhanced resistance to Pseudomonas at both temperatures. Moreover, the rosette size of siz1 recovered only weakly at 28°C, while this temperature fully rescues the growth defects of other SNC1-dependent auto-immune mutants. This thermo-insensitivity of siz1 correlated with a compromised thermosensory growth response, which was independent of the immune regulators PAD4 or SNC1. Our data reveal that this high temperature induced growth response strongly depends on COP1, while SIZ1 controls the amplitude of this growth response. This latter notion is supported by transcriptomics data, i.e. SIZ1 controls the amplitude and timing of high temperature transcriptional changes including a subset of the PIF4/BZR1 gene targets. Combined our data signify that SIZ1 suppresses an SNC1-dependent resistance response at both normal and high temperatures. At the same time, SIZ1 amplifies the dark and high temperature growth response, likely via COP1 and upstream of gene regulation by PIF4 and BRZ1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Hammoudi
- Molecular Plant Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Like Fokkens
- Molecular Plant Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Beerens
- Molecular Plant Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Georgios Vlachakis
- Molecular Plant Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Paul F K Wackers
- RNA Biology and Applied Bioinformatics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijs J Jonker
- RNA Biology and Applied Bioinformatics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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35
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Huot B, Castroverde CDM, Velásquez AC, Hubbard E, Pulman JA, Yao J, Childs KL, Tsuda K, Montgomery BL, He SY. Dual impact of elevated temperature on plant defence and bacterial virulence in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1808. [PMID: 29180698 PMCID: PMC5704021 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01674-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental conditions profoundly affect plant disease development; however, the underlying molecular bases are not well understood. Here we show that elevated temperature significantly increases the susceptibility of Arabidopsis to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 independently of the phyB/PIF thermosensing pathway. Instead, elevated temperature promotes translocation of bacterial effector proteins into plant cells and causes a loss of ICS1-mediated salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis. Global transcriptome analysis reveals a major temperature-sensitive node of SA signalling, impacting ~60% of benzothiadiazole (BTH)-regulated genes, including ICS1 and the canonical SA marker gene, PR1. Remarkably, BTH can effectively protect Arabidopsis against Pst DC3000 infection at elevated temperature despite the lack of ICS1 and PR1 expression. Our results highlight the broad impact of a major climate condition on the enigmatic molecular interplay between temperature, SA defence and function of a central bacterial virulence system in the context of a widely studied susceptible plant–pathogen interaction. Temperature is known to influence plant disease development. Here Huot et al. show that elevated temperature can enhance Pseudomonas syringae effector delivery into plant cells and suppress SA biosynthesis while also finding a temperature-sensitive branch of the SA signaling pathway in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Huot
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Christian Danve M Castroverde
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - André C Velásquez
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Emily Hubbard
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jane A Pulman
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Center for Genomics Enabled Plant Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jian Yao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Kevin L Childs
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Center for Genomics Enabled Plant Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Beronda L Montgomery
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. .,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. .,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. .,Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. .,Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48933, USA.
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36
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Aoun N, Tauleigne L, Lonjon F, Deslandes L, Vailleau F, Roux F, Berthomé R. Quantitative Disease Resistance under Elevated Temperature: Genetic Basis of New Resistance Mechanisms to Ralstonia solanacearum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1387. [PMID: 28878784 PMCID: PMC5572249 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In the context of climate warming, plants will be facing an increased risk of epidemics as well as the emergence of new highly aggressive pathogen species. Although a permanent increase of temperature strongly affects plant immunity, the underlying molecular mechanisms involved are still poorly characterized. In this study, we aimed to uncover the genetic bases of resistance mechanisms that are efficient at elevated temperature to the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC), one of the most harmful phytobacteria causing bacterial wilt. To start the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with natural variation of response to R. solanacearum, we adopted a genome wide association (GWA) mapping approach using 176 worldwide natural accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana inoculated with the R. solanacearum GMI1000 strain. Following two different procedures of root-inoculation (root apparatus cut vs. uncut), plants were grown either at 27 or 30°C, with the latter temperature mimicking a permanent increase in temperature. At 27°C, the RPS4/RRS1-R locus was the main QTL of resistance detected regardless of the method of inoculation used. This highlights the power of GWA mapping to identify functionally important loci for resistance to the GMI1000 strain. At 30°C, although most of the accessions developed wilting symptoms, we identified several QTLs that were specific to the inoculation method used. We focused on a QTL region associated with response to the GMI1000 strain in the early stages of infection and, by adopting a reverse genetic approach, we functionally validated the involvement of a strictosidine synthase-like 4 (SSL4) protein that shares structural similarities with animal proteins known to play a role in animal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard Berthomé
- LIPM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INPT, Université de ToulouseCastanet-Tolosan, France
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37
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Seto D, Koulena N, Lo T, Menna A, Guttman DS, Desveaux D. Expanded type III effector recognition by the ZAR1 NLR protein using ZED1-related kinases. NATURE PLANTS 2017; 3:17027. [PMID: 28288096 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2017.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat domain-containing (NLR) proteins are sentinels of plant immunity that monitor host proteins for perturbations induced by pathogenic effector proteins. Here we show that the Arabidopsis ZAR1 NLR protein requires the ZRK3 kinase to recognize the Pseudomonas syringae type III effector (T3E) HopF2a. These results support the hypothesis that ZAR1 associates with an expanded ZRK protein family to broaden its effector recognition spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Seto
- Department of Cell &Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Noushin Koulena
- Department of Cell &Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Timothy Lo
- Department of Cell &Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Alexandra Menna
- Department of Cell &Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - David S Guttman
- Department of Cell &Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution &Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Darrell Desveaux
- Department of Cell &Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution &Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
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38
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Effector-Triggered Immune Response in Arabidopsis thaliana Is a Quantitative Trait. Genetics 2016; 204:337-53. [PMID: 27412712 PMCID: PMC5012398 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.190678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified loci responsible for natural variation in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) responses to a bacterial pathogen virulence factor, HopAM1. HopAM1 is a type III effector protein secreted by the virulent Pseudomonas syringae strain Pto DC3000. Delivery of HopAM1 from disarmed Pseudomonas strains leads to local cell death, meristem chlorosis, or both, with varying intensities in different Arabidopsis accessions. These phenotypes are not associated with differences in bacterial growth restriction. We treated the two phenotypes as quantitative traits to identify host loci controlling responses to HopAM1. Genome-wide association (GWA) of 64 Arabidopsis accessions identified independent variants highly correlated with response to each phenotype. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in a recombinant inbred population between Bur-0 and Col-0 accessions revealed genetic linkage to regions distinct from the top GWA hits. Two major QTL associated with HopAM1-induced cell death were also associated with HopAM1-induced chlorosis. HopAM1-induced changes in Arabidopsis gene expression showed that rapid HopAM1-dependent cell death in Bur-0 is correlated with effector-triggered immune responses. Studies of the effect of mutations in known plant immune system genes showed, surprisingly, that both cell death and chlorosis phenotypes are enhanced by loss of EDS1, a regulatory hub in the plant immune-signaling network. Our results reveal complex genetic architecture for response to this particular type III virulence effector, in contrast to the typical monogenic control of cell death and disease resistance triggered by most type III effectors.
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