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Marciano CL, de Almeida AP, Bezerra FC, Giannesi GC, Cabral H, Teixeira de Moraes Polizeli MDL, Ruller R, Masui DC. Enhanced saccharification levels of corn starch using as a strategy a novel amylolytic complex (AmyHb) from the thermophilic fungus Humicola brevis var. thermoidea in association with commercial enzyme. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:198. [PMID: 39131173 PMCID: PMC11310185 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-04038-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Amylases represent a versatile group of catalysts that are used for the saccharification of starch because they can hydrolyze the glycosidic bonds of starch molecules to release glucose, maltose, and short-chain oligosaccharides. The amylolytic complex of the thermophilic filamentous fungus Humicola brevis var. thermoidea (AmyHb) was produced, biochemically characterized, and compared with the commercial amylase Termamyl. In addition, the biotechnological application of AmyHb in starch saccharification was investigated. The highest production was achieved using a wheat bran medium at 50 °C for 5-6 days in solid-state fermentation (849.6 ± 18.2 U·g-1) without the addition of inducers. Optimum amylolytic activity occurred at pH 5.0 at 60 °C, and stability was maintained between pH 5.0 and 6.0, with thermal stability at 50-60 °C, especially in the presence of Ca2+. These results were superior to those found with Termamyl. Both enzymes were strongly inhibited by Hg2+, Cu2+, and Ag+; however, AmyHb displayed increased activity in the presence of Mn2+ and Na+. In addition, AmyHb showed greater tolerance to a wide range of ethanol concentrations. AmyHb appears to be a complex consisting of glucoamylase and α-amylase, based on its substrate specificity and TLC. The hydrolysis tests on cornstarch flour showed that the cocktail of AmyHb50% + Termamyl50% significantly increased the release of glucose and total reducing sugars (36.6%) when compared to the enzymes alone. AmyHb exhibited promising physicochemical properties and good performance with commercial amylase; therefore, this complex is a biotechnological alternative candidate for the bioprocessing of starch sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Langer Marciano
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Geral E de Microrganismos-LBQ, Instituto de Biociências-INBIO, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul-UFMS, Campo Grande, MS CEP: 79070-900 Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, FCFRP – Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP: 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Aline Pereira de Almeida
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, FMRP – Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP: 14049-900 Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências E Letras de Ribeirão Preto - FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP: 14040-901 Brazil
| | - Fabiane Cruz Bezerra
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Geral E de Microrganismos-LBQ, Instituto de Biociências-INBIO, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul-UFMS, Campo Grande, MS CEP: 79070-900 Brazil
| | - Giovana Cristina Giannesi
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Geral E de Microrganismos-LBQ, Instituto de Biociências-INBIO, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul-UFMS, Campo Grande, MS CEP: 79070-900 Brazil
| | - Hamilton Cabral
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, FCFRP – Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP: 14040-903 Brazil
| | | | - Roberto Ruller
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências E Letras de Ribeirão Preto - FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP: 14040-901 Brazil
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas - IBILCE, São José do Rio Preto, SP CEP: 15054-000 Brazil
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas - CCNH, Universidade Federal do ABC - UFABC, Santo André, SP CEP: 09210-170 Brazil
| | - Douglas Chodi Masui
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Geral E de Microrganismos-LBQ, Instituto de Biociências-INBIO, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul-UFMS, Campo Grande, MS CEP: 79070-900 Brazil
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Nie M, Khalid F, Hu Q, Khalid A, Wu Q, Huang S, Wang Z. Site-Directed Mutagenesis: Improving the Acid Resistance and Thermostability of Bacillus velezensis α-Amylase and Its Preliminary Feed Application. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:10487-10496. [PMID: 38683727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The current study aimed to improve the acid resistance and thermostability of Bacillus velezensis α-amylase through site-directed mutagenesis, with a specific focus on its applicability to the feed industry. Four mutation sites, P546E, H572D, A614E, and K622E, were designed in the C domain of α-amylase, and three mutants, Mut1 (E), Mut2 (ED), and Mut3 (EDEE), were produced. The results showed that the specific activity of Mut3 was 50 U/mg higher than the original α-amylase (Ori) after incubation at 40 °C for 4 h. Compared to Ori, the acid resistance of Mut3 showed a twofold increase in specific activity at pH 2.0. Moreover, the results of preliminary feed hydrolysis were compared between Ori and Mut3 by designing three factors, three levels of orthogonal experiment for enzymatic hydrolysis time, feed quantity, and amount of amylase. It was observed that the enzymatic hydrolysis time and feed quantity showed an extremely significant difference (p < 0.01) in Mut3 compared to Ori. However, the amount of enzyme showed significant (p < 0.05) improvement in the enzymatic hydrolysis in Mut3 as compared to Ori. The study identified Mut3 as a promising candidate for the application of α-amylase in the feed industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Nie
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Fatima Khalid
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Hu
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Anam Khalid
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wu
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Shoujun Huang
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Zaigui Wang
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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3
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Sun L, Sun B, Zhang Y, Chen K. Kinetic properties of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and inhibition effects of several metal ions on enzymatic activity in vitro and cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5806. [PMID: 38461203 PMCID: PMC10924972 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56503-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the non-degradable and persistent nature of metal ions in the environment, they are released into water bodies, where they accumulate in fish. In order to assess pollution in fish, the enzyme, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), has been employed as a biomarker due to sensitivity to various ions. This study investigates the kinetic properties of the G6PD enzyme in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco), and analyzes the effects of these metal ions on the G6PD enzyme activity in the ovarian cell line (CCO) of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). IC50 values and inhibition types of G6PD were determined in the metal ions Cu2+, Al3+, Zn2+, and Cd2+. While, the inhibition types of Cu2+ and Al3+ were the competitive inhibition, Zn2+ and Cd2+ were the linear mixed noncompetitive and linear mixed competitive, respectively. In vitro experiments revealed an inverse correlation between G6PD activity and metal ion concentration, mRNA levels and enzyme activity of G6PD increased at the lower metal ion concentration and decreased at the higher concentration. Our findings suggest that metal ions pose a significant threat to G6PD activity even at low concentrations, potentially playing a crucial role in the toxicity mechanism of metal ion pollution. This information contributes to the development of a biomonitoring tool for assessing metal ion contamination in aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindan Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Binbin Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yulei Zhang
- Guangdong South China Sea Key Laboratory of Aquaculture for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Keping Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, China.
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Mendonça APS, Dos Reis KL, Barbosa-Tessmann IP. Aspergillus clavatus UEM 04: An efficient producer of glucoamylase and α-amylase able to hydrolyze gelatinized and raw starch. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:125890. [PMID: 37479205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The best amylolytic activity production by Aspergillus clavatus UEM 04 occurred in submersed culture, with starch, for 72 h, at 25 °C, and 100 rpm. Exclusion chromatography partially purified two enzymes, which ran as unique bands in SDS-PAGE with approximately 84 kDa. LC-MS/MS identified a glucoamylase (GH15) and an α-amylase (GH13_1) as the predominant proteins and other co-purified proteins. Zn2+, Cu2+, and Mn2+ activated the glucoamylase, and SDS, Zn2+, Fe3+, and Cu2+ inhibited the α-amylase. The α-amylase optimum pH was 6.5. The optimal temperatures for the glucoamylase and α-amylase were 50 °C and 40 °C, and the Tm was 53.1 °C and 56.3 °C, respectively. Both enzymes remained almost fully active for 28-32 h at 40 °C, but the α-amylase thermal stability was calcium-dependent. Furthermore, the glucoamylase and α-amylase KM for starch were 2.95 and 1.0 mg/mL, respectively. Still, the Vmax was 0.28 μmol/min of released glucose for glucoamylase and 0.1 mg/min of consumed starch for α-amylase. Moreover, the glucoamylase showed greater affinity for amylopectin and α-amylase for maltodextrin. Additionally, both enzymes efficiently degraded raw starch. At last, glucose was the main product of glucoamylase, and α-amylase produced mainly maltose from gelatinized soluble starch hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Silva Mendonça
- Biological Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Karina Lima Dos Reis
- Biological Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Ione Parra Barbosa-Tessmann
- Biological Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
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Kumar V, Naik B, Choudhary M, Kumar A, Khanduri N. Agro-waste as a substrate for the production of pullulanase by Penicillium viridicatum under solid-state fermentation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12661. [PMID: 35879329 PMCID: PMC9314376 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16854-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the key enzymes utilized in the food industry is pullulanase. But its major drawbacks are its low yield and high production costs. In this regard, the current research aims to screen agro-waste substrates for optimal pullulanase production in solid-state fermentation. Of various agro-wastes used as a substrate, the maximum enzymic activity (9.74 U/gds) was observed in a medium based on 5 g of green gram husk and incubated for 3 days at 30 °C. The effects of 16 different nutrients on the yield of pullulanase production were studied using the Plackett-Burman experimental design. The incorporation of FeSO4, MnSO4, and MgSO4 into the pullulanase production medium significantly increased the yield and showed a 5.7-fold increase (56.25 U/gds) in comparison with the unoptimized media. The Box-Behnken experimental design was used to study the effect of interactions between Fe2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+ on the production of pullulanase. Box-Behnken showed a 1.1-fold increase (62.1 U/gds) in pullulanase production. The total increase in yield after all optimization was 6.37-fold. The present study reports for the first time the applicability of green gram husk as a potent substrate for pullulanase production by Penicillium viridicatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Swami Rama Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248016, India.
| | - Bindu Naik
- Department of Life Sciences, Food Technology, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, 248002, India
| | - Megha Choudhary
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Swami Rama Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248016, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Swami Rama Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248016, India
| | - Naresh Khanduri
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Swami Rama Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248016, India
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Jakhesara, Tulsani NJ, Hinsu AT, Jyotsana B, Dafale NA, Patil NV, Purohit HJ, Joshi CG. Genome analysis and CAZy repertoire of a novel fungus Aspergillus sydowii C6d with lignocellulolytic ability isolated from camel rumen. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Abstract
n-Dodecane has been investigated as an oxygen-vector for improving α-amylase biosynthesis using the strain Aspergillus terreus. In aerobic microbial cultivation, continuous supply of oxygen is required especially due to its low solubility in the growth medium, in particular at high viscosity, but the limitations of oxygen mass transfer in these systems can be overcome by the addition of water-insoluble compounds which possess a strong affinity for oxygen, namely oxygen-vectors. The use of n-dodecane (as an oxygen-vector) in the fermentation medium of A. terreus can significantly improve the bioprocess performance and enhance α-amylase production. Using 5% n-dodecane at 35 °C, an increase of 1.8–2 times in the enzymatic activity was recorded. In the oxygen-vector’s absence, the highest amount of biomass was obtained at 35 °C, while in the presence of 5% vol. n-dodecane, the amount of fungal biomass increased by approximately 70%, with a shift in optimum temperature to 40 °C, generating also an enzymatic activity increase of 2.30 times. Moreover, the oxygen-vector’s addition in the fermentation broth influenced the fungal morphological development in the form of larger pellets with a more compact structure compared to the system without n-dodecane, with a positive effect on the fermentation performance (higher α-amylase activity production).
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8
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Raina D, Kumar V, Saran S. A critical review on exploitation of agro-industrial biomass as substrates for the therapeutic microbial enzymes production and implemented protein purification techniques. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133712. [PMID: 35081402 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Annually, a huge amount of waste is generated by the industries that use agricultural biomass. Researchers have looked into employing this cheap and renewable agro-biomass as a substrate for enzyme production via fermentation processes to meet the ever-increasing worldwide need. Although there are a number of sources for enzyme extraction, microbial sources have dominated industrial sectors due to their easy availability and rapid growth. Microbial enzymes are currently used in a variety of industries, including pharmaceuticals, food, biofuels, textiles, paper, detergents, and so on, and using these nutritious feedstocks not only reduces production costs but also helps to reduce environmental concerns. The present review focuses on the therapeutic microbial enzymes produced using different agro-industrial biomass as raw materials, with down-streaming techniques for obtaining a final pure product. Additionally, the article also discussed biomass pretreatment processes, including physical, chemical and biological. The type of pretreatment method to be used is mostly governed by the intended use of the major molecular components of biomass (cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin). Finally, purification challenges are included. All of this information will be useful in the industrial synthesis of high-purity targeted enzymes if the crucial aspects that have been discussed are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Raina
- Fermentation and Microbial Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Fermentation and Microbial Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - Saurabh Saran
- Fermentation and Microbial Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Naeem M, Manzoor S, Abid MUH, Tareen MBK, Asad M, Mushtaq S, Ehsan N, Amna D, Xu B, Hazafa A. Fungal Proteases as Emerging Biocatalysts to Meet the Current Challenges and Recent Developments in Biomedical Therapies: An Updated Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:109. [PMID: 35205863 PMCID: PMC8875690 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing world population, demand for industrialization has also increased to fulfill humans' living standards. Fungi are considered a source of essential constituents to produce the biocatalytic enzymes, including amylases, proteases, lipases, and cellulases that contain broad-spectrum industrial and emerging applications. The present review discussed the origin, nature, mechanism of action, emerging aspects of genetic engineering for designing novel proteases, genome editing of fungal strains through CRISPR technology, present challenges and future recommendations of fungal proteases. The emerging evidence revealed that fungal proteases show a protective role to many environmental exposures and discovered that an imbalance of protease inhibitors and proteases in the epithelial barriers leads to the protection of chronic eosinophilic airway inflammation. Moreover, mitoproteases recently were found to execute intense proteolytic processes that are crucial for mitochondrial integrity and homeostasis function, including mitochondrial biogenesis, protein synthesis, and apoptosis. The emerging evidence revealed that CRISPR/Cas9 technology had been successfully developed in various filamentous fungi and higher fungi for editing of specific genes. In addition to medical importance, fungal proteases are extensively used in different industries such as foods to prepare butter, fruits, juices, and cheese, and to increase their shelf life. It is concluded that hydrolysis of proteins in industries is one of the most significant applications of fungal enzymes that led to massive usage of proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naeem
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050025, China;
| | - Saba Manzoor
- Department of Zoology, University of Sialkot, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan;
| | | | | | - Mirza Asad
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Sajida Mushtaq
- Department of Zoology, Government College Women University, Sialkot 51040, Pakistan;
| | - Nazia Ehsan
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Dua Amna
- Institute of Food Science & Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan;
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University (BNU-HKBU) United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Abu Hazafa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
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Madhavan A, Arun KB, Sindhu R, Alphonsa Jose A, Pugazhendhi A, Binod P, Sirohi R, Reshmy R, Kumar Awasthi M. Engineering interventions in industrial filamentous fungal cell factories for biomass valorization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126209. [PMID: 34715339 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi possess versatile capabilities for synthesizing a variety of valuable bio compounds, including enzymes, organic acids and small molecule secondary metabolites. The advancements of genetic and metabolic engineering techniques and the availability of sequenced genomes discovered their potential as expression hosts for recombinant protein production. Remarkably, plant-biomass degrading filamentous fungi show the unique capability to decompose lignocellulose, an extremely recalcitrant biopolymer. The basic biochemical approaches have motivated several industrial processes for lignocellulose biomass valorisation into fermentable sugars and other biochemical for biofuels, biomolecules, and biomaterials. The review gives insight into current trends in engineering filamentous fungi for enzymes, fuels, and chemicals from lignocellulose biomass. This review describes the variety of enzymes and compounds that filamentous fungi produce, engineering of filamentous fungi for biomass valorisation with a special focus on lignocellulolytic enzymes and other bulk chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Madhavan
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Jagathy, Trivandrum 695 014, India.
| | - K B Arun
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Jagathy, Trivandrum 695 014, India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Anju Alphonsa Jose
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | | | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136713, Republic of Korea; Centre for Energy & Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226001. Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R Reshmy
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Bishop Moore College, Mavelikara 690 110, Kerala, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712 100, PR China
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11
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Oyedeji O, Olakusehin VO, Okonji RE. A thermostable extracellular α-amylase from Aspergillus flavus S2-OY: Purification, characterisation and application in raw starch hydrolysis. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2021.2005032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olaoluwa Oyedeji
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | | | - Raphael Emuebie Okonji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
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12
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Abdel-Mageed HM, Barakat AZ, Bassuiny RI, Elsayed AM, Salah HA, Abdel-Aty AM, Mohamed SA. Biotechnology approach using watermelon rind for optimization of α-amylase enzyme production from Trichoderma virens using response surface methodology under solid-state fermentation. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2021; 67:253-264. [PMID: 34743285 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00929-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Production of amylases by fungi under solid-state fermentation is considered the best methodology for commercial scaling that addresses the ever-escalating needs of the worldwide enzyme market. Here response surface methodology (RSM) was used for the optimization of process variables for α-amylase enzyme production from Trichoderma virens using watermelon rinds (WMR) under solid-state fermentation (SSF). The statistical model included four variables, each detected at two levels, followed by model development with partial purification and characterization of α-amylase. The partially purified α-amylase was characterized with regard to optimum pH, temperature, kinetic constant, and substrate specificity. The results indicated that both pH and moisture content had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on α-amylase production (880 U/g) under optimized process conditions at a 3-day incubation time, moisture content of 50%, 30 °C, and pH 6.98. Statistical optimization using RSM showed R2 values of 0.9934, demonstrating the validity of the model. Five α-amylases were separated by using DEAE-Sepharose and characterized with a wide range of optimized pH values (pH 4.5-9.0), temperature optima (40-60 °C), low Km values (2.27-3.3 mg/mL), and high substrate specificity toward large substrates. In conclusion, this study presents an efficient and green approach for utilization of agro-waste for production of the valuable α-amylase enzyme using RSM under SSF. RSM was particularly beneficial for the optimization and analysis of the effective process parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M Abdel-Mageed
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, El Behoth St, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Amal Z Barakat
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, El Behoth St, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Roqaya I Bassuiny
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, El Behoth St, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alshaimaa M Elsayed
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, El Behoth St, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala A Salah
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, El Behoth St, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Azza M Abdel-Aty
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, El Behoth St, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Saleh A Mohamed
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, El Behoth St, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Balakrishnan M, Jeevarathinam G, Kumar SKS, Muniraj I, Uthandi S. Optimization and scale-up of α-amylase production by Aspergillus oryzae using solid-state fermentation of edible oil cakes. BMC Biotechnol 2021; 21:33. [PMID: 33947396 PMCID: PMC8094467 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-021-00686-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Amylases produced by fungi during solid-state fermentation are the most widely used commercial enzymes to meet the ever-increasing demands of the global enzyme market. The use of low-cost substrates to curtail the production cost and reuse solid wastes are seen as viable options for the commercial production of many enzymes. Applications of α-amylases in food, feed, and industrial sectors have increased over the years. Additionally, the demand for processed and ready-to-eat food has increased because of the rapid growth of food-processing industries in developing economies. These factors significantly contribute to the global enzyme market. It is estimated that by the end of 2024, the global α-amylase market would reach USD 320.1 million (Grand View Research Inc., 2016). We produced α-amylase using Aspergillus oryzae and low-cost substrates obtained from edible oil cake, such as groundnut oil cake (GOC), coconut oil cake (COC), sesame oil cake (SOC) by solid-state fermentation. We cultivated the fungus using these nutrient-rich substrates to produce the enzyme. The enzyme was extracted, partially purified, and tested for pH and temperature stability. The effect of pH, incubation period and temperature on α-amylase production using A. oryzae was optimized. Box–Behnken design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize and determine the effects of all process parameters on α-amylase production. The overall cost economics of α-amylase production using a pilot-scale fermenter was also studied. Results The substrate optimization for α-amylase production by the Box–Behnken design of RSM showed GOC as the most suitable substrate for A. oryzae, as evident from its maximum α-amylase production of 9868.12 U/gds. Further optimization of process parameters showed that the initial moisture content of 64%, pH of 4.5, incubation period of 108 h, and temperature of 32.5 °C are optimum conditions for α-amylase production. The production increased by 11.4% (10,994.74 U/gds) by up-scaling and using optimized conditions in a pilot-scale fermenter. The partially purified α-amylase exhibited maximum stability at a pH of 6.0 and a temperature of 55 °C. The overall cost economic studies showed that the partially purified α-amylase could be produced at the rate of Rs. 622/L. Conclusions The process parameters for enhanced α-amylase secretion were analyzed using 3D contour plots by RSM, which showed that contour lines were more oriented toward incubation temperature and pH, having a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the α-amylase activity. The optimized parameters were subsequently employed in a 600 L-pilot-scale fermenter for the α-amylase production. The substrates were rich in nutrients, and supplementation of nutrients was not required. Thus, we have suggested an economically viable process of α-amylase production using a pilot-scale fermenter.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Balakrishnan
- Department of Food Process Engineering, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 003, India.
| | - G Jeevarathinam
- Department of Food Process Engineering, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 003, India
| | - S Kiran Santhosh Kumar
- Department of Food Process Engineering, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 003, India
| | - Iniyakumar Muniraj
- Biocatalysts Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 003, India
| | - Sivakumar Uthandi
- Biocatalysts Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 003, India.
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Pearl millet grain as an emerging source of starch: A review on its structure, physicochemical properties, functionalization, and industrial applications. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 260:117776. [PMID: 33712132 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.) is a sustainable and underutilized starch source, constituting up to 70 % starch in its grain. Pearl millet could be used as a cheaper source of starch as compared to other cereals for developing functional foods. This review is mainly focused on isolation methods, and chemical composition of the pearl millet starch (PMS). Techno-functional characteristics such as; gelatinization, pasting properties, solubility, swelling power, and digestibility to infer wider application of the PMS critically highlighted in the review. Native starches have limited functionalitiesfor food applications due to the instability in developed pastes and gels. A number of modifications (physical, mechanical and enzymatic) have been developed to increase the functionality and to obtain desired characteristics of PMS thus improving its utilization in food applications. Further, the utilization of native as well as modified PMS is also discussed comprehensively. In addition, a number of recommendations to further improve its functionality and increase its application are also discussed.
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Farooq MA, Ali S, Hassan A, Tahir HM, Mumtaz S, Mumtaz S. Biosynthesis and industrial applications of α-amylase: a review. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:1281-1292. [PMID: 33481073 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02128-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Amylase is amongst the most indispensable enzymes that have a large number of applications in laboratories and industries. Mostly, α-amylase is synthesized from microbes such as bacteria, fungi and yeast. Due to the high demand for α-amylase, its synthesis can be enhanced using recombinant DNA technology, different fermentation methods, less expensive and good carbon and nitrogen sources, and optimizing the various parameters during fermentation, e.g., temperature, pH and fermentation duration. Various methods are used to measure the production and activity of synthesized α-amylase like iodine, DNS, NS and dextrinizing methods. The activity of crude α-amylase can be elevated to the maximum level by optimizing the temperature and pH. Some metals also interact with α-amylase and increase its activity like K+, Na+, Mg2+ and Ca2+. Some industries such as starch conversion, food, detergent, paper, textile industries and fuel alcohol production extensively utilize α-amylase for their various purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adeel Farooq
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shaukat Ali
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Ali Hassan
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Tahir
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Samaira Mumtaz
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shumaila Mumtaz
- Applied Entomology and Medical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
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Industrially Important Fungal Enzymes: Productions and Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68260-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Shruthi BR, Achur RNH, Nayaka Boramuthi T. Optimized Solid-State Fermentation Medium Enhances the Multienzymes Production from Penicillium citrinum and Aspergillus clavatus. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:2192-2206. [PMID: 32451686 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02036-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi play an important role in the production of a range of useful extracellular hydrolytic enzymes for wide industrial applications. The Western Ghats region is known for its rich microbial biodiversity and could be a potential source of several useful fungi that could be exploited for the production of industrially important enzymes. From this soil, we aimed at the isolation of multienzyme producing fungi, optimization of the culture conditions using solid-state fermentation (SSF), partial purification of enzymes and characterization by zymography. Out of seven fungal strains, two isolates, namely Penicillium citrinum and Aspergillus clavatus, were found to produce amylase and cellulase enzymes maximally. The effect of different physicochemical parameters on the production of amylase and cellulase was investigated and the maximum production of multienzymes was achieved in wheat bran substrate. The newly formulated and optimized medium increased the multienzyme production in P. citrinum and A. clavatus as compared to medium with individually optimized parameters. Further, for the first time, different isoforms of amylase and cellulase have been identified from P. citrinum and A. clavatus by zymography. In summary, the present study showed that the filamentous fungi can utilize the industrial waste product such as wheat bran as the substrate for multienzymes production by SSF and could be a promising source of enzymes for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balakrishna Rao Shruthi
- Department of Microbiology, Jnana Sahyadri, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga District, Shankaraghatta, Karnataka, 577451, India
| | - Rajeshwara Nagappa Hegde Achur
- Department of Biochemistry, Jnana Sahyadri, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga District, Shankaraghatta, Karnataka, 577451, India
| | - Thippeswamy Nayaka Boramuthi
- Department of Microbiology, Jnana Sahyadri, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga District, Shankaraghatta, Karnataka, 577451, India.
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Sakwa L, Cripwell RA, Rose SH, Viljoen-Bloom M. Consolidated bioprocessing of raw starch with Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains expressing fungal alpha-amylase and glucoamylase combinations. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 18:5061630. [PMID: 30085077 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cost-effective consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) of raw starch for biofuel production requires recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains expressing α-amylases and glucoamylases. Native Aureobasidium pullulans apuA, Aspergillus terreus ateA, Cryptococcus sp. S-2 cryA and Saccharomycopsis fibuligera sfiA genes encoding raw-starch α-amylases were cloned and expressed in the S. cerevisiae Y294 laboratory strain. Recombinant S. cerevisiae Y294[ApuA] and Y294[AteA] strains produced the highest extracellular α-amylase activities (2.17 U mL-1 and 2.98 U mL-1, respectively). Both the ApuA and AteA α-amylases displayed a preference for pH 4 to 5 and retained more than 75% activity after 5 days at 30°C. When ateA was co-expressed with the previously reported Aspergillus. tubingensis glucoamylase gene (glaA), the amylolytic S. cerevisiae Y294[AteA-GlaA] strain produced 45.77 g L-1 ethanol after 6 days. Ethanol production by this strain was improved with the addition of either 2.83 μL STARGEN 002 (54.54 g L-1 ethanol and 70.44% carbon conversion) or 20 μL commercial glucoamylase from Sigma-Aldrich (73.80 g L-1 ethanol and 90.19% carbon conversion). This is the first report of an engineered yeast strain that can replace up to 90% of the enzymes required for raw starch hydrolysis, and thus contributes to the realisation of a CBP yeast for starch-based biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sakwa
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - R A Cripwell
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - S H Rose
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - M Viljoen-Bloom
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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Kostyleva EV, Sereda AS, Velikoretskaya IA, Burtseva EI, Veselkina TN, Nefedova LI, Sharikov AY, Tsurikova NV, Lobanov NS, Sinitsyn AP. Development of schemes of induced mutagenesis for improving the productivity of Aspergillus strains producing amylolytic enzymes. Microbiology (Reading) 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261717040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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