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Khan A, Chen S, Fatima S, Ahamad L, Siddiqui MA. Biotechnological Tools to Elucidate the Mechanism of Plant and Nematode Interactions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2387. [PMID: 37376010 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) pose a threat to global food security in both the developed and developing worlds. PPNs cause crop losses worth a total of more than USD 150 billion worldwide. The sedentary root-knot nematodes (RKNs) also cause severe damage to various agricultural crops and establish compatible relationships with a broad range of host plants. This review aims to provide a broad overview of the strategies used to identify the morpho-physiological and molecular events that occur during RKN parasitism. It describes the most current developments in the transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic strategies of nematodes, which are important for understanding compatible interactions of plants and nematodes, and several strategies for enhancing plant resistance against RKNs. We will highlight recent rapid advances in molecular strategies, such as gene-silencing technologies, RNA interference (RNAi), and small interfering RNA (siRNA) effector proteins, that are leading to considerable progress in understanding the mechanism of plant-nematode interactions. We also take into account genetic engineering strategies, such as targeted genome editing techniques, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) (CRISPR/Cas-9) system, and quantitative trait loci (QTL), to enhance the resistance of plants against nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Khan
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Shaohua Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Saba Fatima
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Lukman Ahamad
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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Joshi I, Kumar A, Kohli D, Bhattacharya R, Sirohi A, Chaudhury A, Jain PK. Gall-specific promoter, an alternative to the constitutive CaMV35S promoter, drives host-derived RNA interference targeting Mi-msp2 gene to confer effective nematode resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1007322. [PMID: 36426141 PMCID: PMC9679145 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1007322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
One of the major obligate plant parasites causing massive economic crop losses belongs to the class of root-knot nematodes (RKNs). Targeting of major nematode parasitism genes via Host Delivered-RNAi (HD-RNAi) to confer silencing is established as one of the most effective approaches to curb nematode infection. Utilizing nematode-responsive root-specific (NRRS) promoters to design a dsRNA molecule targeting approach to hamper nematode parasitism. Here, a previously validated peroxidase gall specific promoter, pAt2g18140, from Arabidopsis was employed to express the dsRNA construct of the nematode effector gene Mi-msp2 from Meloidogyne incognita. Arabidopsis RNAi lines of CaMV35S::Mi-msp2-RNAi and pAt2g18140::Mi-msp2-RNAi were compared with control plants to assess the decrease in plant nematode infection. When subjected to infection, the maximum reductions in the numbers of galls, females and egg masses in the CaMV35S::Mi-msp2-RNAi lines were 61%, 66% and 95%, respectively, whereas for the pAt2g18140::Mi-msp2-RNAi lines, they were 63%, 68% and 100%, respectively. The reduction in transcript level ranged from 79%-82% for CaMV35S::Mi-msp2-RNAi and 72%-79% for the pAt2g18140::Mi-msp2-RNAi lines. Additionally, a reduction in female size and a subsequent reduction in next-generation fecundity demonstrate the efficacy and potential of the gall specific promoter pAt2g18140 for utilization in the development of HD-RNAi constructs against RKN, as an excellent alternative to the CaMV35S promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ila Joshi
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Bio & Nano Technology Centre, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Deshika Kohli
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Anil Sirohi
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok Chaudhury
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Bio & Nano Technology Centre, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Pradeep K. Jain
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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3
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Kumar A, Joshi I, Changwal C, Sirohi A, Jain PK. Host-delivered RNAi-mediated silencing of the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) effector genes, Mi-msp10 and Mi-msp23, confers resistance in Arabidopsis and impairs reproductive ability of the root-knot nematode. PLANTA 2022; 256:74. [PMID: 36083352 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03977-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mi-msp10 and Mi-msp23 effector genes play a significant role during Meloidogyne incognita parasitism on Arabidopsis roots. The role of these genes was confirmed by demonstrating the decrease of the level of susceptibility of Arabidopsis by the silencing of Mi-msp10 and Mi-msp23 genes using HD-RNAi technology. Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are the most damaging pathogens severely affecting global food production. The sustainable options to minimize menace of nematode populations through economically feasible measures are limited. Thus, the development of innovative and target-specific strategies that aid in their management is imperative. RNAi technology has emerged as a sustainable and target-specific alternative to control phytonematodes. Here, we characterized two novel subventral gland and dorsal gland-specific effectors, Mi-msp10 and Mi-msp23, to determine their potential effectiveness in controlling M. incognita. Comparative developmental profiling using qRT-PCR revealed higher expression of both effectors in the adult nematode female. Furthermore, functional evaluation of Mi-msp10 and Mi-msp23 dsRNA cassettes was performed using host-delivered RNAi (HD-RNAi) in Arabidopsis. The transgenic lines were examined against M. incognita, and the phenotypic effect of HD-RNAi was evident with a 61% and 51% reduction in gall formation in the Mi-msp10 and Mi-msp23 RNAi lines, respectively. A significant drop in the nematode adult females by 59% for Mi-msp10 and 49% for Mi-msp23-RNAi lines was observed. Similarly, production in egg masses decreased significantly by 76% (Mi-msp10) and 60% (Mi-msp23) for the RNAi lines, which eventually decreased the reproductive factor by 92% and 75%, respectively. The gene expression analysis showed a significant decrease in the transcript level by up to 72% (Mi-msp10) and 66% (Mi-msp23) in M. incognita females feeding on RNAi lines, providing further evidence of effective gene silencing. Overall, our findings provide useful information and support further development of RNAi-based strategies to control M. incognita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Ila Joshi
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Chunoti Changwal
- ICAR-IARI, Division of Plant Physiology, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Anil Sirohi
- ICAR-IARI, Division of Nematology, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Pradeep K Jain
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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Rutter WB, Franco J, Gleason C. Rooting Out the Mechanisms of Root-Knot Nematode-Plant Interactions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 60:43-76. [PMID: 35316614 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021621-120943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs; Meloidogyne spp.) engage in complex parasitic interactions with many different host plants around the world, initiating elaborate feeding sites and disrupting host root architecture. Although RKNs have been the focus of research for many decades, new molecular tools have provided useful insights into the biological mechanisms these pests use to infect and manipulate their hosts. From identifying host defense mechanisms underlying resistance to RKNs to characterizing nematode effectors that alter host cellular functions, the past decade of research has significantly expanded our understanding of RKN-plant interactions, and the increasing number of quality parasite and host genomes promises to enhance future research efforts into RKNs. In this review, we have highlighted recent discoveries, summarized the current understanding within the field, and provided links to new and useful resources for researchers. Our goal is to offer insights and tools to support the study of molecular RKN-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Rutter
- US Vegetable Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jessica Franco
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA;
| | - Cynthia Gleason
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA;
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Aparecida Godinho Mendes R, Basso MF, Amora DX, Silva AP, Paes-de-Melo B, Coiti Togawa R, Saliba Albuquerque EV, Lisei-de-Sa ME, Lima Pepino Macedo L, Lourenço-Tessutti IT, Grossi-de-Sa MF. In planta RNAi approach targeting three M. incognita effector genes disturbed the process of infection and reduced plant susceptibility. Exp Parasitol 2022; 238:108246. [PMID: 35460697 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Meloidogyne incognita is the most economically important species of the root-knot nematode complex causing damage to several crops worldwide. During parasitism in host plants, M. incognita secretes several effector proteins to suppress the plant immune system, manipulate the plant cell cycle, and promote parasitism. Several effector proteins have been identified, but their relationship with plant parasitism by M. incognita has not been fully confirmed. Herein, the Minc01696, Minc00344, and Minc00801 putative effector genes were evaluated to assess their importance during soybean and Nicotiana tabacum parasitism by M. incognita. For this study, we used in planta RNAi technology to overexpress dsRNA molecules capable of producing siRNAs that target and downregulate these nematode effector genes. Soybean composite roots and N. tabacum lines were successfully generated, and susceptibility level to M. incognita was evaluated. Consistently, both transgenic soybean roots and transgenic N. tabacum lines carrying the RNAi strategy showed reduced susceptibility to M. incognita. The number of galls per plant and the number of egg masses per plant were reduced by up to 85% in transgenic soybean roots, supported by the downregulation of effector genes in M. incognita during parasitism. Similarly, the number of galls per plant, the number of egg masses per plant, and the nematode reproduction factor were reduced by up to 83% in transgenic N. tabacum lines, which was also supported by the downregulation of the Minc00801 effector gene during parasitism. Therefore, our data indicate that all three effector genes can be a target in the development of new biotechnological tools based on the RNAi strategy in economically important crops for M. incognita control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reneida Aparecida Godinho Mendes
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, 70297-400, Brazil; Federal University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fernando Basso
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, 70297-400, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brazil
| | - Deisy Xavier Amora
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, 70297-400, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Paes-de-Melo
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, 70297-400, Brazil; Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brazil
| | - Roberto Coiti Togawa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, 70297-400, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Eugênia Lisei-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, 70297-400, Brazil; Agricultural Research Company of Minas Gerais, Uberaba, MG, 38060-040, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Lima Pepino Macedo
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, 70297-400, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brazil
| | - Isabela Tristan Lourenço-Tessutti
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, 70297-400, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brazil
| | - Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, 70297-400, Brazil; Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, 71966-700, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brazil.
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Joshi I, Kohli D, Pal A, Chaudhury A, Sirohi A, Jain PK. Host delivered-RNAi of effector genes for imparting resistance against root-knot and cyst nematodes in plants. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 118:101802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2022.101802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
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Goode K, Mitchum MG. Pattern-triggered immunity against root-knot nematode infection: A minireview. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13680. [PMID: 35362104 PMCID: PMC9322311 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) is the basal level of defense a plant has against pathogens. In the case of root-knot nematodes (RKN), PTI relies on the recognition of nematode-associated molecular patterns (NAMPs) for activation. Nematodes have successfully overcome PTI many times by evolving effector proteins to combat PTI responses. As a result, much study has focused on effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Here, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of PTI against RKN. A new interest in understanding PTI in response to RKN infection shows that understanding the basal defense responses RKN have overcome provides critical insight into what mechanisms the effectors have evolved to target in the host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Goode
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and GenomicsUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Melissa G. Mitchum
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and GenomicsUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
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Pu W, Xiao K, Luo S, Zhu H, Yuan Z, Gao C, Hu J. Characterization of Five Meloidogyne incognita Effectors Associated with PsoRPM3. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031498. [PMID: 35163425 PMCID: PMC8836280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are devastating parasites that invade thousands of plants. In this study, five RKN effectors, which might interact with Prunussogdiana resistance protein PsoRPM3, were screened and identified. In situ hybridisation results showed that MiCal, MiGST_N_4, MiEFh and MiACPS are expressed in the subventral oesophageal glands (SvG), and MiTSPc hybridization signals are found in the dorsal esophageal gland (DG) of Meloidogyne incognita in the pre-J2. RT-qPCR data indicated that the expression of MiCal, MiGST_N_4, MiEFh, and MiACPS genes are highly expressed in M. incognita of pra-J2 and J3/J4 stages. The expression of MiTSPc increased significantly in the female stage of M. incognita. Moreover, all effectors found in this study localize in the cytoplasm and nucleus when transiently expressed in plant cells. In addition, MiGST_N_4, MiEFh, MiACPS and MiTSPc can elicit the ROS burst and strong hypersensitive response (HR), as well as significant ion leakage. Our data suggest that MiGST_N_4, MiEFh, MiACPS and MiTSPc effectors may be involved in triggering the immune response of the host plant.
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Jagdale S, Rao U, Giri AP. Effectors of Root-Knot Nematodes: An Arsenal for Successful Parasitism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:800030. [PMID: 35003188 PMCID: PMC8727514 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.800030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are notorious plant-parasitic nematodes first recorded in 1855 in cucumber plants. They are microscopic, obligate endoparasites that cause severe losses in agriculture and horticulture. They evade plant immunity, hijack the plant cell cycle, and metabolism to modify healthy cells into giant cells (GCs) - RKN feeding sites. RKNs secrete various effector molecules which suppress the plant defence and tamper with plant cellular and molecular biology. These effectors originate mainly from sub-ventral and dorsal oesophageal glands. Recently, a few non-oesophageal gland secreted effectors have been discovered. Effectors are essential for the entry of RKNs in plants, subsequently formation and maintenance of the GCs during the parasitism. In the past two decades, advanced genomic and post-genomic techniques identified many effectors, out of which only a few are well characterized. In this review, we provide molecular and functional details of RKN effectors secreted during parasitism. We list the known effectors and pinpoint their molecular functions. Moreover, we attempt to provide a comprehensive insight into RKN effectors concerning their implications on overall plant and nematode biology. Since effectors are the primary and prime molecular weapons of RKNs to invade the plant, it is imperative to understand their intriguing and complex functions to design counter-strategies against RKN infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shounak Jagdale
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok P. Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Hada A, Singh D, Papolu PK, Banakar P, Raj A, Rao U. Host-mediated RNAi for simultaneous silencing of different functional groups of genes in Meloidogyne incognita using fusion cassettes in Nicotiana tabacum. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:2287-2302. [PMID: 34387737 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02767-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE This study establishes possibility of combinatorial silencing of more than one functional gene for their efficacy against root-knot nematode, M. incognita. Root-knot nematodes (RKN) of the genus Meloidogyne are the key important plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) in agricultural and horticultural crops worldwide. Among RKNs, M. incognita is the most notorious that demand exploration of novel strategies for their management. Due to its sustainable and target-specific nature, RNA interference (RNAi) has gained unprecedented importance to combat RKNs. However, based on the available genomic information and interaction studies, it can be presumed that RKNs are dynamic and not dependent on single genes for accomplishing a particular function. Therefore, it becomes extremely important to consider silencing of more than one gene to establish any synergistic or additive effect on nematode parasitism. In this direction, we have combined three effectors specific to subventral gland cells of M. incognita, Mi-msp1, Mi-msp16, Mi-msp20 as fusion cassettes-1 and two FMRFamide-like peptides, Mi-flp14, Mi-flp18, and Mi-msp20 as fusion cassettes-2 to establish their possible utility for M. incognita management. In vitro RNAi assay in tomato and adzuki bean using these two fusion gene negatively altered nematode behavior in terms of reduced attraction, invasion, development, and reproduction. Subsequently, Nicotiana tabacum plants were transformed with these two fusion gene hairpin RNA-expressing vectors (hpRNA), and characterized via PCR, qRT-PCR, and Southern blot hybridization. Production of siRNAs specific to Mi-flp18 and Mi-msp1 was also confirmed by Northern hybridization. Further, transgenic events expressing single copy insertions of hpRNA constructs of fusion 1 and fusion-2 conferred up to 85% reduction in M. incognita multiplication. Besides, expression quantification revealed a significant reduction in mRNA abundance of target genes (up to 1.8-fold) in M. incognita females extracted from transgenic plants, and provided additional evidence for successful gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alkesh Hada
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Divya Singh
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Pradeep K Papolu
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Prakash Banakar
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Ankita Raj
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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Godinho Mendes RA, Basso MF, Fernandes de Araújo J, Paes de Melo B, Lima RN, Ribeiro TP, da Silva Mattos V, Saliba Albuquerque EV, Grossi-de-Sa M, Dessaune Tameirao SN, da Rocha Fragoso R, Mattar da Silva MC, Vignols F, Fernandez D, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Minc00344 and Mj-NULG1a effectors interact with GmHub10 protein to promote the soybean parasitism by Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Exp Parasitol 2021; 229:108153. [PMID: 34508716 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Several economically important crops are susceptible to root-knot nematode (RKNs). Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica are the two most reported species from the RKN complex, causing damage to several crops worldwide. The successful outcome of the Meloidogyne-plant interaction is associated with molecular factors secreted by the nematode to suppress the plant's immune response and promote nematode parasitism. In contrast, several plant factors are associated with defense against nematode infection. In this study, we identified and characterized the specific interaction of Minc00344 and Mj-NULG1a effectors with soybean GmHub10 (Glyma.19G008200) protein in vitro and in vivo. An Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA mutant of AtHub10 (AT3G27960, an orthologous gene of GmHub10) showed higher susceptibility to M. incognita. Thus, since soybean and A. thaliana Hub10 proteins are involved in pollen tube growth and indirect activation of the defense response, our data suggest that effector-Hub10 interactions could be associated with an increase in plant susceptibility. These findings indicate the potential of these effector proteins to develop new biotechnological tools based on RNA interference and the overexpression of engineered Hub10 proteins for the efficient management of RKN in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reneida Aparecida Godinho Mendes
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil; Federal University of Brasília, Brasília-DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fernando Basso
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Paes de Melo
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil; Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Rayane Nunes Lima
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Maira Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil; IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911, Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | - Maria Cristina Mattar da Silva
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brazil
| | - Florence Vignols
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/Université de Montpellier/SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Diana Fernandez
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil; IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911, Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; National Institute of Science and Technology-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brazil
| | - Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil; Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília-DF, 71966-700, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology-INCT PlantStress Biotech-EMBRAPA, Brazil.
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12
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Song H, Lin B, Huang Q, Sun L, Chen J, Hu L, Zhuo K, Liao J. The Meloidogyne graminicola effector MgMO289 targets a novel copper metallochaperone to suppress immunity in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5638-5655. [PMID: 33974693 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that plant-parasitic nematodes facilitate their infection by suppressing plant immunity via effectors, but the inhibitory mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study found that a novel effector MgMO289 is exclusively expressed in the dorsal esophageal gland of Meloidogyne graminicola and is up-regulated at parasitic third-/fourth-stage juveniles. In planta silencing of MgMO289 substantially increased plant resistance to M. graminicola. Moreover, we found that MgMO289 interacts with a new rice copper metallochaperone heavy metal-associated plant protein 04 (OsHPP04), and that rice cytosolic COPPER/ZINC -SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE 2 (cCu/Zn-SOD2) is the target of OsHPP04. Rice plants overexpressing OsHPP04 or MgMO289 exhibited an increased susceptibility to M. graminicola and a higher Cu/Zn-SOD activity, but lower O2•- content, when compared with wild-type plants. Meanwhile, immune response assays showed that MgMO289 could suppress host innate immunity. These findings reveal a novel pathway for a plant pathogen effector that utilizes the host O2•--scavenging system to eliminate O2•- and suppress plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handa Song
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Borong Lin
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuling Huang
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Longhua Sun
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiansong Chen
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Hu
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Fitoussi N, Borrego E, Kolomiets MV, Qing X, Bucki P, Sela N, Belausov E, Braun Miyara S. Oxylipins are implicated as communication signals in tomato-root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) interaction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:326. [PMID: 33431951 PMCID: PMC7801703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79432-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout infection, plant-parasitic nematodes activate a complex host defense response that will regulate their development and aggressiveness. Oxylipins-lipophilic signaling molecules-are part of this complex, performing a fundamental role in regulating plant development and immunity. At the same time, the sedentary root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. secretes numerous effectors that play key roles during invasion and migration, supporting construction and maintenance of nematodes' feeding sites. Herein, comprehensive oxylipin profiling of tomato roots, performed using LC-MS/MS, indicated strong and early responses of many oxylipins following root-knot nematode infection. To identify genes that might respond to the lipidomic defense pathway mediated through oxylipins, RNA-Seq was performed by exposing Meloidogyne javanica second-stage juveniles to tomato protoplasts and the oxylipin 9-HOT, one of the early-induced oxylipins in tomato roots upon nematode infection. A total of 7512 differentially expressed genes were identified. To target putative effectors, we sought differentially expressed genes carrying a predicted secretion signal peptide. Among these, several were homologous with known effectors in other nematode species; other unknown, potentially secreted proteins may have a role as root-knot nematode effectors that are induced by plant lipid signals. These include effectors associated with distortion of the plant immune response or manipulating signal transduction mediated by lipid signals. Other effectors are implicated in cell wall degradation or ROS detoxification at the plant-nematode interface. Being an integral part of the plant's defense response, oxylipins might be placed as important signaling molecules underlying nematode parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Fitoussi
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 50250, Rishon LeZion, Bet Dagan, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eli Borrego
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Michael V Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, TAMU 2132, College Station, 77843-2132, USA
| | - Xue Qing
- Department of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Patricia Bucki
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 50250, Rishon LeZion, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Noa Sela
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Department of Plant Sciences, Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, ARO, The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Sigal Braun Miyara
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 50250, Rishon LeZion, Bet Dagan, Israel.
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14
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Epigenetic and Metabolic Changes in Root-Knot Nematode-Plant Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207759. [PMID: 33092207 PMCID: PMC7589425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Two wild-type field populations of root-knot nematodes (Mi-Vfield, Mj-TunC2field), and two isolates selected for virulence in laboratory on resistant tomato cultivars (SM2V, SM11C2), were used to induce a resistance reaction in tomato to the soil-borne parasites. Epigenetic and metabolic mechanisms of resistance were detected and compared with those occurring in partially or fully successful infections. The activated epigenetic mechanisms in plant resistance, as opposed to those activated in infected plants, were detected by analyzing the methylated status of total DNA, by ELISA methods, and the expression level of key genes involved in the methylation pathway, by qRT-PCR. DNA hypo-methylation and down-regulation of two methyl-transferase genes (CMT2, DRM5), characterized the only true resistant reaction obtained by inoculating the Mi-1.2-carrying resistant tomato cv Rossol with the avirulent field population Mi-Vfield. On the contrary, in the roots into which nematodes were allowed to develop and reproduce, total DNA was generally found to be hyper-methylated and methyl-transferase genes up-loaded. DNA hypo-methylation was considered to be the upstream mechanism that triggers the general gene over-expression observed in plant resistance. Gene silencing induced by nematodes may be obtained through DNA hyper-methylation and methyl-transferase gene activation. Plant resistance is also characterized by an inhibition of the anti-oxidant enzyme system and activation of the defense enzyme chitinase, as opposed to the activation of such a system and inhibition of the defense enzyme glucanase in roots infested by nematodes.
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15
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Joshi I, Kumar A, Kohli D, Singh AK, Sirohi A, Subramaniam K, Chaudhury A, Jain PK. Conferring root-knot nematode resistance via host-delivered RNAi-mediated silencing of four Mi-msp genes in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 298:110592. [PMID: 32771150 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita is considered one of the most damaging pests among phytonematodes. The majority of nematode oesophageal gland effector genes are indispensable in facilitating M. incognita parasitization of host plants. We report the effect of host-delivered RNAi (HD-RNAi) silencing of four selected M. incognita effector genes, namely, Mi-msp3, Mi-msp5, Mi-msp18 and Mi-msp24, in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mi-msp5, Mi-msp18 and Mi-msp24, which are dorsal gland genes, were found to be maximally expressed in the adult female stage, whereas Mi-msp3, which is a sub-ventral gland gene, was maximally expressed in an earlier stage. In transgenic plants expressing dsRNA, the reduction in the number of galls on roots was 89 %, 78 %, 86 % and 89 % for the Mi-msp3, Mi-msp5, Mi-msp18 and Mi-msp24 RNAi events, respectively. Moreover, gene transcript abundance was significantly reduced in RKN females feeding on dsRNA-expressing lines by up to 60 %, 84 %, 31 % and 61 % for Mi-msp3, Mi-msp5, Mi-msp18 and Mi-msp24, respectively. Furthermore, the M. incognita reproduction factor was reduced up to 71-, 344-, 107- and 114-fold in Arabidopsis plants expressing Mi-msp3, Mi-msp5, Mi-msp18 and Mi-msp24 dsRNA constructs, respectively. This study provides a set of potential target genes to curb nematode infestation in economically important crops via the HD-RNAi approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ila Joshi
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India; Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Deshika Kohli
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Ashish K Singh
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Anil Sirohi
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - K Subramaniam
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India
| | - Ashok Chaudhury
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Pradeep K Jain
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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16
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Petitot AS, Dereeper A, Da Silva C, Guy J, Fernandez D. Analyses of the Root-Knot Nematode ( Meloidogyne graminicola) Transcriptome during Host Infection Highlight Specific Gene Expression Profiling in Resistant Rice Plants. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080644. [PMID: 32784493 PMCID: PMC7460394 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne graminicola causes considerable damages to rice (Oryza sativa) culture. Resistance to M. graminicola in the related species Oryza glaberrima reduces root penetration by juveniles and stops further nematode development. M. graminicola genes expressed during O. sativa infection were previously characterized but no information is available about the molecular dialogue established with a resistant plant. We compared the M. graminicola transcriptomes of stage-two juveniles (J2s) before and during infection of susceptible or resistant rice. Among 36,121 M. graminicola genes surveyed, 367 were differentially expressed during infection of resistant or susceptible plants. Genes encoding cell wall-degrading enzymes, peptidases and neuropeptides were expressed for a longer time in resistant plants compared to susceptible plants. Conversely, genes related to nematode development were not activated in the resistant host. The majority of M. graminicola effector genes had similar expression patterns, whatever the host genotype. However, two venom allergen-like protein (VAP)-encoding genes were specifically induced in resistant plants and Mg-VAP1 silencing in J2s reduced their ability to colonize roots. This study highlighted that M. graminicola adapts its gene expression to the host susceptibility. Further investigation is required to assess the role of Mg-VAPs in the rice-nematode interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Petitot
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, CEDEX 5, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.D.); (D.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexis Dereeper
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, CEDEX 5, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.D.); (D.F.)
| | - Corinne Da Silva
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057 Evry, France; (C.D.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Julie Guy
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057 Evry, France; (C.D.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Diana Fernandez
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, CEDEX 5, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.D.); (D.F.)
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17
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Mbaluto CM, Ahmad EM, Fu M, Martínez-Medina A, van Dam NM. The impact of Spodoptera exigua herbivory on Meloidogyne incognita-induced root responses depends on the nematodes' life cycle stages. AOB PLANTS 2020; 12:plaa029. [PMID: 32665829 PMCID: PMC7336558 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Induced responses to above-ground and below-ground herbivores may interact via systemic signalling in plants. We investigated whether the impact of above-ground herbivory on root-knot nematode-induced responses depends on the nematode's life cycle stages. Tomato plants were infected with the nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) for 5, 15 or 30 days before receiving Spodoptera exigua caterpillars above-ground. We collected root materials after 24 h of caterpillar feeding. We investigated phytohormones and α-tomatine levels, and the expression of defence and glycoalkaloid metabolism (GAME) marker genes in tomato roots. Nematode infection alone increased the endogenous root levels of jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), α-tomatine and the expression of the GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM 1 (GAME1) gene mostly at 30 days post-nematode inoculation. Caterpillar feeding alone upregulated Lipoxygenase D and downregulated Basic-β-1-glucanase and GAME1 expression in roots. On nematode-infected plants, caterpillar feeding decreased JA levels, but it increased the expression of Leucine aminopeptidase A. The induction patterns of ABA and SA suggest that caterpillars cause cross-talk between the JA-signalling pathway and the SA and ABA pathways. Our results show that caterpillar feeding attenuated the induction of the JA pathway triggered by nematodes, mostly in the nematodes' reproduction stage. These results generate a better understanding of the molecular and chemical mechanisms underlying frequent nematode-plant-caterpillar interactions in natural and agricultural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crispus M Mbaluto
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität-Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Esraa M Ahmad
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Melody Fu
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
| | - Ainhoa Martínez-Medina
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Plant-Microorganism Interaction Unit, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität-Jena, Jena, Germany
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18
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Somvanshi VS, Phani V, Banakar P, Chatterjee M, Budhwar R, Shukla RN, Rao U. Transcriptomic changes in the pre-parasitic juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita induced by silencing of effectors Mi-msp-1 and Mi-msp-20. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:360. [PMID: 32832322 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02353-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-parasitic root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita uses an array of effector proteins to establish successful plant infections. Mi-msp-1 and Mi-msp-20 are two known effectors secreted from nematode subventral oesophageal glands; Mi-msp-1 being a putative secretory venom allergen AG5-like protein, whereas Mi-msp-20 is a pioneer gene with a coiled-coil motif. Expression of specific effector is known to cause disturbances in the expression of other effectors. Here, we used RNA-Seq to investigate the pleiotropic effects of silencing Mi-msp-1 and Mi-msp-20. A total of 25.1-51.9 million HQ reads generated from Mi-msp-1 and Mi-msp-20 silenced second-stage juveniles (J2s) along with freshly hatched J2s were mapped to an already annotated M. incognita proteome to understand the impact on various nematode pathways. As compared to control, silencing of Mi-msp-1 caused differential expression of 29 transcripts, while Mi-msp-20 silencing resulted in differential expression of a broader set of 409 transcripts. In the Mi-msp-1 silenced J2s, cytoplasm (GO:0005737) was the most enriched gene ontology (GO) term, whereas in the Mi-msp-20 silenced worms, embryo development (GO:0009792), reproduction (GO:0000003) and nematode larval development (GO:0002119) were the most enriched terms. Limited crosstalk was observed between these two effectors as a sheer 5.9% of the up-regulated transcripts were common between Mi-msp-1 and Mi-msp-20 silenced nematodes. Our results suggest that in addition to the direct knock-down caused by silencing of Mi-msp-1 and Mi-msp-20, the cascading effect on other genes might also be contributing to a reduction in nematode's parasitic abilities.
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Basso MF, Lourenço-Tessutti IT, Mendes RAG, Pinto CEM, Bournaud C, Gillet FX, Togawa RC, de Macedo LLP, de Almeida Engler J, Grossi-de-Sa MF. MiDaf16-like and MiSkn1-like gene families are reliable targets to develop biotechnological tools for the control and management of Meloidogyne incognita. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6991. [PMID: 32332904 PMCID: PMC7181638 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63968-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Meloidogyne incognita is a plant-parasitic root-knot nematode (RKN, PPN) responsible for causing damage to several crops worldwide. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the DAF-16 and SKN-1 transcription factors (TFs) orchestrate aging, longevity, and defense responses to several stresses. Here, we report that MiDaf16-like1 and MiSkn1-like1, which are orthologous to DAF-16 and SKN-1 in C. elegans, and some of their targets, are modulated in M. incognita J2 during oxidative stress or plant parasitism. We used RNAi technology for the stable production of siRNAs in planta to downregulate the MiDaf16-like1 and MiSkn1-like1 genes of M. incognita during host plant parasitism. Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum overexpressing a hairpin-derived dsRNA targeting these genes individually (single-gene silencing) or simultaneously (double-gene silencing) were generated. T2 plants were challenged with M. incognita and the number of eggs, galls, and J2, and the nematode reproduction factor (NRF) were evaluated. Our data indicate that MiDaf16-like1, MiSkn1-like1 and some genes from their networks are modulated in M. incognita J2 during oxidative stress or plant parasitism. Transgenic A. thaliana and N. tabacum plants with single- or double-gene silencing showed significant reductions in the numbers of eggs, J2, and galls, and in NRF. Additionally, the double-gene silencing plants had the highest resistance level. Gene expression assays confirmed the downregulation of the MiDaf16-like1 and MiSkn1-like1 TFs and defense genes in their networks during nematode parasitism in the transgenic plants. All these findings demonstrate that these two TFs are potential targets for the development of biotechnological tools for nematode control and management in economically important crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Reneida Aparecida Godinho Mendes
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil
- Federal University of Brasília, Brasília-DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Clidia Eduarda Moreira Pinto
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil
- Federal University of Brasília, Brasília-DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Caroline Bournaud
- Université de Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, 38054, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, 70297-400, Brazil.
- Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília-DF, 71966-700, Brazil.
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20
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Joshi I, Kumar A, Singh AK, Kohli D, Raman KV, Sirohi A, Chaudhury A, Jain PK. Development of nematode resistance in Arabidopsis by HD-RNAi-mediated silencing of the effector gene Mi-msp2. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17404. [PMID: 31757987 PMCID: PMC6874571 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53485-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are devastating parasites that infect thousands of plants. As RKN infection is facilitated by oesophageal gland effector genes, one such effector gene, Mi-msp2, was selected for a detailed characterization. Based on domain analysis, the Mi-MSP2 protein contains an ShKT domain, which is likely involved in blocking K+ channels and may help in evading the plant defence response. Expression of the Mi-msp2 gene was higher in juveniles (parasitic stage of RKNs) than in eggs and adults. Stable homozygous transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing Mi-msp2 dsRNA were generated, and the numbers of galls, females and egg masses were reduced by 52-54%, 60-66% and 84-95%, respectively, in two independent RNAi lines compared with control plants. Furthermore, expression analysis revealed a significant reduction in Mi-msp2 mRNA abundance (up to 88%) in female nematodes feeding on transgenic plants expressing dsRNA, and northern blot analysis confirmed expression of the Mi-msp2 siRNA in the transgenic plants. Interestingly, a significant reduction in the reproduction factor was observed (nearly 40-fold). These data suggest that the Mi-msp2 gene can be used as a potential target for RKN management in crops of economic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ila Joshi
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India.,Department of Bio & Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Ashish K Singh
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Deshika Kohli
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - K V Raman
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Anil Sirohi
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Ashok Chaudhury
- Department of Bio & Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Pradeep K Jain
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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21
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Grossi-de-Sa M, Petitot AS, Xavier DA, Sá MEL, Mezzalira I, Beneventi MA, Martins NF, Baimey HK, Albuquerque EVS, Grossi-de-Sa MF, Fernandez D. Rice susceptibility to root-knot nematodes is enhanced by the Meloidogyne incognita MSP18 effector gene. PLANTA 2019; 250:1215-1227. [PMID: 31218413 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION This study revealed novel insights into the function of MSP18 effector during root-knot nematode parasitism in rice roots. MSP18 may modulate host immunity and enhance plant susceptibility to Meloidogyne spp. Rice (Oryza sativa) production is seriously impacted by root-knot nematodes (RKN), including Meloidogyne graminicola, Meloidogyne incognita, and Meloidogyne javanica, in upland and irrigated culture systems. Successful plant infection by RKN is likely achieved by releasing into the host cells some effector proteins to suppress the activation of immune responses. Here, we conducted a series of functional analyses to assess the role of the Meloidogyne-secreted protein (MSP) 18 from M. incognita (Mi-MSP18) during rice infection by RKN. Developmental expression profiles of M. javanica and M. graminicola showed that the MSP18 gene is up-regulated throughout nematode parasitic stages in rice. Reproduction of M. javanica and M. graminicola is enhanced in rice plants overexpressing Mi-MSP18, indicating that the Mi-MSP18 protein facilitates RKN parasitism. Transient expression assays in onion cells suggested that Mi-MSP18 is localized to the cytoplasm of the host cells. In tobacco, Mi-MSP18 suppressed the cell death induced by the INF1 elicitin, suggesting that Mi-MSP18 can interfere with the plant defense pathways. The data obtained in this study highlight Mi-MSP18 as a novel RKN effector able to enhance plant susceptibility and modulate host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Grossi-de-Sa
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911, Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Anne-Sophie Petitot
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911, Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Deisy A Xavier
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911, Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology-PqEB, Final W5 N, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Maria Eugênia L Sá
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911, Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology-PqEB, Final W5 N, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- Agricultural Research Company of Minas Gerais State, EPAMIG, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Itamara Mezzalira
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911, Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology-PqEB, Final W5 N, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Magda A Beneventi
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911, Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology-PqEB, Final W5 N, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Natalia F Martins
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology-PqEB, Final W5 N, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Hugues K Baimey
- Université de Parakou/Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences et Techniques Agronomiques de Djougou, Parakou, Benin
| | - Erika V S Albuquerque
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology-PqEB, Final W5 N, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Maria F Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology-PqEB, Final W5 N, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Diana Fernandez
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911, Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology-PqEB, Final W5 N, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil.
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22
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Vieira P, Gleason C. Plant-parasitic nematode effectors - insights into their diversity and new tools for their identification. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 50:37-43. [PMID: 30921686 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are a large group of obligate biotrophic pathogens that secrete molecules, called effectors, involved in parasitism. The majority of work in molecular phytonematology has focused on the root-knot and cyst nematodes, which are both sedentary endoparasitic nematodes. More recently, inexpensive sequencing technology has facilitated effector searches in PPNs with different parasitic lifestyles. Work in different PPN species suggests that effectors are diverse, and selection pressure from plant hosts has contributed to the presence of large, expanded effector gene families. The identification of promoter elements/motifs preceding effector gene sequences suggests that promoter analysis can computationally predict new putative effectors. However, until a method of genetic transformation is available for PPNs, work on characterizing effectors will be hindered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Vieira
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Cynthia Gleason
- Dept. of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States.
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23
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Chaudhary S, Dutta TK, Tyagi N, Shivakumara TN, Papolu PK, Chobhe KA, Rao U. Host-induced silencing of Mi-msp-1 confers resistance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in eggplant. Transgenic Res 2019; 28:327-340. [PMID: 30955133 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-019-00126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi)-based host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) is emerging as a novel, efficient and target-specific tool to combat phytonematode infection in crop plants. Mi-msp-1, an effector gene expressed in the subventral pharyngeal gland cells of Meloidogyne incognita plays an important role in the parasitic process. Mi-msp-1 effector is conserved in few of the species of root-knot nematodes (RKNs) and does not share considerable homology with the other phytonematodes, thereby making it a suitable target for HIGS with minimal off-target effects. Six putative eggplant transformants harbouring a single copy RNAi transgene of Mi-msp-1 was generated. Stable expression of the transgene was detected in T1, T2 and T3 transgenic lines for which a detrimental effect on RKN penetration, development and reproduction was documented upon challenge infection with nematode juveniles. The post-parasitic nematode stages extracted from the transgenic plants showed long-term RNAi effect in terms of targeted downregulation of Mi-msp-1. These findings suggest that HIGS of Mi-msp-1 enhances nematode resistance in eggplant and protect the plant against RKN parasitism at very early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Chaudhary
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.,School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Tushar K Dutta
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Nidhi Tyagi
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | | | - Pradeep K Papolu
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Kapil A Chobhe
- Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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24
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Irieda H, Inoue Y, Mori M, Yamada K, Oshikawa Y, Saitoh H, Uemura A, Terauchi R, Kitakura S, Kosaka A, Singkaravanit-Ogawa S, Takano Y. Conserved fungal effector suppresses PAMP-triggered immunity by targeting plant immune kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:496-505. [PMID: 30584105 PMCID: PMC6329965 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1807297116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens have optimized their own effector sets to adapt to their hosts. However, certain effectors, regarded as core effectors, are conserved among various pathogens, and may therefore play an important and common role in pathogen virulence. We report here that the widely distributed fungal effector NIS1 targets host immune components that transmit signaling from pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in plants. NIS1 from two Colletotrichum spp. suppressed the hypersensitive response and oxidative burst, both of which are induced by pathogen-derived molecules, in Nicotiana benthamianaMagnaporthe oryzae NIS1 also suppressed the two defense responses, although this pathogen likely acquired the NIS1 gene via horizontal transfer from Basidiomycota. Interestingly, the root endophyte Colletotrichum tofieldiae also possesses a NIS1 homolog that can suppress the oxidative burst in N. benthamiana We show that NIS1 of multiple pathogens commonly interacts with the PRR-associated kinases BAK1 and BIK1, thereby inhibiting their kinase activities and the BIK1-NADPH oxidase interaction. Furthermore, mutations in the NIS1-targeting proteins, i.e., BAK1 and BIK1, in Arabidopsis thaliana also resulted in reduced immunity to Colletotrichum fungi. Finally, M. oryzae lacking NIS1 displayed significantly reduced virulence on rice and barley, its hosts. Our study therefore reveals that a broad range of filamentous fungi maintain and utilize the core effector NIS1 to establish infection in their host plants and perhaps also beneficial interactions, by targeting conserved and central PRR-associated kinases that are also known to be targeted by bacterial effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Irieda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Academic Assembly, Institute of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Inoue
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masashi Mori
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Kohji Yamada
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Yuu Oshikawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Saitoh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Aiko Uemura
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Ryohei Terauchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Saeko Kitakura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ayumi Kosaka
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | | | - Yoshitaka Takano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
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25
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Hu H, Wang C, Li X, Tang Y, Wang Y, Chen S, Yan S. RNA-Seq identification of candidate defense genes targeted by endophytic Bacillus cereus-mediated induced systemic resistance against Meloidogyne incognita in tomato. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:2793-2805. [PMID: 29737595 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endophytic bacteria Bacillus cereus BCM2 has shown great potential as a defense against the parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Here, we studied endophytic bacteria-mediated plant defense against M. incognita and searched for defense-related candidate genes using RNA-Seq. RESULTS The induced systemic resistance of BCM2 against M. incognita was tested using the split-root method. Pre-inoculated BCM2 on the inducer side was associated with a dramatic reduction in galls and egg masses on the responder side, but inoculated BCM2 alone did not produce the same effect. In order to investigate which plant defense-related genes are specifically activated by BCM2, four RNA samples from tomato roots were sequenced, and four high-quality total clean bases were obtained, ranging from 6.64 to 6.75 Gb, with an average of 21 558 total genes. The 34 candidate defense-related genes were identified by pair-wise comparison among libraries, representing the targets for BCM2 priming resistance against M. incognita. Functional characterization revealed that the plant-pathogen interaction pathway (ID: ko04626) was significantly enriched for BCM2-mediated M. incognita resistance. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that B. cereus BCM2 maintains a harmonious host-microbe relationship with tomato, but appeared to prime the plant, resulting in more vigorous defense response toward the infection nematode. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xia Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunyun Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yufang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuanglin Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuzhen Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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26
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Host-mediated RNAi of a Notch-like receptor gene in Meloidogyne incognita induces nematode resistance. Parasitology 2018; 145:1896-1906. [PMID: 29692277 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018000641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
GLP-1 (abnormal germline proliferation) is a Notch-like receptor protein that plays an essential role in pharyngeal development. In this study, an orthologue of Caenorhabditis elegans glp-1 was identified in Meloidogyne incognita. A computational analysis revealed that the orthologue contained almost all the domains present in the C. elegans gene: specifically, the LIN-12/Notch repeat, the ankyrin repeat, a transmembrane domain and different ligand-binding motifs were present in orthologue, but the epidermal growth factor-like motif was not observed. An expression analysis showed differential expression of glp-1 throughout the life cycle of M. incognita, with relatively higher expression in the egg stage. To evaluate the silencing efficacy of Mi-glp-1, transgenic Arabidopsis plants carrying double-stranded RNA constructs of glp-1 were generated, and infection of these plants with M. incognita resulted in a 47-50% reduction in the numbers of galls, females and egg masses. Females obtained from the transgenic RNAi lines exhibited 40-60% reductions in the transcript levels of the targeted glp-1 gene compared with females isolated from the control plants. Second-generation juveniles (J2s), which were descendants of the infected females from the transgenic lines, showed aberrant phenotypes. These J2s exhibited a significant decrease in the overall distance from the stylet to the metacorpus region, and this effect was accompanied by disruption around the metacorporeal bulb of the pharynx. The present study suggests a role for this gene in organ (pharynx) development during embryogenesis in M. incognita and its potential use as a target in the management of nematode infestations in plants.
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27
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Lee MW, Huffaker A, Crippen D, Robbins RT, Goggin FL. Plant elicitor peptides promote plant defences against nematodes in soybean. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:858-869. [PMID: 28600875 PMCID: PMC6638146 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant elicitor peptides (Peps) are widely distributed among angiosperms, and have been shown to amplify immune responses in multiple plant families. Here, we characterize three Peps from soybean (Glycine max) and describe their effects on plant defences against two damaging agricultural pests, the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) and the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines). Seed treatments with exogenous GmPep1, GmPep2 or GmPep3 significantly reduced the reproduction of both nematodes. Pep treatment also protected plants from the inhibitory effects of root-knot nematodes on above-ground growth, and up-regulated basal expression levels of nematode-responsive defence genes. GmPep1 induced the expression of its propeptide precursor (GmPROPEP1), a nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat protein (NBS-LRR), a pectin methylesterase inhibitor (PMEI), Respiratory Burst Oxidase Protein D (RBOHD) and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in leaves. In addition, GmPep2 and GmPep3 seed treatments up-regulated RBOHD expression and ROS accumulation in roots and leaves. These results suggest that GmPeps activate plant defences through systemic transcriptional reprogramming and ROS signalling, and that Pep seed treatments represent a potential strategy for nematode management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Woo Lee
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleAR 72701USA
| | - Alisa Huffaker
- Section of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA 92903USA
| | - Devany Crippen
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleAR 72701USA
| | - Robert T. Robbins
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleAR 72701USA
| | - Fiona L. Goggin
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleAR 72701USA
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28
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Shukla N, Yadav R, Kaur P, Rasmussen S, Goel S, Agarwal M, Jagannath A, Gupta R, Kumar A. Transcriptome analysis of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)-infected tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) roots reveals complex gene expression profiles and metabolic networks of both host and nematode during susceptible and resistance responses. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:615-633. [PMID: 28220591 PMCID: PMC6638136 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs, Meloidogyne incognita) are economically important endoparasites with a wide host range. We used a comprehensive transcriptomic approach to investigate the expression of both tomato and RKN genes in tomato roots at five infection time intervals from susceptible plants and two infection time intervals from resistant plants, grown under soil conditions. Differentially expressed genes during susceptible (1827, tomato; 462, RKN) and resistance (25, tomato; 160, RKN) interactions were identified. In susceptible responses, tomato genes involved in cell wall structure, development, primary and secondary metabolite, and defence signalling pathways, together with RKN genes involved in host parasitism, development and defence, are discussed. In resistance responses, tomato genes involved in secondary metabolite and hormone-mediated defence responses, together with RKN genes involved in starvation stress-induced apoptosis, are discussed. In addition, 40 novel differentially expressed RKN genes encoding secretory proteins were identified. Our findings provide novel insights into the temporal regulation of genes involved in various biological processes from tomato and RKN simultaneously during susceptible and resistance responses, and reveal the involvement of a complex network of biosynthetic pathways during disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Shukla
- Department of BotanyUniversity of DelhiDelhi110007India
| | - Rachita Yadav
- Department of Bio and Health InformaticsTechnical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208Lyngby2800Denmark
| | - Pritam Kaur
- Department of BotanyUniversity of DelhiDelhi110007India
| | - Simon Rasmussen
- Department of Bio and Health InformaticsTechnical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208Lyngby2800Denmark
| | | | - Manu Agarwal
- Department of BotanyUniversity of DelhiDelhi110007India
| | | | - Ramneek Gupta
- Department of Bio and Health InformaticsTechnical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208Lyngby2800Denmark
| | - Amar Kumar
- Department of BotanyUniversity of DelhiDelhi110007India
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29
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Chen J, Hu L, Sun L, Lin B, Huang K, Zhuo K, Liao J. A novel Meloidogyne graminicola effector, MgMO237, interacts with multiple host defence-related proteins to manipulate plant basal immunity and promote parasitism. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1942-1955. [PMID: 29485753 PMCID: PMC6638000 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes can secrete effector proteins into the host tissue to facilitate their parasitism. In this study, we report a novel effector protein, MgMO237, from Meloidogyne graminicola, which is exclusively expressed within the dorsal oesophageal gland cell and markedly up-regulated in parasitic third-/fourth-stage juveniles of M. graminicola. Transient expression of MgMO237 in protoplasts from rice roots showed that MgMO237 was localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus of the host cells. Rice plants overexpressing MgMO237 showed an increased susceptibility to M. graminicola. In contrast, rice plants expressing RNA interference vectors targeting MgMO237 showed an increased resistance to M. graminicola. In addition, yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that MgMO237 interacted specifically with three rice endogenous proteins, i.e. 1,3-β-glucan synthase component (OsGSC), cysteine-rich repeat secretory protein 55 (OsCRRSP55) and pathogenesis-related BetvI family protein (OsBetvI), which are all related to host defences. Moreover, MgMO237 can suppress host defence responses, including the expression of host defence-related genes, cell wall callose deposition and the burst of reactive oxygen species. These results demonstrate that the effector MgMO237 probably promotes the parasitism of M. graminicola by interacting with multiple host defence-related proteins and suppressing plant basal immunity in the later parasitic stages of nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Chen
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Lili Hu
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Longhua Sun
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Borong Lin
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Kun Huang
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Department of Eco‐engineering, Guangdong Eco‐Engineering PolytechnicGuangzhou510520China
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30
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Bournaud C, Gillet FX, Murad AM, Bresso E, Albuquerque EVS, Grossi-de-Sá MF. Meloidogyne incognita PASSE-MURAILLE (MiPM) Gene Encodes a Cell-Penetrating Protein That Interacts With the CSN5 Subunit of the COP9 Signalosome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:904. [PMID: 29997646 PMCID: PMC6029430 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenicity of phytonematodes relies on secreted virulence factors to rewire host cellular pathways for the benefits of the nematode. In the root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita, thousands of predicted secreted proteins have been identified and are expected to interact with host proteins at different developmental stages of the parasite. Identifying the host targets will provide compelling evidence about the biological significance and molecular function of the predicted proteins. Here, we have focused on the hub protein CSN5, the fifth subunit of the pleiotropic and eukaryotic conserved COP9 signalosome (CSN), which is a regulatory component of the ubiquitin/proteasome system. We used affinity purification-mass spectrometry (AP-MS) to generate the interaction network of CSN5 in M. incognita-infected roots. We identified the complete CSN complex and other known CSN5 interaction partners in addition to unknown plant and M. incognita proteins. Among these, we described M. incognita PASSE-MURAILLE (MiPM), a small pioneer protein predicted to contain a secretory peptide that is up-regulated mostly in the J2 parasitic stage. We confirmed the CSN5-MiPM interaction, which occurs in the nucleus, by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). Using MiPM as bait, a GST pull-down assay coupled with MS revealed some common protein partners between CSN5 and MiPM. We further showed by in silico and microscopic analyses that the recombinant purified MiPM protein enters the cells of Arabidopsis root tips in a non-infectious context. In further detail, the supercharged N-terminal tail of MiPM (NTT-MiPM) triggers an unknown host endocytosis pathway to penetrate the cell. The functional meaning of the CSN5-MiPM interaction in the M. incognita parasitism is discussed. Moreover, we propose that the cell-penetrating properties of some M. incognita secreted proteins might be a non-negligible mechanism for cell uptake, especially during the steps preceding the sedentary parasitic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bournaud
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Caroline Bournaud
| | | | - André M. Murad
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Bresso
- Université de Lorraine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inria, Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications, Nancy, France
| | | | - Maria F. Grossi-de-Sá
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Maria F. Grossi-de-Sá
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31
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Nguyen CN, Perfus-Barbeoch L, Quentin M, Zhao J, Magliano M, Marteu N, Da Rocha M, Nottet N, Abad P, Favery B. A root-knot nematode small glycine and cysteine-rich secreted effector, MiSGCR1, is involved in plant parasitism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:687-699. [PMID: 29034957 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., are obligate endoparasites that maintain a biotrophic relationship with their hosts. They infect roots as microscopic vermiform second-stage juveniles, and establish specialized feeding structures called 'giant-cells', from which they withdraw water and nutrients. The nematode effector proteins secreted in planta are key elements in the molecular dialogue of parasitism. Here, we compared Illumina RNA-seq transcriptomes for M. incognita obtained at various points in the lifecycle, and identified 31 genes more strongly expressed in parasitic stages than in preparasitic juveniles. We then selected candidate effectors for functional characterization. Quantitative real-time PCR and in situ hybridizations showed that the validated differentially expressed genes are predominantly specifically expressed in oesophageal glands of the nematode. We also soaked the nematodes in siRNA to silence these genes and to determine their role in pathogenicity. The silencing of the dorsal gland specific-Minc18876 and its paralogues resulted in a significant, reproducible decrease in the number of mature females with egg masses, demonstrating a potentially important role for the small glycine- and cysteine-rich effector MiSGCR1 in early stages of plant-nematode interaction. Finally, we report that MiSGCR1 suppresses plant cell death induced by bacterial or oomycete triggers of plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinh-Nghia Nguyen
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Laetitia Perfus-Barbeoch
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Marc Magliano
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Nathalie Marteu
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Martine Da Rocha
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Nicolas Nottet
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
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Shivakumara TN, Chaudhary S, Kamaraju D, Dutta TK, Papolu PK, Banakar P, Sreevathsa R, Singh B, Manjaiah KM, Rao U. Host-Induced Silencing of Two Pharyngeal Gland Genes Conferred Transcriptional Alteration of Cell Wall-Modifying Enzymes of Meloidogyne incognita vis-à-vis Perturbed Nematode Infectivity in Eggplant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:473. [PMID: 28424727 PMCID: PMC5371666 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The complex parasitic strategy of Meloidogyne incognita appears to involve simultaneous expression of its pharyngeal gland-specific effector genes in order to colonize the host plants. Research reports related to effector crosstalk in phytonematodes for successful parasitism of the host tissue is yet underexplored. In view of this, we have used in planta effector screening approach to understand the possible interaction of pioneer genes (msp-18 and msp-20, putatively involved in late and early stage of M. incognita parasitism, respectively) with other unrelated effectors such as cell-wall modifying enzymes (CWMEs) in M. incognita. Host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) strategy was used to generate the transgenic eggplants expressing msp-18 and msp-20, independently. Putative transformants were characterized via qRT-PCR and Southern hybridization assay. SiRNAs specific to msp-18 and msp-20 were also detected in the transformants via Northern hybridization assay. Transgenic expression of the RNAi constructs of msp-18 and msp-20 genes resulted in 43.64-69.68% and 41.74-67.30% reduction in M. incognita multiplication encompassing 6 and 10 events, respectively. Additionally, transcriptional oscillation of CWMEs documented in the penetrating and developing nematodes suggested the possible interaction among CWMEs and pioneer genes. The rapid assimilation of plant-derived carbon by invading nematodes was also demonstrated using 14C isotope probing approach. Our data suggests that HIGS of msp-18 and msp-20, improves nematode resistance in eggplant by affecting the steady-state transcription level of CWME genes in invading nematodes, and safeguard the plant against nematode invasion at very early stage because nematodes may become the recipient of bioactive RNA species during the process of penetration into the plant root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tagginahalli N. Shivakumara
- Division of Nematology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research – Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
| | - Sonam Chaudhary
- Division of Nematology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research – Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
| | - Divya Kamaraju
- Division of Nematology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research – Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
| | - Tushar K. Dutta
- Division of Nematology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research – Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
| | - Pradeep K. Papolu
- Division of Nematology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research – Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
| | - Prakash Banakar
- Division of Nematology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research – Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
| | - Rohini Sreevathsa
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research – National Research Centre on Plant BiotechnologyNew Delhi, India
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- Nuclear Research Laboratory, Indian Council of Agricultural Research – Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
| | - K. M. Manjaiah
- Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Indian Council of Agricultural Research – Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research – Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
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33
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Ali MA, Azeem F, Li H, Bohlmann H. Smart Parasitic Nematodes Use Multifaceted Strategies to Parasitize Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1699. [PMID: 29046680 PMCID: PMC5632807 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nematodes are omnipresent in nature including many species which are parasitic to plants and cause enormous economic losses in various crops. During the process of parasitism, sedentary phytonematodes use their stylet to secrete effector proteins into the plant cells to induce the development of specialized feeding structures. These effectors are used by the nematodes to develop compatible interactions with plants, partly by mimicking the expression of host genes. Intensive research is going on to investigate the molecular function of these effector proteins in the plants. In this review, we have summarized which physiological and molecular changes occur when endoparasitic nematodes invade the plant roots and how they develop a successful interaction with plants using the effector proteins. We have also mentioned the host genes which are induced by the nematodes for a compatible interaction. Additionally, we discuss how nematodes modulate the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and RNA silencing pathways in addition to post-translational modifications in their own favor for successful parasitism in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A. Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Muhammad A. Ali ;
| | - Farrukh Azeem
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hongjie Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Holger Bohlmann
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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