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Lee YH, Kim YH, Hong JK. Light- and Relative Humidity-Regulated Hypersensitive Cell Death and Plant Immunity in Chinese Cabbage Leaves by a Non-adapted Bacteria Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 40:358-376. [PMID: 39117335 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.03.2024.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Inoculation of Chinese cabbage leaves with high titer (107 cfu/ml) of the non-adapted bacteria Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) strain Bv5-4a.1 triggered rapid leaf tissue collapses and hypersensitive cell death (HCD) at 24 h. Electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation markedly increased in the Xcv-inoculated leaves. Defence-related gene expressions (BrPR1, BrPR4, BrChi1, BrGST1 and BrAPX1) were preferentially activated in the Xcv-inoculated leaves. The Xcv-triggered HCD was attenuated by continuous light but accelerated by a dark environment, and the prolonged high relative humidity also alleviated the HCD. Constant dark and increased relative humidity provided favorable conditions for the Xcv bacterial growth in the leaves. Pretreated fluridone (biosynthetic inhibitor of endogenous abscisic acid [ABA]) increased the HCD in the Xcv-inoculated leaves, but exogenous ABA attenuated the HCD. The pretreated ABA also reduced the Xcv bacterial growth in the leaves. These results highlight that the onset of HCD in Chinese cabbage leaves initiated by non-adapted pathogen Xcv Bv5-4a.1 and in planta bacterial growth was differently modulated by internal and external conditional changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hee Lee
- Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Protection, Division of Horticultural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52725, Korea
- Agri-Food Bio Convergence Institute, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52725, Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Kim
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Department of Biology Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Jeum Kyu Hong
- Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Protection, Division of Horticultural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52725, Korea
- Agri-Food Bio Convergence Institute, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52725, Korea
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2
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Zhao Y, Zhu X, Chen X, Zhou JM. From plant immunity to crop disease resistance. J Genet Genomics 2022; 49:693-703. [PMID: 35728759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plant diseases caused by diverse pathogens lead to serious reduction in crop yield and threaten food security worldwide. Genetic improvement of plant immunity is considered as the most effective and sustainable approach to control crop diseases. In the last decade, our understanding of plant immunity at both molecular and genomic levels has improved greatly. Combined with advances in biotechnologies, particularly CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing, we can now rapidly identify new resistance genes and engineer disease resistance crop plants like never before. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of plant immunity and outline existing and new strategies for disease resistance improvement in crop plants. We also discuss existing challenges in this field and suggest directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xuewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu Sichuan 611130, China.
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainai 572025, China.
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3
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Enders L, Begcy K. Unconventional routes to developing insect-resistant crops. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1439-1453. [PMID: 34217871 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Concerns over widespread use of insecticides and heightened insect pest virulence under climate change continue to fuel the need for environmentally safe and sustainable control strategies. However, to develop such strategies, a better understanding of the molecular basis of plant-pest interactions is still needed. Despite decades of research investigating plant-insect interactions, few examples exist where underlying molecular mechanisms are well characterized, and even rarer are cases where this knowledge has been successfully applied to manage harmful agricultural pests. Consequently, the field appears to be static, urgently needing shifts in approaches to identify novel mechanisms by which insects colonize plants and plants avoid insect pressure. In this perspective, we outline necessary steps for advancing holistic methodologies that capture complex plant-insect molecular interactions. We highlight novel and underexploited approaches in plant-insect interaction research as essential routes to translate knowledge of underlying molecular mechanisms into durable pest control strategies, including embracing microbial partnerships, identifying what makes a plant an unsuitable host, capitalizing on tolerance of insect damage, and learning from cases where crop domestication and agronomic practices enhance pest virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laramy Enders
- Purdue University, Department of Entomology, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Kevin Begcy
- University of Florida, Environmental Horticulture Department, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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A central circadian oscillator confers defense heterosis in hybrids without growth vigor costs. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2317. [PMID: 33875651 PMCID: PMC8055661 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22268-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant immunity frequently incurs growth penalties, which known as the trade-off between immunity and growth. Heterosis, the phenotypic superiority of a hybrid over its parents, has been demonstrated for many traits but rarely for disease resistance. Here, we report that the central circadian oscillator, CCA1, confers heterosis for bacterial defense in hybrids without growth vigor costs, and it even significantly enhances the growth heterosis of hybrids under pathogen infection. The genetic perturbation of CCA1 abrogated heterosis for both defense and growth in hybrids. Upon pathogen attack, the expression of CCA1 in F1 hybrids is precisely modulated at different time points during the day by its rhythmic histone modifications. Before dawn of the first infection day, epigenetic activation of CCA1 promotes an elevation of salicylic acid accumulation in hybrids, enabling heterosis for defense. During the middle of every infection day, diurnal epigenetic repression of CCA1 leads to rhythmically increased chlorophyll synthesis and starch metabolism in hybrids, effectively eliminating the immunity-growth heterosis trade-offs in hybrids. There is frequently a trade-off between plant immunity and growth. Here the authors show that the epigenetic control of CCA1, encoding a core component of the circadian oscillator, simultaneously promotes heterosis for both defense and growth in hybrids under pathogen invasion.
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Ramu VS, Oh S, Lee HK, Nandety RS, Oh Y, Lee S, Nakashima J, Tang Y, Senthil-Kumar M, Mysore KS. A Novel Role of Salt- and Drought-Induced RING 1 Protein in Modulating Plant Defense Against Hemibiotrophic and Necrotrophic Pathogens. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:297-308. [PMID: 33231502 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-20-0257-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many plant-encoded E3 ligases are known to be involved in plant defense. Here, we report a novel role of E3 ligase SALT- AND DROUGHT-INDUCED RING FINGER1 (SDIR1) in plant immunity. Even though SDIR1 is reasonably well-characterized, its role in biotic stress response is not known. The silencing of SDIR1 in Nicotiana benthamiana reduced the multiplication of the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci. The Arabidopsis sdir1 mutant is resistant to virulent pathogens, whereas SDIR1 overexpression lines are susceptible to both host and nonhost hemibiotrophic bacterial pathogens. However, sdir1 mutant and SDIR1 overexpression lines showed hypersusceptibility and resistance, respectively, against the necrotrophic pathogen Erwinia carotovora. The mutant of SDIR1 target protein, i.e., SDIR-interacting protein 1 (SDIR1P1), also showed resistance to host and nonhost pathogens. In SDIR1 overexpression plants, transcripts of NAC transcription factors were less accumulated and the levels of jasmonic acid (JA) and abscisic acid were increased. In the sdir1 mutant, JA signaling genes JAZ7 and JAZ8 were downregulated. These data suggest that SDIR1 is a susceptibility factor and its activation or overexpression enhances disease caused by P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 in Arabidopsis. Our results show a novel role of SDIR1 in modulating plant defense gene expression and plant immunity.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vemanna S Ramu
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Regional Center for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Sunhee Oh
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | - Hee-Kyung Lee
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | | | - Youngjae Oh
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL 33598, U.S.A
| | - Seonghee Lee
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL 33598, U.S.A
| | - Jin Nakashima
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | - Yuhong Tang
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
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Fonseca JP, Lee HK, Boschiero C, Griffiths M, Lee S, Zhao P, York LM, Mysore KS. Iron-Sulfur Cluster Protein NITROGEN FIXATION S-LIKE1 and Its Interactor FRATAXIN Function in Plant Immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:1532-1548. [PMID: 32943465 PMCID: PMC7608151 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are inorganic cofactors that are present in all kingdoms of life as part of a large number of proteins involved in several cellular processes, including DNA replication and metabolism. In this work, we demonstrate an additional role for two Fe-S cluster genes in biotic stress responses in plants. Eleven Fe-S cluster genes, including the NITROGEN FIXATION S-LIKE1 (NFS1) and its interactor FRATAXIN (FH), when silenced in Nicotiana benthamiana, compromised nonhost resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato T1. NbNFS1 expression was induced by pathogens and salicylic acid. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) atnfs and atfh mutants, with reduced AtNFS1 or AtFH gene expression, respectively, showed increased susceptibility to both host and nonhost pathogen infection. Arabidopsis AtNFS1 and AtFH overexpressor lines displayed decreased susceptibility to infection by host pathogen P syringae pv. tomato DC3000. The AtNFS1 overexpression line exhibited constitutive upregulation of several defense-related genes and enrichment of gene ontology terms related to immunity and salicylic acid responses. Our results demonstrate that NFS1 and its interactor FH are involved not only in nonhost resistance but also in basal resistance, suggesting a new role of the Fe-S cluster pathway in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hee-Kyung Lee
- Noble Research Institute LLC, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | | | | | - Seonghee Lee
- Noble Research Institute LLC, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Patrick Zhao
- Noble Research Institute LLC, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Larry M York
- Noble Research Institute LLC, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
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Panstruga R, Moscou MJ. What is the Molecular Basis of Nonhost Resistance? MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:1253-1264. [PMID: 32808862 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-20-0161-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of the Top 10 Unanswered Questions in MPMI invited review series.Nonhost resistance is typically considered the ability of a plant species to repel all attempts of a pathogen species to colonize it and reproduce on it. Based on this common definition, nonhost resistance is presumed to be very durable and, thus, of great interest for its potential use in agriculture. Despite considerable research efforts, the molecular basis of this type of plant immunity remains nebulous. We here stress the fact that "nonhost resistance" is a phenomenological rather than a mechanistic concept that comprises more facets than typically considered. We further argue that nonhost resistance essentially relies on the very same genes and pathways as other types of plant immunity, of which some may act as bottlenecks for particular pathogens on a given plant species or under certain conditions. Thus, in our view, the frequently used term "nonhost genes" is misleading and should be avoided. Depending on the plant-pathogen combination, nonhost resistance may involve the recognition of pathogen effectors by host immune sensor proteins, which might give rise to host shifts or host range expansions due to evolutionary-conditioned gains and losses in respective armories. Thus, the extent of nonhost resistance also defines pathogen host ranges. In some instances, immune-related genes can be transferred across plant species to boost defense, resulting in augmented disease resistance. We discuss future routes for deepening our understanding of nonhost resistance and argue that the confusing term "nonhost resistance" should be used more cautiously in the light of a holistic view of plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Panstruga
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Worringer Weg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthew J Moscou
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UK, United Kingdom
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8
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The effect of phytoglobin overexpression on the plant proteome during nonhost response of barley (Hordeum vulgare) to wheat powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici). Sci Rep 2020; 10:9192. [PMID: 32513937 PMCID: PMC7280273 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65907-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhost resistance, a resistance of plant species against all nonadapted pathogens, is considered the most durable and efficient immune system in plants. To increase our understanding of the response of barley plants to infection by powdery mildew, Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, we used quantitative proteomic analysis (LC-MS/MS). We compared the response of two genotypes of barley cultivar Golden Promise, wild type (WT) and plants with overexpression of phytoglobin (previously hemoglobin) class 1 (HO), which has previously been shown to significantly weaken nonhost resistance. A total of 8804 proteins were identified and quantified, out of which the abundance of 1044 proteins changed significantly in at least one of the four comparisons ('i' stands for 'inoculated')- HO/WT and HOi/WTi (giving genotype differences), and WTi/WT and HOi/HO (giving treatment differences). Among these differentially abundant proteins (DAP) were proteins related to structural organization, disease/defense, metabolism, transporters, signal transduction and protein synthesis. We demonstrate that quantitative changes in the proteome can explain physiological changes observed during the infection process such as progression of the mildew infection in HO plants that was correlated with changes in proteins taking part in papillae formation and preinvasion resistance. Overexpression of phytoglobins led to modification in signal transduction prominently by dramatically reducing the number of kinases induced, but also in the turnover of other signaling molecules such as phytohormones, polyamines and Ca2+. Thus, quantitative proteomics broaden our understanding of the role NO and phytoglobins play in barley during nonhost resistance against powdery mildew.
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Singh R, Liyanage R, Gupta C, Lay JO, Pereira A, Rojas CM. The Arabidopsis Proteins AtNHR2A and AtNHR2B Are Multi-Functional Proteins Integrating Plant Immunity With Other Biological Processes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:232. [PMID: 32194606 PMCID: PMC7064621 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
AtNHR2A (Arabidopsis thaliana nonhost resistance 2A) and AtNHR2B (Arabidopsis thaliana nonhost resistance 2B) are two proteins that participate in nonhost resistance, a broad-spectrum mechanism of plant immunity that protects plants against the majority of potential pathogens. AtNHR2A and AtNHR2B are localized to the cytoplasm, chloroplasts, and other subcellular compartments of unknown identity. The multiple localizations of AtNHR2A and AtNHR2B suggest that these two proteins are highly dynamic and versatile, likely participating in multiple biological processes. In spite of their importance, the specific functions of AtNHR2A and AtNHR2B have not been elucidated. Thus, to aid in the functional characterization of these two proteins and identify the biological processes in which these proteins operate, we used immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry (IP-MS) to identify proteins interacting with AtNHR2A and AtNHR2B and to generate their interactome network. Further validation of three of the identified proteins provided new insights into specific pathways and processes related to plant immunity where AtNHR2A and AtNHR2B participate. Moreover, the comprehensive analysis of the AtNHR2A- and AtNHR2B-interacting proteins using published empirical information revealed that the functions of AtNHR2A and AtNHR2B are not limited to plant immunity but encompass other biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raksha Singh
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
- Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Rohana Liyanage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Chirag Gupta
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Jackson O. Lay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Andy Pereira
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Clemencia M. Rojas
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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10
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van Wersch S, Tian L, Hoy R, Li X. Plant NLRs: The Whistleblowers of Plant Immunity. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100016. [PMID: 33404540 PMCID: PMC7747998 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2019.100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The study of plant diseases is almost as old as agriculture itself. Advancements in molecular biology have given us much more insight into the plant immune system and how it detects the many pathogens plants may encounter. Members of the primary family of plant resistance (R) proteins, NLRs, contain three distinct domains, and appear to use several different mechanisms to recognize pathogen effectors and trigger immunity. Understanding the molecular process of NLR recognition and activation has been greatly aided by advancements in structural studies, with ZAR1 recently becoming the first full-length NLR to be visualized. Genetic and biochemical analysis identified many critical components for NLR activation and homeostasis control. The increased study of helper NLRs has also provided insights into the downstream signaling pathways of NLRs. This review summarizes the progress in the last decades on plant NLR research, focusing on the mechanistic understanding that has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig van Wersch
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Labs, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Labs, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ryan Hoy
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Labs, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Brulé D, Villano C, Davies LJ, Trdá L, Claverie J, Héloir M, Chiltz A, Adrian M, Darblade B, Tornero P, Stransfeld L, Boutrot F, Zipfel C, Dry IB, Poinssot B. The grapevine (Vitis vinifera) LysM receptor kinases VvLYK1-1 and VvLYK1-2 mediate chitooligosaccharide-triggered immunity. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:812-825. [PMID: 30256508 PMCID: PMC6419575 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, a major component of fungal cell walls, is a well-known pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) that triggers defense responses in several mammal and plant species. Here, we show that two chitooligosaccharides, chitin and chitosan, act as PAMPs in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) as they elicit immune signalling events, defense gene expression and resistance against fungal diseases. To identify their cognate receptors, the grapevine family of LysM receptor kinases (LysM-RKs) was annotated and their gene expression profiles were characterized. Phylogenetic analysis clearly distinguished three V. vinifera LysM-RKs (VvLYKs) located in the same clade as the Arabidopsis CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE1 (AtCERK1), which mediates chitin-induced immune responses. The Arabidopsis mutant Atcerk1, impaired in chitin perception, was transformed with these three putative orthologous genes encoding VvLYK1-1, -2, or -3 to determine if they would complement the loss of AtCERK1 function. Our results provide evidence that VvLYK1-1 and VvLYK1-2, but not VvLYK1-3, functionally complement the Atcerk1 mutant by restoring chitooligosaccharide-induced MAPK activation and immune gene expression. Moreover, expression of VvLYK1-1 in Atcerk1 restored penetration resistance to the non-adapted grapevine powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator). On the whole, our results indicate that the grapevine VvLYK1-1 and VvLYK1-2 participate in chitin- and chitosan-triggered immunity and that VvLYK1-1 plays an important role in basal resistance against E. necator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphnée Brulé
- AgroécologieAgrosup DijonINRAUniversité Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéCNRS ERL 6003DijonFrance
| | | | - Laura J. Davies
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)AdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Lucie Trdá
- AgroécologieAgrosup DijonINRAUniversité Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéCNRS ERL 6003DijonFrance
| | - Justine Claverie
- AgroécologieAgrosup DijonINRAUniversité Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéCNRS ERL 6003DijonFrance
| | - Marie‐Claire Héloir
- AgroécologieAgrosup DijonINRAUniversité Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéCNRS ERL 6003DijonFrance
| | - Annick Chiltz
- AgroécologieAgrosup DijonINRAUniversité Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéCNRS ERL 6003DijonFrance
| | - Marielle Adrian
- AgroécologieAgrosup DijonINRAUniversité Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéCNRS ERL 6003DijonFrance
| | | | - Pablo Tornero
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de PlantasUniversitat Politècnica de ValènciaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasValenciaSpain
| | | | | | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - Ian B. Dry
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)AdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Benoit Poinssot
- AgroécologieAgrosup DijonINRAUniversité Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéCNRS ERL 6003DijonFrance
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12
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Sánchez-Martín J, Keller B. Contribution of recent technological advances to future resistance breeding. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2019; 132:713-732. [PMID: 30756126 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03297-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The development of durable host resistance strategies to control crop diseases is a primary need for sustainable agricultural production in the future. This article highlights the potential of recent progress in the understanding of host resistance for future cereal breeding. Much of the novel work is based on advancements in large-scale sequencing and genomics, rapid gene isolation techniques and high-throughput molecular marker technologies. Moreover, emerging applications on the pathogen side like effector identification or field pathogenomics are discussed. The combination of knowledge from both sides of cereal pathosystems will result in new approaches for resistance breeding. We describe future applications and innovative strategies to implement effective and durable strategies to combat diseases of major cereal crops while reducing pesticide dependency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sánchez-Martín
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Beat Keller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Fonseca JP, Mysore KS. Genes involved in nonhost disease resistance as a key to engineer durable resistance in crops. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 279:108-116. [PMID: 30709487 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Most potential pathogens fail to establish virulence for a plethora of plants found in nature. This intrinsic property to resist pathogen virulence displayed by organisms without triggering canonical resistance (R) genes has been termed nonhost resistance (NHR). While host resistance involves recognition of pathogen elicitors such as avirulence factors by bona fide R proteins, mechanism of NHR seems less obvious, often involving more than one gene. We can generally describe NHR in two steps: 1) pre-invasive resistance, either passive or active, which can restrict the pathogen from entering the host, and 2) post-invasive resistance, an active defense response that often results in hypersensitive response like programmed cell death and reactive oxygen species accumulation. While PAMP-triggered-immunity (PTI) is generally effective against nonhost pathogens, effector-triggered-immunity (ETI) can be effective against both host and nonhost pathogens. Prolonged interactions between adapted pathogens and their resistant host plants results in co-evolution, which can lead to new pathogen strains that can be virulent and cause disease on supposedly resistant host. In this context, engineering durable resistance by manipulating genes involved in NHR is an attractive approach for sustainable agriculture. Several genes involved in NHR have been characterized for their role in plant defense. In this review, we report genes involved in NHR identified to date and highlight a few examples where genes involved in NHR have been used to confer resistance in crop plants against economically important diseases.
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Singh R, Lee S, Ortega L, Ramu VS, Senthil-Kumar M, Blancaflor EB, Rojas CM, Mysore KS. Two Chloroplast-Localized Proteins: AtNHR2A and AtNHR2B, Contribute to Callose Deposition During Nonhost Disease Resistance in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:1280-1290. [PMID: 29877165 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-18-0094-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants are naturally resistant to most pathogens through a broad and durable defense response called nonhost disease resistance. Nonhost disease resistance is a complex process that includes preformed physical and chemical barriers and induced responses. In spite of its importance, many components of nonhost disease resistance remain to be identified and characterized. Using virus-induced gene silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana, we discovered a novel gene that we named NbNHR2 (N. benthamiana nonhost resistance 2). NbNHR2-silenced plants were susceptible to the nonadapted pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato T1, which does not cause disease in wild-type or nonsilenced N. benthamiana plants. We found two orthologous genes in Arabidopsis thaliana: AtNHR2A and AtNHR2B. Similar to the results obtained in N. benthamiana, Atnhr2a and Atnhr2b mutants were susceptible to the nonadapted bacterial pathogen of A. thaliana, P. syringae pv. tabaci. We further found that these mutants were also defective in callose deposition. AtNHR2A and AtNHR2B fluorescent protein fusions transiently expressed in N. benthamiana localized predominantly to chloroplasts and a few unidentified dynamic puncta. RFP-AtNHR2A and AtNHR2B-GFP displayed overlapping signals in chloroplasts, indicating that the two proteins could interact, an idea supported by coimmunoprecipitation studies. We propose that AtNHR2A and AtNHR2B are new components of a chloroplast-signaling pathway that activates callose deposition to the cell wall in response to bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raksha Singh
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, U.S.A
| | - Seonghee Lee
- 2 Noble Research Institute, LLC., Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | - Laura Ortega
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, U.S.A
| | - Vemanna S Ramu
- 2 Noble Research Institute, LLC., Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Clemencia M Rojas
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, U.S.A
- 2 Noble Research Institute, LLC., Ardmore, OK 73401, U.S.A
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15
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Romero CCT, Vermeulen JP, Vels A, Himmelbach A, Mascher M, Niks RE. Mapping resistance to powdery mildew in barley reveals a large-effect nonhost resistance QTL. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2018; 131:1031-1045. [PMID: 29372282 PMCID: PMC5895680 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-018-3055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Resistance factors against non-adapted powdery mildews were mapped in barley. Some QTLs seem effective only to non-adapted mildews, while others also play a role in defense against the adapted form. The durability and effectiveness of nonhost resistance suggests promising practical applications for crop breeding, relying upon elucidation of key aspects of this type of resistance. We investigated which genetic factors determine the nonhost status of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to powdery mildews (Blumeria graminis). We set out to verify whether genes involved in nonhost resistance have a wide effectiveness spectrum, and whether nonhost resistance genes confer resistance to the barley adapted powdery mildew. Two barley lines, SusBgtSC and SusBgtDC, with some susceptibility to the wheat powdery mildew B. graminis f.sp. tritici (Bgt) were crossed with cv Vada to generate two mapping populations. Each population was assessed for level of infection against four B. graminis ff.spp, and QTL mapping analyses were performed. Our results demonstrate polygenic inheritance for nonhost resistance, with some QTLs effective only to non-adapted mildews, while others play a role against adapted and non-adapted forms. Histology analyses of nonhost interaction show that most penetration attempts are stopped in association with papillae, and also suggest independent layers of defence at haustorium establishment and conidiophore formation. Nonhost resistance of barley to powdery mildew relies mostly on non-hypersensitive mechanisms. A large-effect nonhost resistance QTL mapped to a 1.4 cM interval is suitable for map-based cloning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynara C T Romero
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 386, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper P Vermeulen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 386, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Vels
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 386, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Axel Himmelbach
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Martin Mascher
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Rients E Niks
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 386, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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16
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Blanc C, Coluccia F, L'Haridon F, Torres M, Ortiz-Berrocal M, Stahl E, Reymond P, Schreiber L, Nawrath C, Métraux JP, Serrano M. The Cuticle Mutant eca2 Modifies Plant Defense Responses to Biotrophic and Necrotrophic Pathogens and Herbivory Insects. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:344-355. [PMID: 29130376 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-17-0181-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We isolated previously several Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with constitutive expression of the early microbe-associated molecular pattern-induced gene ATL2, named eca (expresión constitutiva de ATL2). Here, we further explored the interaction of eca mutants with pest and pathogens. Of all eca mutants, eca2 was more resistant to a fungal pathogen (Botrytis cinerea) and a bacterial pathogen (Pseudomonas syringae) as well as to a generalist herbivorous insect (Spodoptera littoralis). Permeability of the cuticle is increased in eca2; chemical characterization shows that eca2 has a significant reduction of both cuticular wax and cutin. Additionally, we determined that eca2 did not display a similar compensatory transcriptional response, compared with a previously characterized cuticular mutant, and that resistance to B. cinerea is mediated by the priming of the early and late induced defense responses, including salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-induced genes. These results suggest that ECA2-dependent responses are involved in the nonhost defense mechanism against biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens and against a generalist insect by modulation and priming of innate immunity and late defense responses. Making eca2 an interesting model to characterize the molecular basis for plant defenses against different biotic interactions and to study the initial events that take place in the cuticle surface of the aerial organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Blanc
- 1 Department of Biology, University of Fribourg. Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Fania Coluccia
- 1 Department of Biology, University of Fribourg. Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Floriane L'Haridon
- 1 Department of Biology, University of Fribourg. Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Martha Torres
- 2 Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Marlene Ortiz-Berrocal
- 2 Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
- 3 Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elia Stahl
- 3 Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Reymond
- 3 Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- 4 Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, Department of Ecophysiology, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- 3 Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Métraux
- 1 Department of Biology, University of Fribourg. Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Mario Serrano
- 2 Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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Wang B, Sumit R, Sahu BB, Ngaki MN, Srivastava SK, Yang Y, Swaminathan S, Bhattacharyya MK. Arabidopsis Novel Glycine-Rich Plasma Membrane PSS1 Protein Enhances Disease Resistance in Transgenic Soybean Plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:865-878. [PMID: 29101280 PMCID: PMC5761755 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nonhost resistance is defined as the immunity of a plant species to all nonadapted pathogen species. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ecotype Columbia-0 is nonhost to the oomycete plant pathogen Phytophthora sojae and the fungal plant pathogen Fusarium virguliforme that are pathogenic to soybean (Glycine max). Previously, we reported generating the pss1 mutation in the pen1-1 genetic background as well as genetic mapping and characterization of the Arabidopsis nonhost resistance Phytophthora sojae-susceptible gene locus, PSS1 In this study, we identified six candidate PSS1 genes by comparing single-nucleotide polymorphisms of (1) the bulked DNA sample of seven F2:3 families homozygous for the pss1 allele and (2) the pen1-1 mutant with Columbia-0. Analyses of T-DNA insertion mutants for each of these candidate PSS1 genes identified the At3g59640 gene encoding a glycine-rich protein as the putative PSS1 gene. Later, complementation analysis confirmed the identity of At3g59640 as the PSS1 gene. PSS1 is induced following P. sojae infection as well as expressed in an organ-specific manner. Coexpression analysis of the available transcriptomic data followed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction suggested that PSS1 is coregulated with ATG8a (At4g21980), a core gene in autophagy. PSS1 contains a predicted single membrane-spanning domain. Subcellular localization study indicated that it is an integral plasma membrane protein. Sequence analysis suggested that soybean is unlikely to contain a PSS1-like defense function. Following the introduction of PSS1 into the soybean cultivar Williams 82, the transgenic plants exhibited enhanced resistance to F. virguliforme, the pathogen that causes sudden death syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Rishi Sumit
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Binod B Sahu
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | | | | | - Yang Yang
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
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Delventhal R, Rajaraman J, Stefanato FL, Rehman S, Aghnoum R, McGrann GRD, Bolger M, Usadel B, Hedley PE, Boyd L, Niks RE, Schweizer P, Schaffrath U. A comparative analysis of nonhost resistance across the two Triticeae crop species wheat and barley. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:232. [PMID: 29202692 PMCID: PMC5715502 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1178-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonhost resistance (NHR) protects plants against a vast number of non-adapted pathogens which implicates a potential exploitation as source for novel disease resistance strategies. Aiming at a fundamental understanding of NHR a global analysis of transcriptome reprogramming in the economically important Triticeae cereals wheat and barley, comparing host and nonhost interactions in three major fungal pathosystems responsible for powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis ff. ssp.), cereal blast (Magnaporthe sp.) and leaf rust (Puccinia sp.) diseases, was performed. RESULTS In each pathosystem a significant transcriptome reprogramming by adapted- or non-adapted pathogen isolates was observed, with considerable overlap between Blumeria, Magnaporthe and Puccinia. Small subsets of these general pathogen-regulated genes were identified as differentially regulated between host and corresponding nonhost interactions, indicating a fine-tuning of the general pathogen response during the course of co-evolution. Additionally, the host- or nonhost-related responses were rather specific for each pair of adapted and non-adapted isolates, indicating that the nonhost resistance-related responses were to a great extent pathosystem-specific. This pathosystem-specific reprogramming may reflect different resistance mechanisms operating against non-adapted pathogens with different lifestyles, or equally, different co-option of the hosts by the adapted isolates to create an optimal environment for infection. To compare the transcriptional reprogramming between wheat and barley, putative orthologues were identified. Within the wheat and barley general pathogen-regulated genes, temporal expression profiles of orthologues looked similar, indicating conserved general responses in Triticeae against fungal attack. However, the comparison of orthologues differentially expressed between host and nonhost interactions revealed fewer commonalities between wheat and barley, but rather suggested different host or nonhost responses in the two cereal species. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggest independent co-evolutionary forces acting on host pathosystems mirrored by barley- or wheat-specific nonhost responses. As a result of evolutionary processes, at least for the pathosystems investigated, NHR appears to rely on rather specific plant responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhoda Delventhal
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jeyaraman Rajaraman
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Francesca L. Stefanato
- Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Colney, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UH UK
- Present address: Molecular microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH UK
| | - Sajid Rehman
- Plant Breeding, Graduate School for Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Present address: Biodiversity and Integrated Gene Management Program (BIGM), International Center for Agriculture Research in the Dry Areas, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Reza Aghnoum
- Plant Breeding, Graduate School for Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Present address: Seed and Plant Improvement Research Department, Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Graham R. D. McGrann
- Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Colney, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UH UK
| | - Marie Bolger
- Institute of Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Björn Usadel
- Institute of Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Pete E. Hedley
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland DD2 5DA UK
| | - Lesley Boyd
- NIAB, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE UK
| | - Rients E. Niks
- Plant Breeding, Graduate School for Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schweizer
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schaffrath
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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19
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Mantelin S, Thorpe P, Jones JT. Translational biology of nematode effectors. Or, to put it another way, functional analysis of effectors – what’s the point? NEMATOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00003048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There has been a huge amount of work put into identifying and characterising effectors from plant-parasitic nematodes in recent years. Although this work has provided insights into the mechanisms by which nematodes can infect plants, the potential translational outputs of much of this research are not always clear. This short article will summarise how developments in effector biology have allowed, or will allow, new control strategies to be developed, drawing on examples from nematology and from other pathosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Mantelin
- Dundee Effector Consortium, Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Peter Thorpe
- Dundee Effector Consortium, Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - John T. Jones
- Dundee Effector Consortium, Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Biology Department, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TZ, UK
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20
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Adlung N, Prochaska H, Thieme S, Banik A, Blüher D, John P, Nagel O, Schulze S, Gantner J, Delker C, Stuttmann J, Bonas U. Non-host Resistance Induced by the Xanthomonas Effector XopQ Is Widespread within the Genus Nicotiana and Functionally Depends on EDS1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1796. [PMID: 27965697 PMCID: PMC5127841 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Most Gram-negative plant pathogenic bacteria translocate effector proteins (T3Es) directly into plant cells via a conserved type III secretion system, which is essential for pathogenicity in susceptible plants. In resistant plants, recognition of some T3Es is mediated by corresponding resistance (R) genes or R proteins and induces effector triggered immunity (ETI) that often results in programmed cell death reactions. The identification of R genes and understanding their evolution/distribution bears great potential for the generation of resistant crop plants. We focus on T3Es from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv), the causal agent of bacterial spot disease on pepper and tomato plants. Here, 86 Solanaceae lines mainly of the genus Nicotiana were screened for phenotypical reactions after Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression of 21 different Xcv effectors to (i) identify new plant lines for T3E characterization, (ii) analyze conservation/evolution of putative R genes and (iii) identify promising plant lines as repertoire for R gene isolation. The effectors provoked different reactions on closely related plant lines indicative of a high variability and evolution rate of potential R genes. In some cases, putative R genes were conserved within a plant species but not within superordinate phylogenetical units. Interestingly, the effector XopQ was recognized by several Nicotiana spp. lines, and Xcv infection assays revealed that XopQ is a host range determinant in many Nicotiana species. Non-host resistance against Xcv and XopQ recognition in N. benthamiana required EDS1, strongly suggesting the presence of a TIR domain-containing XopQ-specific R protein in these plant lines. XopQ is a conserved effector among most xanthomonads, pointing out the XopQ-recognizing RxopQ as candidate for targeted crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Adlung
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-WittenbergHalle, Germany
- *Correspondence: Norman Adlung
| | - Heike Prochaska
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-WittenbergHalle, Germany
| | - Sabine Thieme
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-WittenbergHalle, Germany
| | - Anne Banik
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-WittenbergHalle, Germany
| | - Doreen Blüher
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-WittenbergHalle, Germany
| | - Peter John
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-WittenbergHalle, Germany
| | - Oliver Nagel
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-WittenbergHalle, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schulze
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-WittenbergHalle, Germany
| | - Johannes Gantner
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-WittenbergHalle, Germany
| | - Carolin Delker
- Department of Crop Physiology, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-WittenbergHalle, Germany
| | - Johannes Stuttmann
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-WittenbergHalle, Germany
| | - Ulla Bonas
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-WittenbergHalle, Germany
- Ulla Bonas
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