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Wang Y, Wang H, Yu C, Yan X, Chu J, Jiang B, Zhu J. Comprehensive bioinformation analysis of homeodomain-leucine zipper gene family and expression pattern of HD-Zip I under abiotic stress in Salix suchowensis. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:182. [PMID: 38360569 PMCID: PMC10870566 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) transcription factors are plant-specific and play important roles in plant defense against environmental stresses. Identification and functional studies have been carried out in model plants such as rice, Arabidopsis thaliana, and poplar, but comprehensive analysis on the HD-Zip family of Salix suchowensis have not been reported. RESULTS A total of 55 HD-Zip genes were identified in the willow genome, unevenly distributed on 18 chromosomes except for chromosome 19. And segmental duplication events containing SsHD-Zip were detected on all chromosomes except chromosomes 13 and 19. The SsHD-Zip were classified into 4 subfamilies subfamilies (I-IV) according to the evolutionary analysis, and members of each subfamily shared similar domain structure and gene structure. The combination of GO annotation and promoter analysis showed that SsHD-Zip genes responded to multiple abiotic stresses. Furthermore, the results of qPCR analysis showed that the SsHD-Zip I gene exhibited different degrees of expression under salt stress, PEG treatment and heat treatment. Moreover, there was a synergistic effect between SsHD-Zip I genes under stress conditions based on coregulatory networks analysis. CONCLUSIONS In this study, HD-Zip transcription factors were systematically identified and analyzed at the whole genome level. These results preliminarily clarified the structural characteristics and related functions of willow HD-Zip family members, and it was found that SsHox34, SsHox36 and SsHox51 genes were significantly involved in the response to various stresses. Together, these findings laid the foundation for further research on the resistance functions of willow HD-Zip genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Wang
- Department of Cotton Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 230001, Hefei, China
| | - Hongjuan Wang
- Department of Cotton Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 230001, Hefei, China
| | - Chun Yu
- Department of Cotton Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 230001, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoming Yan
- Department of Cotton Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 230001, Hefei, China
| | - Jiasong Chu
- Department of Cotton Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 230001, Hefei, China
| | - Benli Jiang
- Department of Cotton Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 230001, Hefei, China.
| | - Jiabao Zhu
- Department of Cotton Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 230001, Hefei, China.
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2
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Guo N, Ling H, Yu R, Gao F, Cao Y, Tao J. Expression of Sailx suchowensis SsIRT9 enhances cadmium accumulation and alters metal homeostasis in tobacco. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 463:132958. [PMID: 37951176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) contamination in soils is of great concern for plant growth and human health. Willow (Salix spp.) is a promising phytoextractor because of its high biomass production. However, as a non-hyperaccumulator, willow has a low competitive ability in extraction of Cd. Thus, improving Cd concentrations in developing tissues is one of the primary tasks. Here, our study uncovers a novel SsIRT9 gene from Sailx suchowensis which manipulates plant Cd accumulation. SsIRT9 was more highly expressed in willow roots than other SsIRT genes. As a plasma membrane-localized protein, when expressed in yeast, SsIRT9 retarded cell growth more severely than other SsIRT proteins in the presence of Cd. Furthermore, SsIRT9 was cloned and expressed in tobacco and SsIRT9 did not affect plant growth. In hydroponic experiments, SsIRT9 lines displayed higher Cd in the shoots than the wild type. When grown in Cd-contaminated soils, Cd levels in transgenic tobacco increased by 152-364% in roots and by 135-444% in shoots, demonstrating significant superiority in Cd accumulation over other functional IRT/ZIP transporters. Moreover, expressing SsIRT9 in tobacco altered metal homeostasis, especially manganese and zinc. Taken together, we envision that SsIRT9 expression in plants is a promising strategy for upgrading extraction of Cd from soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Guo
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Ling
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Renkui Yu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Gao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun Tao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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3
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Liu F, Li B, Liu C, Liu Y, Liu X, Lu M. Oviposition by Plagiodera versicolora on Salix matsudana cv. 'Zhuliu' alters the leaf transcriptome and impairs larval performance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1226641. [PMID: 37538058 PMCID: PMC10394651 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1226641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Insect egg deposition can induce plant defenses against their larvae. Previous studies have primarily focused on herbaceous plant defenses; however, little is known about how the Salicaceae respond to insect egg deposition and defend themselves against herbivores. By combining plant defense gene studies and bioassays, we investigated the effect of the coleoptera Plagiodera versicolora egg deposition on willow (Salix matsudana cv. 'Zhuliu') and examined the interactions at the plant resistance and transcriptome levels. RNA-seq data were utilized to analyze changes in the leaf transcriptome with and without oviposition, and also the changes in the leaf transcriptome of feeding-damaged leaves with and without prior oviposition. P. versicolora oviposition on willow leaves resulted in altered expression levels of transcripts associated with plant stress and metabolic responses. Compared with leaves with no oviposition, leaves with egg deposition showed a slight increase in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and phytohormone signaling genes after larval feeding. The RNA-seq analysis revealed alterations in willow transcripts in response to leaf beetle infestations. Bioassays indicated that oviposition by P. versicolora on willows reduced subsequent larvae performance, suggesting that prior oviposition by P. versicolora could increase willows' resistance to larvae. This study advances our knowledge of how oviposition by coleoptera insects induces changes in the resistance of leaves to herbivory in the Salicaceae family.
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4
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Yetkin S, Alotaibi H. Selection and validation of novel stable reference genes for qPCR analysis in EMT and MET. Exp Cell Res 2023; 428:113619. [PMID: 37146958 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction is a powerful tool for quantifying gene expression. The relative quantification relies on normalizing the data to reference genes or internal controls not modulated by the experimental conditions. The most widely used internal controls occasionally show changed expression patterns in different experimental settings, such as the mesenchymal to epithelial transition. Thus, identifying appropriate internal controls is of utmost importance. We analyzed multiple RNA-Seq datasets using a combination of statistical approaches such as percent relative range and coefficient of variance to define a list of candidate internal control genes, which was then validated experimentally and by using in silico analyses as well. We identified a group of genes as strong internal control candidates with high stability compared to the classical ones. We also presented evidence for the superiority of the percent relative range method for calculating expression stability in data sets with larger sample sizes. We used multiple methods to analyze data collected from several RNA-Seq datasets; we identified Rbm17 and Katna1 as the most stable reference genes in EMT/MET studies. The percent relative range approach surpasses other methods when analyzing datasets of larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seray Yetkin
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University Health Campus, 35340, Balçova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Hani Alotaibi
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University Health Campus, 35340, Balçova, İzmir, Turkey; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylül University Health Campus, 35340, Balçova, İzmir, Turkey.
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5
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Lin Y, Liu G, Rao Y, Wang B, Tian R, Tan Y, Peng T. Identification and validation of reference genes for qRT-PCR analyses under different experimental conditions in Allium wallichii. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 281:153925. [PMID: 36657231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Himalayan onion (Allium wallichii) is a perennial bulbous herb with high ornamental value and has long been used as traditional medicines in Nepal and China because of the anti-cancer and anti-microbial activities. Wild Allium wallichii features different flower colors, including purple, pink, deep purple and white. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of color formation during A. wallichii flower development stages due to the lack of optimal reference genes. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a powerful tool for quantifying expression levels of target genes. The accuracy of qRT-PCR analyses is largely dependent on the identification of stable reference genes for data normalization. The stability of reference gene expression may vary with plant species and environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to select stable reference genes for qRT-PCR analyses of target genes at flower development stages, in different flower colors and organs for Allium wallichii. The CDSs of eight potential reference genes (TUB2, ACT1, GAPC, EF1α, UBQ, UBC, SAND and CYP1) were cloned and their stability was evaluated by four programs (Delta Ct, geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper), and the results were further integrated into a comprehensive rank by RefFinder. The results showed that TUB2 and GAPC were the most stable two reference genes at different developmental stages of purple- and white-flower genotypes and across all samples. UBC and TUB2 expression was stable at different developmental stages of purple flowers. CYP1 and TUB2 were stably expressed at different developmental stages of white flowers. GAPC and SAND showed the highest rankings in different flower colors. TUB2 and EF1α performed the best in different tissues. ACT1 was the least stable gene in all tested samples. Moreover, DIHYDROFLAVONOL-4-REDUCTASE (DFR) gene that involved in anthocyanin synthesis was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the selected candidates. This study identified the first set of suitable reference genes for qRT-PCR analyses, which will lay the foundation for gene function study in A. wallichii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lin
- College of Agriculture/Key Laboratory Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Guofeng Liu
- Department of Botany, Guangzhou Institute of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Ying Rao
- College of Agriculture/Key Laboratory Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Plant Science&Technology of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ruifeng Tian
- Human Resources Development Center of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tan
- College of Agriculture/Key Laboratory Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ting Peng
- College of Agriculture/Key Laboratory Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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6
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Genome-Wide Comparative Analysis of the Fasciclin-like Arabinogalactan Proteins (FLAs) in Salicacea and Identification of Secondary Tissue Development-Related Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021481. [PMID: 36675002 PMCID: PMC9862198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins (FLAs) are a subclass of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) containing both AGP-like glycated domains and fasciclin (FAS) domains, which are involved in plant growth and development and synthesis of the cell wall. However, these proteins have not been identified or analyzed in willow, Salix, the sister genus of Populus. In this study, we performed a whole genome study of the FLA gene family of Salix suchowensis and compared it with the FLA gene family of Populus deltoides. The results showed the presence of 40 and 46 FLA genes in P. deltoides and S. suchowensis, distributed on 17 and 16 chromosomes, respectively. Four pairs of tandem repeat genes were found in willow, while poplar had no tandem repeat genes. Twelve and thirteen pairs of duplicated gene fragments were identified in poplar and willow, respectively. The multispecies phylogenetic tree showed that the FLA gene family could be divided into four groups (I-IV), with Group 1 showing significant expansion in woody plants. A gene expression analysis showed that PdeFLA19/27 in Group I of poplar was highly expressed, specifically during the secondary growth period of the stem and the rapid elongation of seed hairs. In the Group I genes of S. suchowensis, SsuFLA25/26/28 was also highly expressed during the secondary growth period, whereas increased expression of SsuFLA35 was associated with seed hair tissue. These results provide important clues about the differences in the FLA gene family during the evolution of herbs and woody plants, and suggest that the FLA gene family may play an essential role in regulating the secondary growth of woody plants. It also provides a reference for further studies on the regulation of secondary growth and seed hair development by FLA genes in poplar and willow.
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7
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Zhou F, Chen Y, Wu H, Yin T. A Selection of Reliable Reference Genes for Gene Expression Analysis in the Female and Male Flowers of Salix suchowensis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11050647. [PMID: 35270117 PMCID: PMC8912643 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Salix is a dioecious plant. Research on the molecular regulation mechanism of male and female inflorescence differentiation and development is necessary to analyze sex differentiation in the willow and the underlying mechanisms of unisexual flower development. However, at present, there are no reference genes suitable for stable expression in the process of willow inflorescence development. In this study, Salix suchowensis was used as the research material, nine candidate reference genes (α-TUB1, α-TUB2, ACT, H2A, DnaJ, CDC2, GAPDH, TIP41, β-TUB) were selected, and qRT-PCR technology was used to detect the expression of each candidate reference gene in female and male flowers at different developmental stages and using five algorithms (geNorm, Normfinder, Delta Ct, BestKeeper, and RefFinder) to comprehensively evaluate the stability of candidate reference genes. The results showed that ACT and DnaJ were stably expressed in all samples and could be used as reference genes. In addition, the reliability of the screening results was further verified via an expression pattern analysis of the CFS gene that encodes flower specific transcription factor in different samples. The stable reference genes selected in this study provide the basis for future research on the expression analysis of functional genes related to the development of male and female flowers of S. suchowensis.
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8
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Verma P, Sharma A, Sodhi M, Tiwari M, Vivek P, Kataria RS, Nirajan SK, Bharti VK, Singh P, Lathwal SS, Sharma V, Masharing N, Mukesh M. Identification of Internal Reference Genes in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Cattle Populations Adapted to Hot Arid Normoxia and Cold Arid Hypoxia Environments. Front Genet 2022; 12:730599. [PMID: 35178065 PMCID: PMC8846307 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.730599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To estimate gene expression in a reliable manner, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction data require normalisation using a panel of stably expressed reference genes (RGs). To date, information on an appropriate panel of RGs in cattle populations reared at cold arid high-altitude hypoxia and hot arid tropical normoxia environments is not available. Therefore, the present study was carried out to identify a panel of stably expressed RGs from 10 candidate genes (GAPDH, RPL4, EEF1A1, RPS9, HPRT1, UXT, HMBS, B2M, RPS15, and ACTB) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of cattle populations reared at cold arid high-altitude hypoxia and hot arid normoxia environments. Four different statistical algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder were used to assess the stability of these genes. A total of 30 blood samples were collected: six adult heifers each of Ladakhi (LAC) and Holstein Frisian crosses (HFX) and 4 Jersey (JYC) cows from cold arid high-altitude hypoxia environments (group I) and five adult heifers each of Sahiwal (SAC), Karan Fries (KFC), and Holstein Friesian (HFC) cows from hot arid normoxia environments (group II). Combined analysis of group I and group II resulted in identification of a panel of RGs like RPS9, RPS15, and GAPDH that could act as a useful resource to unravel the accurate transcriptional profile of PBMCs from diverse cattle populations adapted to distinct altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Verma
- Animal Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - Ankita Sharma
- Animal Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - Monika Sodhi
- Animal Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - Manish Tiwari
- Animal Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India.,Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Prince Vivek
- Animal Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - Ranjit S Kataria
- Animal Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - S K Nirajan
- Animal Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - Vijay K Bharti
- DRDO-Defense Institute of High-altitude Research, Leh, India
| | - Pawan Singh
- Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India.,Department of Livestock Production Management, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - S S Lathwal
- Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India.,Department of Livestock Production Management, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Vishal Sharma
- Animal Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - Nampher Masharing
- Animal Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India.,Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Manishi Mukesh
- Animal Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
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9
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Li M, Li X, Wang C, Li Q, Zhu S, Zhang Y, Li X, Yang F, Zhu X. Selection and Validation of Reference Genes For qRT-PCR Analysis of Rhopalosiphum padi (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Front Physiol 2021; 12:663338. [PMID: 33935809 PMCID: PMC8079785 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.663338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is an important cosmopolitan pest in cereal crops. Reference genes can significantly affect qRT-PCR results. Therefore, selecting appropriate reference genes is a key prerequisite for qRT-PCR analyses. This study was conducted to identify suitable qRT-PCR reference genes in R. padi. We systematically analyzed the expression profiles of 11 commonly used reference genes. The ΔCt method, the BestKeeper, NormFinder, geNorm algorithms, and the RefFinder online tool were used to evaluate the suitability of these genes under diverse experimental conditions. The data indicated that the most appropriate sets of reference genes were β-actin and GAPDH (for developmental stages), AK and TATA (for populations), RPS18 and RPL13 (for tissues), TATA and GAPDH (for wing dimorphism), EF-1α and RPS6 (for antibiotic treatments), GAPDH and β-actin (for insecticide treatments), GAPDH, TATA, RPS18 (for starvation-induced stress), TATA, RPS6, and AK (for temperatures), and TATA and GAPDH (for all conditions). Our study findings, which revealed the reference genes suitable for various experimental conditions, will facilitate the standardization of qRT-PCR programs, while also improving the accuracy of qRT-PCR analyses, with implications for future research on R. padi gene functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyi Li
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing, China
| | - Xinan Li
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuchi Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing, China
| | - Saige Zhu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing, China
| | - Fengshan Yang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing, China
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10
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Identification and Selection of Reference Genes for Quantitative Transcript Analysis in Corydalis yanhusuo. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11020130. [PMID: 32012754 PMCID: PMC7074024 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Corydalis yanhusuo is a medicinal plant frequently used in traditional Chinese medicine, which has effective medical effects in many aspects. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been one of the most widely used methods in biosynthesis research due to its high sensitivity and quantitative properties in gene expression analysis. To obtain accurate normalization, reference genes are often selected in advance; however, no reference genes are available in C. yanhusuo. Herein, 12 reference gene candidates, named cyclophilin 2 (CYP2), elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α), protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A), SAND protein family (SAND), polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTBP), TIP41-like protein (TIP41), lyceraldehyde-3-phosphate hydrogenase (GAPDH), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 9 (UBC9), cyclophilin 1 (CYP1), tubulin beta (TUBA), thioredoxin (YLS8), and polyubiquitin 10 (UBQ10), were selected for stability analysis. After being treated with hormone, UV, salt, metal, oxidative, drought, cold (4 °C), and hot stresses (40 °C), the qRT-PCR data of the selected genes was analyzed with NormFinder, geNorm, and BestKeeper. The result indicated that GAPDH, SNAD, and PP2A were the top three most stable reference genes under most treatments. This study selected and validated reliable reference genes in C. yanhusuo under various environmental conditions, which can provide great help for future research on gene expression normalization in C. yanhusuo.
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11
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Liu W, Lang Z. The structure and self-regeneration performance of Salix psammophila-activated carbon modified by Ag and N co-doped TiO 2. RSC Adv 2020; 10:3844-3852. [PMID: 35492629 PMCID: PMC9048427 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10305h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, Salix psammophila activated carbon (AC) was modified by immersing it in an AgNO3 solution and coating it with an N-doped TiO2 film to improve its self-regeneration performance in visible light. Ag+ was adsorbed and reduced to Ag nanoparticles by AC. Ti element only existed as Ti4+, and N element was incorporated into TiO2 mainly in the form of interstitial nitrogen. The photodegradation of Ag-N-TiO2-AC (AC coated with Ag and N co-modified TiO2) was enhanced under visible light irradiation because of its three inherent structures: (1) Ag and N co-modified TiO2 had a smaller average crystal size; (2) with a low bandgap (1.59 eV), the photoresponse region of Ag and N co-modified TiO2 was greatly extended; (3) the lifetime of the photogenerated holes was increased. With the increase in the AgNO3 dosage, the Ag-N-TiO2-AC photodegradation increased, while its adsorption decreased. Because of these synergistic effects, 0.05Ag-0.1N-TiO2-AC (where 0.05 is the dosage of AgNO3, g) presented the best self-regeneration performance under visible light irradiation. In this study, Salix psammophila activated carbon (AC) was modified by immersing it in an AgNO3 solution and coating it with an N-doped TiO2 film to improve its self-regeneration performance in visible light.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Liu
- College of Materials Science and Art Design, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Hohhot 010018 China
| | - Zhen Lang
- College of Materials Science and Art Design, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Hohhot 010018 China
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12
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Navazas A, Hendrix S, Cuypers A, González A. Integrative response of arsenic uptake, speciation and detoxification by Salix atrocinerea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:422-433. [PMID: 31279189 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite arsenic (As) being very toxic with deleterious effects on metabolism, it can be tolerated and accumulated by some plants. General genetic mechanisms responsible for As tolerance in plants, including Salix species, have been described in transcriptomic analysis, but further experimental verification of the significance of particular transcripts is needed. In this study, a Salix atrocinerea clone, able to thrive in an As-contaminated brownfield, was grown hydroponically in controlled conditions under an As concentration similar to the bioavailable fraction of the contaminated area (18 mg kg-1) for 30 days. At different time points, i.e. short-term and long-term exposure, biometric data, As accumulation, phytochelatin synthesis, non-protein thiol production and expression of target genes related to these processes were studied. Results showed that S. atrocinerea presents a great tolerance to As and accumulates up to 2400 mg As kg-1 dry weight in roots and 25 mg As kg-1 dry weight in leaves. Roots reduce As V to As III rapidly, with As III being the predominant form of As accumulated in root tissues, whereas in the leaves it is As V. After 1 d of As exposure, roots and leaves show de novo synthesis and an increase in non-protein thiols as compared to the control. Integrating these data on As accumulation in the plant and its speciation, non-protein thiol production and the kinetic gene expression of related target genes, a fundamental role is highlighted for these processes in As accumulation and tolerance in S. atrocinerea. As such, this study offers new insights in the plant tolerance mechanisms to As, which provides important knowledge for future application of high-biomass willow plants in phytoremediation of As-polluted soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Navazas
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, Area of Plant Physiology, University of Oviedo, Catedrático Rodrigo Uría s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Sophie Hendrix
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Aida González
- Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, Area of Plant Physiology, University of Oviedo, Catedrático Rodrigo Uría s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, Spain.
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Jia H, Li J, Zhang J, Sun P, Lu M, Hu J. The Salix psammophila SpRLCK1 involved in drought and salt tolerance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 144:222-233. [PMID: 31586722 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) play critical roles in biotic and abiotic stress responses in plants. However, the functions of RLCKs from the desert shrub willow Salix psammophila have not been characterized. Here, we focused on the biological function of SpRLCK1, which was previously identified as a potential drought-related gene. Phylogenetic analysis and subcellular localization revealed that SpRLCK1 was a cytoplasmic-localized protein with a protein kinase domain and belonged to the RLCK VIIa subclass. Gene expression profile revealed that SpRLCK1 was predominantly expressed in the root, being consistent with the GUS staining of pSpRLCK1:GUS transgenic plants. Additionally, the expression of SpRLCK1 was significantly induced by drought and salt stresses. To verify the function of SpRLCK1, we generated its overexpressing transgenic lines in Arabidopsis thaliana. The SpRLCK1-overexpressing plants exhibited higher tolerance to drought and salt stresses, as evidenced by the higher survival rate, relative water content and antioxidant enzyme activity than those of wild-type plants. The SpRLCK1-overexpressing plants enhanced drought and salt tolerance by improving ROS-scavenging activities. A co-expression network for SpRLCK1 was constructed, and the expression analysis indicated that SpRLCK1 regulated the expression of a series of stress-related genes. Taken together, our results demonstrate that SpRLCK1 confers plant drought and salt tolerance through enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and cooperating with stress-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jianbo Li
- Experimental Center of Forestry in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 102300, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Pei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Mengzhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jianjun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.
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Ambroise V, Legay S, Guerriero G, Hausman JF, Cuypers A, Sergeant K. Selection of Appropriate Reference Genes for Gene Expression Analysis under Abiotic Stresses in Salix viminalis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174210. [PMID: 31466254 PMCID: PMC6747362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salix viminalis is a fast growing willow species with potential as a plant used for biomass feedstock or for phytoremediation. However, few reference genes (RGs) for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) are available in S. viminalis, thereby limiting gene expression studies. Here, we investigated the expression stability of 14 candidate reference genes (RGs) across various organs exposed to five abiotic stresses (cold, heat, drought, salt, and poly-metals). Four RGs ranking algorithms, namely geNormPLUS, BestKeeper, NormFinder, and GrayNorm were applied to analyze the qPCR data and the outputs were merged into consensus lists with RankAggreg, a rank aggregation algorithm. In addition, the optimal RG combinations were determined with geNormPLUS and GrayNorm. The genes that were the most stable in the roots were TIP41 and CDC2. In the leaves, TIP41 was the most stable, followed by EF1b and ARI8, depending on the condition tested. Conversely, GAPDH and β-TUB, two genes commonly used for qPCR data normalization were the least stable across all organs. Nevertheless, both geNormPLUS and GrayNorm recommended the use of a combination of genes rather than a single one. These results are valuable for research of transcriptomic responses in different S. viminalis organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Ambroise
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sylvain Legay
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Kjell Sergeant
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
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Jia H, Zhang J, Li J, Sun P, Zhang Y, Xin X, Lu M, Hu J. Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of a desert willow, Salix psammophila, reveals the function of hub genes SpMDP1 and SpWRKY33 in drought tolerance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:356. [PMID: 31416414 PMCID: PMC6694639 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1900-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought is a major environmental constraint to plant growth, development and productivity. Compared with most willows that are generally susceptible to drought, the desert willow Salix psammophila has extraordinary adaptation to drought stress. However, its molecular basis of drought tolerance is still largely unknown. RESULTS During polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000)-simulated drought stress, we found that the osmotic adjustment substances were accumulated and the antioxidant enzyme activities were enhanced in S. psammophila roots. A total of 8172 differentially expressed genes were identified in roots of S. psammophila through RNA-Sequencing. Based on K-means clustering, their expression patterns were classified into nine clusters, which were enriched in several stress-related processes including transcriptional regulation, response to various stresses, cell death, etc. Moreover, 672 transcription factors from 45 gene families were differentially expressed under drought stress. Furthermore, a weighted gene co-expression network was constructed, and eight genes were identified as hub genes. We demonstrated the function of two hub genes, magnesium-dependent phosphatase 1 (SpMDP1) and SpWRKY33, through overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana. Overexpression of the two hub genes enhanced the drought tolerance in transgenic plants, suggesting that the identification of candidate drought tolerance genes in this study was highly efficient and credible. CONCLUSIONS Our study analyzed the physiological and molecular responses to drought stress in S. psammophila, and these results contribute to dissect the mechanism of drought tolerance of S. psammophila and facilitate identification of critical genes involved in drought tolerance for willow breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091 China
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Jianbo Li
- Experimental Center of Forestry in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 102300 China
| | - Pei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Yahong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Xuebing Xin
- Experimental Center of Forestry in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 102300 China
| | - Mengzhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Jianjun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091 China
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Wang Z, Xu J, Liu Y, Chen J, Lin H, Huang Y, Bian X, Zhao Y. Selection and validation of appropriate reference genes for real-time quantitative PCR analysis in Momordica charantia. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 164:1-11. [PMID: 31054374 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Real time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) has been attracting more attention for its high sensitivity in gene expression analysis. Given the widely use of RT-qPCR in normalization, it is playing a pivotal role for seeking suitable reference genes in different species. In current work, 12 candidate reference genes including Actin 2 (ACT2), Cyclophilin 2 (CYP2), Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase C2 (GAPC2), Elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α), Nuclear cap binding protein 20 (NCBP20), Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP2A (PP2A), Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1), SAND family protein (SNAD), TIP41-like protein (TIP41), Tubulin beta-6 (TUB6), Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 9 (UBC9) and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatedehydrogenase (GAPDH) were screened from the transcriptome datasets of M. charantia. Afterwards, GeNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper algorithms were applied to assess the expression stability of these 12 genes under different abiotic stresses including drought, cold, high-salt, hormone, UV, oxidative and metal stress. The results indicated that 12 selected genes exhibited various stability across the samples under different external stress conditions, but TIP41, PTBP1 and PP2A presented high stability among all the reference genes. To validate the suitability of the identified reference genes, the results of hormone subset were compared with RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data, and the relative abundance of Ascorbate peroxidase 1(APX1)was used to confirm the reliability of the results. This work assesses the stability of reference genes in M. charantia under different abiotic stress conditions, which will be beneficent for accurate normalization of target genes in M. charantia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglong Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Jiyang Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Yihan Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Jiyu Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Hanfeng Lin
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Yanli Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Bian
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| | - Yucheng Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
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Hossain MS, Ahmed R, Haque MS, Alam MM, Islam MS. Identification and validation of reference genes for real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis in jute. BMC Mol Biol 2019; 20:13. [PMID: 31035927 PMCID: PMC6489354 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-019-0130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the availability of genome sequences, gene expression analysis of jute has drawn considerable attention for understanding the regulatory mechanisms of fiber development and improving fiber quality. Gene expression profiles of a target gene can provide valuable clues towards the understanding of its biological function. Reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is the best method for targeted gene expression analysis due to its sensitivity and reproducibility. However, calculating relative expression requires reference genes, which must be stable across various biological conditions. For this purposes, 11 prospective genes namely, 28S RNA, ACT7, CYP, EF1A, EF2, ETIF3E, GAPDH, PP2Ac, PTB, UBC2 and UBI1 were evaluated for their potential use as reference genes in jute. RESULTS The expression stabilities of eleven prospective genes were analyzed in various jute plant tissues, such as the root, stick, bark, leaf, flower, seed and fiber, as well as under abiotic (waterlogged, drought and salinity) and biotic stress (infestation with Macrophomina phaseolina) conditions with different time points. All 11 genes were variably expressed in different tissues and stress conditions. To find suitable reference genes in different sample sets, a comprehensive approach based on four statistical algorithms such as GeNorm, BestKeeper, NormFinder the ΔCt was used. The PP2Ac and EF2 genes were the most stably expressed across the different tissues. ACT7 and UBC2 were suitable reference genes under drought stress, and CYP and PP2Ac were the most appropriate after inoculation with Macrophomina phaseolina. Under salinity stress, PP2Ac and UBC2 were the best genes, and ACT7 and PP2Ac were the most suitable under waterlogged conditions. CONCLUSION Expression stability of reference genes from jute varied in different tissues and selected experimental conditions. Our results provide a valuable resource for the accurate normalization of gene expression experiments in fiber research for important bast fiber crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Sabbir Hossain
- Basic and Applied Research on Jute Project, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rasel Ahmed
- Basic and Applied Research on Jute Project, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Samiul Haque
- Basic and Applied Research on Jute Project, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Monjurul Alam
- Basic and Applied Research on Jute Project, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Shahidul Islam
- Basic and Applied Research on Jute Project, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Ciesielska A, Oleksak B, Stączek P. Reference genes for accurate evaluation of expression levels in Trichophyton interdigitale grown under different carbon sources, pH levels and phosphate levels. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5566. [PMID: 30944363 PMCID: PMC6447595 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tinea pedis is a type of dermatophytosis caused by anthropophilic keratinolytic fungi such as Trichophyton interdigitale. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) is a reliable and reproducible technique for measuring changes in target gene expression across various biological conditions. A crucial aspect of accurate normalization is the choice of appropriate internal controls. To identify reference genes for accurate evaluation of expression levels in T. interdigitale, the transcription levels of eight candidate reference genes (adp-rf, β-act, ef1-α, gapdh, psm1, sdha, rpl2 and ubc) and one target gene (Tri m4) were analysed by RT-qPCR after growing the dermatophyte under different environmental conditions. The results obtained from expression stability evaluations with NormFinder, geNorm, BestKeeper, and RefFinder software demonstrated that adp-rf and psm1 were the most stable internal control genes across all experimental conditions. The present study constitutes the first report of the identification and validation of reference genes for RT-qPCR normalization for T. interdigitale grown under different environmental conditions resembling the conditions encountered by fungi during invasion of skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Ciesielska
- Department of Microbial Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Beata Oleksak
- Department of Microbial Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Paweł Stączek
- Department of Microbial Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
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Zhang K, Li M, Cao S, Sun Y, Long R, Kang J, Yan L, Cui H. Selection and validation of reference genes for target gene analysis with quantitative real-time PCR in the leaves and roots of Carex rigescens under abiotic stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 168:127-137. [PMID: 30384160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Carex rigescens is an ornamental turfgrass in northern China which has a relatively low maintenance cost and robust tolerance to many adverse environmental conditions, so it could be considered a new material for researching into plant stress resistance. However, suitable reference genes are vacant for obtaining reliable results in quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of C. rigescens in adversity research. In this study, we tested the expression stability of nine potential reference genes in leaves and roots under five different abiotic stress conditions, including cold, salt, heat, osmotic and cadmium (Cd). We then selected the best reference genes according to the analysis results calculated by three algorithmic programs (geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper) and used the RankAggreg package to merge the outputted data. The results showed that combinations of at least two reference genes should be used for reliable normalization except in heat-treated root samples, which require three reference genes. eIF-4α, GADPH, SAND and PEPKR1 and their combination were found to be the most stably expressed reference genes, while SAM, TUA-α and UPL7 were the three least stable reference genes among most of experimental samples. In addition, five stress-induced genes (Cu-Zn SOD, P5CS, LEA, GST, and APX) were chosen to verify the stability of the selected reference genes in various tissues and under various stress conditions. The results of this study will provide an important fundamental basis both for gene expression verification for transcriptomic and proteomic analyses and for gene expression analysis for future gene function research in C. rigescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- Grassland Science Department, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Mingna Li
- Grassland Science Department, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Shihao Cao
- Grassland Science Department, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Yan Sun
- Grassland Science Department, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Ruicai Long
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Junmei Kang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Li Yan
- Grassland Science Department, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Huiting Cui
- Grassland Science Department, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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20
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Zhang C, Feng L, Tian XS. Alterations in the 5' untranslated region of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene influence EPSPS overexpression in glyphosate-resistant Eleusine indica. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:2561-2568. [PMID: 29701010 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The herbicide glyphosate inhibits the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). Overexpression of the EPSPS gene is one of the molecular mechanisms conferring glyphosate resistance in weeds, but the transcriptional regulation of this gene is poorly understood. The EPSPS gene was found to be significantly up-regulated following glyphosate treatment in a glyphosate-resistant Eleusine indica population from southern China. To further investigate the regulation of EPSPS overexpression, the promoter of the EPSPS gene from this E. indica population was cloned and analyzed. RESULTS Two upstream regulatory sequences, Epro-S (862 bp) and Epro-R (877 bp), of EPSPS were obtained from glyphosate-susceptible (S) and -resistant (R) E. indica plants, respectively, by high-efficiency thermal asymmetric interlaced polymerase chain reaction (HiTAIL-PCR). The Epro-S and Epro-R sequences were 99% homologous, except for two insertions (3 and12 bp) in the R sequence. The 12-base insertion in the Epro-R sequence was located in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) pyrimidine nucleotide-rich (Py-rich) stretch element. Promoter activity tests showed that the 12-base insertion resulted in significant enhancement of Epro-R promoter activity, whereas the 3-base insertion had little effect on Epro-R promoter activity. CONCLUSION Alterations in the 5' UTR Py-rich stretch element of EPSPS are responsible for glyphosate-induced EPSPS overexpression. Thus, EPSPS transcriptional regulation confers glyphosate resistance in this E. indica population. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing-Shan Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Li J, Zhang J, Jia H, Yue Z, Lu M, Xin X, Hu J. Genome-Wide Characterization of the sHsp Gene Family in Salix suchowensis Reveals Its Functions under Different Abiotic Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3246. [PMID: 30347736 PMCID: PMC6214038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Small heat shock proteins (sHsps) function mainly as molecular chaperones that play vital roles in response to diverse stresses, especially high temperature. However, little is known about the molecular characteristics and evolutionary history of the sHsp family in Salix suchowensis, an important bioenergy woody plant. In this study, 35 non-redundant sHsp genes were identified in S. suchowensis, and they were divided into four subfamilies (C, CP, PX, and MT) based on their phylogenetic relationships and predicted subcellular localization. Though the gene structure and conserved motif were relatively conserved, the sequences of the Hsp20 domain were diversified. Eight paralogous pairs were identified in the Ssu-sHsp family, in which five pairs were generated by tandem duplication events. Ka/Ks analysis indicated that Ssu-sHsps had undergone purifying selection. The expression profiles analysis showed Ssu-Hsps tissue-specific expression patterns, and they were induced by at least one abiotic stress. The expression correlation between two paralogous pairs (Ssu-sHsp22.2-CV/23.0-CV and 23.8-MT/25.6-MT) were less than 0.6, indicating that they were divergent during the evolution. Various cis-acting elements related to stress responses, hormone or development, were detected in the promoter of Ssu-sHsps. Furthermore, the co-expression network revealed the potential mechanism of Ssu-sHsps under stress tolerance and development. These results provide a foundation for further functional research on the Ssu-sHsp gene family in S. suchowensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
- Experimental Center of Forestry in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 102300, China.
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Huixia Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Mengzhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Xuebing Xin
- Experimental Center of Forestry in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 102300, China.
| | - Jianjun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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22
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Liu X, Guan H, Song M, Fu Y, Han X, Lei M, Ren J, Guo B, He W, Wei Y. Reference gene selection for qRT-PCR assays in Stellera chamaejasme subjected to abiotic stresses and hormone treatments based on transcriptome datasets. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4535. [PMID: 29632740 PMCID: PMC5888148 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stellera chamaejasme Linn, an important poisonous plant of the China grassland, is toxic to humans and livestock. The rapid expansion of S. chamaejasme has greatly damaged the grassland ecology and, consequently, seriously endangered the development of animal husbandry. To draft efficient prevention and control measures, it has become more urgent to carry out research on its adaptive and expansion mechanisms in different unfavorable habitats at the genetic level. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a widely used technique for studying gene expression at the transcript level; however, qRT-PCR requires reference genes (RGs) as endogenous controls for data normalization and only through appropriate RG selection and qRT-PCR can we guarantee the reliability and robustness of expression studies and RNA-seq data analysis. Unfortunately, little research on the selection of RGs for gene expression data normalization in S. chamaejasme has been reported. Method In this study, 10 candidate RGs namely, 18S, 60S, CYP, GAPCP1, GAPDH2, EF1B, MDH, SAND, TUA1, and TUA6, were singled out from the transcriptome database of S. chamaejasme, and their expression stability under three abiotic stresses (drought, cold, and salt) and three hormone treatments (abscisic acid, ABA; gibberellin, GA; ethephon, ETH) were estimated with the programs geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper. Result Our results showed that GAPCP1 and EF1B were the best combination for the three abiotic stresses, whereas TUA6 and SAND, TUA1 and CYP, GAPDH2 and 60S were the best choices for ABA, GA, and ETH treatment, respectively. Moreover, GAPCP1 and 60S were assessed to be the best combination for all samples, and 18S was the least stable RG for use as an internal control in all of the experimental subsets. The expression patterns of two target genes (P5CS2 and GI) further verified that the RGs that we selected were suitable for gene expression normalization. Discussion This work is the first attempt to comprehensively estimate the stability of RGs in S. chamaejasme. Our results provide suitable RGs for high-precision normalization in qRT-PCR analysis, thereby making it more convenient to analyze gene expression under these experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huirui Guan
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Min Song
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaomin Han
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meng Lei
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingyu Ren
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bin Guo
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei He
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yahui Wei
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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23
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Li J, Han X, Wang C, Qi W, Zhang W, Tang L, Zhao X. Validation of Suitable Reference Genes for RT-qPCR Data in Achyranthes bidentata Blume under Different Experimental Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:776. [PMID: 28559905 PMCID: PMC5432617 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a sensitive technique for gene expression studies. However, choosing the appropriate reference gene is essential to obtain reliable results for RT-qPCR assays. In the present work, the expression of eight candidate reference genes, EF1-α (elongation factor 1-α), GAPDH (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase), UBC (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme), UBQ (polyubiquitin), ACT (actin), β-TUB (β-tubulin), APT1 (adenine phosphoribosyltransferase 1), and 18S rRNA (18S ribosomal RNA), was evaluated in Achyranthes bidentata samples using two algorithms, geNorm and NormFinder. The samples were classified into groups according to developmental stages, various tissues, stresses (cold, heat, drought, NaCl), and hormone treatments (MeJA, IBA, SA). Suitable combination of reference genes for RT-qPCR normalization should be applied according to different experimental conditions. In this study, EF1-α, UBC, and ACT genes were verified as the suitable reference genes across all tested samples. To validate the suitability of the reference genes, we evaluated the relative expression of CAS, which is a gene that may be involved in phytosterol synthesis. Our results provide the foundation for gene expression analysis in A. bidentata and other species of Amaranthaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinting Li
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal UniversityXinxiang, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Nursing and Utilization of Genuine Chinese Crude DrugsXinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jinting Li,
| | - Xueping Han
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal UniversityXinxiang, China
| | - Can Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal UniversityXinxiang, China
| | - Wanzhen Qi
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal UniversityXinxiang, China
| | - Weiyu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal UniversityXinxiang, China
| | - Li Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal UniversityXinxiang, China
| | - Xiting Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal UniversityXinxiang, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Nursing and Utilization of Genuine Chinese Crude DrugsXinxiang, China
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24
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Huang Y, Tan H, Yu J, Chen Y, Guo Z, Wang G, Zhang Q, Chen J, Zhang L, Diao Y. Stable Internal Reference Genes for Normalizing Real-Time Quantitative PCR in Baphicacanthus cusia under Hormonal Stimuli and UV Irradiation, and in Different Plant Organs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:668. [PMID: 28515733 PMCID: PMC5413499 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Baphicacanthus cusia (Nees) Bremek, the plant source for many kinds of drugs in traditional Chinese medicine, is widely distributed in South China, especially in Fujian. Recent studies about B. cusia mainly focus on its chemical composition and pharmacological effects, but further analysis of the plant's gene functions and expression is required to better understand the synthesis of its effective compounds. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a powerful method for gene expression analysis. It is necessary to select a suitable reference gene for expression normalization to ensure the accuracy of RT-qPCR results. Ten candidate reference genes were selected from the transcriptome datasets of B. cusia in this study, and the expression stability was assessed across 60 samples representing different tissues and organs under various conditions, including ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, hormonal stimuli (jasmonic acid methyl ester and abscisic acid), and in different plant organs. By employing different algorithms, such as geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper, which are complementary approaches based on different statistical procedures, 18S rRNA was found to be the most stable gene under UV irradiation and hormonal stimuli, whereas ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 was the best suitable gene for different plant organs. This novel study aimed to screen for suitable reference genes and corresponding primer pairs specifically designed for gene expression studies in B. cusia, in particular for RT-qPCR analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao UniversityQuanzhou, China
- School of Pharmacy, Quanzhou Medical CollegeQuanzhou, China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Hexin Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Jian Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao UniversityQuanzhou, China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Zhiying Guo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao UniversityQuanzhou, China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Guoquan Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao UniversityQuanzhou, China
| | - Qinglei Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao UniversityQuanzhou, China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Zhang
| | - Yong Diao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao UniversityQuanzhou, China
- Yong Diao
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