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Tang L, Li G, Wang H, Zhao J, Li Z, Liu X, Shu Y, Liu W, Wang S, Huang J, Ying J, Tong X, Yuan W, Wei X, Tang S, Wang Y, Bu Q, Zhang J. Exogenous abscisic acid represses rice flowering via SAPK8-ABF1-Ehd1/Ehd2 pathway. J Adv Res 2024; 59:35-47. [PMID: 37399924 PMCID: PMC11081964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rice flowering is a major agronomic trait, determining yield and ecological adaptability in particular regions. ABA plays an essential role in rice flowering, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains largely elusive. OBJECTIVES In this study, we demonstrated a "SAPK8-ABF1-Ehd1/Ehd2" pathway, through which exogenous ABA represses rice flowering in a photoperiod-independent manner. METHODS We generated abf1 and sapk8 mutants using the CRISPR-Cas9 method. Using yeast two-hybrid, Pull down, BiFC and kinase assays, SAPK8 interacted and phosphorylated ABF1. ABF1 directly bound to the promoters of Ehd1 and Ehd2 using ChIP-qPCR, EMSA, and LUC transient transcriptional activity assay, and suppressed the transcription of these genes. RESULTS Under both long day and short day conditions, simultaneous knock-out of ABF1 and its homolog bZIP40 accelerated flowering, while SAPK8 and ABF1 over-expression lines exhibited delayed flowering and hypersensitivity to ABA-mediated flowering repression. After perceiving the ABA signal, SAPK8 physically binds to and phosphorylates ABF1 to enhance its binding to the promoters of master positive flowering regulators Ehd1 and Ehd2. Upon interacting with FIE2, ABF1 recruited PRC2 complex to deposit H3K27me3 suppressive histone modification on Ehd1 and Ehd2 to suppress these genes transcription, thereby leading to later flowering. CONCLUSION Our work highlighted the biological functions of SAPK8 and ABF1 in ABA signaling, flowering control and the involvement of a PRC2-mediated epigenetic repression mechanism in the transcription regulation governed by ABF1 on ABA-mediated rice flowering repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Tang
- State key laboratory of rice biology and breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Guanghao Li
- State key laboratory of rice biology and breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Huimei Wang
- State key laboratory of rice biology and breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- State key laboratory of rice biology and breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- State key laboratory of rice biology and breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Xixi Liu
- State key laboratory of rice biology and breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Yazhou Shu
- State key laboratory of rice biology and breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Wanning Liu
- State key laboratory of rice biology and breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State key laboratory of rice biology and breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Jie Huang
- State key laboratory of rice biology and breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Jiezheng Ying
- State key laboratory of rice biology and breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Xiaohong Tong
- State key laboratory of rice biology and breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Wenya Yuan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xiangjin Wei
- State key laboratory of rice biology and breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Shaoqing Tang
- State key laboratory of rice biology and breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- State key laboratory of rice biology and breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China.
| | - Qingyun Bu
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China; The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- State key laboratory of rice biology and breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China.
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Choi S, Prabhakar PK, Chowdhury R, Pendergast TH, Urbanowicz BR, Maranas C, Devos KM. A single amino acid change led to structural and functional differentiation of PvHd1 to control flowering in switchgrass. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5532-5546. [PMID: 37402629 PMCID: PMC10540729 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Switchgrass, a forage and bioenergy crop, occurs as two main ecotypes with different but overlapping ranges of adaptation. The two ecotypes differ in a range of characteristics, including flowering time. Flowering time determines the duration of vegetative development and therefore biomass accumulation, a key trait in bioenergy crops. No causal variants for flowering time differences between switchgrass ecotypes have, as yet, been identified. In this study, we mapped a robust flowering time quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 4K in a biparental F2 population and characterized the flowering-associated transcription factor gene PvHd1, an ortholog of CONSTANS in Arabidopsis and Heading date 1 in rice, as the underlying causal gene. Protein modeling predicted that a serine to glycine substitution at position 35 (p.S35G) in B-Box domain 1 greatly altered the global structure of the PvHd1 protein. The predicted variation in protein compactness was supported in vitro by a 4 °C shift in denaturation temperature. Overexpressing the PvHd1-p.35S allele in a late-flowering CONSTANS-null Arabidopsis mutant rescued earlier flowering, whereas PvHd1-p.35G had a reduced ability to promote flowering, demonstrating that the structural variation led to functional divergence. Our findings provide us with a tool to manipulate the timing of floral transition in switchgrass cultivars and, potentially, expand their cultivation range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Choi
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Pradeep K Prabhakar
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ratul Chowdhury
- Chemical Engineering, Penn State University, State College, PA 16801, USA
| | - Thomas H Pendergast
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Breeanna R Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Costas Maranas
- Chemical Engineering, Penn State University, State College, PA 16801, USA
| | - Katrien M Devos
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Hou Z, Fang C, Liu B, Yang H, Kong F. Origin, variation, and selection of natural alleles controlling flowering and adaptation in wild and cultivated soybean. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2023; 43:36. [PMID: 37309391 PMCID: PMC10248697 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-023-01382-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) is an economically important crop worldwide, serving as a major source of oil and protein for human consumption and animal feed. Cultivated soybean was domesticated from wild soybean (Glycine soja) which both species are highly sensitive to photoperiod and can grow over a wide geographical range. The extensive ecological adaptation of wild and cultivated soybean has been facilitated by a series of genes represented as quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that control photoperiodic flowering and maturation. Here, we review the molecular and genetic basis underlying the regulation of photoperiodic flowering in soybean. Soybean has experienced both natural and artificial selection during adaptation to different latitudes, resulting in differential molecular and evolutionary mechanisms between wild and cultivated soybean. The in-depth study of natural and artificial selection for the photoperiodic adaptability of wild and cultivated soybean provides an important theoretical and practical basis for enhancing soybean adaptability and yield via molecular breeding. In addition, we discuss the possible origin of wild soybean, current challenges, and future research directions in this important topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Hou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Chao Fang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Baohui Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Hui Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Adaptation and Molecular Design, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Editing, Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
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Yuan J, Ott T, Hiltbrunner A. Phytochromes and flowering: legumes do it another way. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:379-381. [PMID: 36797160 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytochromes have a crucial role in the regulation of flowering in many plants, but the underlying molecular mechanisms vary among species. Recently, Lin et al. described a unique phytochrome A (phyA)-controlled photoperiodic flowering pathway in soybean (Glycine max), revealing a novel mechanism for photoperiodic regulation of flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Yuan
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Ott
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hiltbrunner
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Gene Mapping and Identification of a Missense Mutation in One Copy of VRN-A1 Affects Heading Date Variation in Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24055008. [PMID: 36902439 PMCID: PMC10003625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24055008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Heading date (HD) is an important trait for wide adaptability and yield stability in wheat. The Vernalization 1 (VRN1) gene is a key regulatory factor controlling HD in wheat. The identification of allelic variations in VRN1 is crucial for wheat improvement as climate change becomes more of a threat to agriculture. In this study, we identified an EMS-induced late-heading wheat mutant je0155 and crossed it with wide-type (WT) Jing411 to construct an F2 population of 344 individuals. Through Bulk Segregant Analysis (BSA) of early and late-heading plants, we identified a Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) for HD on chromosome 5A. Further genetic linkage analysis limited the QTL to a physical region of 0.8 Mb. Cloning and sequencing revealed three copies of VRN-A1 in the WT and mutant lines; one copy contained a missense mutation of C changed to T in exon 4 and another copy contained a mutation in intron 5. Genotype and phenotype analysis of the segregation population validated that the mutations in VRN-A1 contributed to the late HD phenotype in the mutant. Expression analysis of C- or T-type alleles in exon 4 of the WT and mutant lines indicated that this mutation led to lower expression of VRN-A1, which resulted in the late-heading of je0155. This study provides valuable information for the genetic regulation of HD and many important resources for HD refinement in wheat breeding programs.
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Wang F, Li S, Kong F, Lin X, Lu S. Altered regulation of flowering expands growth ranges and maximizes yields in major crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1094411. [PMID: 36743503 PMCID: PMC9892950 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1094411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flowering time influences reproductive success in plants and has a significant impact on yield in grain crops. Flowering time is regulated by a variety of environmental factors, with daylength often playing an important role. Crops can be categorized into different types according to their photoperiod requirements for flowering. For instance, long-day crops include wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), and pea (Pisum sativum), while short-day crops include rice (Oryza sativa), soybean (Glycine max), and maize (Zea mays). Understanding the molecular regulation of flowering and genotypic variation therein is important for molecular breeding and crop improvement. This paper reviews the regulation of flowering in different crop species with a particular focus on how photoperiod-related genes facilitate adaptation to local environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiaoya Lin
- *Correspondence: Xiaoya Lin, ; Sijia Lu,
| | - Sijia Lu
- *Correspondence: Xiaoya Lin, ; Sijia Lu,
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7
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Chirivì D, Betti C. Molecular Links between Flowering and Abiotic Stress Response: A Focus on Poaceae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:331. [PMID: 36679044 PMCID: PMC9866591 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Extreme temperatures, drought, salinity and soil pollution are the most common types of abiotic stresses crops can encounter in fields; these variations represent a general warning to plant productivity and survival, being more harmful when in combination. Plant response to such conditions involves the activation of several molecular mechanisms, starting from perception to signaling, transcriptional reprogramming and protein modifications. This can influence the plant's life cycle and development to different extents. Flowering developmental transition is very sensitive to environmental stresses, being critical to reproduction and to agricultural profitability for crops. The Poacee family contains some of the most widespread domesticated plants, such as wheat, barley and rice, which are commonly referred to as cereals and represent a primary food source. In cultivated Poaceae, stress-induced modifications of flowering time and development cause important yield losses by directly affecting seed production. At the molecular level, this reflects important changes in gene expression and protein activity. Here, we present a comprehensive overview on the latest research investigating the molecular pathways linking flowering control to osmotic and temperature extreme conditions in agronomically relevant monocotyledons. This aims to provide hints for biotechnological strategies that can ensure agricultural stability in ever-changing climatic conditions.
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8
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Li Z, Gui R, Yu X, Liang C, Cui J, Zhao X, Zhang X, Yu P, Chen W, Sun J. Genetic basis of the early heading of high-latitude weedy rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1059197. [PMID: 36544870 PMCID: PMC9760980 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1059197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important staple food in high-latitude regions and is widely distributed in northern China, Japan, Korea, and Europe. However, the genetic diversity of japonica rice is relatively narrow and poorly adapted. Weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) is a semi-domesticated rice. Its headings are earlier than the accompanied japonica rice, making it a potential new genetic resource, which can make up for the defects of wild rice that are difficult to be directly applied to japonica rice improvement caused by reproductive isolation. In this study, we applied a natural population consisting of weedy rice, japonica landrace, and japonica cultivar to conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of the heading date and found four loci that could explain the natural variation of the heading date in this population. At the same time, we developed recombinant inbred lines (RILs) crossed by the early-heading weedy rice WR04-6 and its accompanied japonica cultivar ShenNong 265 (SN265) to carry out a QTL mapping analysis of the heading date and mapped four quantitative trait locus (QTLs) and three epistatic effect gene pairs. The major locus on chromosome 6 overlapped with the GWAS result. Further analysis found that two genes, Hd1 and OsCCT22, on chromosome 6 (Locus 2 and Locus 3) may be the key points of the early-heading character of weedy rice. As minor effect genes, Dth7 and Hd16 also have genetic contributions to the early heading of weedy rice. In the process of developing the RIL population, we introduced fragments of Locus 2 and Locus 3 from the weedy rice into super-high-yielding japonica rice, which successfully promoted its heading date by at least 10 days and expanded the rice suitable cultivation area northward by about 400 km. This study successfully revealed the genetic basis of the early heading of weedy rice and provided a new idea for the genetic improvement of cultivated rice by weedy rice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wenfu Chen
- *Correspondence: Wenfu Chen, ; Jian Sun,
| | - Jian Sun
- *Correspondence: Wenfu Chen, ; Jian Sun,
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9
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Wheat genomic study for genetic improvement of traits in China. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 65:1718-1775. [PMID: 36018491 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major crop that feeds 40% of the world's population. Over the past several decades, advances in genomics have led to tremendous achievements in understanding the origin and domestication of wheat, and the genetic basis of agronomically important traits, which promote the breeding of elite varieties. In this review, we focus on progress that has been made in genomic research and genetic improvement of traits such as grain yield, end-use traits, flowering regulation, nutrient use efficiency, and biotic and abiotic stress responses, and various breeding strategies that contributed mainly by Chinese scientists. Functional genomic research in wheat is entering a new era with the availability of multiple reference wheat genome assemblies and the development of cutting-edge technologies such as precise genome editing tools, high-throughput phenotyping platforms, sequencing-based cloning strategies, high-efficiency genetic transformation systems, and speed-breeding facilities. These insights will further extend our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks underlying agronomic traits and facilitate the breeding process, ultimately contributing to more sustainable agriculture in China and throughout the world.
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10
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Jones MK, Lister DL. The Domestication of the Seasons: The Exploitation of Variations in Crop Seasonality Responses by Later Prehistoric Farmers. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.907536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Discussions of domestication and its associated genetic traits has focused upon dispersal mechanisms, for example in the rachis structure of cereals. Here we consider another trait of importance to domesticated crops – their seasonality response. We particularly consider flowering response to changing daylength, and how that relates to domesticated species that are carried by farmers considerable distances from their regions of origin. We consider the implications of cultivating crops in regions whose seasonality patterns contrast with those of the crop’s region of origin, and consider the consequent genetic changes. Reference is made to the particular case of barley, and a discussion of archaeogenetic research into its photoperiod response mechanism is provided.
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Cho LH, Yoon J, Tun W, Baek G, Peng X, Hong WJ, Mori IC, Hojo Y, Matsuura T, Kim SR, Kim ST, Kwon SW, Jung KH, Jeon JS, An G. Cytokinin increases vegetative growth period by suppressing florigen expression in rice and maize. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:1619-1635. [PMID: 35388561 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the vegetative growth period of crops can increase biomass and grain yield. In rice (Oryza sativa), the concentration of trans -zeatin, an active cytokinin, was high in the leaves during vegetative growth and decreased rapidly upon induction of florigen expression, suggesting that this hormone is involved in the regulation of the vegetative phase. To elucidate whether exogenous cytokinin application influences the length of the vegetative phase, we applied 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) to rice plants at various developmental stages. Our treatment delayed flowering time by 8-9 days when compared with mock-treated rice plants, but only at the transition stage when the flowering signals were produced. Our observations also showed that flowering in the paddy field is delayed by thidiazuron, a stable chemical that mimics the effects of cytokinin. The transcript levels of florigen genes Heading date 3a (Hd3a) and Rice Flowering locus T1 (RFT1) were significantly reduced by the treatment, but the expression of Early heading date 1 (Ehd1), a gene found directly upstream of the florigen genes, was not altered. In maize (Zea mays), similarly, BAP treatment increased the vegetative phage by inhibiting the expression of ZCN8, an ortholog of Hd3a. We showed that cytokinin treatment induced the expression of two type-A response regulators (OsRR1 and OsRR2) which interacted with Ehd1, a type-B response regulator. We also observed that cytokinin did not affect flowering time in ehd1 knockout mutants. Our study indicates that cytokinin application increases the duration of the vegetative phase by delaying the expression of florigen genes in rice and maize by inhibiting Ehd1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lae-Hyeon Cho
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, South Korea
| | - Jinmi Yoon
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, South Korea
| | - Win Tun
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, South Korea
| | - Gibeom Baek
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Xin Peng
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, South Korea
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Woo-Jong Hong
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, South Korea
| | - Izumi C Mori
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Yuko Hojo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Takakazu Matsuura
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Sung-Ryul Kim
- Novel Gene Resources Laboratory, Strategic Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Sun-Tae Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Wook Kwon
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hong Jung
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, South Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, South Korea
| | - Gynheung An
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, South Korea
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Chen R, Deng Y, Ding Y, Guo J, Qiu J, Wang B, Wang C, Xie Y, Zhang Z, Chen J, Chen L, Chu C, He G, He Z, Huang X, Xing Y, Yang S, Xie D, Liu Y, Li J. Rice functional genomics: decades' efforts and roads ahead. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022. [PMID: 34881420 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-2024-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important crops in the world. Since the completion of rice reference genome sequences, tremendous progress has been achieved in understanding the molecular mechanisms on various rice traits and dissecting the underlying regulatory networks. In this review, we summarize the research progress of rice biology over past decades, including omics, genome-wide association study, phytohormone action, nutrient use, biotic and abiotic responses, photoperiodic flowering, and reproductive development (fertility and sterility). For the roads ahead, cutting-edge technologies such as new genomics methods, high-throughput phenotyping platforms, precise genome-editing tools, environmental microbiome optimization, and synthetic methods will further extend our understanding of unsolved molecular biology questions in rice, and facilitate integrations of the knowledge for agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yiwen Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yanglin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jingxin Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jie Qiu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Changsheng Wang
- National Center for Gene Research, Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yongyao Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhihua Zhang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Letian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chengcai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guangcun He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zuhua He
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xuehui Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yongzhong Xing
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Daoxin Xie
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Yaoguang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Jiayang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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13
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Rice functional genomics: decades' efforts and roads ahead. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 65:33-92. [PMID: 34881420 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-2024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important crops in the world. Since the completion of rice reference genome sequences, tremendous progress has been achieved in understanding the molecular mechanisms on various rice traits and dissecting the underlying regulatory networks. In this review, we summarize the research progress of rice biology over past decades, including omics, genome-wide association study, phytohormone action, nutrient use, biotic and abiotic responses, photoperiodic flowering, and reproductive development (fertility and sterility). For the roads ahead, cutting-edge technologies such as new genomics methods, high-throughput phenotyping platforms, precise genome-editing tools, environmental microbiome optimization, and synthetic methods will further extend our understanding of unsolved molecular biology questions in rice, and facilitate integrations of the knowledge for agricultural applications.
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14
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Natural variation and artificial selection of photoperiodic flowering genes and their applications in crop adaptation. ABIOTECH 2021; 2:156-169. [PMID: 36304754 PMCID: PMC9590489 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-021-00039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Flowering links vegetative growth and reproductive growth and involves the coordination of local environmental cues and plant genetic information. Appropriate timing of floral initiation and maturation in both wild and cultivated plants is important to their fitness and productivity in a given growth environment. The domestication of plants into crops, and later crop expansion and improvement, has often involved selection for early flowering. In this review, we analyze the basic rules for photoperiodic adaptation in several economically important and/or well-researched crop species. The ancestors of rice (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays), soybean (Glycine max), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) are short-day plants whose photosensitivity was reduced or lost during domestication and expansion to high-latitude areas. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) are long-day crops whose photosensitivity is influenced by both latitude and vernalization type. Here, we summarize recent studies about where these crops were domesticated, how they adapted to photoperiodic conditions as their growing area expanded from domestication locations to modern cultivating regions, and how allelic variants of photoperiodic flowering genes were selected during this process. A deeper understanding of photoperiodic flowering in each crop will enable better molecular design and breeding of high-yielding cultivars suited to particular local environments. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42994-021-00039-0.
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15
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Cao S, Luo X, Xu D, Tian X, Song J, Xia X, Chu C, He Z. Genetic architecture underlying light and temperature mediated flowering in Arabidopsis, rice, and temperate cereals. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1731-1745. [PMID: 33586137 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Timely flowering is essential for optimum crop reproduction and yield. To determine the best flowering-time genes (FTGs) relevant to local adaptation and breeding, it is essential to compare the interspecific genetic architecture of flowering in response to light and temperature, the two most important environmental cues in crop breeding. However, the conservation and variations of FTGs across species lack systematic dissection. This review summarizes current knowledge on the genetic architectures underlying light and temperature-mediated flowering initiation in Arabidopsis, rice, and temperate cereals. Extensive comparative analyses show that most FTGs are conserved, whereas functional variations in FTGs may be species specific and confer local adaptation in different species. To explore evolutionary dynamics underpinning the conservation and variations in FTGs, domestication and selection of some key FTGs are further dissected. Based on our analyses of genetic control of flowering time, a number of key issues are highlighted. Strategies for modulation of flowering behavior in crop breeding are also discussed. The resultant resources provide a wealth of reference information to uncover molecular mechanisms of flowering in plants and achieve genetic improvement in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanghe Cao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xumei Luo
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Dengan Xu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiuling Tian
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jie Song
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xianchun Xia
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chengcai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhonghu He
- Institute of Crop Sciences, National Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center China Office, c/o Chinese Academy Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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16
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Arefian M, Bhagya N, Prasad TSK. Phosphorylation-mediated signalling in flowering: prospects and retrospects of phosphoproteomics in crops. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2164-2191. [PMID: 34047006 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a major post-translational modification, regulating protein function, stability, and subcellular localization. To date, annotated phosphorylation data are available mainly for model organisms and humans, despite the economic importance of crop species and their large kinomes. Our understanding of the phospho-regulation of flowering in relation to the biology and interaction between the pollen and pistil is still significantly lagging, limiting our knowledge on kinase signalling and its potential applications to crop production. To address this gap, we bring together relevant literature that were previously disconnected to present an overview of the roles of phosphoproteomic signalling pathways in modulating molecular and cellular regulation within specific tissues at different morphological stages of flowering. This review is intended to stimulate research, with the potential to increase crop productivity by providing a platform for novel molecular tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Arefian
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - N Bhagya
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
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17
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González AM, Vander Schoor JK, Fang C, Kong F, Wu J, Weller JL, Santalla M. Ancient relaxation of an obligate short-day requirement in common bean through loss of CONSTANS-like gene function. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1643-1652.e2. [PMID: 33609454 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a major global food staple and source of dietary protein that was domesticated independently in Mexico and Andean South America. Its subsequent development as a crop of importance worldwide has been enabled by genetic relaxation of the strict short-day requirement typical of wild forms, but the genetic basis for this change is not well understood. Recently, a loss of photoperiod sensitivity was shown to result from mutations in the phytochrome photoreceptor gene Ppd/PHYA3 that arose independently within the two major domesticated lineages. Here, we define a second major photoperiod sensitivity locus, at which recessive alleles associate with deleterious mutations affecting the CONSTANS-like gene COL2. A wider survey of sequence variation in over 800 diverse lines, including wild, landrace, and domesticated accessions, show that distinct col2 haplotypes are associated with early flowering in Andean and Mesoamerican germplasm. The relative frequencies and distributions of COL2 and PHYA3 haplotypes imply that photoperiod adaptation developed in two phases within each gene pool: an initial reduction in sensitivity through impairment of COL2 function and subsequent complete loss through PHYA3. Gene expression analyses indicate that COL2 functions downstream of PHYA3 to repress expression of FT genes and may function in parallel with PvE1, the bean ortholog of a key legume-specific flowering repressor. Collectively, these results define the molecular basis for a key phenological adaptation, reveal a striking convergence in the naturally replicated evolution of this major crop, and further emphasize the wider evolutionary lability of CONSTANS effects on flowering time control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M González
- Grupo de Genética del Desarrollo de Plantas, Misión Biológica de Galicia-CSIC, PO Box 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain
| | | | - Chao Fang
- Innovation Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Innovation Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - James L Weller
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia.
| | - Marta Santalla
- Grupo de Genética del Desarrollo de Plantas, Misión Biológica de Galicia-CSIC, PO Box 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain.
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18
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Cammarano D, Ronga D, Francia E, Akar T, Al-Yassin A, Benbelkacem A, Grando S, Romagosa I, Stanca AM, Pecchioni N. Genetic and Management Effects on Barley Yield and Phenology in the Mediterranean Basin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:655406. [PMID: 33936140 PMCID: PMC8084452 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.655406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heading time in barley is considered a key developmental stage controlling adaptation to the environment and it affects grain yield; with the combination of agronomy (planting dates) and genetics being some of the determinants of adaptation to environmental conditions in order to escape late frost, heat, and terminal drought stresses. The objectives of this study are (i) to apply a gene-based characterization of 118 barley doubled haploid recombinants for vernalization, photoperiod, and earliness per se; (ii) use such information to quantify the optimal combination of genotype/sowing date that escapes extreme weather events; and (iii) how water and nitrogen management impact on grain yield. The doubled haploid barley genotypes with different allelic combinations for vernalization, photoperiod, and earliness per se were grown in eight locations across the Mediterranean basin. This information was linked with the crop growth model parameters. The photoperiod and earliness per se alleles modify the length of the phenological cycle, and this is more evident in combination with the recessive allele of the vernalization gene VRN-H2. In hot environments such as Algeria, Syria, and Jordan, early sowing dates (October 30 and December15) would be chosen to minimize the risk of exposing barley to heat stress. To maintain higher yields in the Mediterranean basin, barley breeding activities should focus on allelic combinations that have recessive VRN-H2 and EPS2 genes, since the risk of cold stress is much lower than the one represented by heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Cammarano
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Domenico Ronga
- Department of Life Science, Centre BIOGEST-SITEIA, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Enrico Francia
- Department of Life Science, Centre BIOGEST-SITEIA, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Taner Akar
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Adnan Al-Yassin
- National Agricultural Research Center (NCARE), Amman, Jordan
| | | | | | | | - Antonio Michele Stanca
- Department of Life Science, Centre BIOGEST-SITEIA, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Nicola Pecchioni
- Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, CREA – Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Foggia, Italy
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19
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Meta-QTL and ortho-MQTL analyses identified genomic regions controlling rice yield, yield-related traits and root architecture under water deficit conditions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6942. [PMID: 33767323 PMCID: PMC7994909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86259-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Meta-QTL (MQTL) analysis is a robust approach for genetic dissection of complex quantitative traits. Rice varieties adapted to non-flooded cultivation are highly desirable in breeding programs due to the water deficit global problem. In order to identify stable QTLs for major agronomic traits under water deficit conditions, we performed a comprehensive MQTL analysis on 563 QTLs from 67 rice populations published from 2001 to 2019. Yield and yield-related traits including grain weight, heading date, plant height, tiller number as well as root architecture-related traits including root dry weight, root length, root number, root thickness, the ratio of deep rooting and plant water content under water deficit condition were investigated. A total of 61 stable MQTLs over different genetic backgrounds and environments were identified. The average confidence interval of MQTLs was considerably refined compared to the initial QTLs, resulted in the identification of some well-known functionally characterized genes and several putative novel CGs for investigated traits. Ortho-MQTL mining based on genomic collinearity between rice and maize allowed identification of five ortho-MQTLs between these two cereals. The results can help breeders to improve yield under water deficit conditions.
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20
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Shen Q, Chen Y, Sun J, Liu Q, Sun C. Comparative transcriptomic analyses of normal and peloric mutant flowers in Cymbidium goeringii Rchb.f identifies differentially expressed genes associated with floral development. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:2123-2132. [PMID: 33630208 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06216-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cymbidium geringii has high ornamental and economic importance. Its traits, including flower shape, size, and color, are highly sought by orchid breeders. Gaining insights into the molecular basis of C. geringi flower development would accelerate genetic improvement of other orchids. Methods and Results: Here, C. goeringii RNA was purified from normal and peloric mutant flowers, and cDNA libraries constructed for Illumina sequencing. We generated 329,156,782 clean reads, integrated them, and then assembled into 236,811 unigenes averaging 595 bp long. A total of 11,992 differentially expressed genes s, of which 6119 were upregulated and 5873 downregulated, were uncovered in peloric mutant flower buds relative to normal flower buds. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment assessments posited that these differentially expressed genes are associated with "Photosynthesis", "Linoleic acid metabolism", as well as "Plant hormone signal transduction" cascades. The DEGs were designated to 12 remarkably enriched GO terms, and 16 cell wall associated GO terms. The expression level of 16 determined genes were verified using RT-qPCR. Conclusions: Our gene expression data may be used to study the regulatory mechanism of flower organ development in C. geringi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shen
- Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Junwei Sun
- College of Modern Science and Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chongbo Sun
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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21
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Zong W, Ren D, Huang M, Sun K, Feng J, Zhao J, Xiao D, Xie W, Liu S, Zhang H, Qiu R, Tang W, Yang R, Chen H, Xie X, Chen L, Liu Y, Guo J. Strong photoperiod sensitivity is controlled by cooperation and competition among Hd1, Ghd7 and DTH8 in rice heading. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1635-1649. [PMID: 33089895 PMCID: PMC7821112 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) is a short-day (SD) plant originally having strong photoperiod sensitivity (PS), with SDs promoting and long days (LDs) suppressing flowering. Although the evolution of PS in rice has been extensively studied, there are few studies that combine the genetic effects and underlying mechanism of different PS gene combinations with variations in PS. We created a set of isogenic lines among the core PS-flowering genes Hd1, Ghd7 and DTH8 using CRISPR mutagenesis, to systematically dissect their genetic relationships under different day-lengths. We investigated their monogenic, digenic, and trigenic effects on target gene regulation and PS variation. We found that Hd1 and Ghd7 have the primary functions for promoting and repressing flowering, respectively, regardless of day-length. However, under LD conditions, Hd1 promotes Ghd7 expression and is recruited by Ghd7 and/or DTH8 to form repressive complexes that collaboratively suppress the Ehd1-Hd3a/RFT1 pathway to block heading, but under SD conditions Hd1 competes with the complexes to promote Hd3a/RFT1 expression, playing a tradeoff relationship with PS flowering. Natural allelic variations of Hd1, Ghd7 and DTH8 in rice populations have resulted in various PS performances. Our findings reveal that rice PS flowering is controlled by crosstalk of two modules - Hd1-Hd3a/RFT1 in SD conditions and (Hd1/Ghd7/DTH8)-Ehd1-Hd3a/RFT1 in LD conditions - and the divergences of these genes provide the basis for rice adaptation to broad regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wubei Zong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresourcesCollege of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural University, SCAUGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhou510642China
| | - Ding Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresourcesCollege of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural University, SCAUGuangzhou510642China
| | - Minghui Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresourcesCollege of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural University, SCAUGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhou510642China
| | - Kangli Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresourcesCollege of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural University, SCAUGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhou510642China
| | - Jinglei Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresourcesCollege of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural University, SCAUGuangzhou510642China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresourcesCollege of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural University, SCAUGuangzhou510642China
| | - Dongdong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresourcesCollege of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural University, SCAUGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhou510642China
| | - Wenhao Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresourcesCollege of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural University, SCAUGuangzhou510642China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresourcesCollege of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural University, SCAUGuangzhou510642China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresourcesCollege of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural University, SCAUGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhou510642China
| | - Rong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresourcesCollege of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural University, SCAUGuangzhou510642China
| | - Wenjing Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresourcesCollege of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural University, SCAUGuangzhou510642China
| | - Ruqi Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresourcesCollege of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural University, SCAUGuangzhou510642China
| | - Hongyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresourcesCollege of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural University, SCAUGuangzhou510642China
| | - Xianrong Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresourcesCollege of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural University, SCAUGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhou510642China
| | - Letian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresourcesCollege of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural University, SCAUGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhou510642China
| | - Yao‐Guang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresourcesCollege of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural University, SCAUGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhou510642China
| | - Jingxin Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresourcesCollege of Life SciencesSouth China Agricultural University, SCAUGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhou510642China
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22
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Manechini JRV, Santos PHDS, Romanel E, Brito MDS, Scarpari MS, Jackson S, Pinto LR, Vicentini R. Transcriptomic Analysis of Changes in Gene Expression During Flowering Induction in Sugarcane Under Controlled Photoperiodic Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:635784. [PMID: 34211482 PMCID: PMC8239368 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.635784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Flowering is of utmost relevance for the agricultural productivity of the sugarcane bioeconomy, but data and knowledge of the genetic mechanisms underlying its photoperiodic induction are still scarce. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in sugarcane could provide better control of flowering for breeding. This study aimed to investigate the transcriptome of +1 mature leaves of a sugarcane cultivar subjected to florally inductive and non-inductive photoperiodic treatments to identify gene expression patterns and molecular regulatory modules. We identified 7,083 differentially expressed (DE) genes, of which 5,623 showed significant identity to other plant genes. Functional group analysis showed differential regulation of important metabolic pathways involved in plant development, such as plant hormones (i.e., cytokinin, gibberellin, and abscisic acid), light reactions, and photorespiration. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed evidence of upregulated processes and functions related to the response to abiotic stress, photoprotection, photosynthesis, light harvesting, and pigment biosynthesis, whereas important categories related to growth and vegetative development of plants, such as plant organ morphogenesis, shoot system development, macromolecule metabolic process, and lignin biosynthesis, were downregulated. Also, out of 76 sugarcane transcripts considered putative orthologs to flowering genes from other plants (such as Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, and Sorghum bicolor), 21 transcripts were DE. Nine DE genes related to flowering and response to photoperiod were analyzed either at mature or spindle leaves at two development stages corresponding to the early stage of induction and inflorescence primordia formation. Finally, we report a set of flowering-induced long non-coding RNAs and describe their level of conservation to other crops, many of which showed expression patterns correlated against those in the functionally grouped gene network.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Ricardo Vieira Manechini
- Laboratório de Biologia de Sistemas, Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique da Silva Santos
- Departamento de Genética e Melhoramento de Plantas, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Elisson Romanel
- Laboratório de Genômica de Plantas e Bioenergia (PGEMBL), Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena (EEL), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Lorena, Brazil
| | - Michael dos Santos Brito
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | | | - Stephen Jackson
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Luciana Rossini Pinto
- Departamento de Genética e Melhoramento de Plantas, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
- Centro de Cana, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Renato Vicentini
- Laboratório de Biologia de Sistemas, Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Renato Vicentini,
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23
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Wang J, Du Z, Huo X, Zhou J, Chen Y, Zhang J, Pan A, Wang X, Wang F, Zhang J. Genome-wide analysis of PRR gene family uncovers their roles in circadian rhythmic changes and response to drought stress in Gossypium hirsutum L. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9936. [PMID: 33033660 PMCID: PMC7521341 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The circadian clock not only participates in regulating various stages of plant growth, development and metabolism, but confers plant environmental adaptability to stress such as drought. Pseudo-Response Regulators (PRRs) are important component of the central oscillator (the core of circadian clock) and play a significant role in plant photoperiod pathway. However, no systematical study about this gene family has been performed in cotton. Methods PRR genes were identified in diploid and tetraploid cotton using bioinformatics methods to investigate their homology, duplication and evolution relationship. Differential gene expression, KEGG enrichment analysis and qRT-PCR were conducted to analyze PRR gene expression patterns under diurnal changes and their response to drought stress. Results A total of 44 PRR family members were identified in four Gossypium species, with 16 in G. hirsutum, 10 in G. raimondii, and nine in G. barbadense as well as in G. arboreum. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that PRR proteins were divided into five subfamilies and whole genome duplication or segmental duplication contributed to the expansion of Gossypium PRR gene family. Gene structure analysis revealed that members in the same clade are similar, and multiple cis-elements related to light and drought stress response were enriched in the promoters of GhPRR genes. qRT-PCR results showed that GhPRR genes transcripts presented four expression peaks (6 h, 9 h, 12 h, 15 h) during 24 h and form obvious rhythmic expression trend. Transcriptome data with PEG treatment, along with qRT-PCR verification suggested that members of clade III (GhPRR5a, b, d) and clade V (GhPRR3a and GhPRR3c) may be involved in drought response. This study provides an insight into understanding the function of PRR genes in circadian rhythm and in response to drought stress in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, P. R. China.,College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Zhaohai Du
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Xuehan Huo
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, P. R. China.,College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Juan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Jingxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Ao Pan
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, P. R. China
| | - Furong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, P. R. China.,College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, P. R. China.,College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, P. R. China
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Kishchenko O, Zhou Y, Jatayev S, Shavrukov Y, Borisjuk N. Gene editing applications to modulate crop flowering time and seed dormancy. ABIOTECH 2020; 1:233-245. [PMID: 36304127 PMCID: PMC9590486 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-020-00032-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gene editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9 have been used to improve many agricultural traits, from disease resistance to grain quality. Now, emerging research has used CRISPR/Cas9 and other gene editing technologies to target plant reproduction, including major areas such as flowering time and seed dormancy. Traits related to these areas have important implications for agriculture, as manipulation of flowering time has multiple applications, including tailoring crops for regional adaptation and improving yield. Moreover, understanding seed dormancy will enable approaches to improve germination upon planting and prevent pre-harvest sprouting. Here, we summarize trends and recent advances in using gene editing to gain a better understanding of plant reproduction and apply the resulting information for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Kishchenko
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an, China
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, NAS of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Yuzhen Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an, China
| | - Satyvaldy Jatayev
- Faculty of Agronomy, S. Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Yuri Shavrukov
- College of Science and Engineering, Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nikolai Borisjuk
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an, China
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Linden KJ, Callis J. The ubiquitin system affects agronomic plant traits. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13940-13955. [PMID: 32796036 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.011303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In a single vascular plant species, the ubiquitin system consists of thousands of different proteins involved in attaching ubiquitin to substrates, recognizing or processing ubiquitinated proteins, or constituting or regulating the 26S proteasome. The ubiquitin system affects plant health, reproduction, and responses to the environment, processes that impact important agronomic traits. Here we summarize three agronomic traits influenced by ubiquitination: induction of flowering, seed size, and pathogen responses. Specifically, we review how the ubiquitin system affects expression of genes or abundance of proteins important for determining when a plant flowers (focusing on FLOWERING LOCUS C, FRIGIDA, and CONSTANS), highlight some recent studies on how seed size is affected by the ubiquitin system, and discuss how the ubiquitin system affects proteins involved in pathogen or effector recognition with details of recent studies on FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 and SUPPRESSOR OF NPR CONSTITUTIVE 1, respectively, as examples. Finally, we discuss the effects of pathogen-derived proteins on plant host ubiquitin system proteins. Further understanding of the molecular basis of the above processes could identify possible genes for modification or selection for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina J Linden
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and the Integrative Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Judy Callis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and the Integrative Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
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Preston JC, Fjellheim S. Understanding Past, and Predicting Future, Niche Transitions based on Grass Flowering Time Variation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:822-839. [PMID: 32404414 PMCID: PMC7333695 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Since their origin in the early Cretaceous, grasses have diversified across every continent on Earth, with a handful of species (rice [Oryza sativa], maize [Zea mays], and wheat [Triticum aestivum]) providing most of the caloric intake of contemporary humans and their livestock. The ecological dominance of grasses can be attributed to a number of physiological innovations, many of which contributed to shifts from closed to open habitats that incur daily (e.g. tropical mountains) and/or seasonal extremes in temperature (e.g. temperate/continental regions) and precipitation (e.g. tropical savannas). In addition to strategies that allow them to tolerate or resist periodically stressful environments, plants can adopt escape behaviors by modifying the relative timing of distinct development phases. Flowering time is one of these behaviors that can also act as a postzygotic barrier to reproduction and allow temporal partitioning of resources to promote coexistence. In this review, we explore what is known about the phylogenetic pattern of flowering control in grasses, and how this relates to broad- and fine-scale niche transitions within the family. We then synthesize recent findings on the genetic basis of flowering time evolution as a way to begin deciphering why certain aspects of flowering are seemingly so conserved, and what the implications of this are for future adaptation under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill C Preston
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Siri Fjellheim
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway
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Dong MY, Lei L, Fan XW, Li YZ. Dark response genes: a group of endogenous pendulum/timing players in maize? PLANTA 2020; 252:1. [PMID: 32504137 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03403-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Maize has a set of dark response genes, expression of which is influenced by multiple factor and varies with maize inbred lines but without germplasm specificity. The response to photoperiod is a common biological issue across the species kingdoms. Dark is as important as light in photoperiod. However, further in-depth understanding of responses of maize (Zea mays) to light and dark transition under photoperiod is hindered due to the lack of understanding of dark response genes. With multiple public "-omic" datasets of temperate and tropical/subtropical maize, 16 maize dark response genes, ZmDRGs, were found and had rhythmic expression under dark and light-dark cycle. ZmDRGs 6-8 were tandemly duplicated. ZmDRGs 2, 13, and 14 had a chromosomal collinearity with other maize genes. ZmDRGs 1-11 and 13-16 had copy-number variations. ZmDRGs 2, 9, and 16 showed 5'-end sequence deletion mutations. Some ZmDRGs had chromatin interactions and underwent DNA methylation and/or m6A mRNA methylation. Chromosomal histones associated with 15 ZmDRGs were methylated and acetylated. ZmDRGs 1, 2, 4, 9, and 13 involved photoperiodic phenotypes. ZmDRG16 was within flowering-related QTLs. ZmDRGs 1, 3, and 6-11 were present in cis-acting expression QTLs (eQTLs). ZmDRGs 1, 4, 6-9, 11, 12, and 14-16 showed co-expression with other maize genes. Some of ZmDRG-encoded ZmDRGs showed obvious differences in abundance and phosphorylation. CONCLUSION Sixteen ZmDRGs 1-16 are associated with the dark response of maize. In the process of post-domestication and/or breeding, the ZmDRGs undergo the changes without germplasm specificity, including epigenetic modifications, gene copy numbers, chromatin interactions, and deletion mutations. In addition to effects by these factors, ZmDRG expression is influenced by promoter elements, cis-acting eQTLs, and co-expression networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-You Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Ling Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Xian-Wei Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - You-Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.
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Sato K, Ishii M, Takahagi K, Inoue K, Shimizu M, Uehara-Yamaguchi Y, Nishii R, Mochida K. Genetic Factors Associated with Heading Responses Revealed by Field Evaluation of 274 Barley Accessions for 20 Seasons. iScience 2020; 23:101146. [PMID: 32454448 PMCID: PMC7251784 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Heading time is a key trait in cereals affecting the maturation period for optimal grain filling before harvest. Here, we aimed to understand the factors controlling heading time in barley (Hordeum vulgare). We characterized a set of 274 barley accessions collected worldwide by planting them for 20 seasons under different environmental conditions at the same location in Kurashiki, Japan. We examined interactions among accessions, known genetic factors, and an environmental factor to determine the factors controlling heading response. Locally adapted accessions have been selected for genetic factors that stabilize heading responses appropriate for barley cultivation, and these accessions show stable heading responses even under varying environmental conditions. We identified vernalization requirement and PPD-H1 haplotype as major stabilizing mechanisms of the heading response for regional adaptation in Kurashiki. Heading of 274 barley worldwide accessions were evaluated for 20 seasons Locally adapted accessions show stable heading responses Vernalization requirement and PPD-H1 haplotype stabilize the heading response
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Sato
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan.
| | - Makoto Ishii
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Kotaro Takahagi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 244-0813, Japan
| | - Komaki Inoue
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Minami Shimizu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | | | - Ryuei Nishii
- School of Information and Data Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8131, Japan
| | - Keiichi Mochida
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 244-0813, Japan; RIKEN Baton Zone Program, Yokohama 244-0813, Japan
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29
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Pascual L, Ruiz M, López-Fernández M, Pérez-Peña H, Benavente E, Vázquez JF, Sansaloni C, Giraldo P. Genomic analysis of Spanish wheat landraces reveals their variability and potential for breeding. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:122. [PMID: 32019507 PMCID: PMC7001277 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6536-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background One of the main goals of the plant breeding in the twenty-first century is the development of crop cultivars that can maintain current yields in unfavorable environments. Landraces that have been grown under varying local conditions include genetic diversity that will be essential to achieve this objective. The Center of Plant Genetic Resources of the Spanish Institute for Agriculture Research maintains a broad collection of wheat landraces. These accessions, which are locally adapted to diverse eco-climatic conditions, represent highly valuable materials for breeding. However, their efficient use requires an exhaustive genetic characterization. The overall aim of this study was to assess the diversity and population structure of a selected set of 380 Spanish landraces and 52 reference varieties of bread and durum wheat by high-throughput genotyping. Results The DArTseq GBS approach generated 10 K SNPs and 40 K high-quality DArT markers, which were located against the currently available bread and durum wheat reference genomes. The markers with known locations were distributed across all chromosomes with relatively well-balanced genome-wide coverage. The genetic analysis showed that the Spanish wheat landraces were clustered in different groups, thus representing genetic pools providing a range of allelic variation. The subspecies had a major impact on the population structure of the durum wheat landraces, with three distinct clusters that corresponded to subsp. durum, turgidum and dicoccon being identified. The population structure of bread wheat landraces was mainly biased by geographic origin. Conclusions The results showed broader genetic diversity in the landraces compared to a reference set that included commercial varieties, and higher divergence between the landraces and the reference set in durum wheat than in bread wheat. The analyses revealed genomic regions whose patterns of variation were markedly different in the landraces and reference varieties, indicating loci that have been under selection during crop improvement, which could help to target breeding efforts. The results obtained from this work will provide a basis for future genome-wide association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pascual
- Department of Biotechnology-Plant Biology, School of Agricultural, Food and Biosystems Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Magdalena Ruiz
- National Plant Genetic Resources Centre, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Matilde López-Fernández
- Department of Biotechnology-Plant Biology, School of Agricultural, Food and Biosystems Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Helena Pérez-Peña
- Department of Biotechnology-Plant Biology, School of Agricultural, Food and Biosystems Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Benavente
- Department of Biotechnology-Plant Biology, School of Agricultural, Food and Biosystems Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Francisco Vázquez
- Department of Biotechnology-Plant Biology, School of Agricultural, Food and Biosystems Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Sansaloni
- Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT), Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Patricia Giraldo
- Department of Biotechnology-Plant Biology, School of Agricultural, Food and Biosystems Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
The circadian oscillator is a complex network of interconnected feedback loops that regulates a wide range of physiological processes. Indeed, variation in clock genes has been implicated in an array of plant environmental adaptations, including growth regulation, photoperiodic control of flowering, and responses to abiotic and biotic stress. Although the clock is buffered against the environment, maintaining roughly 24-h rhythms across a wide range of conditions, it can also be reset by environmental cues such as acute changes in light or temperature. These competing demands may help explain the complexity of the links between the circadian clock network and environmental response pathways. Here, we discuss our current understanding of the clock and its interactions with light and temperature-signaling pathways. We also describe different clock gene alleles that have been implicated in the domestication of important staple crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky Creux
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Stacey Harmer
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Genetic Properties Responsible for the Transgressive Segregation of Days to Heading in Rice. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2019; 9:1655-1662. [PMID: 30894452 PMCID: PMC6505171 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.201011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transgressive segregation produces hybrid progeny phenotypes that exceed the parental phenotypes. Unlike heterosis, extreme phenotypes caused by transgressive segregation are heritably stable. We examined transgressive phenotypes of flowering time in rice, and revealed transgressive segregation in F2 populations derived from a cross between parents with similar (proximal) days to heading (DTH). The DTH phenotypes of the A58 × Kitaake F2 progenies were frequently more extreme than those of either parent. These transgressive phenotypes were maintained in the F3 and F4 populations. Both A58 and Kitaake are japonica rice cultivars adapted to Hokkaido, Japan, which is a high-latitude region, and have a short DTH. Among the four known loci required for a short DTH, three loci had common alleles in A58 and Kitaake, implying there is a similar genetic basis for DTH between the two varieties. A genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis based on the F4 population identified five new quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with transgressive DTH phenotypes. Each of these QTL had different degrees of additive effects on DTH, and two QTL had an epistatic effect on each other. Thus, a genome-wide SNP analysis facilitated the detection of genetic loci associated with extreme DTH phenotypes, and revealed that the transgressive phenotypes were produced by exchanging the complementary alleles of a few minor QTL in the similar parental phenotypes.
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Chongloi GL, Prakash S, Vijayraghavan U. Regulation of meristem maintenance and organ identity during rice reproductive development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1719-1736. [PMID: 30753578 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Grasses have evolved complex inflorescences, where the primary unit is the specialized short branch called a spikelet. Detailed studies of the cumulative action of the genetic regulators that direct the progressive change in axillary meristem identity and their terminal differentiation are crucial to understanding the complexities of the inflorescence and the development of a determinate floret. Grass florets also pose interesting questions concerning the morphologies and functions of organs as compared to other monocots and eudicots. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the regulation of the transitions that occur in grass inflorescence meristems, and of the specification of floret meristems and their determinate development. We primarily use rice as a model, with appropriate comparisons to other crop models and to the extensively studied eudicot Arabidopsis. The role of MADS-domain transcription factors in floral organ patterning is well documented in many eudicots and in grasses. However, there is evidence to suggest that some of these rice floral regulators have evolved distinctive functions and that other grass species-specific factors and regulatory pathways occur - for example the LOFSEP 'E' class genes OsMADS1 and OsMAD34, and ramosa genes. A better understanding of these systems and the epigenetic regulators and hormone signaling pathways that interact with them will provide new insights into the rice inflorescence meristem and the differentiation of its floret organs, and should indicate genetic tools that can be used to control yield-related traits in both rice and other cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace L Chongloi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sandhan Prakash
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Usha Vijayraghavan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Yang F, Zhu G, Wei Y, Gao J, Liang G, Peng L, Lu C, Jin J. Low-temperature-induced changes in the transcriptome reveal a major role of CgSVP genes in regulating flowering of Cymbidium goeringii. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:53. [PMID: 30654752 PMCID: PMC6335714 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5425-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cymbidium goeringii is one of the most horticulturally important and popular ornamental plants in the orchid family (Orchidaceae). It blooms in winter during January-March and a period of low temperature is necessary for its normal flowering, otherwise there is flower bud abortion, which seriously affects the economic benefits. However, the molecular mechanism underlying winter-blooming behavior in C. goeringii is unclear. RESULTS In this research, we firstly study the flowering physiology of C. goeringii by cytobiology observations and physiological experiments. Using comparative transcriptome analysis, we identified 582 differentially expressed unigenes responding to cold treatment that were involved in metabolic process, flowering time, hormone signaling, stress response, and cell cycle, implying their potential roles in regulating winter-blooming of C. goeringii. Twelve MADS-box genes among them were investigated by full-length cDNA sequence analysis and expression validation, which indicated that three genes within the SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) sub-group had the most significant repressed expression after cold treatment. Further analysis revealed that the SVP genes showed population variation in expression that correlated with cold-regulated flowering and responded to low temperature earlier than the flowering pathway integrators CgAP1, CgSOC1, and CgLFY, suggesting a potential role of CgSVP genes in the early stage of low-temperature-induced blooming of C. goeringii. Moreover, a yeast two-hybrid experiment confirmed that CgSVP proteins interacted with CgAP1 and CgSOC1, suggesting that they may synergistically control the process of C. goeringii flowering in winter. CONCLUSIONS This study represents the first exploration of flowering physiology of C. goeringii and provides gene expression information that could facilitate our understanding of molecular regulation of orchid plant winter-flowering, which could provide new insights and practical guidance for improving their flowering regulation and molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxi Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Genfa Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yonglu Wei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyuan Peng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuqiao Lu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianpeng Jin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
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Wu F, Kang X, Wang M, Haider W, Price WB, Hajek B, Hanzawa Y. Transcriptome-Enabled Network Inference Revealed the GmCOL1 Feed-Forward Loop and Its Roles in Photoperiodic Flowering of Soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1221. [PMID: 31787988 PMCID: PMC6856076 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Photoperiodic flowering, a plant response to seasonal photoperiod changes in the control of reproductive transition, is an important agronomic trait that has been a central target of crop domestication and modern breeding programs. However, our understanding about the molecular mechanisms of photoperiodic flowering regulation in crop species is lagging behind. To better understand the regulatory gene networks controlling photoperiodic flowering of soybeans, we elucidated global gene expression patterns under different photoperiod regimes using the near isogenic lines (NILs) of maturity loci (E loci). Transcriptome signatures identified the unique roles of the E loci in photoperiodic flowering and a set of genes controlled by these loci. To elucidate the regulatory gene networks underlying photoperiodic flowering regulation, we developed the network inference algorithmic package CausNet that integrates sparse linear regression and Granger causality heuristics, with Gaussian approximation of bootstrapping to provide reliability scores for predicted regulatory interactions. Using the transcriptome data, CausNet inferred regulatory interactions among soybean flowering genes. Published reports in the literature provided empirical verification for several of CausNet's inferred regulatory interactions. We further confirmed the inferred regulatory roles of the flowering suppressors GmCOL1a and GmCOL1b using GmCOL1 RNAi transgenic soybean plants. Combinations of the alleles of GmCOL1 and the major maturity locus E1 demonstrated positive interaction between these genes, leading to enhanced suppression of flowering transition. Our work provides novel insights and testable hypotheses in the complex molecular mechanisms of photoperiodic flowering control in soybean and lays a framework for de novo prediction of biological networks controlling important agronomic traits in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faqiang Wu
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA, United States
| | - Xiaohan Kang
- Department of Electrical Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Minglei Wang
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Waseem Haider
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - William B. Price
- Department of Electrical Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Bruce Hajek
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Yoshie Hanzawa
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Yoshie Hanzawa,
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Shu K, Luo X, Meng Y, Yang W. Toward a Molecular Understanding of Abscisic Acid Actions in Floral Transition. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:215-221. [PMID: 29361058 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The transition from the vegetative growth phase to flowering is a crucial checkpoint for plant reproduction and survival, especially under environmental stress conditions. Numerous factors regulate flowering time, including exogenous environmental cues such as day length and temperature, as well as salt and drought stresses, and endogenous phytohormone signaling cascades. Gibberellins and ABA are one classic combination of phytohormones which antagonistically regulate several biological processes, including seed dormancy and germination, primary root growth and seedling development. As regards control of flowering time, gibberellin exhibits a positive role, and represents an important pathway in the regulation of floral transition. However, over the past decades, numerous investigations have demonstrated that the contribution of the stress hormone ABA to floral transition is still controversial, as both positive and negative effects have been documented. It is important to determine why and how ABA shows this contradictory effect on flowering time. In this up to date review, primarily based on recent publications and emerging data, we summarize the distinct and contrasting roles of ABA on floral transition, while the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying these roles are discussed. Finally, the remaining challenges and open questions in this topic are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Shu
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaofeng Luo
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yongjie Meng
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
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Shu K, Zhou W, Chen F, Luo X, Yang W. Abscisic Acid and Gibberellins Antagonistically Mediate Plant Development and Abiotic Stress Responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:416. [PMID: 29636768 PMCID: PMC5881240 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones regulate numerous important biological processes in plant development and biotic/abiotic stress response cascades. More than 50 and 100 years have passed since the initial discoveries of the phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellins (GA), respectively. Over the past several decades, numerous elegant studies have demonstrated that ABA and GA antagonistically regulate many plant developmental processes, including seed maturation, seed dormancy and germination, root initiation, hypocotyl and stem elongation, and floral transition. Furthermore, as a well-established stress hormone, ABA plays a key role in plant responses to abiotic stresses, such as drought, flooding, salinity and low temperature. Interestingly, recent evidence revealed that GA are also involved in plant response to adverse environmental conditions. Consequently, the complex crosstalk networks between ABA and GA, mediated by diverse key regulators, have been extensively investigated and documented. In this updated mini-review, we summarize the most recent advances in our understanding of the antagonistically regulatory roles of ABA and GA in different stages of plant development and in various plant-environment interactions, focusing on the crosstalk between ABA and GA at the levels of phytohormone metabolism and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Shu
- *Correspondence: Kai Shu, Wenyu Yang,
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Desai JS, Slabaugh E, Liebelt DJ, Fredenberg JD, Gray BN, Jagadish SVK, Wilkins O, Doherty CJ. Neural Net Classification Combined With Movement Analysis to Evaluate Setaria viridis as a Model System for Time of Day of Anther Appearance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1585. [PMID: 30429868 PMCID: PMC6220418 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In many plant species, the time of day at which flowers open to permit pollination is tightly regulated. Proper time of flower opening, or Time of Day of Anther Appearance (TAA), may coordinate flowering opening with pollinator activity or may shift temperature sensitive developmental processes to cooler times of the day. The genetic mechanisms that regulate the timing of this process in cereal crops are unknown. To address this knowledge gap, it is necessary to establish a monocot model system that exhibits variation in TAA. Here, we examine the suitability of Setaria viridis, the model for C4 photosynthesis, for such a role. We developed an imaging system to monitor the temporal regulation of growth, flower opening time, and other physiological characteristics in Setaria. This system enabled us to compare Setaria varieties Ames 32254, Ames 32276, and PI 669942 variation in growth and daily flower opening time. We observed that TAA occurs primarily at night in these three Setaria accessions. However, significant variation between the accessions was observed for both the ratio of flowers that open in the day vs. night and the specific time of day where the rate is maximal. Characterizing this physiological variation is a requisite step toward uncovering the molecular mechanisms regulating TAA. Leveraging the regulation of TAA could provide researchers with a genetic tool to improve crop productivity in new environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigar S. Desai
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Erin Slabaugh
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Donna J. Liebelt
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Jacob D. Fredenberg
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | | | | | - Olivia Wilkins
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Colleen J. Doherty
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Colleen J. Doherty
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