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Zhao W, Xiao J, Lin G, Peng Q, Chu S. Morphological and physiological response of amphibious Rotala rotundifolia from emergent to submerged form. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2024; 137:279-291. [PMID: 38270713 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-024-01521-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Rotala rotundifolia is an amphibious aquatic plant that can live in submerged and emergent forms. It is superior in nitrogen and phosphorus removal. To elucidate its adaptation strategies from emergent to submerged conditions, phenotypic and physiological responses of R. rotundifolia were investigated during three months of submergence, at water levels of 0 cm (CK), 50 cm (W50), and 90 cm (W90). Results showed that submergence stress reduced the relative growth rate of plant height, fresh weight, and biomass accumulation, leading to root degradation and a significant decline in the root-shoot ratio. The amounts of soluble protein (SP), soluble sugar (SS), and starch in the aerial leaves of W50 and W90 decreased during the early stages of submergence compared to CK, whereas the total chlorophyll and proline contents, and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) increased. The contents of endogenous hormones, including abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), decreased during the change in leaf shape; the decline in ABA was more obvious. The leaf primordium generated transition leaves and submerged leaves to resolve the "carbon starvation" of plants. The maximum values of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in the leaves of W50 and W90 occurred at day 30, reaching 14.0 mg g- 1and 10.5 mg g- 1, respectively. The contents of SP and starch, activities of SOD and CAT of the roots in submerged treatments increased, while SS and proline content decreased at day 7. These results demonstrated that developing heterophyllous leaves, increasing chlorophyll content, and regulating plant carbon allocation and consumption were important mechanisms of R. rotundifolia to adapt to underwater habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangai Zhao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, South Campus, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 325035, China
| | - Jibo Xiao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, South Campus, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 325035, China
- Institute for Eco-environmental Research of Sanyang Wetland, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Guo Lin
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, South Campus, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 325035, China
| | - Qianqian Peng
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, South Campus, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 325035, China
| | - Shuyi Chu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, South Campus, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 325035, China.
- Wenzhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Wenzhou, 325006, China.
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Li Y, Pan X, Xu X, Wu Y, Zhuang J, Zhang X, Zhang H, Lei B, Hu C, Liu Y. Carbon dots as light converter for plant photosynthesis: Augmenting light coverage and quantum yield effect. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 410:124534. [PMID: 33221073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) with gradient-changed quantum yield (QY) were prepared by regulating the graphitic N and hydroxyl group contents. Then, the QY effect of CDs on plant photosynthesis was studied using chloroplasts and rice plants. After incubation for 2 h in the dark, CDs entered into the chloroplasts and converted ultraviolet radiation to photosynthetically active radiation. By this mechanism, CD1:0.2 (300 μg·mL-1) with a moderate QY of 46.42% significantly increased the photosynthetic activity of chloroplast (200 μg·mL-1) to reduce DCPIP and ferricyanide by 43.77% and 25.45%, respectively. After spraying on rice seedlings, CD1:0.2 (300 μg·mL-1) was evenly distributed in the leaves and resulted in maximum increases in the electron transport rate and photosynthetic efficiency of photosystem II by 29.81% and 29.88%, respectively. Furthermore, CD1:0.2 significantly increased the chlorophyll content and RuBisCO carboxylase activity of rice by 64.53% and 23.39%, respectively. Consequently, significant increases were observed in the growth of CD1:0.2-treated rice, including 18.99%, 64.31%, and 61.79% increases in shoot length, dry weights of shoot and root. These findings contribute to the exploitation of solar energy and agricultural production using CDs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Li
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Xiaoqin Pan
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Xiaokai Xu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Ying Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Jianle Zhuang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Xuejie Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Bingfu Lei
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642 China.
| | - Chaofan Hu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642 China.
| | - Yingliang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642 China.
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Mo F, Li H, Li Y, Chen X, Wang M, Li Z, Deng N, Yang Y, Huang X, Zhang R, Deng W. Physiological, biochemical, and transcriptional regulation in a leguminous forage Trifolium pratense L. responding to silver ions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 162:531-546. [PMID: 33773229 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Trifolium pratense L. (red clover) is an important leguminous crop with great potential for Ag-contaminated environment remediation. Whereas, the molecular mechanisms of Ag tolerance in red clover are largely unknown. Red clover seedlings were used for physiological and transcriptomic investigation under 0, 20, 50, and 100 mg/L Ag+ stress in our research to reveal potential molecular resistance mechanism. Research showed that red clover possessed fairly strong Ag absorbance capacity, the Ag level reached 0.14 and 2.35 mg/g·FW in the leaves and roots under 100 mg/L AgNO3 stress condition. Root fresh weight, root dry weight, root water content, and photosynthetic pigments contents were significantly decreased with elevating AgNO3 concentration. Obvious withered plant tissue, microstructure disorder, and disrupted organelles were observed. In vitro evaluations (e.g., PI and DCFH-DA staining) represented that AgNO3 at high concentration (100 mg/L) exhibited obvious inhibition on cell viability, which was due possibly to the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. A total of 44643 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified under Ag stress, covering 27155 upregulated and 17488 downregulated genes. 12 stress-responsive DEGs was authenticated utilizing real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that the DEGs were mostly related to metal ion binding (molecular function), nucleus (cellular component), and defense response (biological process). Involved DEGs in sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity, response to various hormones (e.g., abscisic acid, IAA/Auxin, salicylic acid, and etc), calcium signal transduction, and protein ubiquitination were concluded to play crucial roles in Ag tolerance of red clover. On the other hand, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database annotated several stress responsive pathways such as plant-pathogen interaction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, hormone signal transduction, and autophagy. Several down-regulated genes (e.g., RSF2, RCD1, DOX1, and etc) were identified indicating possible metabolic disturbance. Besides, protein-protein interaction network (PPI) identified several pivotal genes such as ribosomal proteins, TIR, and ZAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Mo
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Haibo Li
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Yinghua Li
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Mingshuai Wang
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Zhe Li
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Ningcan Deng
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Yue Yang
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Xin Huang
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Ran Zhang
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Wenhe Deng
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China.
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Biswas A, Divya S, Sharmila P, Pardha-Saradhi P. Light promoted brown staining of protoplasm by Ag+ is ideal to test wheat pollen viability rapidly. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243856. [PMID: 33326483 PMCID: PMC7743923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollen viability is crucial for wheat breeding programs. The unique potential of the protoplasm of live cells to turn brown due to the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) through rapid photoreduction of Ag+, was exploited for testing wheat pollen viability. Ag+-viability test medium (consisting of 0.5 mM AgNO3 and 300 mM KNO3) incubated with wheat pollen turned brown within 2 min under intense light (~600 μmol photon flux density m-2s-1), but not in dark. The brown medium displayed AgNPs-specific surface plasmon resonance band in its absorption spectrum. Light microscopic studies showed the presence of uniformly stained brown protoplasm in viable pollen incubated with Ag+-viability medium in the presence of light. Investigations with transmission electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray established the presence of distinct 5-35 nm NPs composed of Ag. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that AgNPs were crystalline and biphasic composed of Ag0 and Ag2O. Conversely, non-viable pollen and heat-killed pollen did not turn brown on incubation with Ag+-medium in light. We believe that the viable wheat pollen turn brown rapidly by bio-transforming Ag+ to AgNPs through photoreduction. Our findings furnish a novel simplest and rapid method for testing wheat pollen viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Biswas
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Mo F, Li H, Li Y, Cui W, Wang M, Li Z, Chai R, Wang H. Toxicity of Ag + on microstructure, biochemical activities and genic material of Trifolium pratense L. seedlings with special reference to phytoremediation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 195:110499. [PMID: 32208213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to evaluate Ag+ toxicity in Trifolium pratense L. seedlings subjected to increasing doses of Ag+ by determining photosynthetic pigment and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, microstructure and hereditary substance alterations, changes in activities of antioxidase-superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) as well as the content of total Ag absorbed in vivo with evaluation of root growth. Doses of approximately 80 mg L-1 Ag+ severely affected photosynthetic efficiency in Trifolium pratense L. seedlings promoted by damages in photosynthetic apparatus evidenced by downward trend in photosynthetic pigment contents and obvious chlorosis. Alterations in enzymatic activity, lipid peroxidation, genic material damage and the presence of Ag+in vivo had impacted on photosynthetic machinery as well. A hormesis effect was observed at 60 mg L-1 Ag+ for the photosynthetic pigments and antioxidase for Trifolium pratense L. seedlings. Tissue changes (i.e., roots, stems and leaves) observed in fluorescence microscope with obvious chlorosis, roots blackening and formation of agglomerated black particles, were related to the lesion promoted by excessive ROS in vivo. Asynchronous change of antioxidase activity corresponded to the alteration in the MDA content, indicating the synchronization in the elimination of ROS. The changes occurred in RAPD profiles of treated samples following Ag+ toxicity containing loss of normal bands, appearance of new bands and variation in band intensity compared to the normal plants with a dose-dependent effect. On average, the roots of Trifolium pratense L. immobilized 92.20% of the total Ag absorbed as a metal exclusion response. Root growth was significantly sensitive to Ag+ stress with obvious hormesis, which corresponded to the changes in Ag uptake, demonstrating the functional alterations in plants. To sum up, we suggest that modulating the genotype of Trifolium pratense L. seedlings to bear higher proportion of pollutants is conducive to contamination site treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Mo
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Haibo Li
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Yinghua Li
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Weina Cui
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang Branch, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Mingshuai Wang
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Zhe Li
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China; School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Rui Chai
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Hongxuan Wang
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China.
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Li H, Mo F, Li Y, Wang M, Li Z, Hu H, Deng W, Zhang R. Effects of silver(I) toxicity on microstructure, biochemical activities, and genic material of Lemna minor L. with special reference to application of bioindicator. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:22735-22748. [PMID: 32323236 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08844-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this research, several biochemical variations in plant of Lemna minor L. were investigated to reflect Ag+ toxicity. Lemna minor L. changed colorless AgNO3 to colloidal brown at doses equal to and greater than 1 mg L-1. Optical and fluorescence microscopy revealed the presence of bright spots in roots of tested plant related to Ag/Ag2O-NPs. Photosynthetic pigment contents of Lemna minor L. declined upon exposure to Ag+ with an evidently higher decrease in chlorophyll a than in chlorophyll b. Similarly, Ag+ treatment caused an evident reduction in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT). The reduction in antioxidase activity was significantly higher in POD than in SOD and CAT. Ag+ treatment resulted in a significant increment in the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) content as the judging criteria of cellular injury which showed sign of dose-related. The alterations occurred in RAPD profiles of treated samples following Ag+ toxicity containing loss of normal bands, appearance of new bands, and variation in band intensities compared with the normal plants. In addition, morphological character and biomass of Lemna minor L. subjected to increasing Ag+ concentrations were evaluated to reveal Ag+ toxicity. Our study demonstrated that Lemna minor L. have a high sensitivity to indicate fluctuation of water quality. It would be beneficial that modulating the genotype of Lemna minor L. to bear high proportion of contaminates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Li
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Fan Mo
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Yinghua Li
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Mingshuai Wang
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Zhe Li
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Haiyang Hu
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Wenhe Deng
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China
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Shabnam N, Kim M, Kim H. Iron (III) oxide nanoparticles alleviate arsenic induced stunting in Vigna radiata. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 183:109496. [PMID: 31376808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Iron nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used for the removal of arsenic from water. In this study, we evaluated the interaction between arsenate (AsO43-) and Fe2O3-NPs on early seedling growth of Vigna radiata. Seedlings were raised in AsO43- and Fe2O3-NPs, alone and in combination. While Fe2O3-NPs slightly promoted seedling growth, AsO43- reduced seedling growth drastically. AsO43--induced decline in the seedling growth was recovered by Fe2O3-NPs. In contrast, equivalent concentrations of FeCl3, alone and together with AsO43-, inhibited seed germination completely. Lower arsenic content in seedlings raised in the presence of Fe2O3-NPs indicated that Fe2O3-NPs restricted arsenic uptake. Ability of Fe2O3-NPs to restrict the arsenic uptake of the seedlings was due to adsorption of AsO43-, as revealed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Non-toxic levels of iron in seedlings were due to restriction of Fe2O3-NPs to root-surface. AsO43- enhanced the ferric chelate reductase activity of root which was recovered by Fe2O3-NPs. The AsO43--induced oxidative stress, evident from high levels of proline, H2O2 and malondialdehyde, and lowered root oxidisability was ameliorated by Fe2O3-NPs. AsO43-induced enhancement in total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, and decline in guaiacol peroxidase activity were antagonized by Fe2O3-NPs. Our findings reveal that Fe2O3-NPs provide effective resistance/amelioration to arsenic toxicity by reducing arsenic availability to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Shabnam
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyunook Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Govindjee. A sixty-year tryst with photosynthesis and related processes: an informal personal perspective. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 139:15-43. [PMID: 30343396 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0590-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
After briefly describing my early collaborative work at the University of Allahabad, that had laid the foundation of my research life, I present here some of our research on photosynthesis at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, randomly selected from light absorption to NADP+ reduction in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. These include the fact that (i) both the light reactions I and II are powered by light absorbed by chlorophyll (Chl) a of different spectral forms; (ii) light emission (fluorescence, delayed fluorescence, and thermoluminescence) by plants, algae, and cyanobacteria provides detailed information on these reactions and beyond; (iii) primary photochemistry in both the photosystems I (PS I) and II (PS II) occurs within a few picoseconds; and (iv) most importantly, bicarbonate plays a unique role on the electron acceptor side of PS II, specifically at the two-electron gate of PS II. Currently, the ongoing research around the world is, and should be, directed towards making photosynthesis better able to deal with the global issues (such as increasing population, dwindling resources, and rising temperature) particularly through genetic modification. However, basic research is necessary to continue to provide us with an understanding of the molecular mechanism of the process and to guide us in reaching our goals of increasing food production and other chemicals we need for our lives.
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Shabnam N, Kim H. Non-toxicity of nano alumina: A case on mung bean seedlings. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 165:423-433. [PMID: 30218965 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Wide use of Al2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) leading to their possible escape into environment and their interaction with living organisms demands immediate attention. We evaluated impact of nanoparticulate (Al2O3-NPs) and ionic (Al3+) forms of aluminium on early seedling growth of Vigna radiata. While Al3+ inhibited growth of seedlings, Al2O3-NPs did not affect it negatively. Unlike enhancement in proline, malondialdehyde and H2O2 levels in roots and shoots induced by Al3+, these stress markers remained unaltered by Al2O3-NPs. No signs of membrane damage were recorded in roots of seedlings raised in presence of Al2O3-NPs; this was witnessed from insignificant electrolyte leakage and Evans blue uptake. Activities of antioxidant enzymes, i.e., superoxide dismustase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase in root and shoot were enhanced by Al3+. However, they were unaffected by Al2O3-NPs. Al3+ enhanced levels of non-protein thiols, phenolics and ascorbate, with no alterations induced by Al2O3-NPs. These findings revealed that, Al2O3-NPs did not induce oxidative stress in seedlings. Seedlings raised in Al3+ showed higher uptake of Al than those grown in Al2O3-NPs; Al content was higher in roots. Al was not detected in shoots of seedlings grown in Al2O3-NPs. Lower translocation of Al in seedlings raised in Al2O3-NPs was due to adsorption/restriction of Al2O3-NPs on root surface. Al3+ caused ruptures on root epidermis of seedlings and inhibited root-hair formation, whereas no structural damage was caused by Al2O3-NPs. Our findings revealed that while ionic Al is highly toxic, nanoparticulate form of Al is non-toxic to growth of V. radiata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Shabnam
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunook Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Pardha-Saradhi P, Shabnam N, Sharmila P, Ganguli AK, Kim H. Differential sensitivity of light-harnessing photosynthetic events in wheat and sunflower to exogenously applied ionic and nanoparticulate silver. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 194:340-351. [PMID: 29220750 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Potential impacts of inevitable leaks of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into environment on human beings need attention. Owing to the vitality of photosynthesis in maintaining life and ecosystem functioning, impacts of exogenously applied nanoparticulate and Ag+ on photosystem (PS)II function, which governs overall photosynthesis, in wheat and sunflower were evaluated. PSII efficiency and related Chl a fluorescence kinetics of these two plants remained unaffected by AgNPs. However, Ag+ caused a significant decline in the PSII activity and related fluorescence steps in wheat, but not in sunflower. Electron flow between QA and PQ pool was found most sensitive to Ag+. Number of active reaction centers, electron transport, trapping of absorbed light for photochemistry, and performance index declined, while dissipation of absorbed light energy as heat significantly increased in wheat exposed to Ag+. Total antioxidant activity in sunflower was least affected by both Ag and AgNPs. In contrast, in the case of wheat, the antioxidant activity was declined by Ag+ but not by AgNPs. Further, the amount of silver absorbed by plants exposed to Ag+ was higher than that absorbed by plants exposed to AgNPs. While wheat retained majority of Ag in its roots, sunflower showed major Ag accumulation in stem. Photosynthetic events in sunflower, unlike wheat, were least affected as no detectable Ag levels was recorded in their leaves. Our findings revealed that AgNPs seemed non/less-toxic to light harnessing photosynthetic machinery of wheat, compared to Ag+. Photosynthetic events in sunflower were not affected by Ag+, either, as its translocation to leaves was restricted.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pardha-Saradhi
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Nisha Shabnam
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, South Korea
| | - P Sharmila
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Ashok K Ganguli
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, 110016, India; Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase-X, Sector-64, Mohali, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Hyunook Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, South Korea.
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