1
|
Marinov O, Nomberg G, Sarkar S, Arya GC, Karavani E, Zelinger E, Manasherova E, Cohen H. Microscopic and metabolic investigations disclose the factors that lead to skin cracking in chili-type pepper fruit varieties. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad036. [PMID: 37799628 PMCID: PMC10548408 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The hydrophobic cuticle encasing the fruit skin surface plays critical roles during fruit development and post-harvest. Skin failure often results in the fruit surface cracking and forming a wound-periderm tissue made of suberin and lignin. The factors that make the fruit skin susceptible to cracking have yet to be fully understood. Herein, we investigated two varieties of chili peppers (Capsicum annuum L.), Numex Garnet, whose fruit has intact skin, and Vezena Slatka, whose fruit has cracked skin. Microscopical observations, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, biochemical and gene expression assays revealed that Vezena Slatka fruit form a thicker cuticle with greater levels of cutin monomers and hydroxycinnamic acids, and highly express key cutin-related genes. The skin of these fruit also had a lower epidermal cell density due to cells with very large perimeters, and highly express genes involved in epidermal cell differentiation. We demonstrate that skin cracking in the Vezena Slatka fruit is accompanied by a spatial accumulation of lignin-like polyphenolic compounds, without the formation of a typical wound-periderm tissues made of suberized cells. Lastly, we establish that skin cracking in chili-type pepper significantly affects fruit quality during post-harvest storage in a temperature-dependent manner. In conclusion, our data highlight cuticle thickness and epidermal cell density as two critical factors determining fruit skin susceptibility to cracking in chili-type pepper fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Marinov
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Gal Nomberg
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sutanni Sarkar
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Gulab Chand Arya
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Eldad Karavani
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Einat Zelinger
- Center for Scientific Imaging (CSI), The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ekaterina Manasherova
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang H, Wang Y, Tan J, Weng Y. Functional copy number variation of CsSHINE1 is associated with fruit skin netting intensity in cucumber, Cucumis sativus. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:2101-2119. [PMID: 35524817 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04100-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fruit skin netting in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is associated with important fruit quality attributes. Two simply inherited genes H (Heavy netting) and Rs (Russet skin) control skin netting, but their molecular basis is unknown. Here, we reported map-based cloning and functional characterization of the candidate gene for the Rs locus that encodes CsSHINE1 (CsSHN1), an AP2 domain containing ethylene-responsive transcription factor protein. Comparative phenotypic analysis in near-isogenic lines revealed that fruit with netted skin had different epidermal structures from that with smooth skin including thicker cuticles, smaller, palisade-shaped epidermal and sub-epidermal cells with heavily suberized and lignified cell walls, higher peroxidase activities, which suggests multiple functions of CsSHN1 in regulating fruit skin netting and epidermal cell patterning. Among three representative cucumber inbred lines, three haplotypes at three polymorphic sites were identified inside CsSHN1: a functional copy in Gy14 (wild type) with light fruit skin netting, a copy number variant with two tandemly arrayed functional copies in WI7120 with heavy skin netting, and a loss-of-function copy in 9930 with smooth skin. The expression level of CsSHN1 in fruit exocarp of three lines was positively correlated with the skin netting intensity. Comparative analysis between cucumber and melon revealed conserved and divergent genetic mechanisms underlying fruit skin netting/reticulation that may reflect the different selection histories in the two crops. A discussion was made on genetic basis of fruit skin netting in the context of natural and artificial selections of fruit quality-related epidermal features during cucumber breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Zhang
- School of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 10000, China
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Junyi Tan
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Yiqun Weng
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- USDA-ARS Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Petit J, Bres C, Reynoud N, Lahaye M, Marion D, Bakan B, Rothan C. Unraveling Cuticle Formation, Structure, and Properties by Using Tomato Genetic Diversity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:778131. [PMID: 34912361 PMCID: PMC8667768 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.778131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit has a thick, astomatous cuticle that has become a model for the study of cuticle formation, structure, and properties in plants. Tomato is also a major horticultural crop and a long-standing model for research in genetics, fruit development, and disease resistance. As a result, a wealth of genetic resources and genomic tools have been established, including collections of natural and artificially induced genetic diversity, introgression lines of genome fragments from wild relatives, high-quality genome sequences, phenotype and gene expression databases, and efficient methods for genetic transformation and editing of target genes. This mini-review reports the considerable progresses made in recent years in our understanding of cuticle by using and generating genetic diversity for cuticle-associated traits in tomato. These include the synthesis of the main cuticle components (cutin and waxes), their role in the structure and properties of the cuticle, their interaction with other cell wall polymers as well as the regulation of cuticle formation. It also addresses the opportunities offered by the untapped germplasm diversity available in tomato and the current strategies available to exploit them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johann Petit
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR BFP, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Cécile Bres
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR BFP, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Nicolas Reynoud
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, Nantes, France
| | - Marc Lahaye
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, Nantes, France
| | - Didier Marion
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, Nantes, France
| | - Bénédicte Bakan
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, Nantes, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Elejalde-Palmett C, Martinez San Segundo I, Garroum I, Charrier L, De Bellis D, Mucciolo A, Guerault A, Liu J, Zeisler-Diehl V, Aharoni A, Schreiber L, Bakan B, Clausen MH, Geisler M, Nawrath C. ABCG transporters export cutin precursors for the formation of the plant cuticle. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2111-2123.e9. [PMID: 33756108 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is deposited on the surface of primary plant organs, such as leaves, fruits, and floral organs, forming a diffusion barrier and protecting the plant against various abiotic and biotic stresses. Cutin, the structural polyester of the plant cuticle, is synthesized in the apoplast. Plasma-membrane-localized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters of the G family have been hypothesized to export cutin precursors. Here, we characterize SlABCG42 of tomato representing an ortholog of AtABCG32 in Arabidopsis. SlABCG42 expression in Arabidopsis complements the cuticular deficiencies of the Arabidopsis pec1/abcg32 mutant. RNAi-dependent downregulation of both tomato genes encoding proteins highly homologous to AtABCG32 (SlABCG36 and SlABCG42) leads to reduced cutin deposition and formation of a thinner cuticle in tomato fruits. By using a tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) protoplast system, we show that AtABCG32 and SlABCG42 have an export activity for 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecanoyl-2-glycerol, a cutin precursor in vivo. Interestingly, also free ω-hydroxy hexadecanoic acid as well as hexadecanedioic acid were exported, furthering the research on the identification of cutin precursors in vivo and the respective mechanisms of their integration into the cutin polymer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ignacio Martinez San Segundo
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Imène Garroum
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Charrier
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Damien De Bellis
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Mucciolo
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurore Guerault
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bénédicte Bakan
- INRAE, Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies UR1268, 44316 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Mads H Clausen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu G, Zhao T, You X, Jiang J, Li J, Xu X. Molecular mapping of the Cf-10 gene by combining SNP/InDel-index and linkage analysis in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:15. [PMID: 30621598 PMCID: PMC6325758 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1616-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leaf mold, one of the major diseases of tomato caused by Cladosporium fulvum (C. fulvum), can dramatically reduce the yield and cause multimillion dollar losses annually worldwide. Mapping the resistance genes (R genes) of C. fulvum and devising MAS based strategies for breeding new cultivars is an effective approach to improve the resistance in tomato. Up to now, many C. fulvum genes or QTLs have been mapped using different genetic materials, but few studies focused on Cf-10 gene positioning. RESULTS In this study, we investigated the genetic rules for Cf-10 and used a novel combinatorial strategy to rapidly map the Cf-10 gene. Initially, the performance of F1, F2 and BC1F1 individuals after infection, demonstrated that the resistance against C. fulvum was controlled by a single dominant gene. Two pools of resistant and susceptible individuals from F2 population were investigated, using mapping by sequencing approach and Cf-10 was found to be localized to 3.35 Mb and 3.74 Mb on chromosome 1, employing SNP/InDel index methods, respectively. After accounting for overlapping regions, these two algorithms yielded a total length of 3.29 Mb, narrowing down the target region. We further developed five serviceable KASP markers for this region based on sequencing data and conducted local QTL mapping using individuals from the F2 population, except for mapping by sequencing as mentioned above. Finally Cf-10 gene was mapped spanning a region of 790 kb, where only one gene (Solyc01g007130.3) was annotated as probable receptor protein kinase TMK1 with a LRR motif, a common R gene characteristic. The RT-qPCR analysis further confirmed the localization and the relative expression of Solyc01g007130.3 in Ontario 792 and was found to be significantly higher than that in Moneymaker at 9 dpi and 12 dpi, respectively. CONCLUSION This study proposed a novel combinatorial strategy by combining SNP-index, InDel-index analyses and local QTL mapping using KASP genotyping approach to rapidly map genes responsible for specific traits and provided a robust base for cloning the Cf-10 gene. Furthermore, these analyses suggest that Solyc01g007130.3 is a potential candidate to be regarded as Cf-10 gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guan Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Xiaoqing You
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Jingbin Jiang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Jingfu Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030 China
| | - Xiangyang Xu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030 China
| |
Collapse
|