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Zhu L, Li X, Yang Z, Hao C, Li H, Qin X. The yellow-cotyledon gene (ATYCO) is a crucial factor for thylakoid formation and photosynthesis regulation in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 348:112208. [PMID: 39089330 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Chloroplast development underpins plant growth, by facilitating not only photosynthesis but also other essential biochemical processes. Nonetheless, the regulatory mechanisms and functional components of chloroplast development remain largely uncharacterized due to their complexity. In our study, we identified a plastid-targeted gene, ATYCO/RP8/CDB1, as a critical factor in early chloroplast development in Arabidopsis thaliana. YCO knock-out mutant (yco) exhibited a seedling-lethal, albino phenotype, resulting from dysfunctional chloroplasts lacking thylakoid membranes. Conversely, YCO knock-down mutants produced a chlorophyll-deficient cotyledon and normal leaves when supplemented with sucrose. Transcription analysis also revealed that YCO deficiency could be partially compensated by sucrose supplementation, and that YCO played different roles in the cotyledons and the true leaves. In YCO knock-down mutants, the transcript levels of plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP)-dependent genes and nuclear-encoded photosynthetic genes, as well as the accumulation of photosynthetic proteins, were significantly reduced in the cotyledons. Moreover, the chlorophyll-deficient phenotype in YCO knock-down line can be effectively suppressed by inhibition of PSI cyclic electron transport activity, implying an interaction between YCO and PSI cyclic electron transport. Taken together, our findings de underscore the vital role of YCO in early chloroplast development and photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Zhu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xiuxiu Li
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Zonghui Yang
- Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Chenyang Hao
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xiaochun Qin
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
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2
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Aronsson H, Solymosi K. Diversification of Plastid Structure and Function in Land Plants. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2776:63-88. [PMID: 38502498 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3726-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Plastids represent a largely diverse group of organelles in plant and algal cells that have several common features but also a broad spectrum of morphological, ultrastructural, biochemical, and physiological differences. Plastids and their structural and metabolic diversity significantly contribute to the functionality and developmental flexibility of the plant body throughout its lifetime. In addition to the multiple roles of given plastid types, this diversity is accomplished in some cases by interconversions between different plastids as a consequence of developmental and environmental signals that regulate plastid differentiation and specialization. In addition to basic plastid structural features, the most important plastid types, the newly characterized peculiar plastids, and future perspectives in plastid biology are also provided in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Aronsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
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3
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Cho YB, Stutz SS, Jones SI, Wang Y, Pelech EA, Ort DR. Impact of pod and seed photosynthesis on seed filling and canopy carbon gain in soybean. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:966-979. [PMID: 37265110 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There is a limited understanding of the carbon assimilation capacity of nonfoliar green tissues and its impact on yield and seed quality since most photosynthesis research focuses on leaf photosynthesis. In this study, we investigate the photosynthetic efficiency of soybean (Glycine max) pods and seeds in a field setting and evaluate its effect on mature seed weight and composition. We demonstrate that soybean pod and seed photosynthesis contributes 13% to 14% of the mature seed weight. Carbon assimilation by soybean pod and seed photosynthesis can compensate for 81% of carbon loss through the respiration of the same tissues, and our model predicts that soybean pod and seed photosynthesis contributes up to 9% of the total daily carbon gain of the canopy. Chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) shows that the operating efficiency of photosystem II in immature soybean seeds peaks at the 10 to 100 mg seed weight stage, while that of immature pods peaks at the 75 to 100 mg stage. This study provides quantitative information about the efficiency of soybean pod and seed photosynthesis during tissue development and its impact on yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young B Cho
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Samantha S Stutz
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Sarah I Jones
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Elena A Pelech
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Donald R Ort
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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4
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Burgess AJ, Degen GE. Pod power: Soybean pod and seed photosynthesis contributes to yield. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:886-887. [PMID: 37527485 PMCID: PMC10517237 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Burgess
- Assistant Features Editor, Plant Physiology, American Society of Plant Biologists
- Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Gustaf E Degen
- Assistant Features Editor, Plant Physiology, American Society of Plant Biologists
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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5
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Arias CL, García Navarrete LT, Mukundi E, Swanson T, Yang F, Hernandez J, Grotewold E, Alonso AP. Metabolic and transcriptomic study of pennycress natural variation identifies targets for oil improvement. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:1887-1903. [PMID: 37335591 PMCID: PMC10440992 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.), a member of the Brassicaceae family, produces seed oil high in erucic acid, suitable for biodiesel and aviation fuel. Although pennycress, a winter annual, could be grown as a dedicated bioenergy crop, an increase in its seed oil content is required to improve its economic competitiveness. The success of crop improvement relies upon finding the right combination of biomarkers and targets, and the best genetic engineering and/or breeding strategies. In this work, we combined biomass composition with metabolomic and transcriptomic studies of developing embryos from 22 pennycress natural variants to identify targets for oil improvement. The selected accession collection presented diverse levels of fatty acids at maturity ranging from 29% to 41%. Pearson correlation analyses, weighted gene co-expression network analysis and biomarker identifications were used as complementary approaches to detect associations between metabolite level or gene expression and oil content at maturity. The results indicated that improving seed oil content can lead to a concomitant increase in the proportion of erucic acid without affecting the weight of embryos. Processes, such as carbon partitioning towards the chloroplast, lipid metabolism, photosynthesis, and a tight control of nitrogen availability, were found to be key for oil improvement in pennycress. Besides identifying specific targets, our results also provide guidance regarding the best timing for their modification, early or middle maturation. Thus, this work lays out promising strategies, specific for pennycress, to accelerate the successful development of lines with increased seed oil content for biofuel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Lucía Arias
- Department of Biological Sciences & BioDiscovery InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
| | | | - Eric Mukundi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Tyler Swanson
- Department of Biological Sciences & BioDiscovery InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
| | - Fan Yang
- Center for Applied Plant SciencesThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Jonathan Hernandez
- Department of Biological Sciences & BioDiscovery InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
| | - Erich Grotewold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Ana Paula Alonso
- Department of Biological Sciences & BioDiscovery InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
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Ogrodowicz P, Wojciechowicz MK, Kuczyńska A, Krajewski P, Kempa M. The Effects of Growth Modification on Pollen Development in Spring Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) Genotypes with Contrasting Drought Tolerance. Cells 2023; 12:1656. [PMID: 37371126 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought stress inducing pollen sterility can reduce crop yield worldwide. The regulatory crosstalk associated with the effects of drought on pollen formation at the cellular level has not been explored in detail so far. In this study, we performed morphological and cytoembryological analysis of anther perturbations and examined pollen development in two spring barley genotypes that differ in earliness and drought tolerance. The Syrian breeding line CamB (drought-tolerant) and the European cultivar Lubuski (drought-sensitive) were used as experimental materials to analyze the drought-induced changes in yield performance, chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics, the pollen grain micromorphology and ultrastructure during critical stages of plant development. In addition, fluctuations in HvGAMYB expression were studied, as this transcription factor is closely associated with the development of the anther. In the experiments, the studied plants were affected by drought, as was confirmed by the analyses of yield performance and chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics. However, contrary to our expectations, the pollen development of plants grown under specific conditions was not severely affected. The results also suggest that growth modification, as well as the perturbation in light distribution, can affect the HvGAMYB expression. This study demonstrated that the duration of the vegetation period can influence plant drought responses and, as a consequence, the processes associated with pollen development as every growth modification changes the dynamics of drought effects as well as the duration of plant exposition to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Ogrodowicz
- Institute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Strzeszynska Street, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
| | - Maria Katarzyna Wojciechowicz
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 1 Wieniawskiego Street, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anetta Kuczyńska
- Institute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Strzeszynska Street, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Krajewski
- Institute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Strzeszynska Street, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
| | - Michał Kempa
- Institute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Strzeszynska Street, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
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Guo X, Yan N, Liu L, Yin X, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Wang J, Cao G, Fan C, Hu Z. Transcriptomic comparison of seeds and silique walls from two rapeseed genotypes with contrasting seed oil content. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1082466. [PMID: 36714692 PMCID: PMC9880416 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1082466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Silique walls play pivotal roles in contributing photoassimilates and nutrients to fuel seed growth. However, the interaction between seeds and silique walls impacting oil biosynthesis is not clear during silique development. Changes in sugar, fatty acid and gene expression during Brassica napus silique development of L192 with high oil content and A260 with low oil content were investigated to identify key factors affecting difference of their seed oil content. During the silique development, silique walls contained more hexose and less sucrose than seeds, and glucose and fructose contents in seeds and silique walls of L192 were higher than that of A260 at 15 DAF, and sucrose content in the silique walls of L192 were lower than that of A260 at three time points. Genes related to fatty acid biosynthesis were activated over time, and differences on fatty acid content between the two genotypes occurred after 25 DAF. Genes related to photosynthesis expressed more highly in silique walls than in contemporaneous seeds, and were inhibited over time. Gene set enrichment analysis suggested photosynthesis were activated in L192 at 25 and 35 DAF in silique walls and at both 15 and 35 DAF in the seed. Expressions of sugar transporter genes in L192 was higher than that in A260, especially at 35 DAF. Expressions of genes related to fatty acid biosynthesis, such as BCCP2s, bZIP67 and LEC1s were higher in L192 than in A260, especially at 35 DAF. Meanwhile, genes related to oil body proteins were expressed at much lower levels in L192 than in A260. According to the WGCNA results, hub modules, such as ME.turquoise relative to photosynthesis, ME.green relative to embryo development and ME.yellow relative to lipid biosynthesis, were identified and synergistically regulated seed development and oil accumulation. Our results are helpful for understanding the mechanism of oil accumulation of seeds in oilseed rape for seed oil content improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xupeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hybrid Rapeseed Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Na Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linpo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangzhen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Hybrid Rapeseed Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingqiao Wang
- Institute of Economical Crops, Yunnan Agricultural Academy, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Guozhi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zanmin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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8
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Shen ZJ, Xu SX, Huang QY, Li ZY, Xu YD, Lin CS, Huang YJ. TMT proteomics analysis of a pseudocereal crop, quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), during seed maturation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:975073. [PMID: 36426144 PMCID: PMC9678934 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.975073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), an Andean native crop, is increasingly popular around the world due to its high nutritional content and stress tolerance. The production and the popularity of this strategic global food are greatly restricted by many limiting factors, such as seed pre-harvest sprouting, bitter saponin, etc. To solve these problems, the underlying mechanism of seed maturation in quinoa needs to be investigated. In this study, based on the investigation of morphological characteristics, a quantitative analysis of its global proteome was conducted using the combinational proteomics of tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). The proteome changes related to quinoa seed maturation conversion were monitored to aid its genetic improvement. Typical changes of morphological characteristics were discovered during seed maturation, including mean grain diameter, mean grain thickness, mean hundred-grain weight, palea, episperm color, etc. With TMT proteomics analysis, 581 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) were identified. Functional classification analysis and Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that most DAPs involved in photosynthesis were downregulated, indicating low levels of photosynthesis. DAPs that participated in glycolysis, such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate decarboxylase, and alcohol dehydrogenase, were upregulated to fulfill the increasing requirement of energy consumption during maturation conversion. The storage proteins, such as globulins, legumins, vicilins, and oleosin, were also increased significantly during maturation conversion. Protein-protein interaction analysis and function annotation revealed that the upregulation of oleosin, oil body-associated proteins, and acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 2 resulted in the accumulation of oil in quinoa seeds. The downregulation of β-amyrin 28-oxidase was observed, indicating the decreasing saponin content, during maturation, which makes the quinoa "sweet". By the PRM and qRT-PCR analysis, the expression patterns of most selected DAPs were consistent with the result of TMT proteomics. Our study enhanced the understanding of the maturation conversion in quinoa. This might be the first and most important step toward the genetic improvement of quinoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Shen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Subtropical Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, Xiamen, China
| | - Su-Xia Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Subtropical Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, Xiamen, China
| | - Qing-Yun Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Subtropical Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, Xiamen, China
| | - Zi-Yang Li
- Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Ding Xu
- Landscape Architecture and Landscape Research Branch, China Academy of Urban Planning and Design, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Song Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Subtropical Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, Xiamen, China
| | - Yi-Jin Huang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Yuan Y, Cao X, Zhang H, Liu C, Zhang Y, Song XL, Gai S. Genome-wide identification and analysis of Oleosin gene family in four cotton species and its involvement in oil accumulation and germination. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:569. [PMID: 34863105 PMCID: PMC8642851 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03358-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cotton is not only a major textile fiber crop but also a vital oilseed, industrial, and forage crop. Oleosins are the structural proteins of oil bodies, influencing their size and the oil content in seeds. In addition, the degradation of oleosins is involved in the mobilization of lipid and oil bodies during seed germination. However, comprehensive identification and the systematic analysis of the Oleosin gene (OLEOs) family have not been conducted in cotton. RESULTS An in-depth analysis has enabled us to identify 25 and 24 OLEOs in tetraploid cotton species G. hirsutum and G. barbadense, respectively, while 12 and 13 OLEOs were identified in diploid species G. arboreum and G. raimondii, respectively. The 74 OLEOs were further clustered into three lineages according to the phylogenetic tree. Synteny analysis revealed that most of the OLEOs were conserved and that WGD or segmental duplications might drive their expansion. The transmembrane helices in GhOLEO proteins were predicted, and three transmembrane models were summarized, in which two were newly proposed. A total of 24 candidate miRNAs targeting GhOLEOs were predicted. Three highly expressed oil-related OLEOs, GH_A07G0501 (SL), GH_D10G0941 (SH), and GH_D01G1686 (U), were cloned, and their subcellular localization and function were analyzed. Their overexpression in Arabidopsis increased seed oil content and decreased seed germination rates. CONCLUSION We identified OLEO gene family in four cotton species and performed comparative analyses of their relationships, conserved structure, synteny, and gene duplication. The subcellular localization and function of three highly expressed oil-related OLEOs were detected. These results lay the foundation for further functional characterization of OLEOs and improving seed oil content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Key Lab of Plant Biotechnology in Universities of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinzhe Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Key Lab of Plant Biotechnology in Universities of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology/Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Chunying Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Key Lab of Plant Biotechnology in Universities of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuxi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Key Lab of Plant Biotechnology in Universities of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Xian-Liang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology/Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China.
| | - Shupeng Gai
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Key Lab of Plant Biotechnology in Universities of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China.
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Li C, Shang JX, Qiu C, Zhang B, Wang J, Wang S, Sun Y. Plastid-Localized EMB2726 Is Involved in Chloroplast Biogenesis and Early Embryo Development in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:675838. [PMID: 34367201 PMCID: PMC8343077 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.675838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Embryogenesis is a critical developmental process that establishes the body organization of higher plants. During this process, the biogenesis of chloroplasts from proplastids is essential. A failure in chloroplast development during embryogenesis can cause morphologically abnormal embryos or embryonic lethality. In this study, we isolated a T-DNA insertion mutant of the Arabidopsis gene EMBRYO DEFECTIVE 2726 (EMB2726). Heterozygous emb2726 seedlings produced about 25% albino seeds with embryos that displayed defects at the 32-cell stage and that arrested development at the late globular stage. EMB2726 protein was localized in chloroplasts and was expressed at all stages of development, such as embryogenesis. Moreover, the two translation elongation factor Ts domains within the protein were critical for its function. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the cells in emb2726 embryos contained undifferentiated proplastids and that the expression of plastid genome-encoded photosynthesis-related genes was dramatically reduced. Expression studies of DR5:GFP, pDRN:DRN-GFP, and pPIN1:PIN1-GFP reporter lines indicated normal auxin biosynthesis but altered polar auxin transport. The expression of pSHR:SHR-GFP and pSCR:SCR-GFP confirmed that procambium and ground tissue precursors were lacking in emb2726 embryos. The results suggest that EMB2726 plays a critical role during Arabidopsis embryogenesis by affecting chloroplast development, possibly by affecting the translation process in plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yu Sun
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
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11
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Tan H, Qi X, Li Y, Wang X, Zhou J, Liu X, Shi X, Ye W, Xiang X. Light induces gene expression to enhance the synthesis of storage reserves in Brassica napus L. embryos. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:457-471. [PMID: 32274640 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we disclosed the influence of light on the accumulation of storage reserves in B. napus embryos.1.Light induced the gene expression in the developing embryos of B. napus.2.Light promoted the starch synthesis in chloroplasts of B. napus embryos.3.Light enhanced the metabolic activity of storage reserve synthesis in B. napus embryos. Light influences the accumulation of storage reserves in embryos, but the molecular mechanism was not fully understood. Here, we monitored the effects of light on reserve biosynthesis in Brassica napus by comparing embryos from siliques grown in normal light conditions to those that were shaded or masked (i.e., darkened completely). Masked embryos developed more slowly, weighed less, and contained fewer proteins and lipids than control embryos. They also had fewer and smaller oil bodies than control embryos and lacked chloroplasts, where starch grains are usually synthesized. The levels of most amino acids, carbohydrates, and fatty acids were higher in masked embryos than in control or shaded embryos, whereas the levels of these metabolites in the masked endosperms were lower than those in control and shaded endosperm. Transcriptome analysis indicated that genes involved in photosynthesis (42 genes), amino acid biosynthesis (51 genes), lipid metabolism (61 genes), and sugar transport (13 genes) were significantly repressed in masked embryos. Our results suggest that light contributes to reserve accumulation in embryos by inducing the expression of metabolic genes, thereby enhancing the biosynthesis of storage reserves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helin Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Xiao Qi
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Xingchun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Jianguo Zhou
- Animal Sciences National Teaching Demonstration Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiuhong Liu
- Animal Sciences National Teaching Demonstration Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaoli Shi
- Animal Sciences National Teaching Demonstration Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenxue Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaoe Xiang
- Animal Sciences National Teaching Demonstration Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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12
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Sela A, Piskurewicz U, Megies C, Mène-Saffrané L, Finazzi G, Lopez-Molina L. Embryonic Photosynthesis Affects Post-Germination Plant Growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:2166-2181. [PMID: 32060052 PMCID: PMC7140907 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is the fundamental process fueling plant vegetative growth and development. The progeny of plants relies on maternal photosynthesis, via food reserves in the seed, to supply the necessary energy for seed germination and early seedling establishment. Intriguingly, before seed maturation, Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) embryos are also photosynthetically active, the biological significance of which remains poorly understood. Investigating this system is genetically challenging because mutations perturbing photosynthesis are expected to affect both embryonic and vegetative tissues. Here, we isolated a temperature-sensitive mutation affecting CPN60α2, which encodes a subunit of the chloroplast chaperonin complex CPN60. When exposed to cold temperatures, cpn60α2 mutants accumulate less chlorophyll in newly produced tissues, thus allowing the specific disturbance of embryonic photosynthesis. Analyses of cpn60α2 mutants were combined with independent genetic and pharmacological approaches to show that embryonic photosynthetic activity is necessary for normal skoto- and photomorphogenesis in juvenile seedlings as well as long-term adult plant development. Our results reveal the importance of embryonic photosynthetic activity for normal adult plant growth, development, and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayala Sela
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Urszula Piskurewicz
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian Megies
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble - Cell & Plant Physiology Laboratory, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Luis Lopez-Molina
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Chen K, Yin Y, Liu S, Guo Z, Zhang K, Liang Y, Zhang L, Zhao W, Chao H, Li M. Genome-wide identification and functional analysis of oleosin genes in Brassica napus L. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:294. [PMID: 31272381 PMCID: PMC6610931 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1891-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapeseed is the third largest oil seed crop in the world. The seeds of this plant store lipids in oil bodies, and oleosin is the most important structural protein in oil bodies. However, the function of oleosin in oil crops has received little attention. RESULTS In the present study, 48 oleosin sequences from the Brassica napus genome were identified and divided into four lineages (T, U, SH, SL). Synteny analysis revealed that most of the oleosin genes were conserved, and all of these genes experienced purifying selection during evolution. Three and four important oleosin genes from Arabidopsis and B. napus, respectively, were cloned and analyzed for function in Arabidopsis. Overexpression of these oleosin genes in Arabidopsis increased the seed oil content slightly, except for BnaOLE3. Further analysis revealed that the average oil body size of the transgenic seeds was slightly larger than that of the wild type (WT), except for BnaOLE1. The fatty acid profiles showed that the linoleic acid content (13.3% at most) increased and the peanut acid content (11% at most) decreased in the transgenic lines. In addition, the seed size and thousand-seed weight (TSW) also increased in the transgenic lines, which could lead to increased total lipid production. CONCLUSION We identified oleosin genes in the B. napus genome, and overexpression of oleosin in Arabidopsis seeds increased the seed weight and linoleic acid content (13.3% at most).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Yongtai Yin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Si Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Zhenyi Guo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Yu Liang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Hongbo Chao
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Maoteng Li
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, China
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O'Neill JP, Colon KT, Jenik PD. The onset of embryo maturation in Arabidopsis is determined by its developmental stage and does not depend on endosperm cellularization. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:286-301. [PMID: 30900325 PMCID: PMC6635039 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Seeds are dormant and desiccated structures, filled with storage products to be used after germination. These properties are determined by the maturation program, which starts, in Arabidopsis thaliana, mid-embryogenesis, at about the same time and developmental stage in all the seeds in a fruit. The two factors, chronological and developmental time, are closely entangled during seed development, so their relative contribution to the transition to maturation is not well understood. It is also unclear whether that transition is determined autonomously by each seed or whether it depends on signals from the fruit. The onset of maturation follows the cellularization of the endosperm, and it has been proposed that there exists a causal relationship between both processes. We explored all these issues by analyzing markers for maturation in Arabidopsis mutant seeds that develop at a slower pace, or where endosperm cellularization happens too early, too late, or not at all. Our data show that the developmental stage of the embryo is the key determinant of the initiation of maturation, and that each seed makes that transition autonomously. We also found that, in contrast with previous models, endosperm cellularization is not required for the onset of maturation, suggesting that this transition is independent of the hexose/sucrose ratio in the seed. Our observations indicate that the mechanisms that control endosperm cellularization, embryo growth, and embryo maturation act independently of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P O'Neill
- Department of Biology, Franklin & Marshall College, P.O. Box 3003, Lancaster, PA, 17604-3003, USA
| | - Kristen T Colon
- Department of Biology, Franklin & Marshall College, P.O. Box 3003, Lancaster, PA, 17604-3003, USA
| | - Pablo D Jenik
- Department of Biology, Franklin & Marshall College, P.O. Box 3003, Lancaster, PA, 17604-3003, USA
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Liebers M, Chevalier F, Blanvillain R, Pfannschmidt T. PAP genes are tissue- and cell-specific markers of chloroplast development. PLANTA 2018; 248:629-646. [PMID: 29855700 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2924-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Expression of PAP genes is strongly coordinated and represents a highly selective cell-specific marker associated with the development of chloroplasts in photosynthetically active organs of Arabidopsis seedlings and adult plants. Transcription in plastids of plants depends on the activity of phage-type single-subunit nuclear-encoded RNA polymerases (NEP) and a prokaryotic multi-subunit plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP). PEP is comprised of the core subunits α, β, β' and β″ encoded by rpoA, rpoB/C1/C2 genes located on the plastome. This core enzyme needs to interact with nuclear-encoded sigma factors for proper promoter recognition. In chloroplasts, the core enzyme is surrounded by additional 12 nuclear-encoded subunits, all of eukaryotic origin. These PEP-associated proteins (PAPs) were found to be essential for chloroplast biogenesis as Arabidopsis inactivation mutants for each of them revealed albino or pale-green phenotypes. In silico analysis of transcriptomic data suggests that PAP genes represent a tightly controlled regulon, whereas wetlab data are sparse and correspond to the expression of individual genes mostly studied at the seedling stage. Using RT-PCR, transient, and stable expression assays of PAP promoter-GUS-constructs, we do provide, in this study, a comprehensive expression catalogue for PAP genes throughout the life cycle of Arabidopsis. We demonstrate a selective impact of light on PAP gene expression and uncover a high tissue specificity that is coupled to developmental progression especially during the transition from skotomorphogenesis to photomorphogenesis. Our data imply that PAP gene expression precedes the formation of chloroplasts rendering PAP genes a tissue- and cell-specific marker of chloroplast biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Liebers
- LPCV, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Université Grenoble-Alpes, BIG, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Fabien Chevalier
- LPCV, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Université Grenoble-Alpes, BIG, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Robert Blanvillain
- LPCV, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Université Grenoble-Alpes, BIG, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Thomas Pfannschmidt
- LPCV, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Université Grenoble-Alpes, BIG, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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Chen H, Li S, Li L, Hu H, Zhao J. Arabidopsis EMB1990 Encoding a Plastid-Targeted YlmG Protein Is Required for Chloroplast Biogenesis and Embryo Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:181. [PMID: 29503657 PMCID: PMC5820536 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, embryo development originated from fertilized egg cell is the first step of the life cycle. The chloroplast participates in many essential metabolic pathways, and its function is highly associated with embryo development. However, the mechanisms and relevant genetic components by which the chloroplast functions in embryogenesis are largely uncharacterized. In this paper, we describe the Arabidopsis EMB1990 gene, encoding a plastid-targeted YlmG protein which is required for chloroplast biogenesis and embryo development. Loss of the EMB1990/YLMG1-1 resulted in albino seeds containing abortive embryos, and the morphological development of homozygous emb1990 embryos was disrupted after the globular stage. Our results showed that EMB1990/YLMG1-1 was expressed in the primordia and adaxial region of cotyledon during embryogenesis, and the encoded protein was targeted to the chloroplast. TEM observation of cellular ultrastructure showed that chloroplast biogenesis was impaired in emb1990 embryo cells. Expression of certain plastid genes was also affected in the loss-of-function mutants, including genes encoding core protein complex subunits located in the thylakoid membrane. Moreover, the tissue-specific genes of embryo development were misexpressed in emb1990 mutant, including genes known to delineate cell fate decisions in the SAM (shoot apical meristem), cotyledon and hypophysis. Taken together, we propose that the nuclear-encoded YLMG1-1 is targeted to the chloroplast and required for normal plastid gene expression. Hence, YLMG1-1 plays a critical role in Arabidopsis embryogenesis through participating in chloroplast biogenesis.
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Abstract
Plastids represent a largely diverse group of organelles in plant and algal cells that have several common features but also a broad spectrum of differences in respect of how they look (color, size, and ultrastructure), and what their specific function and molecular composition is. Plastids and their structural and metabolic diversity significantly contribute to the functionality and developmental flexibility of the plant body throughout its lifetime. In addition, to the multiple roles of given plastid types, this diversity is accomplished in some cases by interconversions between different plastids as a consequence of developmental and environmental signals that regulate plastid differentiation and specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Johanna Lethin
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Aronsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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