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Marash I, Leibman-Markus M, Gupta R, Israeli A, Teboul N, Avni A, Ori N, Bar M. Abolishing ARF8A activity promotes disease resistance in tomato. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 343:112064. [PMID: 38492890 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Auxin response factors (ARFs) are a family of transcription factors that regulate auxin-dependent developmental processes. Class A ARFs function as activators of auxin-responsive gene expression in the presence of auxin, while acting as transcriptional repressors in its absence. Despite extensive research on the functions of ARF transcription factors in plant growth and development, the extent, and mechanisms of their involvement in plant resistance, remain unknown. We have previously reported that mutations in the tomato AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR8 (ARF8) genes SlARF8A and SlARF8B result in the decoupling of fruit development from pollination and fertilization, leading to partial or full parthenocarpy and increased yield under extreme temperatures. Here, we report that fine-tuning of SlARF8 activity results in increased resistance to fungal and bacterial pathogens. This resistance is mostly preserved under fluctuating temperatures. Thus, fine-tuning SlARF8 activity may be a potent strategy for increasing overall growth and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftah Marash
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; School of Plant Science and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Meirav Leibman-Markus
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Rupali Gupta
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Alon Israeli
- Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Naama Teboul
- Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Avni
- School of Plant Science and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Naomi Ori
- Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
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Lu Y, Cheng K, Tang H, Li J, Zhang C, Zhu H. The role of Rab GTPase in Plant development and stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 296:154239. [PMID: 38574493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Small GTPase is a type of crucial regulator in eukaryotes. It acts as a molecular switch by binding with GTP and GDP in cytoplasm, affecting various cellular processes. Small GTPase were divided into five subfamilies based on sequence, structure and function: Ras, Rho, Rab, Arf/Sar and Ran, with Rab being the largest subfamily. Members of the Rab subfamily play an important role in regulating complex vesicle transport and microtubule system activity. Plant cells are composed of various membrane-bound organelles, and vesicle trafficking is fundamental to the existence of plants. At present, the function of some Rab members, such as RabA1a, RabD2b/c and RabF2, has been well characterized in plants. This review summarizes the role of Rab GTPase in regulating plant tip growth, morphogenesis, fruit ripening and stress response, and briefly describes the regulatory mechanisms involved. It provides a reference for further alleviating environmental stress, improving plant resistance and even improving fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Ke Cheng
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Hui Tang
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Jinyan Li
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Chunjiao Zhang
- Supervision, Inspection & Testing Center of Agricultural Products Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Hongliang Zhu
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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3
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Cui X, Li X, Li S, Huang Y, Liu N, Lian S, Li B, Wang C. Xylanase VmXyl2 is involved in the pathogenicity of Valsa mali by regulating xylanase activity and inducing cell necrosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1342714. [PMID: 38745923 PMCID: PMC11092374 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1342714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Xylanase plays a key role in degrading plant cell wall during pathogenic fungi infection. Here, we identified a xylanase gene, VmXyl2 from the transcriptome of Valsa mali and examined its function. VmXyl2 has highly elevated transcript levels during the infection process of V. mali, with 15.02-fold increase. Deletion mutants of the gene were generated to investigate the necessity of VmXyl2 in the development and pathogenicity of V. mali. The VmXyl2 deletion mutant considerably reduced the virulence of V. mali in apple leaves and in twigs, accompanied by 41.22% decrease in xylanase activity. In addition, we found that VmXyl2 induces plant cell necrosis regardless of its xylanase activity, whereas promoting the infection of V. mali in apple tissues. The cell death-inducing activity of VmXyl2 dependent on BRI1-associated kinase-1 (BAK1) but not Suppressor of BIR1-1 (SOBIR1). Furthermore, VmXyl2 interacts with Mp2 in vivo, a receptor-like kinase with leucine-rich repeat. The results offer valuable insights into the roles of VmXyl2 in the pathogenicity of V. mali during its infection of apple trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Cui
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xinke Li
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shen Li
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Na Liu
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Sen Lian
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Baohua Li
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Marash I, Gupta R, Anand G, Leibman-Markus M, Lindner N, Israeli A, Nir D, Avni A, Bar M. TOR coordinates cytokinin and gibberellin signals mediating development and defense. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:629-650. [PMID: 37904283 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants constantly perceive and process environmental signals and balance between the energetic demands of growth and defense. Growth arrest upon pathogen attack was previously suggested to result from a redirection of the plants' metabolic resources towards the activation of plant defense. The energy sensor Target of Rapamycin (TOR) kinase is a conserved master coordinator of growth and development in all eukaryotes. Although TOR is positioned at the interface between development and defense, little is known about the mechanisms by which TOR may potentially regulate the relationship between these two modalities. The plant hormones cytokinin (CK) and gibberellin (GA) execute various aspects of plant development and defense. The ratio between CK and GA was reported to determine the outcome of developmental programmes. Here, investigating the interplay between TOR-mediated development and TOR-mediated defense in tomato, we found that TOR silencing resulted in rescue of several different aberrant developmental phenotypes, demonstrating that TOR is required for the execution of developmental cues. In parallel, TOR inhibition enhanced immunity in genotypes with a low CK/GA ratio but not in genotypes with a high CK/GA ratio. TOR-inhibition mediated disease resistance was found to depend on developmental status, and was abolished in strongly morphogenetic leaves, while being strongest in mature, differentiated leaves. CK repressed TOR activity, suggesting that CK-mediated immunity may rely on TOR downregulation. At the same time, TOR activity was promoted by GA, and TOR silencing reduced GA sensitivity, indicating that GA signalling requires normal TOR activity. Our results demonstrate that TOR likely acts in concert with CK and GA signalling, executing signalling cues in both defense and development. Thus, differential regulation of TOR or TOR-mediated processes could regulate the required outcome of development-defense prioritisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftah Marash
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
- School of Plant Science and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Rupali Gupta
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Gautam Anand
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Meirav Leibman-Markus
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Naomi Lindner
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alon Israeli
- Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dov Nir
- Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Avni
- School of Plant Science and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
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5
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Liu X, Zhou X, Li D, Hong B, Gao J, Zhang Z. Rose WRKY13 promotes disease protection to Botrytis by enhancing cytokinin content and reducing abscisic acid signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:679-693. [PMID: 36271872 PMCID: PMC9806554 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormones cytokinin (CK) and abscisic acid (ABA) play critical and often opposite roles during plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Rose (Rosa sp.) is an economically important ornamental crop sold as cut flowers. Rose petals are extremely susceptible to gray mold disease caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. The infection of rose petals by B. cinerea leads to tissue collapse and rot, causing severe economic losses. In this study, we showed that CK and ABA play opposite roles in the susceptibility of rose to B. cinerea. Treatment with CK enhanced the disease protection of rose petals to B. cinerea, while ABA promoted disease progression. We further demonstrated that rose flowers activate CK-mediated disease protection via a B. cinerea-induced rose transcriptional repressor, Rosa hybrida (Rh)WRKY13, which is an ortholog of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), AtWRKY40. RhWRKY13 binds to promoter regions of the CK degradation gene CKX3 (RhCKX3) and the ABA-response gene ABA insensitive4 (RhABI4), leading to simultaneous inhibition of their expression in rose petals. The increased CK content and reduced ABA responses result in enhanced protection from B. cinerea. Collectively, these data reveal opposite roles for CK and ABA in the susceptibility of rose petals against B. cinerea infection, which is mediated by B. cinerea-induced RhWRKY13 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bo Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Junping Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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Xie C, Yang L, Jia G, Yan K, Zhang S, Yang G, Wu C, Gai Y, Zheng C, Huang J. Maize HEAT UP-REGULATED GENE 1 plays vital roles in heat stress tolerance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6417-6433. [PMID: 35709944 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Increasing temperature is one of the major threats to maize growth and yield globally. Under heat stress conditions, intracellular protein homeostasis is seriously disturbed, leading to accumulation of abnormally folded proteins, especially in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Molecular chaperones are vital players in the renaturation process and in preventing protein aggregation. However, heat stress tolerance-associated chaperones are not well documented in maize. Here, we characterized the biological roles of HEAT UP-REGULATED GENE 1 (ZmHUG1) in maize. ZmHUG1 encodes a heat-inducible holdase-type molecular chaperone localized in the ER. Knockout mutant of ZmHUG1 exhibited remarkably enhanced sensitivity to heat stress. Accordingly, the zmhug1 mutant showed severe ER stress under high temperature. MAIZE PRENYLATED RAB ACCEPTOR 1.C1 (ZmPRA1.C1) was identified as a client of ZmHUG1, and heat-induced aggregation of ZmPRA1.C1 was accelerated in the zmhug1 mutant. Furthermore, the expression of ZmHUG1 was rapidly transactivated by ER stress sensor BASIC LEUCINE ZIPPER DOMAIN 60 (bZIP60) when heat stress occurred. This study reveals a ZmHUG1-based thermo-protective mechanism in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Guixian Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Kang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Shizhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Guodong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Changai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Yingping Gai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Chengchao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Jinguang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
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7
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Kuo IY, Hsieh CH, Kuo WT, Chang CP, Wang YC. Recent advances in conventional and unconventional vesicular secretion pathways in the tumor microenvironment. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:56. [PMID: 35927755 PMCID: PMC9354273 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00837-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
All cells in the changing tumor microenvironment (TME) need a class of checkpoints to regulate the balance among exocytosis, endocytosis, recycling and degradation. The vesicular trafficking and secretion pathways regulated by the small Rab GTPases and their effectors convey cell growth and migration signals and function as meditators of intercellular communication and molecular transfer. Recent advances suggest that Rab proteins govern conventional and unconventional vesicular secretion pathways by trafficking widely diverse cargoes and substrates in remodeling TME. The mechanisms underlying the regulation of conventional and unconventional vesicular secretion pathways, their action modes and impacts on the cancer and stromal cells have been the focus of much attention for the past two decades. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of vesicular secretion pathways in TME. We begin with an overview of the structure, regulation, substrate recognition and subcellular localization of vesicular secretion pathways. We then systematically discuss how the three fundamental vesicular secretion processes respond to extracellular cues in TME. These processes are the conventional protein secretion via the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi apparatus route and two types of unconventional protein secretion via extracellular vesicles and secretory autophagy. The latest advances and future directions in vesicular secretion-involved interplays between tumor cells, stromal cell and host immunity are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ying Kuo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiung Hsieh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Kuo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Peng Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan. .,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ching Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan. .,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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8
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Leibman-Markus M, Schuster S, Vasquez-Soto B, Bar M, Avni A, Pizarro L. Dynamin-Related Proteins Enhance Tomato Immunity by Mediating Pattern Recognition Receptor Trafficking. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12080760. [PMID: 36005675 PMCID: PMC9415932 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12080760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptor (PRR) trafficking to the plasma membrane and endocytosis plays a crucial role in pattern triggered immunity (PTI). Dynamin-related proteins (DRPs) participate in endocytosis and recycling. In Arabidopsis, DRP1 and DRP2 are involved in plasma membrane scission during endocytosis. They are required for the PRR FLS2 endocytosis induction and PTI activation after elicitation with flg22, the MAMP recognized by FLS2. In tomato, SlDRP2A regulates the PRR LeEIX2 endocytosis and PTI activation in response to EIX, the MAMP recognized by LeEIX2. However, it is unknown if other DRPs participate in these processes. Taking advantage of bioinformatics tools, we selected SlDRP2B among the eight DRP2 tomato orthologues to study its functionality in trafficking and plant immunity. Through transient expression of SlDRP1B and its dominant-negative mutant on Nicotiana benthamiana and Nicotiana tabacum, we analyzed SlDRP1B function. We observed that SlDRP1B is physically associated with the LeEIX2 and modifies LeEIX2 trafficking, increasing its presence in endosomes. An enhancement of EIX-elicitated defense responses accompanies the role of SlDRP1B on LeEIX endocytosis. In addition, SlDRP1B overexpression enhanced flg22-elicited defense response. With these results, we conclude that SlDRP1B regulates PRR trafficking and, therefore, plant immunity, similarly to the SlDRP2A role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirav Leibman-Markus
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (M.L.-M.); (S.S.); (A.A.)
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, ARO, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel;
| | - Silvia Schuster
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (M.L.-M.); (S.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Beatriz Vasquez-Soto
- Institute of Agri-Food, Animal and Environmental Sciences, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile;
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, ARO, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel;
| | - Adi Avni
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (M.L.-M.); (S.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Lorena Pizarro
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (M.L.-M.); (S.S.); (A.A.)
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, ARO, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel;
- Institute of Agri-Food, Animal and Environmental Sciences, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-233-286-050
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Yue ZL, Tian ZJ, Zhang JW, Zhang SW, Li YD, Wu ZM. Overexpression of Lectin Receptor-Like Kinase 1 in Tomato Confers Resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Radicis-Lycopersici. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:836269. [PMID: 35185997 PMCID: PMC8850989 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.836269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The disease Fusarium crown and root rot (FCRR), caused mainly by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL), seriously affects commercial tomato [Solanum lycopersicum (Sl)] yields. However, the genes that offer resistance to FORL are limited and the mechanism of resistance to FCRR is poorly understood. Lectin receptor-like kinases (LecRKs) play critical roles in defensive responses and immunity in many plant species; however, whether specific LecRKs are involved in the response of tomato plants to FORL is unclear. Here, we report that the expression of SlLecRK1/Solyc09g011070.1 was obviously induced by the infection of FORL. Biochemical and cell biological data revealed that SlLecRK1 is an active kinase that is located at the cell membrane, while real-time quantitative PCR data suggested that SlLecRK1 is mainly expressed in stems and roots. Genetic studies showed that overexpression of SlLecRK1 significantly improved the resistance of tomato plants to FORL but did not cause visible changes in plant growth and development compared with wild-type control plants. RNA-Seq data suggested that the positive effects of SlLecRK1 on the resistance of tomato plants to FORL occur mainly by triggering the expression of ethylene-responsive transcription factor (ERF) genes. Together, our findings not only identify a new target for the development of FCRR-resistant tomato varieties, they also demonstrate a molecular mechanism linking SlLecRK1 and ERFs in regulating the immune responses of tomato plants to FORL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Liang Yue
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhe-Juan Tian
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jun-Wei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Sheng-Wei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ya-Dong Li
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Wu
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
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10
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Anand G, Leibman-Markus M, Elkabetz D, Bar M. Method for the Production and Purification of Plant Immuno-Active Xylanase from Trichoderma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4214. [PMID: 33921693 PMCID: PMC8073006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants lack a circulating adaptive immune system to protect themselves against pathogens. Therefore, they have evolved an innate immune system based upon complicated and efficient defense mechanisms, either constitutive or inducible. Plant defense responses are triggered by elicitors such as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). These components are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which include plant cell surface receptors. Upon recognition, PRRs trigger pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Ethylene Inducing Xylanase (EIX) is a fungal MAMP protein from the plant-growth-promoting fungi (PGPF)-Trichoderma. It elicits plant defense responses in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), making it an excellent tool in the studies of plant immunity. Xylanases such as EIX are hydrolytic enzymes that act on xylan in hemicellulose. There are two types of xylanases: the endo-1, 4-β-xylanases that hydrolyze within the xylan structure, and the β-d-xylosidases that hydrolyze the ends of the xylan chain. Xylanases are mainly synthesized by fungi and bacteria. Filamentous fungi produce xylanases in high amounts and secrete them in liquid cultures, making them an ideal system for xylanase purification. Here, we describe a method for cost- and yield-effective xylanase production from Trichoderma using wheat bran as a growth substrate. Xylanase produced by this method possessed xylanase activity and immunogenic activity, effectively inducing a hypersensitive response, ethylene biosynthesis, and ROS burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Anand
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 50250, Israel; (G.A.); (M.L.-M.); (D.E.)
| | - Meirav Leibman-Markus
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 50250, Israel; (G.A.); (M.L.-M.); (D.E.)
| | - Dorin Elkabetz
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 50250, Israel; (G.A.); (M.L.-M.); (D.E.)
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 91905, Israel
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 50250, Israel; (G.A.); (M.L.-M.); (D.E.)
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11
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Bi K, Scalschi L, Jaiswal N, Mengiste T, Fried R, Sanz AB, Arroyo J, Zhu W, Masrati G, Sharon A. The Botrytis cinerea Crh1 transglycosylase is a cytoplasmic effector triggering plant cell death and defense response. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2166. [PMID: 33846308 PMCID: PMC8042016 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Crh proteins catalyze crosslinking of chitin and glucan polymers in fungal cell walls. Here, we show that the BcCrh1 protein from the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea acts as a cytoplasmic effector and elicitor of plant defense. BcCrh1 is localized in vacuoles and the endoplasmic reticulum during saprophytic growth. However, upon plant infection, the protein accumulates in infection cushions; it is then secreted to the apoplast and translocated into plant cells, where it induces cell death and defense responses. Two regions of 53 and 35 amino acids are sufficient for protein uptake and cell death induction, respectively. BcCrh1 mutant variants that are unable to dimerize lack transglycosylation activity, but are still able to induce plant cell death. Furthermore, Arabidopsis lines expressing the bccrh1 gene exhibit reduced sensitivity to B. cinerea, suggesting a potential use of the BcCrh1 protein in plant immunization against this necrotrophic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Bi
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Loredana Scalschi
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Plant Physiology Area, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Department CAMN, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Namrata Jaiswal
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tesfaye Mengiste
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Renana Fried
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ana Belén Sanz
- Dpto. Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Arroyo
- Dpto. Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Gal Masrati
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amir Sharon
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Guo R, Ji S, Wang Z, Zhang H, Wang Y, Liu Z. Trichoderma asperellum xylanases promote growth and induce resistance in poplar. Microbiol Res 2021; 248:126767. [PMID: 33873138 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Xylanase secreted by Trichoderma asperellum ACCC30536 can stimulate the systemic resistance of host plants against pathogenic fungi. Following T. asperellum conidia co-culture with Populus davidiana × P. alba var. pyramidalis Louche (PdPap) seedlings, the expression of xylanases TasXyn29.4 and TasXyn24.2 in T. asperellum were upregulated, peaking at 12 h, by 106 (26.74) and 10.1 (23.34)-fold compared with the control, respectively. However, the expression of TasXyn24.4 and TasXyn24.0 was not detected. When recombinant xylanases rTasXyn29.4 and rTasXyn24.2 were heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115, their activities reached 18.9 IU/mL and 20.4 IU/mL, respectively. In PdPap seedlings induced by rTasXyn29.4 and rTasXyn24.2, the auxin and jasmonic acid signaling pathways were activated to promote growth and enhance resistance against pathogens. PdPap seedlings treated with both xylanases showed increased methyl jasmonate contents at 12 hpi, reaching 122 % (127 μg/g) compared with the control. However, neither of the xylanases could induce the salicylic acid signaling pathway in PdPap seedlings. Meanwhile, both xylanases could enhance the antioxidant ability of PdPap seedlings by improving their catalase activity. Both xylanases significantly induced systemic resistance of PdPap seedlings against Alternaria alternata, Rhizoctonia solani, and Fusarium oxysporum. However, the xylanases could only be sensed by the roots of the PdPap seedlings, not the leaves. In summary, rTasXyn29.4 and rTasXyn24.2 from T. asperellum ACCC30536 promoted growth and induced systemic resistance of PdPap seedlings, which endowed the PdPap seedlings broad-spectrum resistance to phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiting Guo
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Shida Ji
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China; Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China.
| | - Zhiying Wang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Huifang Zhang
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yucheng Wang
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China; School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China; School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China.
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Sussholz O, Pizarro L, Schuster S, Avni A. SlRLK-like is a malectin-like domain protein affecting localization and abundance of LeEIX2 receptor resulting in suppression of EIX-induced immune responses. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:1369-1381. [PMID: 33048397 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The first line of plant defense occurs when a plant pattern recognition receptor (PRR) recognizes microbe-associated molecular patterns. Plant PRRs are either receptor-like kinases (RLKs), which have an extracellular domain for ligand binding, a single-pass transmembrane domain, and an intracellular kinase domain for activating downstream signaling, or receptor-like proteins (RLPs), which share the same overall structure but lack an intracellular kinase domain. The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) LeEIX2 is an RLP that binds ethylene-inducing xylanase (EIX), a fungal elicitor. To identify LeEIX2 receptor interactors, we conducted a yeast two-hybrid screen and found a tomato protein that we termed SlRLK-like. The interaction of LeEIX2 with SlRLK-like was verified using co-immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. The defense responses induced by EIX were markedly reduced when SlRLK-like was overexpressed in Nicotiana benthamiana or Nicotiana tabacum, and knockout of SlRLK-like using the CRISPR/Cas9 system increased EIX-induced ethylene production and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (SlACS2) gene expression in tomato. Co-expression of SlRLK-like with LeEIX2 led to a reduction in its abundance, apparently through an endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation process. Notably, truncation of SlRLK-like protein revealed that the malectin-like domain is sufficient and essential for its function. Moreover, SlRLK-like associated with the RLK FLS2, resulting in its degradation and concomitantly a reduction of the flagellin 22 (flg22)-induced burst of reactive oxygen species. In addition, SlRLK-like co-expression with other RLPs, Ve1 and AtRLP23, also led to a reduction in their abundance. Our findings suggest that SlRLK-like leads to a decreased stability of various PRRs, leading to a reduction in their abundance and resulting in attenuation of defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orian Sussholz
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Lorena Pizarro
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Silvia Schuster
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Adi Avni
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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Gupta R, Pizarro L, Leibman‐Markus M, Marash I, Bar M. Cytokinin response induces immunity and fungal pathogen resistance, and modulates trafficking of the PRR LeEIX2 in tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1287-1306. [PMID: 32841497 PMCID: PMC7488468 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant immunity is often defined by the immunity hormones: salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET). These hormones are well known for differentially regulating defence responses against pathogens. In recent years, the involvement of other plant growth hormones such as auxin, gibberellic acid, abscisic acid, and cytokinins (CKs) in biotic stresses has been recognized. Previous reports have indicated that endogenous and exogenous CK treatment can result in pathogen resistance. We show here that CK induces systemic immunity in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), modulating cellular trafficking of the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) LeEIX2, which mediates immune responses to Xyn11 family xylanases, and promoting resistance to Botrytis cinerea and Oidium neolycopersici in an SA- and ET-dependent mechanism. CK perception within the host underlies its protective effect. Our results support the notion that CK promotes pathogen resistance by inducing immunity in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Gupta
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchInstitute of Plant ProtectionAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Lorena Pizarro
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchInstitute of Plant ProtectionAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
- School of Plant Sciences and Food SecurityTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Present address:
Institute of Agri‐food, Animal and Environmental SciencesUniversidad de O'HigginsChile
| | - Meirav Leibman‐Markus
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchInstitute of Plant ProtectionAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Iftah Marash
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchInstitute of Plant ProtectionAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
- School of Plant Sciences and Food SecurityTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchInstitute of Plant ProtectionAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
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15
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Kim JH, Castroverde CDM. Diversity, Function and Regulation of Cell Surface and Intracellular Immune Receptors in Solanaceae. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040434. [PMID: 32244634 PMCID: PMC7238418 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The first layer of the plant immune system comprises plasma membrane-localized receptor proteins and intracellular receptors of the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat protein superfamily. Together, these immune receptors act as a network of surveillance machines in recognizing extracellular and intracellular pathogen invasion-derived molecules, ranging from conserved structural epitopes to virulence-promoting effectors. Successful pathogen recognition leads to physiological and molecular changes in the host plants, which are critical for counteracting and defending against biotic attack. A breadth of significant insights and conceptual advances have been derived from decades of research in various model plant species regarding the structural complexity, functional diversity, and regulatory mechanisms of these plant immune receptors. In this article, we review the current state-of-the-art of how these host surveillance proteins function and how they are regulated. We will focus on the latest progress made in plant species belonging to the Solanaceae family, because of their tremendous importance as model organisms and agriculturally valuable crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hum Kim
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Correspondence: (J.H.K.); (C.D.M.C.)
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16
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Pizarro L, Leibman-Markus M, Schuster S, Bar M, Avni A. Tomato Dynamin Related Protein 2A Associates With LeEIX2 and Enhances PRR Mediated Defense by Modulating Receptor Trafficking. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:936. [PMID: 31379912 PMCID: PMC6658876 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The endocytic trafficking pathway is employed by the plant to regulate immune responses, and is often targeted by pathogen effectors to promote virulence. The model system of the tomato receptor-like protein (RLP) LeEIX2 and its ligand, the elicitor EIX, employs endocytosis to transmit receptor-mediated signals, with some of the signaling events occurring directly from endosomal compartments. Here, to explore the trafficking mechanism of LeEIX2-mediated immune signaling, we used a proteomic approach to identify LeEIX2-associating proteins. We report the identification of SlDRP2A, a dynamin related protein, as an associating partner for LeEIX2. SlDRP2A localizes at the plasma membrane. Overexpression of SlDRP2A increases the sub-population of LeEIX2 in VHAa1 endosomes, and enhances LeEIX2- and FLS2-mediated defense. The effect of SlDRP2A on induction of plant immunity highlights the importance of endomembrane components and endocytosis in signal propagation during plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Pizarro
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon, Israel
| | - Meirav Leibman-Markus
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon, Israel
| | - Silvia Schuster
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon, Israel
- *Correspondence: Maya Bar,
| | - Adi Avni
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Adi Avni,
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Pizarro L, Leibman-Markus M, Schuster S, Bar M, Avni A. SlPRA1A/RAB attenuate EIX immune responses via degradation of LeEIX2 pattern recognition receptor. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1467689. [PMID: 29944445 PMCID: PMC6103275 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1467689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRR) are plasma membrane (PM) proteins that recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), triggering an immune response. PRR are classified as receptor like kinases (RLKs) or receptor like proteins (RLPs). The PM localization of PRRs, which is crucial for their availability to sense MAMPs, depends on their appropriate trafficking through the endomembrane system. Recently, we have identified SlPRA1A, a prenylated RAB acceptor type-1 (PRA1) from S. lycopersicum, as a regulator of RLP-PRR localization and protein levels. SlPRA1A overexpression strongly decreases RLP-PRR protein levels, particularly those of LeEIX2, redirecting it to the vacuole for degradation. Interestingly, SlPRA1A does not affect RLK-PRRs, indicating its activity to be specific to RLP-PRR systems. As PRA1 proteins stabilize RABs on membranes, promoting RABs activity, we aimed to identify a RAB target of SlPRA1A. Screening of a set of A. thaliana RABs revealed that AtRABA1e is able to mimic SlPRA1A activity. Through live cell imaging, we observed that SlPRA1A enhances AtRABA1e localization on SlPRA1A positive punctuated structures. These results indicate that AtRABA1e is a putative target of SlPRA1, and a co-regulator of LeEIX2 trafficking and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Pizarro
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M. Leibman-Markus
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - S. Schuster
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M. Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - A. Avni
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- CONTACT A. Avni School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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