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Zhang S, Han J, Liu N, Sun J, Chen H, Xia J, Ju H, Liu S. Botrytis cinerea hypovirulent strain △ BcSpd1 induced Panax ginseng defense. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:773-783. [PMID: 38107400 PMCID: PMC10721459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is one of the major fungal diseases in agriculture. Biological methods are preferred over chemical fungicides to control gray mold since they are less toxic to the environment and could induce the resistance to pathogens in plants. In this work, we try to understand if ginseng defense to B. cinerea could be induced by fungal hypovirulent strain △BcSpd1. BcSpd1 encodes Zn(II)2Cys6 transcription factor which regulates fungal pathogenicity and we recently reported △BcSpd1 mutants reduced fungal virulence. Methods We performed transcriptomic analysis of the host to investigate the induced defense response of ginseng treated by B. cinerea △BcSpd1. The metabolites in ginseng flavonoids pathway were determined by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS and the antifungal activates were then performed. Results We found that △BcSpd1 enhanced the ginseng defense response when applied to healthy ginseng leaves and further changed the metabolism of flavonoids. Compared with untreated plants, the application of △BcSpd1 on ginseng leaves significantly increased the accumulation of p-coumaric acid and myricetin, which could inhibit the fungal growth. Conclusion B. cinerea △BcSpd1 could effectively induce the medicinal plant defense and is referred to as the biological control agent in ginseng disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhan Zhang
- Laboratory of Tea and Medicinal Plant Pathology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junyou Han
- Laboratory of Tea and Medicinal Plant Pathology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jingyuan Sun
- Laboratory of Tea and Medicinal Plant Pathology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huchen Chen
- Laboratory of Tea and Medicinal Plant Pathology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinglin Xia
- Laboratory of Tea and Medicinal Plant Pathology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huiyan Ju
- Laboratory of Tea and Medicinal Plant Pathology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shouan Liu
- Laboratory of Tea and Medicinal Plant Pathology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Shahriari Z, Su X, Zheng K, Zhang Z. Advances and Prospects of Virus-Resistant Breeding in Tomatoes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15448. [PMID: 37895127 PMCID: PMC10607384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses are the main pathogens which cause significant quality and yield losses in tomato crops. The important viruses that infect tomatoes worldwide belong to five genera: Begomovirus, Orthotospovirus, Tobamovirus, Potyvirus, and Crinivirus. Tomato resistance genes against viruses, including Ty gene resistance against begomoviruses, Sw gene resistance against orthotospoviruses, Tm gene resistance against tobamoviruses, and Pot 1 gene resistance against potyviruses, have been identified from wild germplasm and introduced into cultivated cultivars via hybrid breeding. However, these resistance genes mainly exhibit qualitative resistance mediated by single genes, which cannot protect against virus mutations, recombination, mixed-infection, or emerging viruses, thus posing a great challenge to tomato antiviral breeding. Based on the epidemic characteristics of tomato viruses, we propose that future studies on tomato virus resistance breeding should focus on rapidly, safely, and efficiently creating broad-spectrum germplasm materials resistant to multiple viruses. Accordingly, we summarized and analyzed the advantages and characteristics of the three tomato antiviral breeding strategies, including marker-assisted selection (MAS)-based hybrid breeding, RNA interference (RNAi)-based transgenic breeding, and CRISPR/Cas-based gene editing. Finally, we highlighted the challenges and provided suggestions for improving tomato antiviral breeding in the future using the three breeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zolfaghar Shahriari
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan Seed Laboratory, 2238# Beijing Rd, Panlong District, Kunming 650205, China; (Z.S.); (X.S.)
- Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Shiraz 617-71555, Iran
| | - Xiaoxia Su
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan Seed Laboratory, 2238# Beijing Rd, Panlong District, Kunming 650205, China; (Z.S.); (X.S.)
| | - Kuanyu Zheng
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan Seed Laboratory, 2238# Beijing Rd, Panlong District, Kunming 650205, China; (Z.S.); (X.S.)
| | - Zhongkai Zhang
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan Seed Laboratory, 2238# Beijing Rd, Panlong District, Kunming 650205, China; (Z.S.); (X.S.)
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3
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Lu DYH, Liao JY, Fajar A, Chen JB, Wei Y, Zhang ZH, Zhang Z, Zheng LM, Tan XQ, Zhou XG, Shi XB, Liu Y, Zhang DY. Co-infection of TYLCV and ToCV increases cathepsin B and promotes ToCV transmission by Bemisia tabaci MED. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1107038. [PMID: 37007483 PMCID: PMC10061087 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1107038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato disease is an important disease affecting agricultural production, and the combined infection of tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) and tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) has gradually expanded in recent years, but no effective control method has been developed to date. Both viruses are transmitted by Bemisia tabaci Mediteranean (MED). Previously, we found that after B. tabaci MED was fed on ToCV-and TYLCV-infected plants, the transmission efficiency of ToCV was significantly higher than that on plants infected only with ToCV. Therefore, we hypothesize that co-infection could enhance the transmission rates of the virus. In this study, transcriptome sequencing was performed to compare the changes of related transcription factors in B. tabaci MED co-infected with ToCV and TYLCV and infected only with ToCV. Hence, transmission experiments were carried out using B. tabaci MED to clarify the role of cathepsin in virus transmission. The gene expression level and enzyme activity of cathepsin B (Cath B) in B. tabaci MED co-infected with ToCV and TYLCV increased compared with those under ToCV infection alone. After the decrease in cathepsin activity in B. tabaci MED or cathepsin B was silenced, its ability to acquire and transmit ToCV was significantly reduced. We verified the hypothesis that the relative expression of cathepsin B was reduced, which helped reduce ToCV transmission by B. tabaci MED. Therefore, it was speculated that cathepsin has profound research significance in the control of B. tabaci MED and the spread of viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Yi-Hui Lu
- Subcollege of Longping, College of Biology, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Changsha, China
| | - Jin-Yu Liao
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Changsha, China
| | - Anugerah Fajar
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Research Center for Biomaterials, Indonesia Institute of Sciences, Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Jian-Bin Chen
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Wei
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Changsha, China
| | - Zhan-Hong Zhang
- Institute of Vegetable, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Changsha, China
| | - Li-Min Zheng
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Changsha, China
| | - Xin-Qiu Tan
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Changsha, China
| | - Xu-Guo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Xiao-Bin Shi
- Subcollege of Longping, College of Biology, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Bin Shi, ; Yong Liu, ; De-Yong Zhang,
| | - Yong Liu
- Subcollege of Longping, College of Biology, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Bin Shi, ; Yong Liu, ; De-Yong Zhang,
| | - De-Yong Zhang
- Subcollege of Longping, College of Biology, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Bin Shi, ; Yong Liu, ; De-Yong Zhang,
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Leibman-Markus M, Gupta R, Pizarro L, Bar M. The LeEIX Locus Determines Pathogen Resistance in Tomato. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:277-285. [PMID: 36044638 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-22-0035-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the ability of plants to differentiate between pathogens and commensals in their environment are currently unresolved. It has been suggested that spatiotemporal regulation of pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) content could be one of the components providing plants with the ability to distinguish between pathogens and nonpathogenic microbes. The LeEIX PRRs recognize xylanases derived from beneficial or commensal plant colonizers of Trichoderma species, including the xylanase known as EIX. Here, we investigated possible general roles of PRRs from the LeEIX locus in immunity and pathogen resistance in tomato. Mutating the inhibitory PRR LeEIX1, or overexpressing the activating PRR LeEIX2, resulted in resistance to a wide range of pathogens and increased basal and elicited immunity. LeEIX1 knockout caused increases in the expression level of several tested PRRs, including FLS2, as well as bacterial pathogen resistance coupled with an increase in flg22-mediated immunity. The wild tomato relative Solanum pennellii contains inactive LeEIX PRR variants. S. pennellii does not respond to elicitation with the LeEIX PRR ligand EIX. Given that EIX is derived from a mostly nonpathogenic microbe, the connection of its PRRs to disease resistance has not previously been investigated directly. Here, we observed that compared with S. lycopersicum cultivar M82, S. pennellii was more sensitive to several fungal and bacterial pathogens. Our results suggest that the LeEIX locus might determine resistance to fungal necrotrophs, whereas the resistance to biotrophs is effected in combination with a gene/quantitative trait locus not within the LeEIX locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirav Leibman-Markus
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Rupali Gupta
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Lorena Pizarro
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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5
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Momo J, Rawoof A, Kumar A, Islam K, Ahmad I, Ramchiary N. Proteomics of Reproductive Development, Fruit Ripening, and Stress Responses in Tomato. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:65-95. [PMID: 36584279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The fruits of the tomato crop (Solanum lycopersicum L.) are increasingly consumed by humans worldwide. Due to their rich nutritional quality, pharmaceutical properties, and flavor, tomato crops have gained a salient role as standout crops among other plants. Traditional breeding and applied functional research have made progress in varying tomato germplasms to subdue biotic and abiotic stresses. Proteomic investigations within a span of few decades have assisted in consolidating the functional genomics and transcriptomic research. However, due to the volatility and dynamicity of proteins in the regulation of various biosynthetic pathways, there is a need for continuing research in the field of proteomics to establish a network that could enable a more comprehensive understanding of tomato growth and development. With this view, we provide a comprehensive review of proteomic studies conducted on the tomato plant in past years, which will be useful for future breeders and researchers working to improve the tomato crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Momo
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi 110067, India
| | - Abdul Rawoof
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala 671316, India
| | - Khushbu Islam
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ilyas Ahmad
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi 110067, India
| | - Nirala Ramchiary
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi 110067, India
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6
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H. El-Sappah A, Qi S, A. Soaud S, Huang Q, M. Saleh A, A. S. Abourehab M, Wan L, Cheng GT, Liu J, Ihtisham M, Noor Z, Rouf Mir R, Zhao X, Yan K, Abbas M, Li J. Natural resistance of tomato plants to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1081549. [PMID: 36600922 PMCID: PMC9807178 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1081549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is one of the most harmful afflictions in the world that affects tomato growth and production. Six regular antagonistic genes (Ty-1, Ty-2, Ty-3, Ty-4, ty-5, and Ty-6) have been transferred from wild germplasms to commercial cultivars as TYLCV protections. With Ty-1 serving as an appropriate source of TYLCV resistance, only Ty-1, Ty-2, and Ty-3 displayed substantial levels of opposition in a few strains. It has been possible to clone three TYLCV opposition genes (Ty-1/Ty-3, Ty-2, and ty-5) that target three antiviral safety mechanisms. However, it significantly impacts obtaining permanent resistance to TYLCV, trying to maintain opposition whenever possible, and spreading opposition globally. Utilizing novel methods, such as using resistance genes and identifying new resistance resources, protects against TYLCV in tomato production. To facilitate the breeders make an informed decision and testing methods for TYLCV blockage, this study highlights the portrayal of typical obstruction genes, common opposition sources, and subatomic indicators. The main goal is to provide a fictitious starting point for the identification and application of resistance genes as well as the maturation of tomato varieties that are TYLCV-resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H. El-Sappah
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, China
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Shiming Qi
- College of Agriculture and Ecological Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye, China
| | - Salma A. Soaud
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Qiulan Huang
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, China
| | - Alaa M. Saleh
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Lingyun Wan
- Key Laboratory of Guangxi for High-quality Formation and Utilization of Dao-di Herbs, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Guo-ting Cheng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Jingyi Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Muhammad Ihtisham
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, China
| | - Zarqa Noor
- School of Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Reyazul Rouf Mir
- Division of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture (FoA), SKUAST–Kashmir, Sopore, India
| | - Xin Zhao
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, China
| | - Kuan Yan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, China
| | - Manzar Abbas
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia Li
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, China
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7
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Gorovits R, Shteinberg M, Anfoka G, Czosnek H. Exploiting Virus Infection to Protect Plants from Abiotic Stresses: Tomato Protection by a Begomovirus. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2944. [PMID: 36365396 PMCID: PMC9657025 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tomato cultivation is threatened by environmental stresses (e.g., heat, drought) and by viral infection (mainly viruses belonging to the tomato yellow leaf curl virus family-TYLCVs). Unlike many RNA viruses, TYLCV infection does not induce a hypersensitive response and cell death in tomato plants. To ensure a successful infection, TYLCV preserves a suitable cellular environment where it can reproduce. Infected plants experience a mild stress, undergo adaptation and become partially "ready" to exposure to other environmental stresses. Plant wilting and cessation of growth caused by heat and drought is suppressed by TYLCV infection, mainly by down-regulating the heat shock transcription factors, HSFA1, HSFA2, HSFB1 and consequently, the expression of HSF-regulated stress genes. In particular, TYLCV captures HSFA2 by inducing protein complexes and aggregates, thus attenuating an acute stress response, which otherwise causes plant death. Viral infection mitigates the increase in stress-induced metabolites, such as carbohydrates and amino acids, and leads to their reallocation from shoots to roots. Under high temperatures and water deficit, TYLCV induces plant cellular homeostasis, promoting host survival. Thus, this virus-plant interaction is beneficial for both partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena Gorovits
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Moshe Shteinberg
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ghandi Anfoka
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Al Balqa’ University, Al-Salt 10117, Jordan
| | - Henryk Czosnek
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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Murray-Watson RE, Cunniffe NJ. How the epidemiology of disease-resistant and disease-tolerant varieties affects grower behaviour. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220517. [PMID: 36259173 PMCID: PMC9579772 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Population-scale effects of resistant or tolerant crop varieties have received little consideration from epidemiologists. When growers deploy tolerant crop, population-scale disease pressures are often unaffected. This only benefits growers using tolerant varieties, selfishly decreasing yields for others. However, resistant crop can reduce disease pressure for all. We coupled an epidemiological model with game theory to understand how this affects uptake of control. Each time a grower plants a new crop, they must decide whether to use an improved (i.e. tolerant/resistant) or unimproved variety. This decision is based on strategic-adaptive expectations in our model, with growers comparing last season's profit with an estimate of what is expected from the alternative crop. Despite the positive feedback loop promoting use of a tolerant variety whenever it is available, a mixed unimproved- and tolerant-crop equilibrium can persist. Tolerant crop can also induce bistability between a scenario in which all growers use tolerant crop and the disease-free equilibrium, where no growers do. However, due to 'free-riding' by growers of unimproved crop, resistant crop nearly always exists in a mixed equilibrium. This work highlights how growers respond to contrasting incentives caused by tolerant and resistant varieties, and the distinct effects on yields and population-scale deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nik J. Cunniffe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
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Dubiella U, Serrano I. The Ubiquitin Proteasome System as a Double Agent in Plant-Virus Interactions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10050928. [PMID: 34066628 PMCID: PMC8148538 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome is a rapid, adaptive mechanism for selective protein degradation, crucial for proper plant growth and development. The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) has also been shown to be an integral part of plant responses to stresses, including plant defence against pathogens. Recently, significant progress has been made in the understanding of the involvement of the UPS in the signalling and regulation of the interaction between plants and viruses. This review aims to discuss the current knowledge about the response of plant viral infection by the UPS and how the viruses counteract this system, or even use it for their own benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ullrich Dubiella
- KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA, Grimsehlstraße 31, 37574 Einbeck, Germany;
| | - Irene Serrano
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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10
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Yan Z, Wolters AMA, Navas-Castillo J, Bai Y. The Global Dimension of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Disease: Current Status and Breeding Perspectives. Microorganisms 2021; 9:740. [PMID: 33916319 PMCID: PMC8066563 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) caused by tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and a group of related begomoviruses is an important disease which in recent years has caused serious economic problems in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production worldwide. Spreading of the vectors, whiteflies of the Bemisia tabaci complex, has been responsible for many TYLCD outbreaks. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of TYLCV and TYLV-like begomoviruses and the driving forces of the increasing global significance through rapid evolution of begomovirus variants, mixed infection in the field, association with betasatellites and host range expansion. Breeding for host plant resistance is considered as one of the most promising and sustainable methods in controlling TYLCD. Resistance to TYLCD was found in several wild relatives of tomato from which six TYLCV resistance genes (Ty-1 to Ty-6) have been identified. Currently, Ty-1 and Ty-3 are the primary resistance genes widely used in tomato breeding programs. Ty-2 is also exploited commercially either alone or in combination with other Ty-genes (i.e., Ty-1, Ty-3 or ty-5). Additionally, screening of a large collection of wild tomato species has resulted in the identification of novel TYLCD resistance sources. In this review, we focus on genetic resources used to date in breeding for TYLCVD resistance. For future breeding strategies, we discuss several leads in order to make full use of the naturally occurring and engineered resistance to mount a broad-spectrum and sustainable begomovirus resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yan
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands; (Z.Y.); (A.-M.A.W.)
| | - Anne-Marie A. Wolters
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands; (Z.Y.); (A.-M.A.W.)
| | - Jesús Navas-Castillo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Universidad de Málaga (IHSM-CSIC-UMA), Avenida Dr. Weinberg s/n, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain;
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands; (Z.Y.); (A.-M.A.W.)
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Lafrance R, Villicaña C, Valdéz-Torres JB, Martínez-Montoya H, Castillo-Ruiz O, Alemán-Castillo SE, Esparza-Araiza MJ, León-Félix J. Optimization of PCR-based TYLCV molecular markers by response surface methodology. Gene 2021; 785:145606. [PMID: 33771604 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most economically important vegetables worldwide. However, its production is affected by the tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), causing the greatest devastation in the crop. One strategy to cope with TYLCV implies the use of resistant varieties, whose development can be accelerated by molecular markers. The aim of this study was to optimize endpoint PCR protocols for the detection of the molecular markers TG178, TG105A and P6-25, linked to Ty-1, Ty-2 and Ty-3 resistance genes, respectively, through a response surface methodology (RSM) using a central composite design (CCD) for four factors (temperature of annealing (Ta), DNA amount, MgCl2 and primer concentrations). Applicability, the limit of detection and dynamic range were also analyzed. The optimized PCR conditions were: for TG178: Ta = 60 °C, 90 ng DNA, 3.36 mM MgCl2 and 0.13 µM primers; for TG105A: Ta = 54.4 °C, 10 ng DNA, 1.5 mM MgCl2 and 0.9 µM primers; for P6-25, Ta = 52.5 °C, 50 ng DNA, 2.5 mM MgCl2 and 0.5 µM primers. Dynamic ranges varied from 0.42 to 103.3 ng of DNA, while the limit of detection was 3.82, 0.42 and 11.47 ng of DNA for the TG178, TG105A and P6-25 molecular makers respectively and was 100% positive in replicates. CCD allowed the optimization of PCR protocols for molecular markers, which may further apply in identifying TYLCV resistant tomato lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richecarde Lafrance
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo (CIAD), A.C., Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico; Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa-Aztlán, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Claudia Villicaña
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | | | - Humberto Martínez-Montoya
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa-Aztlán, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Octelina Castillo-Ruiz
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa-Aztlán, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | | | - Mayra Janeth Esparza-Araiza
- Centro de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología de Sinaloa- Fundacion Produce Sinaloa A.C. Aguaruto, Sinaloa, México
| | - Josefina León-Félix
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo (CIAD), A.C., Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico.
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12
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Takei H, Shirasawa K, Kuwabara K, Toyoda A, Matsuzawa Y, Iioka S, Ariizumi T. De novo genome assembly of two tomato ancestors, Solanum pimpinellifolium and Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme, by long-read sequencing. DNA Res 2021; 28:6104860. [PMID: 33475141 PMCID: PMC7934570 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ancestral tomato species are known to possess genes that are valuable for improving traits in breeding. Here, we aimed to construct high-quality de novo genome assemblies of Solanum pimpinellifolium ‘LA1670’ and S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme ‘LA1673’, originating from Peru. The Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) long-read sequences with 110× and 104× coverages were assembled and polished to generate 244 and 202 contigs spanning 808.8 Mbp for ‘LA1670’ and 804.5 Mbp for ‘LA1673’, respectively. After chromosome-level scaffolding with reference guiding, 14 scaffold sequences corresponding to 12 tomato chromosomes and 2 unassigned sequences were constructed. High-quality genome assemblies were confirmed using the Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs and long terminal repeat assembly index. The protein-coding sequences were then predicted, and their transcriptomes were confirmed. The de novo assembled genomes of S. pimpinellifolium and S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme were predicted to have 71,945 and 75,230 protein-coding genes, including 29,629 and 29,185 non-redundant genes, respectively, as supported by the transcriptome analysis results. The chromosome-level genome assemblies coupled with transcriptome data sets of the two accessions would be valuable for gaining insights into tomato domestication and understanding genome-scale breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Takei
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS), Kojimachi, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Kenta Shirasawa
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kuwabara
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, Advanced Genomics Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.,Comparative Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | | | - Shinji Iioka
- TOKITA Seed Co. LTD, Otone, Saitama 349-1144, Japan
| | - Tohru Ariizumi
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.,Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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13
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Lee JH, Chung DJ, Lee JM, Yeam I. Development and Application of Gene-Specific Markers for Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus Resistance in Both Field and Artificial Infections. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E9. [PMID: 33374801 PMCID: PMC7824369 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a disease that is damaging to tomato production worldwide. Resistance to TYLCV has been intensively investigated, and single resistance genes such as Ty-1 have been widely deployed in breeding programs. However, resistance-breaking incidences are frequently reported, and achieving durable resistance against TYLCV in the field is important. In this study, gene-specific markers for Ty-2 and ty-5, and closely-linked markers for Ty-4 were developed and applied to distinguish TYLCV resistance in various tomato genotypes. Quantitative infectivity assays using both natural infection in the field and artificial inoculation utilizing infectious TYLCV clones in a growth chamber were optimized and performed to investigate the individual and cumulative levels of resistance. We confirmed that Ty-2 could also be an effective source of resistance for TYLCV control, together with Ty-1. Improvement of resistance as a result of gene-pyramiding was speculated, and breeding lines including both Ty-1 and Ty-2 showed the strongest resistance in both field and artificial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Hee Lee
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.H.L.); (D.J.C.)
- Department of Horticulture and Breeding, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Korea
| | - Dae Jun Chung
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.H.L.); (D.J.C.)
| | - Je Min Lee
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.H.L.); (D.J.C.)
| | - Inhwa Yeam
- Department of Horticulture and Breeding, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Korea
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14
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Koeda S, Fujiwara I, Oka Y, Kesumawati E, Zakaria S, Kanzaki S. Ty-2 and Ty-3a Conferred Resistance are Insufficient Against Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Kanchanaburi Virus from Southeast Asia in Single or Mixed Infections of Tomato. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:3221-3229. [PMID: 33044916 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-20-0613-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a monopartite begomovirus that originated in the eastern Mediterranean, has spread worldwide, becoming a serious threat to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) production. Southeast Asia is considered one of the hotspots for begomovirus diversity, and a wide variety of local begomovirus species distinct from TYLCV have been identified. In this study, the protection effect of introgressions of single TYLCV Ty resistance genes, Ty-2 and Ty-3a, in tomato was examined against inoculations of the bipartite begomoviruses Tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus (TYLCKaV) and Pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus (PepYLCIV) isolated from Indonesia. Our findings suggest that Ty-2 in the heterozygous state was found to be ineffective against PepYLCIV and TYLCKaV, whereas Ty-3a in the heterozygous state was effective against PepYLCIV and partially effective against TYLCKaV. Quantification of viral DNAs showed correlation between symptom expression and viral DNA accumulation. Moreover, mixed infections of TYLCKaV and PepYLCIV caused notably severe symptoms in tomato plants harboring Ty-3a. In cases of mixed infection, quantifying viral DNAs showed a relatively high accumulation of PepYLCIV, indicating that Ty-3a loses its effectiveness against PepYLCIV when TYLCKaV is also present. This study demonstrates the lack of effectiveness of Ty resistance genes against single and mixed infections of distinct local begomoviruses from Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sota Koeda
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nara, Japan
| | - Ikuya Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nara, Japan
| | - Yuki Oka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nara, Japan
| | - Elly Kesumawati
- Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University, 23111 Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Sabaruddin Zakaria
- Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University, 23111 Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Shinya Kanzaki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nara, Japan
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15
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Shen X, Yan Z, Wang X, Wang Y, Arens M, Du Y, Visser RGF, Kormelink R, Bai Y, Wolters AMA. The NLR Protein Encoded by the Resistance Gene Ty-2 Is Triggered by the Replication-Associated Protein Rep/C1 of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:545306. [PMID: 33013967 PMCID: PMC7511541 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.545306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The whitefly-transmitted tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is one of the most destructive viral pathogens of cultivated tomato. To combat TYLCV, resistance gene Ty-2 has been introduced into cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) from wild tomato species Solanum habrochaites by interspecific crossing. Introgression lines with Ty-2 contain a large inversion compared with S. lycopersicum, which causes severe suppression of recombination and has hampered the cloning of Ty-2 so far. Here, we report the fine-mapping and cloning of Ty-2 using crosses between a Ty-2 introgression line and several susceptible S. habrochaites accessions. Ty-2 was shown to encode a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) protein. For breeding purposes, a highly specific DNA marker tightly linked to the Ty-2 gene was developed permitting marker-assisted selection. The resistance mediated by Ty-2 was effective against the Israel strain of TYLCV (TYLCV-IL) and tomato yellow leaf curl virus-[China : Shanghai2] (TYLCV-[CN : SH2]), but not against tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV) and leafhopper-transmitted beet curly top virus (BCTV). By co-infiltration experiments we showed that transient expression of the Rep/C1 protein of TYLCV, but not of TYLCSV triggered a hypersensitive response (HR) in Nicotiana benthamiana plants co-expressing the Ty-2 gene. Our results indicate that the Rep/C1 gene of TYLCV-IL presents the avirulence determinant of Ty-2-mediated resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexue Shen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Zhe Yan
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- Institute of Vegetable and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinlei Wang
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, China
| | - Marjon Arens
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Yongchen Du
- Institute of Vegetable and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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16
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Souza TA, Silva JMF, Nagata T, Martins TP, Nakasu EYT, Inoue-Nagata AK. A Temporal Diversity Analysis of Brazilian Begomoviruses in Tomato Reveals a Decrease in Species Richness between 2003 and 2016. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1201. [PMID: 32849745 PMCID: PMC7424291 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular evolution and diversity changes of begomoviruses is crucial for predicting future outbreaks of the begomovirus disease in tomato crops. Thus, a molecular diversity study using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) was carried out on samples of infected tomato leaves collected between 2003 and 2016 from Central Brazil. DNA samples were subjected to rolling circle amplification and pooled in three batches, G1 (2003-2005, N = 107), G2 (2009-2011, N = 118), and G3 (2014-2016, N = 129) prior to HTS. Nineteen genome-sized geminivirus sequences were assembled, but only 17 were confirmed by PCR. In the G1 library, five begomoviruses and one capula-like virus were detected, but the number of identified viruses decreased to three begomoviruses in the G2 and G3 libraries. The bipartite begomovirus tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV) and the monopartite tomato mottle leaf curl virus (ToMoLCV) were found to be the most prevalent begomoviruses in this survey. Our analyses revealed a significant increase in both relative abundance and genetic diversity of ToMoLCV from G1 to G3, and ToSRV from G1 to G2; however, both abundance and diversity decreased from G2 to G3. This suggests that ToMoLCV and ToSRV outcompeted other begomoviruses from G1 to G2 and that ToSRV was being outcompeted by ToMoLCV from G2 to G3. The possible evolutionary history of begomoviruses that were likely transferred from wild native plants and weeds to tomato crops after the introduction of the polyphagous vector Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 and the wide use of cultivars carrying the Ty-1 resistance gene are discussed, as well as the strengths and limitations of the use of HTS in identification and diversity analysis of begomoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeu Araujo Souza
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Laboratory of Virology, Embrapa Vegetables, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Tatsuya Nagata
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Thaís Pereira Martins
- Laboratory of Virology, Embrapa Vegetables, Brasilia, Brazil
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Alice Kazuko Inoue-Nagata
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Laboratory of Virology, Embrapa Vegetables, Brasilia, Brazil
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17
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Beam K, Ascencio-Ibáñez JT. Geminivirus Resistance: A Minireview. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1131. [PMID: 32849693 PMCID: PMC7396689 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A continuing challenge to crop production worldwide is the spectrum of diseases caused by geminiviruses, a large family of small circular single-stranded DNA viruses. These viruses are quite diverse, some containing mono- or bi-partite genomes, and infecting a multitude of monocot and dicot plants. There are currently many efforts directed at controlling these diseases. While some of the methods include controlling the insect vector using pesticides or genetic insect resistance (Rodríguez-López et al., 2011), this review will focus on the generation of plants that are resistant to geminiviruses themselves. Genetic resistance was traditionally found by surveying the wild relatives of modern crops for resistance loci; this method is still widely used and successful. However, the quick rate of virus evolution demands a rapid turnover of resistance genes. With better information about virus-host interactions, scientists are now able to target early stages of geminivirus infection in the host, preventing symptom development and viral DNA accumulation.
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18
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Sade D, Sade N, Brotman Y, Czosnek H. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV)-resistant tomatoes share molecular mechanisms sustaining resistance with their wild progenitor Solanum habrochaites but not with TYLCV-susceptible tomatoes. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 295:110439. [PMID: 32534617 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The wild tomato species Solanum habrochaites (Sh) has been used as a source for tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) resistance in a breeding program to generate a TYLCV-resistant tomato line. Susceptible (S) and resistant (R) lines have been developed through this program. We compared the behavior of R, S and Sh tomato plants upon infection to find out whether the resistant phenotype of R plants originated from Sh. Results showed that mechanisms involving sugar-signaling (i.e., LIN6/HT1), water channels (i.e., TIP1;1), hormone homeostasis (i.e., ABA and SA) and urea accumulation were shared by S. habrochaites and R plants, but not by S. habrochaites and S tomatoes. This finding supports the hypothesis that these mechanisms were introgressed in the R genotype from the wild tomato progenitor during breeding for TYLCV resistance. Hence, identification of genes contributing to resistance to biotic stress from wild tomato species and their introgression into domestic plants ensures tomato supply and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagan Sade
- National Natural History Collections, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel; Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7630003, Israel
| | - Nir Sade
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Henryk Czosnek
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7630003, Israel.
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19
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Marchant WG, Gautam S, Hutton SF, Srinivasan R. Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus-Resistant and -Susceptible Tomato Genotypes Similarly Impact the Virus Population Genetics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:599697. [PMID: 33365041 PMCID: PMC7750400 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.599697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus is a species in the genus Begomovirus and family Geminiviridae. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) infection induces severe symptoms on tomato plants and causes serious yield losses worldwide. TYLCV is persistently transmitted by the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). Cultivars and hybrids with a single or few genes conferring resistance against TYLCV are often planted to mitigate TYLCV-induced losses. These resistant genotypes (cultivars or hybrids) are not immune to TYLCV. They typically develop systemic infection, display mild symptoms, and produce more marketable tomatoes than susceptible genotypes under TYLCV pressure. In several pathosystems, extensive use of resistant cultivars with single dominant resistance-conferring gene has led to intense selection pressure on the virus, development of highly virulent strains, and resistance breakdown. This study assessed differences in TYLCV genomes isolated from susceptible and resistant genotypes in Florida and Georgia. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that Florida and Georgia isolates were distinct from each other. Population genetics analyses with genomes field-collected from resistant and susceptible genotypes from Florida and/or Georgia provided no evidence of a genetic structure between the resistant and susceptible genotypes. No codons in TYLCV genomes from TYLCV-resistant or susceptible genotypes were under positive selection, suggesting that highly virulent or resistance-breaking TYLCV strains might not be common in tomato farmscapes in Florida and Georgia. With TYLCV-resistant genotypes usage increasing recently and multiple tomato crops being planted during a calendar year, host resistance-induced selection pressure on the virus remains a critical issue. To address the same, a greenhouse selection experiment with one TYLCV-resistant and susceptible genotype was conducted. Each genotype was challenged with TYLCV through whitefly-mediated transmission serially 10 times (T1-T10). Population genetics parameters at the genome level were assessed at T1, T5, and T10. Results indicated that genomes from resistant and susceptible genotypes did not differentiate with increasing transmission number, no specific mutations were repeatedly observed, and no positive selection was detected. These results reiterate that resistance in tomato might not be exerting selection pressure against TYLCV to facilitate development of resistance-breaking strains. TYLCV populations rather seem to be shaped by purifying selection and/or population expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy G. Marchant
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
| | - Saurabh Gautam
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United States
| | - Samuel F. Hutton
- Horticulture Sciences Department, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States
| | - Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan
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20
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Mandrile L, Rotunno S, Miozzi L, Vaira AM, Giovannozzi AM, Rossi AM, Noris E. Nondestructive Raman Spectroscopy as a Tool for Early Detection and Discrimination of the Infection of Tomato Plants by Two Economically Important Viruses. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9025-9031. [PMID: 31265250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Global population forecasts dictate a rapid adoption of multifaceted approaches to fulfill increasing food requirements, ameliorate food dietary value and security using sustainable and economically feasible agricultural processes. Plant pathogens induce up to 25% losses in vegetable crops and their early detection would contribute to limit their spread and economic impact. As an alternative to time-consuming, destructive, and expensive diagnostic procedures, such as immunological assays and nucleic acid-based techniques, Raman spectroscopy (RS) is a nondestructive rapid technique that generates a chemical fingerprinting of a sample, at low operating costs. Here, we assessed the suitability of RS combined to chemometric analysis to monitor the infection of an important vegetable crop plant, tomato, by two dangerous and peculiarly different viral pathogens, Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Experimentally inoculated plants were monitored over 28 days for symptom occurrence and subjected to RS analysis, alongside with measuring the virus amount by quantitative real-time PCR. RS allowed to discriminate mock inoculated (healthy) from virus-infected specimens, reaching an accuracy of >70% after only 14 days after inoculation for TYLCSV and >85% only after 8 days for TSWV, demonstrating its suitability for early detection of virus infection. Importantly, RS also highlighted spectral differences induced by the two viruses, providing specific information on the infecting agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Mandrile
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica , Strada delle Cacce, 91 , 10135 , Torino , Italy
| | - Silvia Rotunno
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy , Strada delle Cacce, 73 , 10135 , Torino , Italy
| | - Laura Miozzi
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy , Strada delle Cacce, 73 , 10135 , Torino , Italy
| | - Anna Maria Vaira
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy , Strada delle Cacce, 73 , 10135 , Torino , Italy
| | - Andrea M Giovannozzi
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica , Strada delle Cacce, 91 , 10135 , Torino , Italy
| | - Andrea M Rossi
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica , Strada delle Cacce, 91 , 10135 , Torino , Italy
| | - Emanuela Noris
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy , Strada delle Cacce, 73 , 10135 , Torino , Italy
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