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D’Alessandro S, Velay F, Lebrun R, Zafirov D, Mehrez M, Romand S, Saadouni R, Forzani C, Citerne S, Montané MH, Robaglia C, Menand B, Meyer C, Field B. Posttranslational regulation of photosynthetic activity via the TOR kinase in plants. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj3268. [PMID: 38896607 PMCID: PMC11186500 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj3268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are the powerhouse of the plant cell, and their activity must be matched to plant growth to avoid photooxidative damage. We have identified a posttranslational mechanism linking the eukaryotic target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase that promotes growth and the guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) signaling pathway of prokaryotic origins that regulates chloroplast activity and photosynthesis in particular. We find that RelA SpoT homolog 3 (RSH3), a nuclear-encoded enzyme responsible for ppGpp biosynthesis, interacts directly with the TOR complex via a plant-specific amino-terminal region which is phosphorylated in a TOR-dependent manner. Down-regulating TOR activity causes a rapid increase in ppGpp synthesis in RSH3 overexpressors and reduces photosynthetic capacity in an RSH-dependent manner in wild-type plants. The TOR-RSH3 signaling axis therefore regulates the equilibrium between chloroplast activity and plant growth, setting a precedent for the regulation of organellar function by TOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano D’Alessandro
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP Team, 13009 Marseille, France
- Università di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienze della vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Florent Velay
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP Team, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Régine Lebrun
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Plate-forme Protéomique, Marseille Protéomique (MaP), IMM FR 3479, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Delyan Zafirov
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP Team, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Marwa Mehrez
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP Team, 13009 Marseille, France
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Shanna Romand
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP Team, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Rim Saadouni
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP Team, 13009 Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Plate-forme Protéomique, Marseille Protéomique (MaP), IMM FR 3479, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Céline Forzani
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | | | | | - Benoît Menand
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP Team, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Christian Meyer
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Ben Field
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP Team, 13009 Marseille, France
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Szántó M, Yélamos J, Bai P. Specific and shared biological functions of PARP2 - is PARP2 really a lil' brother of PARP1? Expert Rev Mol Med 2024; 26:e13. [PMID: 38698556 PMCID: PMC11140550 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2024.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
PARP2, that belongs to the family of ADP-ribosyl transferase enzymes (ART), is a discovery of the millennium, as it was identified in 1999. Although PARP2 was described initially as a DNA repair factor, it is now evident that PARP2 partakes in the regulation or execution of multiple biological processes as inflammation, carcinogenesis and cancer progression, metabolism or oxidative stress-related diseases. Hereby, we review the involvement of PARP2 in these processes with the aim of understanding which processes are specific for PARP2, but not for other members of the ART family. A better understanding of the specific functions of PARP2 in all of these biological processes is crucial for the development of new PARP-centred selective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdolna Szántó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - José Yélamos
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Péter Bai
- HUN-REN-UD Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
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3
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Lugano D, Barrett L, Westerheide SD, Kee Y. Multifaceted roles of CCAR family proteins in the DNA damage response and cancer. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:59-65. [PMID: 38172598 PMCID: PMC10834508 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle apoptosis regulator (CCAR) family of proteins consists of two proteins, CCAR1 and CCAR2, that play a variety of roles in cellular physiology and pathology. These multidomain proteins are able to perform multiple interactions and functions, playing roles in processes such as stress responses, metabolism, and the DNA damage response. The evolutionary conservation of CCAR family proteins allows their study in model organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans, where a role for CCAR in aging was revealed. This review particularly highlights the multifaceted roles of CCAR family proteins and their implications in the DNA damage response and in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lugano
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33647, USA
| | - L Barrett
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33647, USA
| | - S D Westerheide
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33647, USA
| | - Y Kee
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno-Joongang-daero, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Ahmad B, Lerma-Reyes R, Mukherjee T, Nguyen HV, Weber AL, Schulze WX, Comer JR, Schrick K. Nuclear localization of HD-Zip IV transcription factor GLABRA2 is driven by Importin α. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.03.565550. [PMID: 37961624 PMCID: PMC10635128 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.03.565550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
GLABRA2 (GL2), a class IV homeodomain leucine-zipper (HD-Zip IV) transcription factor (TF) from Arabidopsis , is a developmental regulator of specialized cell types in the epidermis. GL2 contains a putative monopartite nuclear localization sequence (NLS) partially overlapping with its homeodomain (HD). We demonstrate that NLS deletion or alanine substitution of its basic residues (KRKRKK) affects nuclear localization and results in a loss-of-function phenotype. Fusion of the predicted NLS (GTNKRKRKKYHRH) to the fluorescent protein EYFP is sufficient for its nuclear localization in roots and trichomes. The functional NLS is evolutionarily conserved in a distinct subset of HD-Zip IV members including PROTODERMAL FACTOR2 (PDF2). Despite partial overlap of the NLS with the HD, genetic dissection of the NLS from PDF2 indicates that nuclear localization and DNA binding are separable functions. Affinity purification of GL2 from plant tissues followed by mass spectrometry-based proteomics identified Importin α (IMPα) isoforms as potential GL2 interactors. NLS structural prediction and molecular docking studies with IMPα-3 revealed major interacting residues. Split-ubiquitin cytosolic yeast two-hybrid assays suggest interaction between GL2 and four IMPα isoforms from Arabidopsis. Direct interactions were verified in vitro by co-immunoprecipitation with recombinant proteins. IMPα triple mutants ( impα- 1,2,3 ) exhibit defects in EYFP:GL2 nuclear localization in trichomes but not in roots, consistent with tissue-specific and redundant functions of IMPα isoforms in Arabidopsis . Taken together, our findings provide mechanistic evidence for IMPα-dependent nuclear localization of GL2 and other HD-Zip IV TFs in plants. One sentence summary GLABRA2, a representative HD-Zip IV transcription factor from Arabidopsis , contains an evolutionarily conserved monopartite nuclear localization sequence that is recognized by Importin α for translocation to the nucleus, a process that is necessary for cell-type differentiation of the epidermis.
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Vainonen JP, Gossens R, Krasensky-Wrzaczek J, De Masi R, Danciu I, Puukko T, Battchikova N, Jonak C, Wirthmueller L, Wrzaczek M, Shapiguzov A, Kangasjärvi J. Poly(ADP-ribose)-binding protein RCD1 is a plant PARylation reader regulated by Photoregulatory Protein Kinases. Commun Biol 2023; 6:429. [PMID: 37076532 PMCID: PMC10115779 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04794-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) is a reversible post-translational protein modification that has profound regulatory functions in metabolism, development and immunity, and is conserved throughout the eukaryotic lineage. Contrary to metazoa, many components and mechanistic details of PARylation have remained unidentified in plants. Here we present the transcriptional co-regulator RADICAL-INDUCED CELL DEATH1 (RCD1) as a plant PAR-reader. RCD1 is a multidomain protein with intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) separating its domains. We have reported earlier that RCD1 regulates plant development and stress-tolerance by interacting with numerous transcription factors (TFs) through its C-terminal RST domain. This study suggests that the N-terminal WWE and PARP-like domains, as well as the connecting IDR play an important regulatory role for RCD1 function. We show that RCD1 binds PAR in vitro via its WWE domain and that PAR-binding determines RCD1 localization to nuclear bodies (NBs) in vivo. Additionally, we found that RCD1 function and stability is controlled by Photoregulatory Protein Kinases (PPKs). PPKs localize with RCD1 in NBs and phosphorylate RCD1 at multiple sites affecting its stability. This work proposes a mechanism for negative transcriptional regulation in plants, in which RCD1 localizes to NBs, binds TFs with its RST domain and is degraded after phosphorylation by PPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia P Vainonen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richard Gossens
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julia Krasensky-Wrzaczek
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská1160/31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Raffaella De Masi
- Department Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 12-16, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Iulia Danciu
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
- Bioresources Unit, Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Tuomas Puukko
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Natalia Battchikova
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Claudia Jonak
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
- Bioresources Unit, Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Lennart Wirthmueller
- Department Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 12-16, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Wrzaczek
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská1160/31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Alexey Shapiguzov
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Production Systems, Toivonlinnantie 518, FI-21500, Piikkiö, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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Jin L, Zhang G, Yang G, Dong J. Identification of the Karyopherin Superfamily in Maize and Its Functional Cues in Plant Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214103. [PMID: 36430578 PMCID: PMC9699179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate nucleo-cytoplasmic partitioning of proteins is a vital regulatory mechanism in phytohormone signaling and plant development. However, how this is achieved remains incompletely understood. The Karyopherin (KAP) superfamily is critical for separating the biological processes in the nucleus from those in the cytoplasm. The KAP superfamily is divided into Importin α (IMPα) and Importin β (IMPβ) families and includes the core components in mediating nucleocytoplasmic transport. Recent reports suggest the KAPs play crucial regulatory roles in Arabidopsis development and stress response by regulating the nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of members in hormone signaling. However, the KAP members and their associated molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood in maize. Therefore, we first identified seven IMPα and twenty-seven IMPβ genes in the maize genome and described their evolution traits and the recognition rules for substrates with nuclear localization signals (NLSs) or nuclear export signals (NESs) in plants. Next, we searched for the protein interaction partners of the ZmKAPs and selected the ones with Arabidopsis orthologs functioning in auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling to predict their potential function. Finally, we found that several ZmKAPs share similar expression patterns with their interacting proteins, implying their function in root development. Overall, this article focuses on the Karyopherin superfamily in maize and starts with this entry point by systematically comprehending the KAP-mediated nucleo-cytoplasmic transport process in plants, and then predicts the function of the ZmKAPs during maize development, with a perspective on a closely associated regulatory mechanism between the nucleo-cytoplasmic transport and the phytohormone network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jin
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Guobin Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Guixiao Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiaqiang Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence:
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Vogt S, Feijs K, Hosch S, De Masi R, Lintermann R, Loll B, Wirthmueller L. The superior salinity tolerance of bread wheat cultivar Shanrong No. 3 is unlikely to be caused by elevated Ta-sro1 poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:4130-4137. [PMID: 35980152 PMCID: PMC9614482 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Structural and biochemical analyses demonstrate that the elevated salinity tolerance of bread wheat cultivar Shanrong No. 3 is unlikely to be caused by elevated Ta-sro1 poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Vogt
- Department Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Karla Feijs
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hosch
- Department Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Raffaella De Masi
- Department Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Ruth Lintermann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Bernhard Loll
- Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, 14195, Germany
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Chen TC, Chou SY, Chen MC, Lin JS. IbTLD modulates reactive oxygen species scavenging and DNA protection to confer salinity stress tolerance in tobacco. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 323:111415. [PMID: 35963494 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants accumulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may damage the cells under prolonged stress conditions. Reduction of the excessive ROS production can alleviate oxidative damage and enhance the survival rates under stress. TLDc-containing protein (TLD) was reported to confer tolerance to oxidative stress, but the regulatory mechanism of TLD remains unclear. In this study, we ectopically overexpressed the Ipomoea batatas TLDc gene (IbTLD) in tobacco and characterized its functions. RNA-sequencing analysis and Gene Ontology term enrichment analysis revealed that IbTLD up-regulates auxin-responsive genes in response to oxidative stress. Under salinity stress, the IbTLD transgenic lines showed higher germination rates, chlorophyll contents, and root lengths than wild type (W38). In addition, the IbTLD transgenic lines showed higher expression of ROS scavenging genes, nudix hydrolases, ROS scavenging enzyme activity, and lesser DNA damage compared to W38 under salinity stress. Therefore, our results suggest that IbTLD activates the expression of ROS scavenging genes and confers tolerance to salinity stress in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Chi Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Si-Yun Chou
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Cheng Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Jeng-Shane Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
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Mahapatra K, Banerjee S, De S, Mitra M, Roy P, Roy S. An Insight Into the Mechanism of Plant Organelle Genome Maintenance and Implications of Organelle Genome in Crop Improvement: An Update. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:671698. [PMID: 34447743 PMCID: PMC8383295 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.671698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides the nuclear genome, plants possess two small extra chromosomal genomes in mitochondria and chloroplast, respectively, which contribute a small fraction of the organelles’ proteome. Both mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA have originated endosymbiotically and most of their prokaryotic genes were either lost or transferred to the nuclear genome through endosymbiotic gene transfer during the course of evolution. Due to their immobile nature, plant nuclear and organellar genomes face continuous threat from diverse exogenous agents as well as some reactive by-products or intermediates released from various endogenous metabolic pathways. These factors eventually affect the overall plant growth and development and finally productivity. The detailed mechanism of DNA damage response and repair following accumulation of various forms of DNA lesions, including single and double-strand breaks (SSBs and DSBs) have been well documented for the nuclear genome and now it has been extended to the organelles also. Recently, it has been shown that both mitochondria and chloroplast possess a counterpart of most of the nuclear DNA damage repair pathways and share remarkable similarities with different damage repair proteins present in the nucleus. Among various repair pathways, homologous recombination (HR) is crucial for the repair as well as the evolution of organellar genomes. Along with the repair pathways, various other factors, such as the MSH1 and WHIRLY family proteins, WHY1, WHY2, and WHY3 are also known to be involved in maintaining low mutation rates and structural integrity of mitochondrial and chloroplast genome. SOG1, the central regulator in DNA damage response in plants, has also been found to mediate endoreduplication and cell-cycle progression through chloroplast to nucleus retrograde signaling in response to chloroplast genome instability. Various proteins associated with the maintenance of genome stability are targeted to both nuclear and organellar compartments, establishing communication between organelles as well as organelles and nucleus. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of DNA damage repair and inter compartmental crosstalk mechanism in various sub-cellular organelles following induction of DNA damage and identification of key components of such signaling cascades may eventually be translated into strategies for crop improvement under abiotic and genotoxic stress conditions. This review mainly highlights the current understanding as well as the importance of different aspects of organelle genome maintenance mechanisms in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Mahapatra
- Department of Botany, UGC Center for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
| | - Samrat Banerjee
- Department of Botany, UGC Center for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
| | - Sayanti De
- Department of Botany, UGC Center for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
| | - Mehali Mitra
- Department of Botany, UGC Center for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
| | - Pinaki Roy
- Department of Botany, UGC Center for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
| | - Sujit Roy
- Department of Botany, UGC Center for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
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Chen T, Peng J, Yin X, Li M, Xiang G, Wang Y, Lei Y, Xu Y. Importin-αs are required for the nuclear localization and function of the Plasmopara viticola effector PvAVH53. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:46. [PMID: 33642571 PMCID: PMC7917100 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00482-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic oomycetes deliver a troop of effector proteins into the nucleus of host cells to manipulate plant cellular immunity and promote colonization. Recently, researchers have focused on identifying how effectors are transferred into the host cell nucleus, as well as the identity of the nuclear targets. In this study, we found that the RxLR effector PvAVH53 from the grapevine (Vitis vinifera) oomycete pathogen Plasmopara viticola physically interacts with grapevine nuclear import factor importin alphas (VvImpα and VvImpα4), localizes to the nucleus and triggers cell death when transiently expressed in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) cells. Deletion of a nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequence from PvAVH53 or addition of a nuclear export signal (NES) sequence disrupted the nuclear localization of PvAVH53 and attenuated its ability to trigger cell death. Suppression of two tobacco importin-α genes, namely, NbImp-α1 and NbImp-α2, by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) also disrupted the nuclear localization and ability of PvAVH53 to induce cell death. Likewise, we transiently silenced the expression of VvImpα/α4 in grape through CRISPR/Cas13a, which has been reported to target RNA in vivo. Finally, we found that attenuating the expression of the Importin-αs genes resulted in increased susceptibility to the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici in N. benthamiana and P. viticola in V. vinifera. Our results demonstrate that importin-αs are required for the nuclear localization and function of PvAVH53 and are essential for host innate immunity. The findings provide insight into the functions of importin-αs in grapevine against downy mildew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Jing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Meijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Gaoqing Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yuejin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yan Lei
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 350013, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University), Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China.
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China.
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11
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Lüdke D, Roth C, Kamrad SA, Messerschmidt J, Hartken D, Appel J, Hörnich BF, Yan Q, Kusch S, Klenke M, Gunkel A, Wirthmueller L, Wiermer M. Functional requirement of the Arabidopsis importin-α nuclear transport receptor family in autoimmunity mediated by the NLR protein SNC1. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:994-1009. [PMID: 33210758 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTIN-α3/MOS6 (MODIFIER OF SNC1, 6) is one of nine importin-α isoforms in Arabidopsis that recruit nuclear localization signal-containing cargo proteins to the nuclear import machinery. IMP-α3/MOS6 is required genetically for full autoimmunity of the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat immune receptor mutant snc1 (suppressor of npr1-1, constitutive 1) and MOS6 also contributes to basal disease resistance. Here, we investigated the contribution of the other importin-α genes to both types of immune responses, and we analyzed potential interactions of all importin-α isoforms with SNC1. By using reverse-genetic analyses in Arabidopsis and protein-protein interaction assays in Nicotiana benthamiana, we provide evidence that among the nine α-importins in Arabidopsis, IMP-α3/MOS6 is the main nuclear transport receptor of SNC1, and that IMP-α3/MOS6 is required selectively for autoimmunity of snc1 and basal resistance to mildly virulent Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lüdke
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Charlotte Roth
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sieglinde A Kamrad
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jana Messerschmidt
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Denise Hartken
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jonas Appel
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Bojan F Hörnich
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Qiqi Yan
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Kusch
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Klenke
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Annette Gunkel
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Lennart Wirthmueller
- Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marcel Wiermer
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
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12
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Lüdke D, Rohmann PFW, Wiermer M. Nucleocytoplasmic Communication in Healthy and Diseased Plant Tissues. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:719453. [PMID: 34394173 PMCID: PMC8357054 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.719453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The double membrane of the nuclear envelope (NE) constitutes a selective compartment barrier that separates nuclear from cytoplasmic processes. Plant viability and responses to a changing environment depend on the spatial communication between both compartments. This communication is based on the bidirectional exchange of proteins and RNAs and is regulated by a sophisticated transport machinery. Macromolecular traffic across the NE depends on nuclear transport receptors (NTRs) that mediate nuclear import (i.e. importins) or export (i.e. exportins), as well as on nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) that are composed of nucleoporin proteins (NUPs) and span the NE. In this review, we provide an overview of plant NPC- and NTR-directed cargo transport and we consider transport independent functions of NPCs and NE-associated proteins in regulating plant developmental processes and responses to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lüdke
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp F. W. Rohmann
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Wiermer
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Marcel Wiermer,
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13
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Taipakova S, Kuanbay A, Saint-Pierre C, Gasparutto D, Baiken Y, Groisman R, Ishchenko AA, Saparbaev M, Bissenbaev AK. The Arabidopsis thaliana Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerases 1 and 2 Modify DNA by ADP-Ribosylating Terminal Phosphate Residues. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:606596. [PMID: 33324653 PMCID: PMC7726343 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.606596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins from the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family, such as PARP1 and PARP2, use NAD+ as a substrate to catalyze the synthesis of polymeric chains consisting of ADP-ribose units covalently attached to an acceptor molecule. PARP1 and PARP2 are viewed as DNA damage sensors that, upon binding to strand breaks, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ate themselves and nuclear acceptor proteins. The flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana contains three genes encoding homologs of mammalian PARPs: atPARP1, atPARP2, and atPARP3. Both atPARP1 and atPARP2 contain poly(ADP-ribosyl)ating activity; however, it is unknown whether they could covalently modify DNA by ADP-ribosylating the strand break termini. Here, we report that similar to their mammalian counterparts, the plant atPARP1 and atPARP2 proteins ADP-ribosylate 5′-terminal phosphate residues in duplex DNA oligonucleotides and plasmid containing at least two closely spaced DNA strand breaks. AtPARP1 preferentially catalyzes covalent attachment of ADP-ribose units to the ends of recessed DNA duplexes containing 5′-phosphate, whereas atPARP2 preferentially ADP-ribosylates the nicked and gapped DNA duplexes containing the terminal 5′-phosphate. Similar to their mammalian counterparts, the plant PARP-catalyzed DNA ADP-ribosylation is particularly sensitive to the distance that separates two strand breaks in the same DNA molecule, 1.5 and 1 or 2 turns of helix for atPARP1 and atPARP2, respectively. PAR glycohydrolase (PARG) restored native DNA structure by hydrolyzing the PAR–DNA adducts generated by atPARPs. Biochemical and mass spectrometry analyses of the PAR–DNA adducts showed that atPARPs utilize phosphorylated DNA termini as an alternative to protein acceptor residues to catalyze PAR chain synthesis via phosphodiester bond formation between C1′ of ADP-ribose and a phosphate residue of the terminal nucleotide in DNA fragment. Taken together, these data establish the presence of a new type of DNA-modifying activity in Arabidopsis PARPs, suggesting a possible role of DNA ADP-ribosylation in DNA damage signaling and repair of terrestrial plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabira Taipakova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Aigerim Kuanbay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.,Groupe «Mechanisms of DNA Repair and Carcinogenesis», Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2016, CNRS UMR 9019, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Didier Gasparutto
- CEA, CNRS, IRIG/SyMMES-UMR 5819/CREAB, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Yeldar Baiken
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.,School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Regina Groisman
- Groupe «Mechanisms of DNA Repair and Carcinogenesis», Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2016, CNRS UMR 9019, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Alexander A Ishchenko
- Groupe «Mechanisms of DNA Repair and Carcinogenesis», Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2016, CNRS UMR 9019, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Murat Saparbaev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.,Groupe «Mechanisms of DNA Repair and Carcinogenesis», Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2016, CNRS UMR 9019, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Amangeldy K Bissenbaev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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14
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Chen C, Kim D, Yun HR, Lee YM, Yogendra B, Bo Z, Kim HE, Min JH, Lee YS, Rim YG, Kim HU, Sung S, Heo JB. Nuclear import of LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1 is redundantly mediated by importins α-1, α-2 and α-3. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1205-1214. [PMID: 32365248 PMCID: PMC7810169 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1 (LHP1) encodes the only plant homologue of the metazoan HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1 (HP1) protein family. The LHP1 protein is necessary for proper epigenetic regulation of a range of developmental processes in plants. LHP1 is a transcriptional repressor of flowering-related genes, such as FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), AGAMOUS (AG) and APETALA 3 (AP3). We found that LHP1 interacts with importin α-1 (IMPα-1), importin α-2 (IMPα-2) and importin α-3 (IMPα-3) both in vitro and in vivo. A genetic approach revealed that triple mutation of impα-1, impα-2 and impα-3 resulted in Arabidopsis plants with a rapid flowering phenotype similar to that of plants with mutations in lhp1 due to the upregulation of FT expression. Nuclear targeting of LHP1 was severely impaired in the impα triple mutant, resulting in the de-repression of LHP1 target genes AG, AP3 and SHATTERPROOF 1 as well as FT. Therefore, the importin proteins IMPα-1, -2 and -3 are necessary for the nuclear import of LHP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetic Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Daewon Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Hee Rang Yun
- Department of Molecular Genetic Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Yun Mi Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetic Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Bordiya Yogendra
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Zhao Bo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Hae Eun Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetic Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Jun Hong Min
- Department of Molecular Genetic Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Yong-Suk Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Yeong Gil Rim
- Systems & Synthetic Agrobiotech Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701 Korea
| | - Hyun Uk Kim
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006 Korea
| | - Sibum Sung
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- International Scholar, Kyung-Hee University, Suwon, Korea
- Corresponding author: Tel: +82 51 200 7520; Fax: +82 51 200 7505. ;
| | - Jae Bok Heo
- Department of Molecular Genetic Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
- Corresponding author: Tel: +82 51 200 7520; Fax: +82 51 200 7505. ;
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15
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Putra R, Powell JR, Hartley SE, Johnson SN. Is it time to include legumes in plant silicon research? Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rocky Putra
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Jeff R. Powell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Susan E. Hartley
- York Environmental Sustainability Institute, Department of Biology University of York York UK
| | - Scott N. Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
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16
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Contreras R, Kallemi P, González-García MP, Lazarova A, Sánchez-Serrano JJ, Sanmartín M, Rojo E. Identification of Domains and Factors Involved in MINIYO Nuclear Import. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1044. [PMID: 31552063 PMCID: PMC6748027 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The transition of stem cells from self-renewal into differentiation is tightly regulated to assure proper development of the organism. Arabidopsis MINIYO (IYO) and its mammalian orthologue RNA polymerase II associated protein 1 (RPAP1) are essential factors for initiating stem cell differentiation in plants and animals. Moreover, there is evidence suggesting that the translocation of IYO and RPAP1 from the cytosol into the nucleus functions as a molecular switch to initiate this cell fate transition. Identifying the determinants of IYO subcellular localization would allow testing if, indeed, nuclear IYO migration triggers cell differentiation and could provide tools to control this crucial developmental transition. Through transient and stable expression assays in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana, we demonstrate that IYO contains two nuclear localization signals (NLSs), located at the N- and C-terminus of the protein, which mediate the interaction with the NLS-receptor IMPA4 and the import of the protein into the nucleus. Interestingly, IYO also interacts with GPN GTPases, which are involved in selective nuclear import of RNA polymerase II. This interaction is prevented when the G1 motif in GPN1 is mutated, suggesting that IYO binds specifically to the nucleotide-bound form of GPN1. In contrast, deleting the NLSs in IYO does not prevent the interaction with GPN1, but it interferes with import of GPN1 into the nucleus, indicating that IYO and GPN1 are co-transported as a complex that requires the IYO NLSs for import. This work unveils key domains and factors involved in IYO nuclear import, which may prove instrumental to determine how IYO and RPAP1 control stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Enrique Rojo
- *Correspondence: Maite Sanmartín, , ; Enrique Rojo,
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17
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Rissel D, Peiter E. Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerases in Plants and Their Human Counterparts: Parallels and Peculiarities. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1638. [PMID: 30986964 PMCID: PMC6479469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a rapid and transient post-translational protein modification that was described first in mammalian cells. Activated by the sensing of DNA strand breaks, poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase1 (PARP1) transfers ADP-ribose units onto itself and other target proteins using NAD⁺ as a substrate. Subsequently, DNA damage responses and other cellular responses are initiated. In plants, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) have also been implicated in responses to DNA damage. The Arabidopsis genome contains three canonical PARP genes, the nomenclature of which has been uncoordinated in the past. Albeit assumptions concerning the function and roles of PARP proteins in planta have often been inferred from homology and structural conservation between plant PARPs and their mammalian counterparts, plant-specific roles have become apparent. In particular, PARPs have been linked to stress responses of plants. A negative role under abiotic stress has been inferred from studies in which a genetic or, more commonly, pharmacological inhibition of PARP activity improved the performance of stressed plants; in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns, a positive role has been suggested. However, reports have been inconsistent, and the effects of PARP inhibitors appear to be more robust than the genetic abolition of PARP gene expression, indicating the presence of alternative targets of those drugs. Collectively, recent evidence suggests a conditionality of stress-related phenotypes of parp mutants and calls for a reconsideration of PARP inhibitor studies on plants. This review critically summarizes our current understanding of poly(ADP-ribosylation) and PARP proteins in plants, highlighting similarities and differences to human PARPs, areas of controversy, and requirements for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Rissel
- Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Agrochemisches Institut Piesteritz e.V. (AIP), Möllensdorfer Strasse 13, 06886 Lutherstadt Wittenberg, Germany.
- Institute for Plant Protection in Field Crops and Grassland, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), 38104 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Edgar Peiter
- Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Agrochemisches Institut Piesteritz e.V. (AIP), Möllensdorfer Strasse 13, 06886 Lutherstadt Wittenberg, Germany.
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