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Zhang K, Wang X, Chen X, Zhang R, Guo J, Wang Q, Li D, Shao L, Shi X, Han J, Liu Z, Xia Y, Zhang J. Establishment of a Homologous Silencing System with Intact-Plant Infiltration and Minimized Operation for Studying Gene Function in Herbaceous Peonies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4412. [PMID: 38673996 PMCID: PMC11050706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Gene function verification is a crucial step in studying the molecular mechanisms regulating various plant life activities. However, a stable and efficient homologous genetic transgenic system for herbaceous peonies has not been established. In this study, using virus-induced gene silencing technology (VIGS), a highly efficient homologous transient verification system with distinctive advantages was proposed, which not only achieves true "intact-plant" infiltration but also minimizes the operation. One-year-old roots of the representative species, Paeonia lactiflora Pall., were used as the materials; prechilling (4 °C) treatment for 3-5 weeks was applied as a critical precondition for P. lactiflora to acquire a certain chilling accumulation. A dormancy-related gene named HOMEOBOX PROTEIN 31 (PlHB31), believed to negatively regulate bud endodormancy release (BER), was chosen as the target gene in this study. GFP fluorescence was detected in directly infiltrated and newly developed roots and buds; the transgenic plantlets exhibited remarkably earlier budbreak, and PlHB31 was significantly downregulated in silenced plantlets. This study established a homologous transient silencing system featuring intact-plant infiltration and minimized manipulation for gene function research, and also offers technical support and serves as a theoretical basis for gene function discovery in numerous other geophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijing Zhang
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, Institute of Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (K.Z.); (X.W.); (X.C.); (R.Z.); (J.G.); (Q.W.); (D.L.); (L.S.); (J.H.); (Y.X.)
| | - Xiaobin Wang
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, Institute of Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (K.Z.); (X.W.); (X.C.); (R.Z.); (J.G.); (Q.W.); (D.L.); (L.S.); (J.H.); (Y.X.)
| | - Xiaoxuan Chen
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, Institute of Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (K.Z.); (X.W.); (X.C.); (R.Z.); (J.G.); (Q.W.); (D.L.); (L.S.); (J.H.); (Y.X.)
| | - Runlong Zhang
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, Institute of Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (K.Z.); (X.W.); (X.C.); (R.Z.); (J.G.); (Q.W.); (D.L.); (L.S.); (J.H.); (Y.X.)
| | - Junhong Guo
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, Institute of Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (K.Z.); (X.W.); (X.C.); (R.Z.); (J.G.); (Q.W.); (D.L.); (L.S.); (J.H.); (Y.X.)
| | - Qiyao Wang
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, Institute of Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (K.Z.); (X.W.); (X.C.); (R.Z.); (J.G.); (Q.W.); (D.L.); (L.S.); (J.H.); (Y.X.)
| | - Danqing Li
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, Institute of Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (K.Z.); (X.W.); (X.C.); (R.Z.); (J.G.); (Q.W.); (D.L.); (L.S.); (J.H.); (Y.X.)
| | - Lingmei Shao
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, Institute of Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (K.Z.); (X.W.); (X.C.); (R.Z.); (J.G.); (Q.W.); (D.L.); (L.S.); (J.H.); (Y.X.)
| | - Xiaohua Shi
- Zhejiang Institute of Landscape Plants and Flowers, Hangzhou 311251, China;
| | - Jingtong Han
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, Institute of Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (K.Z.); (X.W.); (X.C.); (R.Z.); (J.G.); (Q.W.); (D.L.); (L.S.); (J.H.); (Y.X.)
| | - Zhiyang Liu
- Harbin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150029, China;
| | - Yiping Xia
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, Institute of Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (K.Z.); (X.W.); (X.C.); (R.Z.); (J.G.); (Q.W.); (D.L.); (L.S.); (J.H.); (Y.X.)
| | - Jiaping Zhang
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Horticulture, Institute of Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (K.Z.); (X.W.); (X.C.); (R.Z.); (J.G.); (Q.W.); (D.L.); (L.S.); (J.H.); (Y.X.)
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Watson AE, Guitton B, Soriano A, Rivallan R, Vignes H, Farrera I, Huettel B, Arnaiz C, Falavigna VDS, Coupel-Ledru A, Segura V, Sarah G, Dufayard JF, Sidibe-Bocs S, Costes E, Andrés F. Target enrichment sequencing coupled with GWAS identifies MdPRX10 as a candidate gene in the control of budbreak in apple. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1352757. [PMID: 38455730 PMCID: PMC10918860 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1352757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The timing of floral budbreak in apple has a significant effect on fruit production and quality. Budbreak occurs as a result of a complex molecular mechanism that relies on accurate integration of external environmental cues, principally temperature. In the pursuit of understanding this mechanism, especially with respect to aiding adaptation to climate change, a QTL at the top of linkage group (LG) 9 has been identified by many studies on budbreak, but the genes underlying it remain elusive. Here, together with a dessert apple core collection of 239 cultivars, we used a targeted capture sequencing approach to increase SNP resolution in apple orthologues of known or suspected A. thaliana flowering time-related genes, as well as approximately 200 genes within the LG9 QTL interval. This increased the 275 223 SNP Axiom® Apple 480 K array dataset by an additional 40 857 markers. Robust GWAS analyses identified MdPRX10, a peroxidase superfamily gene, as a strong candidate that demonstrated a dormancy-related expression pattern and down-regulation in response to chilling. In-silico analyses also predicted the residue change resulting from the SNP allele associated with late budbreak could alter protein conformation and likely function. Late budbreak cultivars homozygous for this SNP allele also showed significantly up-regulated expression of C-REPEAT BINDING FACTOR (CBF) genes, which are involved in cold tolerance and perception, compared to reference cultivars, such as Gala. Taken together, these results indicate a role for MdPRX10 in budbreak, potentially via redox-mediated signaling and CBF gene regulation. Moving forward, this provides a focus for developing our understanding of the effects of temperature on flowering time and how redox processes may influence integration of external cues in dormancy pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Watson
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Baptiste Guitton
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Soriano
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Montpellier, France
- French Institute of Bioinformatics (IFB) - South Green Bioinformatics Platform, Bioversity, CIRAD, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Ronan Rivallan
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Montpellier, France
| | - Hélène Vignes
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Farrera
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Huettel
- Genome Centre, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Catalina Arnaiz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Aude Coupel-Ledru
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Segura
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Gautier Sarah
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-François Dufayard
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Montpellier, France
- French Institute of Bioinformatics (IFB) - South Green Bioinformatics Platform, Bioversity, CIRAD, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie Sidibe-Bocs
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Montpellier, France
- French Institute of Bioinformatics (IFB) - South Green Bioinformatics Platform, Bioversity, CIRAD, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Evelyne Costes
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Fernando Andrés
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
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Koji T, Iwata H, Ishimori M, Takanashi H, Yamasaki Y, Tsujimoto H. Multispectral Phenotyping and Genetic Analyses of Spring Appearance in Greening Plant, Phedimus spp. PLANT PHENOMICS (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 5:0063. [PMID: 37383728 PMCID: PMC10292581 DOI: 10.34133/plantphenomics.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The change in appearance during the seasonal transitions in ornamental greening plants is an important characteristic. In particular, the early onset of green leaf color is a desirable trait for a cultivar. In this study, we established a method for phenotyping leaf color change by multispectral imaging and performed genetic analysis based on the phenotypes to clarify the potential of the approach in breeding greening plants. We performed multispectral phenotyping and quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of an F1 population derived from 2 parental lines of Phedimus takesimensis, known to be a drought and heat-tolerant rooftop plant species. The imaging was conducted in April of 2019 and 2020 when dormancy breakage occurs and growth extension begins. Principal component analysis of 9 different wavelength values showed a high contribution from the first principal component (PC1), which captured variation in the visible light range. The high interannual correlation in PC1 and in the intensity of visible light indicated that the multispectral phenotyping captured genetic variation in the color of leaves. We also performed restriction site-associated DNA sequencing and obtained the first genetic linkage map of Phedimus spp. QTL analysis revealed 2 QTLs related to early dormancy breakage. Based on the genotypes of the markers underlying these 2 QTLs, the F1 phenotypes with early (late) dormancy break, green (red or brown) leaves, and a high (low) degree of vegetative growth were classified. The results suggest the potential of multispectral phenotyping in the genetic dissection of seasonal leaf color changes in greening plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeko Koji
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences,
Tottori University, 4-101 Koyamacho minami, Tottori-shi, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Iwata
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences,
The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi-chou, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Ishimori
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences,
The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi-chou, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hideki Takanashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences,
The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi-chou, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yuji Yamasaki
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori-shi, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Hisashi Tsujimoto
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori-shi, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
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Kovaleski AP. Woody species do not differ in dormancy progression: Differences in time to budbreak due to forcing and cold hardiness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2112250119. [PMID: 35500120 PMCID: PMC9171508 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112250119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Budbreak is one of the most observed and studied phenological phases in perennial plants, but predictions remain a challenge, largely due to our poor understanding of dormancy. Two dimensions of exposure to temperature are generally used to model budbreak: accumulation of time spent at low temperatures (chilling) and accumulation of heat units (forcing). These two effects have a well-established negative correlation; with more chilling, less forcing is required for budbreak. Furthermore, temperate plant species are assumed to vary in chilling requirements for dormancy completion allowing proper budbreak. Here, dormancy is investigated from the cold hardiness standpoint across many species, demonstrating that it should be accounted for to study dormancy and accurately predict budbreak. Most cold hardiness is lost prior to budbreak, but rates of cold hardiness loss (deacclimation) vary among species, leading to different times to budbreak. Within a species, deacclimation rate increases with accumulation of chill. When inherent differences between species in deacclimation rate are accounted for by normalizing rates throughout winter by the maximum rate observed, a standardized deacclimation potential is produced. Deacclimation potential is a quantitative measurement of dormancy progression based on responsiveness to forcing as chill accumulates, which increases similarly for all species, contradicting estimations of dormancy transition based on budbreak assays. This finding indicates that comparisons of physiologic and genetic control of dormancy require an understanding of cold hardiness dynamics. Thus, an updated framework for studying dormancy and its effects on spring phenology is suggested where cold hardiness in lieu of (or in addition to) budbreak is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al P. Kovaleski
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Boston, MA 02131
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5
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Lempe J, Peil A, Flachowsky H. Time-Resolved Analysis of Candidate Gene Expression and Ambient Temperature During Bud Dormancy in Apple. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:803341. [PMID: 35111181 PMCID: PMC8802299 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.803341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Winter dormancy - a period of low metabolic activity and no visible growth - appears as an adaptation to harsh winter conditions and can be divided into different phases. It is tightly controlled by environmental cues, with ambient temperature playing a major role. During endodormancy, a cultivar-specific amount of cold needs to be perceived, and during ecodormancy, heat hours accumulate before bud burst and anthesis in spring. Expression analysis, performed in several key fruit tree species, proved to be very useful in elucidating the molecular control of onset and release of dormancy. However, the time resolution of these experiments has been limited. Therefore, in this study, dense time-series expression analysis was conducted for 40 candidate genes involved in dormancy control, under the cool-temperate climate conditions in Dresden. Samples were taken from the cultivars 'Pinova' and 'Gala,' which differ in flowering time. The set of candidate genes included well-established dormancy genes such as DAM genes, MdFLC-like, MdICE1, MdPRE 1, and MdPIF4. Furthermore, we tested genes from dormancy-associated pathways including the brassinosteroid, gibberellic acid, abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinin response, and respiratory stress pathways. The expression patterns of well-established dormancy genes were confirmed and could be associated with specific dormancy phases. In addition, less well-known transcription factors and genes of the ABA signaling pathway showed associations with dormancy progression. The three ABA signaling genes HAB1_chr15, HAI3, and ABF2 showed a local minimum of gene expression in proximity of the endodormancy to ecodormancy transition. The number of sampling points allowed us to correlate expression values with temperature data, which revealed significant correlations of ambient temperature with the expression of the Malus domestica genes MdICE1, MdPIF4, MdFLC-like, HAB1chr15, and the type-B cytokinin response regulator BRR9. Interestingly, the slope of the linear correlation of temperature with the expression of MdPIF4 differed between cultivars. Whether the strength of inducibility of MdPIF4 expression by low temperature differs between the 'Pinova' and 'Gala' alleles needs to be tested further.
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Garighan J, Dvorak E, Estevan J, Loridon K, Huettel B, Sarah G, Farrera I, Leclercq J, Grynberg P, Coiti Togawa R, Mota do Carmo Costa M, Costes E, Andrés F. The Identification of Small RNAs Differentially Expressed in Apple Buds Reveals a Potential Role of the Mir159-MYB Regulatory Module during Dormancy. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2665. [PMID: 34961136 PMCID: PMC8703471 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Winter dormancy is an adaptative mechanism that temperate and boreal trees have developed to protect their meristems against low temperatures. In apple trees (Malus domestica), cold temperatures induce bud dormancy at the end of summer/beginning of the fall. Apple buds stay dormant during winter until they are exposed to a period of cold, after which they can resume growth (budbreak) and initiate flowering in response to warmer temperatures in spring. It is well-known that small RNAs modulate temperature responses in many plant species, but however, how small RNAs are involved in genetic networks of temperature-mediated dormancy control in fruit tree species remains unclear. Here, we have made use of a recently developed ARGONAUTE (AGO)-purification technique to isolate small RNAs from apple buds. A small RNA-seq experiment resulted in the identification of 17 micro RNAs (miRNAs) that change their pattern of expression in apple buds during dormancy. Furthermore, the functional analysis of their predicted target genes suggests a main role of the 17 miRNAs in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, gene regulation, plant development and growth, and response to stimulus. Finally, we studied the conservation of the Arabidopsis thaliana regulatory miR159-MYB module in apple in the context of the plant hormone abscisic acid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Garighan
- UMR AGAP Institute, Institut Agro, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (J.G.); (E.D.); (J.E.); (K.L.); (G.S.); (I.F.); (J.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Etienne Dvorak
- UMR AGAP Institute, Institut Agro, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (J.G.); (E.D.); (J.E.); (K.L.); (G.S.); (I.F.); (J.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Joan Estevan
- UMR AGAP Institute, Institut Agro, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (J.G.); (E.D.); (J.E.); (K.L.); (G.S.); (I.F.); (J.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Karine Loridon
- UMR AGAP Institute, Institut Agro, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (J.G.); (E.D.); (J.E.); (K.L.); (G.S.); (I.F.); (J.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Bruno Huettel
- Genome Centre, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Gautier Sarah
- UMR AGAP Institute, Institut Agro, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (J.G.); (E.D.); (J.E.); (K.L.); (G.S.); (I.F.); (J.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Isabelle Farrera
- UMR AGAP Institute, Institut Agro, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (J.G.); (E.D.); (J.E.); (K.L.); (G.S.); (I.F.); (J.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Julie Leclercq
- UMR AGAP Institute, Institut Agro, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (J.G.); (E.D.); (J.E.); (K.L.); (G.S.); (I.F.); (J.L.); (E.C.)
- UMR AGAP Institute, CIRAD, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Priscila Grynberg
- Bioinformatica Laboratory, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia—Cenargen, Brasilia 02372, Brazil; (P.G.); (R.C.T.); (M.M.d.C.C.)
| | - Roberto Coiti Togawa
- Bioinformatica Laboratory, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia—Cenargen, Brasilia 02372, Brazil; (P.G.); (R.C.T.); (M.M.d.C.C.)
| | - Marcos Mota do Carmo Costa
- Bioinformatica Laboratory, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia—Cenargen, Brasilia 02372, Brazil; (P.G.); (R.C.T.); (M.M.d.C.C.)
| | - Evelyne Costes
- UMR AGAP Institute, Institut Agro, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (J.G.); (E.D.); (J.E.); (K.L.); (G.S.); (I.F.); (J.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Fernando Andrés
- UMR AGAP Institute, Institut Agro, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (J.G.); (E.D.); (J.E.); (K.L.); (G.S.); (I.F.); (J.L.); (E.C.)
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da Silveira Falavigna V, Severing E, Lai X, Estevan J, Farrera I, Hugouvieux V, Revers LF, Zubieta C, Coupland G, Costes E, Andrés F. Unraveling the role of MADS transcription factor complexes in apple tree dormancy. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2071-2088. [PMID: 34480759 PMCID: PMC9292984 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A group of MADS transcription factors (TFs) are believed to control temperature-mediated bud dormancy. These TFs, called DORMANCY-ASSOCIATED MADS-BOX (DAM), are encoded by genes similar to SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) from Arabidopsis. MADS proteins form transcriptional complexes whose combinatory composition defines their molecular function. However, how MADS multimeric complexes control the dormancy cycle in trees is unclear. Apple MdDAM and other dormancy-related MADS proteins form complexes with MdSVPa, which is essential for the ability of transcriptional complexes to bind to DNA. Sequential DNA-affinity purification sequencing (seq-DAP-seq) was performed to identify the genome-wide binding sites of apple MADS TF complexes. Target genes associated with the binding sites were identified by combining seq-DAP-seq data with transcriptomics datasets obtained using a glucocorticoid receptor fusion system, and RNA-seq data related to apple dormancy. We describe a gene regulatory network (GRN) formed by MdSVPa-containing complexes, which regulate the dormancy cycle in response to environmental cues and hormonal signaling pathways. Additionally, novel molecular evidence regarding the evolutionary functional segregation between DAM and SVP proteins in the Rosaceae is presented. MdSVPa sequentially forms complexes with the MADS TFs that predominate at each dormancy phase, altering its DNA-binding specificity and, therefore, the transcriptional regulation of its target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítor da Silveira Falavigna
- UMR AGAP InstitutUniv MontpellierCIRADINRAEInstitut AgroF‐34398MontpellierFrance
- Department of Plant Developmental BiologyMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research50829CologneGermany
| | - Edouard Severing
- Department of Plant Developmental BiologyMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research50829CologneGermany
| | - Xuelei Lai
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et VégétaleUniversité Grenoble‐AlpesCNRSCEAINRAEIRIG‐DBSCI38000GrenobleFrance
| | - Joan Estevan
- UMR AGAP InstitutUniv MontpellierCIRADINRAEInstitut AgroF‐34398MontpellierFrance
| | - Isabelle Farrera
- UMR AGAP InstitutUniv MontpellierCIRADINRAEInstitut AgroF‐34398MontpellierFrance
| | - Véronique Hugouvieux
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et VégétaleUniversité Grenoble‐AlpesCNRSCEAINRAEIRIG‐DBSCI38000GrenobleFrance
| | | | - Chloe Zubieta
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et VégétaleUniversité Grenoble‐AlpesCNRSCEAINRAEIRIG‐DBSCI38000GrenobleFrance
| | - George Coupland
- Department of Plant Developmental BiologyMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research50829CologneGermany
| | - Evelyne Costes
- UMR AGAP InstitutUniv MontpellierCIRADINRAEInstitut AgroF‐34398MontpellierFrance
| | - Fernando Andrés
- UMR AGAP InstitutUniv MontpellierCIRADINRAEInstitut AgroF‐34398MontpellierFrance
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Brukental H, Doron-Faigenboim A, Bar-Ya’akov I, Harel-Beja R, Attia Z, Azoulay-Shemer T, Holland D. Revealing the Genetic Components Responsible for the Unique Photosynthetic Stem Capability of the Wild Almond Prunus arabica (Olivier) Meikle. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:779970. [PMID: 34899807 PMCID: PMC8657148 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.779970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb] is a major deciduous fruit tree crop worldwide. During dormancy, under warmer temperatures and inadequate chilling hours, the plant metabolic activity increases and may lead to carbohydrate deficiency. Prunus arabica (Olivier) Meikle is a bushy wild almond species known for its green, unbarked stem, which stays green even during the dormancy period. Our study revealed that P. arabica green stems assimilate significantly high rates of CO2 during the winter as compared to P. dulcis cv. Um el Fahem (U.E.F.) and may improve carbohydrate status throughout dormancy. To uncover the genetic inheritance and mechanism behind the P. arabica stem photosynthetic capability (SPC), a segregated F1 population was generated by crossing P. arabica to U.E.F. Both parent's whole genome was sequenced, and SNP calling identified 4,887 informative SNPs for genotyping. A robust genetic map for U.E.F. and P. arabica was constructed (971 and 571 markers, respectively). QTL mapping and association study for the SPC phenotype revealed major QTL [log of odd (LOD) = 20.8] on chromosome 7 and another minor but significant QTL on chromosome 1 (LOD = 3.9). As expected, the P. arabica allele in the current loci significantly increased the SPC phenotype. Finally, a list of 64 candidate genes was generated. This work sets the stage for future research to investigate the mechanism regulating the SPC trait, how it affects the tree's physiology, and its importance for breeding new cultivars better adapted to high winter temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillel Brukental
- Unit of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Doron-Faigenboim
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Irit Bar-Ya’akov
- Unit of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Rotem Harel-Beja
- Unit of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Ziv Attia
- Unit of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Tamar Azoulay-Shemer
- Unit of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Doron Holland
- Unit of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
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Nishiyama S, Matsushita MC, Yamane H, Honda C, Okada K, Tamada Y, Moriya S, Tao R. Functional and expressional analyses of apple FLC-like in relation to dormancy progress and flower bud development. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:562-570. [PMID: 31728534 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We previously identified the FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC)-like gene, a MADS-box transcription factor gene that belongs to Arabidopsis thaliana L. FLC clade, in apple (Malus $\times$ domestica Borkh.), and its expression in dormant flower buds is positively correlated with cumulative cold exposure. To elucidate the role of the MdFLC-like in the dormancy process and flower development, we first characterized the phenotypes of MdFLC-like overexpressing lines with the Arabidopsis Columbia-0 background. The overexpression of MdFLC-like significantly delayed the bolting date and reduced the plant size, but it did not significantly affect the number of rosette leaves or flower organ formation. Thus, MdFLC-like may affect vegetative growth and development rather than flowering when expressed in Arabidopsis, which is not like Arabidopsis FLC that affects development of flowering. We compared seasonal expression patterns of MdFLC-like in low-chill 'Anna' and high-chill 'Fuji' and 'Tsugaru' apples collected from trees grown in a cold winter region in temperate zone and found an earlier upregulation in 'Anna' compared with 'Fuji' and 'Tsugaru'. Expression patterns were also compared in relation to developmental changes in the flower primordia during the chilling accumulation period. Overall, MdFLC-like was progressively upregulated during flower primordia differentiation and development in autumn to early winter and reached a maximum expression level at around the same time as the genotype-dependent chilling requirements were fulfilled in high-chill cultivars. Thus, we hypothesize MdFLC-like may be upregulated in response to cold exposure and flower primordia development during the progress of endodormancy. Our study also suggests MdFLC-like may have a growth-inhibiting function during the end of endodormancy and ecodormancy when the temperature is low and unfavorable for rapid bud outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Nishiyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | | | - Hisayo Yamane
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Chikako Honda
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Midori-Cho, Nishitokyo, Tokyo 188-0002, Japan
| | - Kazuma Okada
- Apple Research Station, Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, Morioka 020-0123, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tamada
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- School of Life Science, Sokendai, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shigeki Moriya
- Apple Research Station, Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, Morioka 020-0123, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Tao
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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10
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Zhang M, Yang Q, Yuan X, Yan X, Wang J, Cheng T, Zhang Q. Integrating Genome-Wide Association Analysis With Transcriptome Sequencing to Identify Candidate Genes Related to Blooming Time in Prunus mume. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:690841. [PMID: 34335659 PMCID: PMC8319914 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.690841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Prunus mume is one of the most important woody perennials for edible and ornamental use. Despite a substantial variation in the flowering phenology among the P. mume germplasm resources, the genetic control for flowering time remains to be elucidated. In this study, we examined five blooming time-related traits of 235 P. mume landraces for 2 years. Based on the phenotypic data, we performed genome-wide association studies, which included a combination of marker- and gene-based association tests, and identified 1,445 candidate genes that are consistently linked with flowering time across multiple years. Furthermore, we assessed the global transcriptome change of floral buds from the two P. mume cultivars exhibiting contrasting bloom dates and detected 617 associated genes that were differentially expressed during the flowering process. By integrating a co-expression network analysis, we screened out 191 gene candidates of conserved transcriptional pattern during blooming across cultivars. Finally, we validated the temporal expression profiles of these candidates and highlighted their putative roles in regulating floral bud break and blooming time in P. mume. Our findings are important to expand the understanding of flowering time control in woody perennials and will boost the molecular breeding of novel varieties in P. mume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingqing Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jia Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Tangren Cheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qixiang Zhang
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Cattani AM, da Silveira Falavigna V, Silveira CP, Buffon V, Dos Santos Maraschin F, Pasquali G, Revers LF. Type-B cytokinin response regulators link hormonal stimuli and molecular responses during the transition from endo- to ecodormancy in apple buds. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:1687-1703. [PMID: 32959122 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02595-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin together with MdoBRR1, MdoBRR8 and MdoBRR10 genes participate in the downregulation of MdoDAM1, contributing to the transition from endo- to ecodormancy in apple buds. The final step of cytokinin (CK) signaling pathway culminates in the activation of type-B response regulators (BRRs), important transcriptional factors in the modulation of CK-responsive genes. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis aiming to identify apple BRR family members and understand their involvement in bud dormancy control. The investigation identified ten MdoBRR protein-coding genes. A higher expression of three MdoBRR (MdoBRR1, MdoBRR9 and MdoBRR10) was observed in dormant buds in comparison to other developmental stages. Interestingly, in ecodormant buds these three MdoBRR genes were upregulated in a CK-dependent manner. Transcription profiles, determined during dormancy cycle under field and artificially controlled conditions, revealed that MdoBRR1 and MdoBRR8 played important roles in the transition from endo- to ecodormancy, probably mediated by endogenous CK stimuli. The expression of MdoBRR7, MdoBRR9, and MdoBRR10 was induced in ecodormant buds exposed to warm temperatures, indicating a putative role in growth resumption after chilling requirement fulfillment. Contrasting expression patternsin vivo between MdoBRRs and MdoDAM1, an essential dormancy establishment regulator, were observed during dormancy cycle and in CK-treated buds. Thereafter, in vivo transactivation assays showed that CK stimuli combined with transient overexpression of MdoBRR1, MdoBRR8, and MdoBRR10 resulted in downregulation of the reporter gene gusA driven by the MdoDAM1 promoter. These pieces of evidences point to the integration of CK-triggered responses through MdoBRRs that are able to downregulate MdoDAM1, contributing to dormancy release in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Malvessi Cattani
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vanessa Buffon
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Giancarlo Pasquali
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luís Fernando Revers
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brazil.
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12
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Yang Q, Yang B, Li J, Wang Y, Tao R, Yang F, Wu X, Yan X, Ahmad M, Shen J, Bai S, Teng Y. ABA-responsive ABRE-BINDING FACTOR3 activates DAM3 expression to promote bud dormancy in Asian pear. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1360-1375. [PMID: 32092154 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Bud dormancy is indispensable for the survival of perennial plants in cold winters. Abscisic acid (ABA) has essential functions influencing the endo-dormancy status. Dormancy-associated MADS-box/SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE-like genes function downstream of the ABA signalling pathway to regulate bud dormancy. However, the regulation of DAM/SVP expression remains largely uncharacterized. In this study, we confirmed that endo-dormancy maintenance and PpyDAM3 expression are controlled by the ABA content in pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) buds. The expression of pear ABRE-BINDING FACTOR3 (PpyABF3) was positively correlated with PpyDAM3 expression. Furthermore, PpyABF3 directly bound to the second ABRE in the PpyDAM3 promoter to activate its expression. Interestingly, both PpyABF3 and PpyDAM3 repressed the cell division and growth of transgenic pear calli. Another ABA-induced ABF protein, PpyABF2, physically interacted with PpyABF3 and disrupted the activation of the PpyDAM3 promoter by PpyABF3, indicating DAM expression was precisely controlled. Additionally, our results suggested that the differences in the PpyDAM3 promoter in two pear cultivars might be responsible for the diversity in the chilling requirements. In summary, our data clarify the finely tuned regulatory mechanism underlying the effect of ABA on DAM gene expression and provide new insights into ABA-related bud dormancy regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinsong Yang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology and Utilization of Horticultural Plants, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology and Utilization of Horticultural Plants, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianzhao Li
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology and Utilization of Horticultural Plants, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology and Utilization of Horticultural Plants, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruiyan Tao
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology and Utilization of Horticultural Plants, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology and Utilization of Horticultural Plants, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyue Wu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology and Utilization of Horticultural Plants, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinhui Yan
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology and Utilization of Horticultural Plants, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mudassar Ahmad
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology and Utilization of Horticultural Plants, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaqi Shen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology and Utilization of Horticultural Plants, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Songling Bai
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology and Utilization of Horticultural Plants, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanwen Teng
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology and Utilization of Horticultural Plants, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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