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Das S, Chandukishore T, Ulaganathan N, Dhodduraj K, Gorantla SS, Chandna T, Gupta LK, Sahoo A, Atheena PV, Raval R, Anjana PA, DasuVeeranki V, Prabhu AA. Sustainable biorefinery approach by utilizing xylose fraction of lignocellulosic biomass. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131290. [PMID: 38569993 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) has been a lucrative feedstock for developing biochemical products due to its rich organic content, low carbon footprint and abundant accessibility. The recalcitrant nature of this feedstock is a foremost bottleneck. It needs suitable pretreatment techniques to achieve a high yield of sugar fractions such as glucose and xylose with low inhibitory components. Cellulosic sugars are commonly used for the bio-manufacturing process, and the xylose sugar, which is predominant in the hemicellulosic fraction, is rejected as most cell factories lack the five‑carbon metabolic pathways. In the present review, more emphasis was placed on the efficient pretreatment techniques developed for disintegrating LCB and enhancing xylose sugars. Further, the transformation of the xylose to value-added products through chemo-catalytic routes was highlighted. In addition, the review also recapitulates the sustainable production of biochemicals by native xylose assimilating microbes and engineering the metabolic pathway to ameliorate biomanufacturing using xylose as the sole carbon source. Overall, this review will give an edge on the bioprocessing of microbial metabolism for the efficient utilization of xylose in the LCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satwika Das
- Bioprocess Development Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal 506004, Telangana, India
| | - T Chandukishore
- Bioprocess Development Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Nivedhitha Ulaganathan
- Bioprocess Development Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Kawinharsun Dhodduraj
- Bioprocess Development Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Sai Susmita Gorantla
- Bioprocess Development Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Teena Chandna
- Bioprocess Development Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Laxmi Kumari Gupta
- Bioprocess Development Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Ansuman Sahoo
- Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - P V Atheena
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Ritu Raval
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - P A Anjana
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Venkata DasuVeeranki
- Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Ashish A Prabhu
- Bioprocess Development Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal 506004, Telangana, India.
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Akram F, Fatima T, Ibrar R, Shabbir I, Shah FI, Haq IU. Trends in the development and current perspective of thermostable bacterial hemicellulases with their industrial endeavors: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130993. [PMID: 38508567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Hemicellulases are enzymes that hydrolyze hemicelluloses, common polysaccharides in nature. Thermophilic hemicellulases, derived from microbial strains, are extensively studied as natural biofuel sources due to the complex structure of hemicelluloses. Recent research aims to elucidate the catalytic principles, mechanisms and specificity of hemicellulases through investigations into their high-temperature stability and structural features, which have applications in biotechnology and industry. This review article targets to serve as a comprehensive resource, highlighting the significant progress in the field and emphasizing the vital role of thermophilic hemicellulases in eco-friendly catalysis. The primary goal is to improve the reliability of hemicellulase enzymes obtained from thermophilic bacterial strains. Additionally, with their ability to break down lignocellulosic materials, hemicellulases hold immense potential for biofuel production. Despite their potential, the commercial viability is hindered by their high enzyme costs, necessitating the development of efficient bioprocesses involving waste pretreatment with microbial consortia to overcome this challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Akram
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Taseer Fatima
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ramesha Ibrar
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ifrah Shabbir
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | | | - Ikram Ul Haq
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
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3
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Addison B, Bu L, Bharadwaj V, Crowley MF, Harman-Ware AE, Crowley MF, Bomble YJ, Ciesielski PN. Atomistic, macromolecular model of the Populus secondary cell wall informed by solid-state NMR. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi7965. [PMID: 38170770 PMCID: PMC10776008 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi7965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Plant secondary cell walls (SCWs) are composed of a heterogeneous interplay of three major biopolymers: cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. Details regarding specific intermolecular interactions and higher-order architecture of the SCW superstructure remain ambiguous. Here, we use solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) measurements to infer refined details about the structural configuration, intermolecular interactions, and relative proximity of all three major biopolymers within air-dried Populus wood. To enhance the utility of these findings and enable evaluation of hypotheses in a physics-based environment in silico, the NMR observables are articulated into an atomistic, macromolecular model for biopolymer assemblies within the plant SCW. Through molecular dynamics simulation, we quantitatively evaluate several variations of atomistic models to determine structural details that are corroborated by ssNMR measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett Addison
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Lintao Bu
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Vivek Bharadwaj
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Meagan F. Crowley
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
- Chemistry Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Anne E. Harman-Ware
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Michael F. Crowley
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Yannick J. Bomble
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Peter N. Ciesielski
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
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4
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Schaubeder JB, Spirk S, Fliri L, Orzan E, Biegler V, Palasingh C, Selinger J, Bakhshi A, Bauer W, Hirn U, Nypelö T. Role of intrinsic and extrinsic xylan in softwood kraft pulp fiber networks. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 323:121371. [PMID: 37940269 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Xylan is primarily found in the secondary cell wall of plants providing strength and integrity. To take advantage of the reinforcing effect of xylan in papermaking, it is crucial to understand its role in pulp fibers, as it undergoes substantial changes during pulping. However, the contributions of xylan that is added afterwards (extrinsic) and xylan present after pulping (intrinsic) remain largely unexplored. Here, we partially degraded xylan from refined bleached softwood kraft pulp (BSKP) and adsorbed xylan onto BSKP. Enzymatic degradation of 1 % xylan resulted in an open hand sheet structure, while adsorption of 3 % xylan created a denser fiber network. The mechanical properties improved with adsorbed xylan, but decreased more significantly after enzymatic treatment. We propose that the enhancement in mechanical properties by adsorbed extrinsic xylan is due to increased fiber-fiber bonds and sheet density, while the deterioration in mechanical properties of the enzyme treated pulp is caused by the opposite effect. These findings suggest that xylan is decisive for fiber network strength. However, intrinsic xylan is more critical, and the same properties cannot be achieved by readsorbing xylan onto the fibers. Therefore, pulping parameters should be selected to preserve intrinsic xylan within the fibers to maintain paper strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana B Schaubeder
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Spirk
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lukas Fliri
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Eliott Orzan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Veronika Biegler
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Research, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chonnipa Palasingh
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Julian Selinger
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Adelheid Bakhshi
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Bauer
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrich Hirn
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Tiina Nypelö
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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5
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Kairouani A, Pontier D, Picart C, Mounet F, Martinez Y, Le-Bot L, Fanuel M, Hammann P, Belmudes L, Merret R, Azevedo J, Carpentier MC, Gagliardi D, Couté Y, Sibout R, Bies-Etheve N, Lagrange T. Cell-type-specific control of secondary cell wall formation by Musashi-type translational regulators in Arabidopsis. eLife 2023; 12:RP88207. [PMID: 37773033 PMCID: PMC10541177 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the mechanism of secondary cell wall/SCW formation in plants is key to understanding their development and the molecular basis of biomass recalcitrance. Although transcriptional regulation is essential for SCW formation, little is known about the implication of post-transcriptional mechanisms in this process. Here we report that two bonafide RNA-binding proteins homologous to the animal translational regulator Musashi, MSIL2 and MSIL4, function redundantly to control SCW formation in Arabidopsis. MSIL2/4 interactomes are similar and enriched in proteins involved in mRNA binding and translational regulation. MSIL2/4 mutations alter SCW formation in the fibers, leading to a reduction in lignin deposition, and an increase of 4-O-glucuronoxylan methylation. In accordance, quantitative proteomics of stems reveal an overaccumulation of glucuronoxylan biosynthetic machinery, including GXM3, in the msil2/4 mutant stem. We showed that MSIL4 immunoprecipitates GXM mRNAs, suggesting a novel aspect of SCW regulation, linking post-transcriptional control to the regulation of SCW biosynthesis genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Kairouani
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan via Domitia, CNRS, UMR5096PerpignanFrance
| | - Dominique Pontier
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan via Domitia, CNRS, UMR5096PerpignanFrance
| | - Claire Picart
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan via Domitia, CNRS, UMR5096PerpignanFrance
| | - Fabien Mounet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse III, CNRS, INP, UMR5546Castanet-TolosanFrance
| | - Yves Martinez
- FRAIB-CNRS Plateforme ImagerieCastanet-TolosanFrance
| | - Lucie Le-Bot
- Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, UR1268 BIA, INRAENantesFrance
| | - Mathieu Fanuel
- Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, UR1268 BIA, INRAENantesFrance
- PROBE research infrastructure, BIBS Facility, INRAENantesFrance
| | - Philippe Hammann
- Plateforme Protéomique Strasbourg Esplanade de CNRS, Université de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Lucid Belmudes
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, UA13 BGE, CNRS, CEA, FR2048GrenobleFrance
| | - Remy Merret
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan via Domitia, CNRS, UMR5096PerpignanFrance
| | - Jacinthe Azevedo
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan via Domitia, CNRS, UMR5096PerpignanFrance
| | - Marie-Christine Carpentier
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan via Domitia, CNRS, UMR5096PerpignanFrance
| | - Dominique Gagliardi
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, IBMP, CNRS, Université de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Yohann Couté
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, UA13 BGE, CNRS, CEA, FR2048GrenobleFrance
| | - Richard Sibout
- Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, UR1268 BIA, INRAENantesFrance
| | - Natacha Bies-Etheve
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan via Domitia, CNRS, UMR5096PerpignanFrance
| | - Thierry Lagrange
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan via Domitia, CNRS, UMR5096PerpignanFrance
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Derba-Maceluch M, Sivan P, Donev EN, Gandla ML, Yassin Z, Vaasan R, Heinonen E, Andersson S, Amini F, Scheepers G, Johansson U, Vilaplana FJ, Albrectsen BR, Hertzberg M, Jönsson LJ, Mellerowicz EJ. Impact of xylan on field productivity and wood saccharification properties in aspen. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1218302. [PMID: 37528966 PMCID: PMC10389764 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1218302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Xylan that comprises roughly 25% of hardwood biomass is undesirable in biorefinery applications involving saccharification and fermentation. Efforts to reduce xylan levels have therefore been made in many species, usually resulting in improved saccharification. However, such modified plants have not yet been tested under field conditions. Here we evaluate the field performance of transgenic hybrid aspen lines with reduced xylan levels and assess their usefulness as short-rotation feedstocks for biorefineries. Three types of transgenic lines were tested in four-year field tests with RNAi constructs targeting either Populus GT43 clades B and C (GT43BC) corresponding to Arabidopsis clades IRX9 and IRX14, respectively, involved in xylan backbone biosynthesis, GATL1.1 corresponding to AtGALT1 involved in xylan reducing end sequence biosynthesis, or ASPR1 encoding an atypical aspartate protease. Their productivity, wood quality traits, and saccharification efficiency were analyzed. The only lines differing significantly from the wild type with respect to growth and biotic stress resistance were the ASPR1 lines, whose stems were roughly 10% shorter and narrower and leaves showed increased arthropod damage. GT43BC lines exhibited no growth advantage in the field despite their superior growth in greenhouse experiments. Wood from the ASPR1 and GT43BC lines had slightly reduced density due to thinner cell walls and, in the case of ASPR1, larger cell diameters. The xylan was less extractable by alkali but more hydrolysable by acid, had increased glucuronosylation, and its content was reduced in all three types of transgenic lines. The hemicellulose size distribution in the GALT1.1 and ASPR1 lines was skewed towards higher molecular mass compared to the wild type. These results provide experimental evidence that GATL1.1 functions in xylan biosynthesis and suggest that ASPR1 may regulate this process. In saccharification without pretreatment, lines of all three constructs provided 8-11% higher average glucose yields than wild-type plants. In saccharification with acid pretreatment, the GT43BC construct provided a 10% yield increase on average. The best transgenic lines of each construct are thus predicted to modestly outperform the wild type in terms of glucose yields per hectare. The field evaluation of transgenic xylan-reduced aspen represents an important step towards more productive feedstocks for biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Derba-Maceluch
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pramod Sivan
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Evgeniy N. Donev
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Zakiya Yassin
- Enhet Produktionssystem och Material, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Rakhesh Vaasan
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emilia Heinonen
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanna Andersson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fariba Amini
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Gerhard Scheepers
- Enhet Produktionssystem och Material, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Ulf Johansson
- Tönnersjöheden Experimental Forest, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Simlångsdalen, Sweden
| | - Francisco J. Vilaplana
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Ewa J. Mellerowicz
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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Esposito S, Taranto F, Vitale P, Ficco DBM, Colecchia SA, Stevanato P, De Vita P. Unlocking the molecular basis of wheat straw composition and morphological traits through multi-locus GWAS. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:519. [PMID: 36344939 PMCID: PMC9641881 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03900-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid reductions in emissions from fossil fuel burning are needed to curb global climate change. Biofuel production from crop residues can contribute to reducing the energy crisis and environmental deterioration. Wheat is a renewable source for biofuels owing to the low cost and high availability of its residues. Thus, identifying candidate genes controlling these traits is pivotal for efficient biofuel production. Here, six multi-locus genome-wide association (ML-GWAS) models were applied using 185 tetraploid wheat accessions to detect quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) for fifteen traits associated with biomass composition. RESULTS Among the 470 QTNs, only 72 identified by at least two models were considered as reliable. Among these latter, 16 also showed a significant effect on the corresponding trait (p.value < 0.05). Candidate genes survey carried out within 4 Mb flanking the QTNs, revealed putative biological functions associated with lipid transfer and metabolism, cell wall modifications, cell cycle, and photosynthesis. Four genes encoded as Cellulose Synthase (CeSa), Anaphase promoting complex (APC/C), Glucoronoxylan 4-O Methyltransferase (GXM) and HYPONASTIC LEAVES1 (HYL1) might be responsible for an increase in cellulose, and natural and acid detergent fiber (NDF and ADF) content in tetraploid wheat. In addition, the SNP marker RFL_Contig3228_2154 associated with the variation in stem solidness (Q.Scsb-3B) was validated through two molecular methods (High resolution melting; HRM and RNase H2-dependent PCR; rhAMP). CONCLUSIONS The study provides new insights into the genetic basis of biomass composition traits on tetraploid wheat. The application of six ML-GWAS models on a panel of diverse wheat genotypes represents an efficient approach to dissect complex traits with low heritability such as wheat straw composition. The discovery of genes/genomic regions associated with biomass production and straw quality parameters is expected to accelerate the development of high-yielding wheat varieties useful for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Esposito
- Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), CREA - Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesca Taranto
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, (CNR-IBBR), 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Vitale
- Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), CREA - Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 71122 Foggia, Italy
- Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Donatella Bianca Maria Ficco
- Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), CREA - Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Antonio Colecchia
- Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), CREA - Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio Stevanato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, 35020 Padova, Legnaro Italy
| | - Pasquale De Vita
- Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), CREA - Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 71122 Foggia, Italy
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8
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Xylan-cellulose thin film platform for assessing xylanase activity. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 294:119737. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Batsalova T, Georgiev Y, Moten D, Teneva I, Dzhambazov B. Natural Xylooligosaccharides Exert Antitumor Activity via Modulation of Cellular Antioxidant State and TLR4. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10430. [PMID: 36142342 PMCID: PMC9499660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been recently proven that xylooligosaccharides (XOS) with prebiotic properties have diverse beneficial biological effects including immunomodulatory and antitumor activities. The present article focused on the chemical and biological evaluation of corn-derived commercially available XOS and aimed to elucidate their cytotoxicity and inhibitory potential against tumor cells. Spectrophotometric chemical analyses, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography analyses were performed. Antioxidant activity was determined by measuring the oxygen radical absorbance capacity and hydroxyl radical averting capacity. In vitro cytotoxicity assays with human cell lines derived from normal and tumor tissues, assessments of ATP production, mitochondrial membrane potential specific staining, cytokine assays, and molecular docking were used to evaluate the biological activity of XOS. The sample showed significant antioxidant activity, and it was determined that most xylose oligomers in it are composed of six units. XOS exhibited antitumor activity with pronounced inhibitory effect on lysosomes, but mitochondrial functionality was also affected. The production of proinflammatory cytokines by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated U-937 cells was reduced by XOS treatment, which suggested the involvement of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated signaling in the mechanism of XOS action. Molecular docking analyses confirmed the potential inhibitory interaction between the sample and TLR4. In addition, XOS treatment had significant tumor-cell-specific influence on the glutathione antioxidant system, affecting its balance and thus contributing to the inhibition of cellular viability. The present study elucidated the tumor-inhibitory potential of commercially available XOS that could be utilized in pharmaceutical and food industry providing disease-preventive and therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsvetelina Batsalova
- Faculty of Biology, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Yordan Georgiev
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (IOCCP-BAS), 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Dzhemal Moten
- Faculty of Biology, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Ivanka Teneva
- Faculty of Biology, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Balik Dzhambazov
- Faculty of Biology, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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10
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Allen H, Zeef L, Morreel K, Goeminne G, Kumar M, Gomez LD, Dean AP, Eckmann A, Casiraghi C, McQueen-Mason SJ, Boerjan W, Turner SR. Flexible and digestible wood caused by viral-induced alteration of cell wall composition. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3398-3406.e6. [PMID: 35732179 PMCID: PMC9616729 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Woody plant material represents a vast renewable resource that has the potential to produce biofuels and other bio-based products with favorable net CO2 emissions.1,2 Its potential has been demonstrated in a recent study that generated novel structural materials from flexible moldable wood.3 Apple rubbery wood (ARW) disease is the result of a viral infection that causes woody stems to exhibit increased flexibility.4 Although ARW disease is associated with the presence of an RNA virus5 known as apple rubbery wood virus (ARWV), how the unique symptoms develop is unknown. We demonstrate that the symptoms of ARWV infections arise from reduced lignification within the secondary cell wall of xylem fibers and result in increased wood digestibility. In contrast, the mid-lamellae region and xylem ray cells are largely unaffected by the infection. Gene expression and proteomic data from symptomatic xylem clearly show the downregulation of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), the enzyme catalyzing the first committed step in the phenylpropanoid pathway leading to lignin biosynthesis. A large increase in soluble phenolics in symptomatic xylem, including the lignin precursor phenylalanine, is also consistent with PAL downregulation. ARWV infection results in the accumulation of many host-derived virus-activated small interfering RNAs (vasiRNAs). PAL-derived vasiRNAs are among the most abundant vasiRNAs in symptomatic xylem and are likely the cause of reduced PAL activity. Apparently, the mechanism used by the virus to alter lignin exhibits similarities to the RNAi strategy used to alter lignin in genetically modified trees to generate comparable improvements in wood properties.6, 7, 8 Video abstract
Apple rubbery wood (ARW) symptoms are caused by decreased lignin in woody tissue RNA-seq, proteomics, and metabolomics suggest phenylalanine levels decrease Virus-activated small interfering RNAs (vasiRNAs) are generated in response to ARWV infection VasiRNAs cause siRNA-based downregulation of phenylalanine ammonia
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Allen
- School of Biological Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Leo Zeef
- School of Biological Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Kris Morreel
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Goeminne
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Metabolomics Core Gent, VIB, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Manoj Kumar
- School of Biological Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Leonardo D Gomez
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Andrew P Dean
- School of Biological Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Axel Eckmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Cinzia Casiraghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Simon J McQueen-Mason
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Simon R Turner
- School of Biological Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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11
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Sohail M, Barzkar N, Michaud P, Tamadoni Jahromi S, Babich O, Sukhikh S, Das R, Nahavandi R. Cellulolytic and Xylanolytic Enzymes from Yeasts: Properties and Industrial Applications. Molecules 2022; 27:3783. [PMID: 35744909 PMCID: PMC9229053 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulose, the main component of plant cell walls, comprises polyaromatic lignin and fermentable materials, cellulose and hemicellulose. It is a plentiful and renewable feedstock for chemicals and energy. It can serve as a raw material for the production of various value-added products, including cellulase and xylanase. Cellulase is essentially required in lignocellulose-based biorefineries and is applied in many commercial processes. Likewise, xylanases are industrially important enzymes applied in papermaking and in the manufacture of prebiotics and pharmaceuticals. Owing to the widespread application of these enzymes, many prokaryotes and eukaryotes have been exploited to produce cellulase and xylanases in good yields, yet yeasts have rarely been explored for their plant-cell-wall-degrading activities. This review is focused on summarizing reports about cellulolytic and xylanolytic yeasts, their properties, and their biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan;
| | - Noora Barzkar
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas 3995, Iran
| | - Philippe Michaud
- Institute Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Saeid Tamadoni Jahromi
- Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecology Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar Abbas 3995, Iran
| | - Olga Babich
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia; (O.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Stanislav Sukhikh
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia; (O.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Rakesh Das
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1433 Aas, Norway;
| | - Reza Nahavandi
- Animal Science Research Institute of Iran (ASRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj 8361, Iran;
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12
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Šuchová K, Fehér C, Ravn JL, Bedő S, Biely P, Geijer C. Cellulose- and xylan-degrading yeasts: Enzymes, applications and biotechnological potential. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 59:107981. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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13
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Procópio DP, Kendrick E, Goldbeck R, Damasio ARDL, Franco TT, Leak DJ, Jin YS, Basso TO. Xylo-Oligosaccharide Utilization by Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Produce Ethanol. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:825981. [PMID: 35242749 PMCID: PMC8886126 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.825981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The engineering of xylo-oligosaccharide-consuming Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains is a promising approach for more effective utilization of lignocellulosic biomass and the development of economic industrial fermentation processes. Extending the sugar consumption range without catabolite repression by including the metabolism of oligomers instead of only monomers would significantly improve second-generation ethanol production This review focuses on different aspects of the action mechanisms of xylan-degrading enzymes from bacteria and fungi, and their insertion in S. cerevisiae strains to obtain microbial cell factories able of consume these complex sugars and convert them to ethanol. Emphasis is given to different strategies for ethanol production from both extracellular and intracellular xylo-oligosaccharide utilization by S. cerevisiae strains. The suitability of S. cerevisiae for ethanol production combined with its genetic tractability indicates that it can play an important role in xylan bioconversion through the heterologous expression of xylanases from other microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dielle Pierotti Procópio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emanuele Kendrick
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Rosana Goldbeck
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Telma Teixeira Franco
- Interdisciplinary Center of Energy Planning, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - David J. Leak
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Yong-Su Jin
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Thiago Olitta Basso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Saleh MA, Mahmud S, Albogami S, El-Shehawi AM, Paul GK, Islam S, Dutta AK, Uddin MS, Zaman S. Biochemical and Molecular Dynamics Study of a Novel GH 43 α-l-Arabinofuranosidase/β-Xylosidase From Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus DSM8903. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:810542. [PMID: 35223784 PMCID: PMC8881100 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.810542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete hydrolysis of xylan can be facilitated by the coordinated action of xylanase and other de-branching enzymes. Here, a GH43 α-l-arabinofuranosidase/β-xylosidase (CAX43) from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus was cloned, sequenced, and biochemically investigated. The interaction of the enzyme with various substrates was also studied. With a half-life of 120 h at 70°C, the produced protein performed maximum activity at pH 6.0 and 70°C. The enzyme demonstrated a higher activity (271.062 ± 4.83 U/mg) against para nitrophenol (pNP) α-L-arabinofuranosides. With xylanase (XynA), the enzyme had a higher degree of synergy (2.30) in a molar ratio of 10:10 (nM). The interaction of the enzyme with three substrates, pNP α-L-arabinofuranosides, pNP β-D-xylopyranosides, and sugar beet arabinan, was investigated using protein modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. During the simulation time, the root mean square deviation (RMSD) of the enzyme was below 2.5 Å, demonstrating structural stability. Six, five, and seven binding-interacting residues were confirmed against pNP α-L-arabinofuranosides, pNP β-D-xylopyranosides, and arabinan, respectively, in molecular docking experiments. This biochemical and in silico study gives a new window for understanding the GH43 family’s structural stability and substrate recognition, potentially leading to biological insights and rational enzyme engineering for a new generation of enzymes that perform better and have greater biorefinery utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Abu Saleh
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
- *Correspondence: Md. Abu Saleh,
| | - Shafi Mahmud
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Sarah Albogami
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M El-Shehawi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gobindo Kumar Paul
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Shirmin Islam
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Amit Kumar Dutta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Salah Uddin
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Shahriar Zaman
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
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15
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Application of a recombinant GH10 endoxylanase from Thermoascus aurantiacus for xylooligosaccharide production from sugarcane bagasse and probiotic bacterial growth. J Biotechnol 2022; 347:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Wood JA, Knights EJ, Campbell GM, Harden S, Choct M. Enzyme pre-milling treatments improved milling performance of chickpeas by targeting mechanisms of seed coat and cotyledon adhesion with various effects on dhal quality. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:62-72. [PMID: 34031883 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dehulling and splitting are important elements of the milling process to produce dhal from pulses. However, grain that is difficult-to-mill because of tightly adhered seed coats or cotyledons that resist separation makes it difficult to achieve high quality dhal. Milling yields are reduced, energy inputs into the milling process are increased, and the resulting dhal can be of poorer quality, chipped or abraded. RESULTS Eight enzyme pre-treatments were chosen based on the hypothesised mechanisms of seed coat and cotyledon adhesion established previously. Using a difficult-to-mill chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotype, we examined the effects of these pre-treatments, over time, on laboratory-scale milling performance and dhal quality. We pioneered a texture analyser method to measure the flex of the cotyledons and the force required to cleave the cotyledons. The enzyme-induced changes ranged from negative (tough seed coat, weight loss, deleterious colour and texture, increased visual damage to cotyledons and increased kibble loss, concave cotyledons, increased flex, and changes in taste) to positive (brittle seed coat, increased seed volume, improved dehulling efficiency and splitting yield, reduced cotyledon cleavage force, and acceptable dhal quality and taste). CONCLUSION All pre-treatments improved milling performance compared to milling the raw seed, although there was considerable variation between them. Two pre-treatments showed no improvement in milling yields compared to the water control, and several pre-treatments resulted in unacceptable qualities. Three pre-treatments, endo-polygalacturonanase, α-galactosidase and cellulase, show potential for commercial milling applications and could assist pulse millers globally to achieve high quality dhal at the same time as minimising milling effort. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Wood
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Tamworth Agricultural Institute, Calala, NSW, Australia
| | - Edmund J Knights
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Tamworth Agricultural Institute, Calala, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Steven Harden
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Tamworth Agricultural Institute, Calala, NSW, Australia
| | - Mingan Choct
- University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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17
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Abstract
The lignocellulosic perennial crop miscanthus, especially Miscanthus × giganteus, is particularly interesting for bioenergy production as it combines high biomass production with low environmental impact. However, there are several varieties that pose a hazard due to susceptibility to disease. This review contains links showing genotype and ecological variability of important characteristics related to yield and biomass composition of miscanthus that may be useful in plant breeding programs to increase bioenergy production. Some clones of Miscanthus × giganteus and Miscanthus sinensis are particularly interesting due to their high biomass production per hectare. Although the compositional requirements for industrial biomass have not been fully defined for the various bioenergy conversion processes, the lignin-rich species Miscanthus × giganteus and Miscanthus sacchariflorus seem to be more suitable for thermochemical conversion processes. At the same time, the species Miscanthus sinensis and some clones of Miscanthus × giganteus with low lignin content are of interest for the biochemical transformation process. The species Miscanthus sacchariflorus is suitable for various bioenergy conversion processes due to its low ash content, so this species is also interesting as a pioneer in breeding programs. Mature miscanthus crops harvested in winter are favored by industrial enterprises to improve efficiency and reduce processing costs. This study can be attributed to other monocotyledonous plants and perennial crops that can be used as feedstock for biofuels.
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18
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Scapini T, Dos Santos MSN, Bonatto C, Wancura JHC, Mulinari J, Camargo AF, Klanovicz N, Zabot GL, Tres MV, Fongaro G, Treichel H. Hydrothermal pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for hemicellulose recovery. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 342:126033. [PMID: 34592451 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The hemicellulosic fraction recovery is of interest for integrated processes in biorefineries, considering the possibility of high economic value products produced from their structural compounds of this polysaccharide. However, to perform an efficient recovery, it is necessary to use biomass fractionation techniques, and hydrothermal pretreatment is highlighted as a valuable technique in the hemicellulose recovery by applying high temperatures and pressure, causing dissolution of the structure. Considering the possibility of this pretreatment technique for current approaches to hemicellulose recovery, this article aimed to explore the relevance of hydrothermal pretreatment techniques (sub and supercritical water) as a strategy for recovering the hemicellulosic fraction from lignocellulosic biomass. Discussions about potential products to be generated, current market profile, and perspectives and challenges of applying the technique are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamarys Scapini
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Bioprocess (LAMIBI), Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim, RS, Brazil; Department of Biological Science, Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Bioscience, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Maicon S N Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Agroindustrial Processes Engineering (LAPE), Federal University of Santa Maria, Cachoeira do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Charline Bonatto
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Bioprocess (LAMIBI), Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Jéssica Mulinari
- Laboratory of Membrane Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Aline F Camargo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Bioprocess (LAMIBI), Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim, RS, Brazil; Department of Biological Science, Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Bioscience, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Natalia Klanovicz
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Bioprocess (LAMIBI), Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim, RS, Brazil; Research Group in Advanced Oxidation Processes (AdOx), Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Giovani L Zabot
- Laboratory of Agroindustrial Processes Engineering (LAPE), Federal University of Santa Maria, Cachoeira do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcus V Tres
- Laboratory of Agroindustrial Processes Engineering (LAPE), Federal University of Santa Maria, Cachoeira do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Bioscience, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Helen Treichel
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Bioprocess (LAMIBI), Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim, RS, Brazil; Department of Biological Science, Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Bioscience, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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19
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Schultz JA, Coleman HD. Pectin and Xylan Biosynthesis in Poplar: Implications and Opportunities for Biofuels Production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:712083. [PMID: 34490013 PMCID: PMC8418221 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.712083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A potential method by which society's reliance on fossil fuels can be lessened is via the large-scale utilization of biofuels derived from the secondary cell walls of woody plants; however, there remain a number of technical challenges to the large-scale production of biofuels. Many of these challenges emerge from the underlying complexity of the secondary cell wall. The challenges associated with lignin have been well explored elsewhere, but the dicot cell wall components of hemicellulose and pectin also present a number of difficulties. Here, we provide an overview of the research wherein pectin and xylan biosynthesis has been altered, along with investigations on the function of irregular xylem 8 (IRX8) and glycosyltransferase 8D (GT8D), genes putatively involved in xylan and pectin synthesis. Additionally, we provide an analysis of the evidence in support of two hypotheses regarding GT8D and conclude that while there is evidence to lend credence to these hypotheses, there are still questions that require further research and examination.
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20
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de Vries L, Guevara-Rozo S, Cho M, Liu LY, Renneckar S, Mansfield SD. Tailoring renewable materials via plant biotechnology. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:167. [PMID: 34353358 PMCID: PMC8344217 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02010-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants inherently display a rich diversity in cell wall chemistry, as they synthesize an array of polysaccharides along with lignin, a polyphenolic that can vary dramatically in subunit composition and interunit linkage complexity. These same cell wall chemical constituents play essential roles in our society, having been isolated by a variety of evolving industrial processes and employed in the production of an array of commodity products to which humans are reliant. However, these polymers are inherently synthesized and intricately packaged into complex structures that facilitate plant survival and adaptation to local biogeoclimatic regions and stresses, not for ease of deconstruction and commercial product development. Herein, we describe evolving techniques and strategies for altering the metabolic pathways related to plant cell wall biosynthesis, and highlight the resulting impact on chemistry, architecture, and polymer interactions. Furthermore, this review illustrates how these unique targeted cell wall modifications could significantly extend the number, diversity, and value of products generated in existing and emerging biorefineries. These modifications can further target the ability for processing of engineered wood into advanced high performance materials. In doing so, we attempt to illuminate the complex connection on how polymer chemistry and structure can be tailored to advance renewable material applications, using all the chemical constituents of plant-derived biopolymers, including pectins, hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne de Vries
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, the Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI , 53726, USA
| | - Sydne Guevara-Rozo
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - MiJung Cho
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Li-Yang Liu
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Scott Renneckar
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, the Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI , 53726, USA.
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21
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Hu Q, Yin X, Li H, Wang X, Jiang Z, Li L, Ni H, Li Q, Zhu Y. Characterisation of a novel laminarinase from
Microbulbifer
sp. ALW1 and the antioxidant activity of its hydrolysates. Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Hu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University No. 43 Yindou Road Xiamen361021China
| | - Xiaoqian Yin
- College of Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University No. 43 Yindou Road Xiamen361021China
| | - Hebin Li
- Xiamen Medical College Xiamen361008China
| | - Xinghua Wang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University No. 43 Yindou Road Xiamen361021China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Xiamen361021China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City Xiamen361021China
| | - Zedong Jiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University No. 43 Yindou Road Xiamen361021China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Xiamen361021China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City Xiamen361021China
| | - Lijun Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University No. 43 Yindou Road Xiamen361021China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Xiamen361021China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City Xiamen361021China
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University No. 43 Yindou Road Xiamen361021China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Xiamen361021China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City Xiamen361021China
| | - Qingbiao Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University No. 43 Yindou Road Xiamen361021China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Xiamen361021China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City Xiamen361021China
| | - Yanbing Zhu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University No. 43 Yindou Road Xiamen361021China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Xiamen361021China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City Xiamen361021China
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22
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Ravn JL, Engqvist MKM, Larsbrink J, Geijer C. CAZyme prediction in ascomycetous yeast genomes guides discovery of novel xylanolytic species with diverse capacities for hemicellulose hydrolysis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:150. [PMID: 34215291 PMCID: PMC8254220 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01995-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ascomycetous yeasts from the kingdom fungi inhabit every biome in nature. While filamentous fungi have been studied extensively regarding their enzymatic degradation of the complex polymers comprising lignocellulose, yeasts have been largely overlooked. As yeasts are key organisms used in industry, understanding their enzymatic strategies for biomass conversion is an important factor in developing new and more efficient cell factories. The aim of this study was to identify polysaccharide-degrading yeasts by mining CAZymes in 332 yeast genomes from the phylum Ascomycota. Selected CAZyme-rich yeasts were then characterized in more detail through growth and enzymatic activity assays. RESULTS The CAZyme analysis revealed a large spread in the number of CAZyme-encoding genes in the ascomycetous yeast genomes. We identified a total of 217 predicted CAZyme families, including several CAZymes likely involved in degradation of plant polysaccharides. Growth characterization of 40 CAZyme-rich yeasts revealed no cellulolytic yeasts, but several species from the Trichomonascaceae and CUG-Ser1 clades were able to grow on xylan, mixed-linkage β-glucan and xyloglucan. Blastobotrys mokoenaii, Sugiyamaella lignohabitans, Spencermartinsiella europaea and several Scheffersomyces species displayed superior growth on xylan and well as high enzymatic activities. These species possess genes for several putative xylanolytic enzymes, including ones from the well-studied xylanase-containing glycoside hydrolase families GH10 and GH30, which appear to be attached to the cell surface. B. mokoenaii was the only species containing a GH11 xylanase, which was shown to be secreted. Surprisingly, no known xylanases were predicted in the xylanolytic species Wickerhamomyces canadensis, suggesting that this yeast possesses novel xylanases. In addition, by examining non-sequenced yeasts closely related to the xylanolytic yeasts, we were able to identify novel species with high xylanolytic capacities. CONCLUSIONS Our approach of combining high-throughput bioinformatic CAZyme-prediction with growth and enzyme characterization proved to be a powerful pipeline for discovery of novel xylan-degrading yeasts and enzymes. The identified yeasts display diverse profiles in terms of growth, enzymatic activities and xylan substrate preferences, pointing towards different strategies for degradation and utilization of xylan. Together, the results provide novel insights into how yeast degrade xylan, which can be used to improve cell factory design and industrial bioconversion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas L Ravn
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin K M Engqvist
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Larsbrink
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Geijer
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Bing RG, Sulis DB, Wang JP, Adams MW, Kelly RM. Thermophilic microbial deconstruction and conversion of natural and transgenic lignocellulose. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 13:272-293. [PMID: 33684253 PMCID: PMC10519370 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The potential to convert renewable plant biomasses into fuels and chemicals by microbial processes presents an attractive, less environmentally intense alternative to conventional routes based on fossil fuels. This would best be done with microbes that natively deconstruct lignocellulose and concomitantly form industrially relevant products, but these two physiological and metabolic features are rarely and simultaneously observed in nature. Genetic modification of both plant feedstocks and microbes can be used to increase lignocellulose deconstruction capability and generate industrially relevant products. Separate efforts on plants and microbes are ongoing, but these studies lack a focus on optimal, complementary combinations of these disparate biological systems to obtain a convergent technology. Improving genetic tools for plants have given rise to the generation of low-lignin lines that are more readily solubilized by microorganisms. Most focus on the microbiological front has involved thermophilic bacteria from the genera Caldicellulosiruptor and Clostridium, given their capacity to degrade lignocellulose and to form bio-products through metabolic engineering strategies enabled by ever-improving molecular genetics tools. Bioengineering plant properties to better fit the deconstruction capabilities of candidate consolidated bioprocessing microorganisms has potential to achieve the efficient lignocellulose deconstruction needed for industrial relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G. Bing
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Daniel B. Sulis
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Jack P. Wang
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Michael W.W. Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Robert M. Kelly
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
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24
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Cell Wall Polysaccharides. POLYSACCHARIDES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119711414.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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25
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Nutrient complexity triggers transitions between solitary and colonial growth in bacterial populations. ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:2614-2626. [PMID: 33731836 PMCID: PMC8397785 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-00953-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microbial populations often experience fluctuations in nutrient complexity in their natural environment such as between high molecular weight polysaccharides and simple monosaccharides. However, it is unclear if cells can adopt growth behaviors that allow individuals to optimally respond to differences in nutrient complexity. Here, we directly control nutrient complexity and use quantitative single-cell analysis to study the growth dynamics of individuals within populations of the aquatic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus. We show that cells form clonal microcolonies when growing on the polysaccharide xylan, which is abundant in nature and degraded using extracellular cell-linked enzymes; and disperse to solitary growth modes when the corresponding monosaccharide xylose becomes available or nutrients are exhausted. We find that the cellular density required to achieve maximal growth rates is four-fold higher on xylan than on xylose, indicating that aggregating is advantageous on polysaccharides. When collectives on xylan are transitioned to xylose, cells start dispersing, indicating that colony formation is no longer beneficial and solitary behaviors might serve to reduce intercellular competition. Our study demonstrates that cells can dynamically tune their behaviors when nutrient complexity fluctuates, elucidates the quantitative advantages of distinct growth behaviors for individual cells and indicates why collective growth modes are prevalent in microbial populations.
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26
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Iyer A, Bestwick CS, Duncan SH, Russell WR. Invasive Plants Are a Valuable Alternate Protein Source and Can Contribute to Meeting Climate Change Targets. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.575056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Agriculture has come under pressure to meet global food demands, whilst having to meet economic and ecological targets. This has opened newer avenues for investigation in unconventional protein sources. Current agricultural practises manage marginal lands mostly through animal husbandry, which; although effective in land utilisation for food production, largely contributes to global green-house gas (GHG) emissions. Assessing the revalorisation potential of invasive plant species growing on these lands may help encourage their utilisation as an alternate protein source and partially shift the burden from livestock production; the current dominant source of dietary protein, and offer alternate means of income from such lands. Six globally recognised invasive plant species found extensively on marginal lands; Gorse (Ulex europaeus), Vetch (Vicia sativa), Broom (Cytisus scoparius), Fireweed (Chamaenerion angustifolium), Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), and Buddleia (Buddleja davidii) were collected and characterised to assess their potential as alternate protein sources. Amino acid profiling revealed appreciable levels of essential amino acids totalling 33.05 ± 0.04 41.43 ± 0.05, 33.05 ± 0.11, 32.63 ± 0.04, 48.71 ± 0.02 and 21.48 ± 0.05 mg/g dry plant mass for Gorse, Vetch, Broom Fireweed, Bracken, and Buddleia, respectively. The availability of essential amino acids was limited by protein solubility, and Gorse was found to have the highest soluble protein content. It was also high in bioactive phenolic compounds including cinnamic- phenyl-, pyruvic-, and benzoic acid derivatives. Databases generated using satellite imagery were used to locate the spread of invasive plants. Total biomass was estimated to be roughly 52 Tg with a protein content of 5.2 Tg with a total essential amino acid content of 1.25 Tg (~24%). Globally, Fabaceae was the second most abundant family of invasive plants. Much of the spread was found within marginal lands and shrublands. Analysis of intrinsic agricultural factors revealed economic status as the emergent factor, driven predominantly by land use allocation, with shrublands playing a pivotal role in the model. Diverting resources from invasive plant removal through herbicides and burning to leaf protein extraction may contribute toward sustainable protein, effective land use, and achieving emission targets, while simultaneously maintaining conservation of native plant species.
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27
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Grape stalk: a first attempt to disentangle its fibres via electrostatic separation. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Petit J, Salentijn EMJ, Paulo MJ, Denneboom C, van Loo EN, Trindade LM. Elucidating the Genetic Architecture of Fiber Quality in Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) Using a Genome-Wide Association Study. Front Genet 2020; 11:566314. [PMID: 33093845 PMCID: PMC7527631 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.566314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a bast-fiber crop with a great potential in the emerging bio-based economy. Yet, hemp breeding for fiber quality is restricted and that is mainly due to the limited knowledge of the genetic architecture of its fiber quality. A panel of 123 hemp accessions, with large phenotypic variability, was used to study the genetic basis of seven cell wall and bast fiber traits relevant to fiber quality. These traits showed large genetic variance components and high values of broad sense heritability in this hemp panel, as concluded from the phenotypic evaluation across three test locations with contrasting environments. The hemp panel was genotyped using restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq). Subsequently, a large set (> 600,000) of selected genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to get insights into quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality traits. In absence of a complete hemp genome sequence, identification of QTLs was based on the following characteristics: (i) association level to traits, (ii) fraction of explained trait variance, (iii) collinearity between QTLs, and (iv) detection across different environments. Using this approach, 16 QTLs were identified across locations for different fiber quality traits, including contents of glucose, glucuronic acid, mannose, xylose, lignin, and bast fiber content. Among them, six were found across the three environments. The genetic markers composing the QTLs that are common across locations are valuable tools to develop novel genotypes of hemp with improved fiber quality. Underneath the QTLs, 12 candidate genes were identified which are likely to be involved in the biosynthesis and modification of monosaccharides, polysaccharides, and lignin. These candidate genes were suggested to play an important role in determining fiber quality in hemp. This study provides new insights into the genetic architecture of fiber traits, identifies QTLs and candidate genes that form the basis for molecular breeding for high fiber quality hemp cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Petit
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Elma M J Salentijn
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Maria-João Paulo
- Biometris, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Christel Denneboom
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Eibertus N van Loo
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Luisa M Trindade
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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29
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Fülöp L, Ecker J. An overview of biomass conversion: exploring new opportunities. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9586. [PMID: 32765969 PMCID: PMC7382363 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recycling biomass is indispensable these days not only because fossil energy sources are gradually depleted, but also because pollution of the environment, caused by the increasing use of energy, must be reduced. This article intends to overview the results of plant biomass processing methods that are currently in use. Our aim was also to review published methods that are not currently in use. It is intended to explore the possibilities of new methods and enzymes to be used in biomass recycling. The results of this overview are perplexing in almost every area. Advances have been made in the pre-treatment of biomass and in the diversity and applications of the enzymes utilized. Based on molecular modeling, very little progress has been made in the modification of existing enzymes for altered function and adaptation for the environmental conditions during the processing of biomass. There are hardly any publications in which molecular modeling techniques are used to improve enzyme function and to adapt enzymes to various environmental conditions. Our view is that using modern computational, biochemical, and biotechnological methods would enable the purposeful design of enzymes that are more efficient and suitable for biomass processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Fülöp
- Department of Chemistry, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - János Ecker
- Department of Chemistry, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
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30
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Effects of Moisture on Diffusion in Unmodified Wood Cell Walls: A Phenomenological Polymer Science Approach. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10121084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the importance of cell wall diffusion to nearly all aspects of wood utilization, diffusion mechanisms and the detailed effects of moisture remain poorly understood. In this perspective, we introduce and employ approaches established in polymer science to develop a phenomenological framework for understanding the effects of moisture on diffusion in unmodified wood cell walls. The premise for applying this polymer-science-based approach to wood is that wood polymers (cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin) behave like typical solid polymers. Therefore, the movement of chemicals through wood cell walls is a diffusion process through a solid polymer, which is in contrast to previous assertions that transport of some chemicals occurs via aqueous pathways in the cell wall layers. Diffusion in polymers depends on the interrelations between free volume in the polymer matrix, molecular motions of the polymer, diffusant dimensions, and solubility of the diffusant in the polymer matrix. Because diffusion strongly depends on whether a polymer is in a rigid glassy state or soft rubbery state, it is important to understand glass transitions in the amorphous wood polymers. Through a review and analysis of available literature, we conclude that in wood both lignin and the amorphous polysaccharides very likely have glass transitions. After developing and presenting this polymer-science-based perspective of diffusion through unmodified wood cell walls, suggested directions for future research are discussed. A key consideration is that a large difference between diffusion through wood polymers and typical polymers is the high swelling pressures that can develop in unmodified wood cell walls. This pressure likely arises from the hierarchical structure of wood and should be taken into consideration in the development of predictive models for diffusion in unmodified wood cell walls.
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31
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Developing a Microbial Consortium for Enhanced Metabolite Production from Simulated Food Waste. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation5040098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Food waste disposal and transportation of commodity chemicals to the point-of-need are substantial challenges in military environments. Here, we propose addressing these challenges via the design of a microbial consortium for the fermentation of food waste to hydrogen. First, we simulated the exchange metabolic fluxes of monocultures and pairwise co-cultures using genome-scale metabolic models on a food waste proxy. We identified that one of the top hydrogen producing co-cultures comprised Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 and Yokenella regensburgei ATCC 43003. A consortium of these two strains produced a similar amount of hydrogen gas and increased butyrate compared to the C. beijerinckii monoculture, when grown on an artificial garbage slurry. Increased butyrate production in the consortium can be attributed to cross-feeding of lactate produced by Y. regensburgei. Moreover, exogenous lactate promotes the growth of C. beijerinckii with or without a limited amount of glucose. Increasing the scale of the consortium fermentation proved challenging, as two distinct attempts to scale-up the enhanced butyrate production resulted in different metabolic profiles than observed in smaller scale fermentations. Though the genome-scale metabolic model simulations provided a useful starting point for the design of microbial consortia to generate value-added products from waste materials, further model refinements based on experimental results are required for more robust predictions.
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32
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Wierzbicki MP, Christie N, Pinard D, Mansfield SD, Mizrachi E, Myburg AA. A systems genetics analysis in Eucalyptus reveals coordination of metabolic pathways associated with xylan modification in wood-forming tissues. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1952-1972. [PMID: 31144333 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Acetyl- and methylglucuronic acid decorations of xylan, the dominant hemicellulose in secondary cell walls (SCWs) of woody dicots, affect its interaction with cellulose and lignin to determine SCW structure and extractability. Genes and pathways involved in these modifications may be targets for genetic engineering; however, little is known about the regulation of xylan modifications in woody plants. To address this, we assessed genetic and gene expression variation associated with xylan modification in developing xylem of Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla interspecific hybrids. Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping identified potential regulatory polymorphisms affecting gene expression modules associated with xylan modification. We identified 14 putative xylan modification genes that are members of five expression modules sharing seven trans-eQTL hotspots. The xylan modification genes are prevalent in two expression modules. The first comprises nucleotide sugar interconversion pathways supplying the essential precursors for cellulose and xylan biosynthesis. The second contains genes responsible for phenylalanine biosynthesis and S-adenosylmethionine biosynthesis required for glucuronic acid and monolignol methylation. Co-expression and co-regulation analyses also identified four metabolic sources of acetyl coenxyme A that appear to be transcriptionally coordinated with xylan modification. Our systems genetics analysis may provide new avenues for metabolic engineering to alter wood SCW biology for enhanced biomass processability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P Wierzbicki
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Nanette Christie
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Desré Pinard
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Eshchar Mizrachi
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Alexander A Myburg
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
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