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Lutter F, Brenner W, Krajinski-Barth F, Safavi-Rizi V. Nitric oxide and cytokinin cross-talk and their role in plant hypoxia response. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2024; 19:2329841. [PMID: 38521996 PMCID: PMC10962617 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2024.2329841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and cytokinins (CKs) are known for their crucial contributions to plant development, growth, senescence, and stress response. Despite the importance of both signals in stress responses, their interaction remains largely unexplored. The interplay between NO and CKs emerges as particularly significant not only regarding plant growth and development but also in addressing plant stress response, particularly in the context of extreme weather events leading to yield loss. In this review, we summarize NO and CKs metabolism and signaling. Additionally, we emphasize the crosstalk between NO and CKs, underscoring its potential impact on stress response, with a focus on hypoxia tolerance. Finally, we address the most urgent questions that demand answers and offer recommendations for future research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Lutter
- Institute of Biology, Department of General and Applied Botany, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfram Brenner
- Institute of Biology, Department of General and Applied Botany, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Krajinski-Barth
- Institute of Biology, Department of General and Applied Botany, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vajiheh Safavi-Rizi
- Institute of Biology, Department of General and Applied Botany, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Department of Plant physiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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2
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Tessi TM, Maurino VG. AZGs: a new family of cytokinin transporters. Biochem Soc Trans 2024:BST20231537. [PMID: 38979638 DOI: 10.1042/bst20231537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are phytohormones structurally similar to purines that play important roles in various aspects of plant physiology and development. The local and long-distance distribution of CKs is very important to control their action throughout the plant body. Over the past decade, several novel CK transporters have been described, many of which have been linked to a physiological function rather than simply their ability to transport the hormone in vitro. Purine permeases, equilibrative nucleotide transporters and ATP-binding cassette transporters are involved in the local and long-range distribution of CK. In addition, members of the Arabidopsis AZA-GUANINE RESISTANT (AZG) protein family, AZG1 and AZG2, have recently been shown to mediate CK uptake at the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum. Despite sharing ∼50% homology, AZG1 and AZG2 have unique transport mechanisms, tissue-specific expression patterns, and subcellular localizations that underlie their distinct physiological functions. AZG2 is expressed in a small group of cells in the overlying tissue around the lateral root primordia, where its expression is induced by auxins and it is involved in the regulation of lateral root growth. AZG1 is ubiquitously expressed, with high levels in the division zone of the root apical meristem. Here, it binds and stabilises the auxin efflux carrier PIN1, thereby shaping root architecture, particularly under salt stress. This review highlights the latest findings on the protein properties, transport mechanisms and cellular functions of this new family of CK transporters and discusses perspectives for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas M Tessi
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Veronica G Maurino
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Cellular Molecular Botany (IZMB), University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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3
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Yuan D, Wu X, Jiang X, Gong B, Gao H. Types of Membrane Transporters and the Mechanisms of Interaction between Them and Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:221. [PMID: 38397819 PMCID: PMC10886204 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Membrane transporters are proteins that mediate the entry and exit of substances through the plasma membrane and organellar membranes and are capable of recognizing and binding to specific substances, thereby facilitating substance transport. Membrane transporters are divided into different types, e.g., ion transporters, sugar transporters, amino acid transporters, and aquaporins, based on the substances they transport. These membrane transporters inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation through ion regulation, sugar and amino acid transport, hormone induction, and other mechanisms. They can also promote enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions in plants, activate antioxidant enzyme activity, and promote ROS scavenging. Moreover, membrane transporters can transport plant growth regulators, solute proteins, redox potential regulators, and other substances involved in ROS metabolism through corresponding metabolic pathways, ultimately achieving ROS homeostasis in plants. In turn, ROS, as signaling molecules, can affect the activity of membrane transporters under abiotic stress through collaboration with ions and involvement in hormone metabolic pathways. The research described in this review provides a theoretical basis for improving plant stress resistance, promoting plant growth and development, and breeding high-quality plant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hongbo Gao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; (D.Y.); (X.W.); (X.J.); (B.G.)
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4
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Pérez-Rojas M, Díaz-Ramírez D, Ortíz-Ramírez CI, Galaz-Ávalos RM, Loyola-Vargas VM, Ferrándiz C, Abraham-Juárez MDR, Marsch-Martínez N. The Role of Cytokinins during the Development of Strawberry Flowers and Receptacles. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3672. [PMID: 37960026 PMCID: PMC10649685 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins play a relevant role in flower and fruit development and plant yield. Strawberry fruits have a high commercial value, although what is known as the "fruit" is not a "true" botanical fruit because it develops from a non-reproductive organ (receptacle) on which the true botanical fruits (achenes) are found. Given cytokinins' roles in botanical fruits, it is important to understand their participation in the development of a non-botanical or accessory "fruit". Therefore, in this work, the role of cytokinin in strawberry flowers and fruits was investigated by identifying and exploring the expression of homologous genes for different families that participate in the pathway, through publicly available genomic and expression data analyses. Next, trans-zeatin content in developing flowers and receptacles was determined. A high concentration was observed in flower buds and at anthesis and decreased as the fruit approached maturity. Moreover, the spatio-temporal expression pattern of selected CKX genes was evaluated and detected in receptacles at pre-anthesis stages. The results point to an important role and effect of cytokinins in flower and receptacle development, which is valuable both from a biological point of view and to improve yield and the quality of this fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moises Pérez-Rojas
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato 36824, Mexico; (M.P.-R.); (D.D.-R.)
| | - David Díaz-Ramírez
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato 36824, Mexico; (M.P.-R.); (D.D.-R.)
| | - Clara Inés Ortíz-Ramírez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas—Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (CSIC-UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain; (C.I.O.-R.); (C.F.)
| | - Rosa M. Galaz-Ávalos
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida 97205, Mexico; (R.M.G.-Á.); (V.M.L.-V.)
| | - Víctor M. Loyola-Vargas
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida 97205, Mexico; (R.M.G.-Á.); (V.M.L.-V.)
| | - Cristina Ferrándiz
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas—Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (CSIC-UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain; (C.I.O.-R.); (C.F.)
| | | | - Nayelli Marsch-Martínez
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato 36824, Mexico; (M.P.-R.); (D.D.-R.)
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Tessi TM, Maurino VG, Shahriari M, Meissner E, Novak O, Pasternak T, Schumacher BS, Ditengou F, Li Z, Duerr J, Flubacher NS, Nautscher M, Williams A, Kazimierczak Z, Strnad M, Thumfart JO, Palme K, Desimone M, Teale WD. AZG1 is a cytokinin transporter that interacts with auxin transporter PIN1 and regulates the root stress response. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:1924-1941. [PMID: 36918499 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
An environmentally responsive root system is crucial for plant growth and crop yield, especially in suboptimal soil conditions. This responsiveness enables the plant to exploit regions of high nutrient density while simultaneously minimizing abiotic stress. Despite the vital importance of root systems in regulating plant growth, significant gaps of knowledge exist in the mechanisms that regulate their architecture. Auxin defines both the frequency of lateral root (LR) initiation and the rate of LR outgrowth. Here, we describe a search for proteins that regulate root system architecture (RSA) by interacting directly with a key auxin transporter, PIN1. The native separation of Arabidopsis plasma membrane protein complexes identified several PIN1 co-purifying proteins. Among them, AZG1 was subsequently confirmed as a PIN1 interactor. Here, we show that, in Arabidopsis, AZG1 is a cytokinin (CK) import protein that co-localizes with and stabilizes PIN1, linking auxin and CK transport streams. AZG1 expression in LR primordia is sensitive to NaCl, and the frequency of LRs is AZG1-dependent under salt stress. This report therefore identifies a potential point for auxin:cytokinin crosstalk, which shapes RSA in response to NaCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás M Tessi
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Velez Sarsfield 249, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Veronica G Maurino
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mojgan Shahriari
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Esther Meissner
- Conservation Ecology, Department Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ondrej Novak
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR and Palacky, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Taras Pasternak
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin S Schumacher
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Franck Ditengou
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zenglin Li
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Duerr
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Noemi S Flubacher
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Nautscher
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alyssa Williams
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zuzanna Kazimierczak
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR and Palacky, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jörg-Oliver Thumfart
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology II, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 7, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Ostschweiz, Lagerstrasse 30, 9470, Buchs, SG, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Palme
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- Centre of Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marcelo Desimone
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Velez Sarsfield 249, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - William D Teale
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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6
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Hu Y, Shani E. Cytokinin activity - transport and homeostasis at the whole plant, cell, and subcellular levels. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 37243527 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are important plant hormones that regulate a variety of biological processes implicated in plant development and stress responses. Here, we summarize the most recent advances in discovering and characterizing the membrane transporters involved in long- and short-distance translocation of CKs and their significance in CK signal activity. We highlight the discovery of PUP7 and PUP21 tonoplast-localized transporters and propose potential mechanisms for CK subcellular homeostasis. Finally, we discuss the importance of subcellular hormone transport in light of the localization of histidine kinase receptors of CKs at the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjie Hu
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Eilon Shani
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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7
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Hirayama T, Mochida K. Plant Hormonomics: A Key Tool for Deep Physiological Phenotyping to Improve Crop Productivity. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 63:1826-1839. [PMID: 35583356 PMCID: PMC9885943 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture is particularly vulnerable to climate change. To cope with the risks posed by climate-related stressors to agricultural production, global population growth, and changes in food preferences, it is imperative to develop new climate-smart crop varieties with increased yield and environmental resilience. Molecular genetics and genomic analyses have revealed that allelic variations in genes involved in phytohormone-mediated growth regulation have greatly improved productivity in major crops. Plant science has remarkably advanced our understanding of the molecular basis of various phytohormone-mediated events in plant life. These findings provide essential information for improving the productivity of crops growing in changing climates. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in plant hormonomics (multiple phytohormone profiling) and discuss its application to crop improvement. We present plant hormonomics as a key tool for deep physiological phenotyping, focusing on representative plant growth regulators associated with the improvement of crop productivity. Specifically, we review advanced methodologies in plant hormonomics, highlighting mass spectrometry- and nanosensor-based plant hormone profiling techniques. We also discuss the applications of plant hormonomics in crop improvement through breeding and agricultural management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hirayama
- *Corresponding authors: Takashi Hirayama, E-mail, ; Keiichi Mochida, E-mail,
| | - Keiichi Mochida
- *Corresponding authors: Takashi Hirayama, E-mail, ; Keiichi Mochida, E-mail,
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8
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Breygina M, Voronkov A, Galin I, Akhiyarova G, Polevova S, Klimenko E, Ivanov I, Kudoyarova G. Dynamics of endogenous levels and subcellular localization of ABA and cytokinins during pollen germination in spruce and tobacco. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:237-248. [PMID: 35579760 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01766-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We used the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to assess the level of endogenous hormones in spruce pollen, and immunolocalization and confocal microscopy to study hormone localization in spruce and tobacco pollen. During pollen activation, the levels of ABA, zeatin, and its riboside significantly decreased. After the initiation of polar growth, the levels of all cytokinins increased sharply; ABA level also increased. In dormant spruce pollen grains, zeatin and ABA were localized uniformly throughout the cytoplasm. Zeatin was not detected in the nuclei, and the antheridial cell showed higher levels than the vegetative cell; ABA signal was detected in the cytoplasm and the nuclei. In germinating pollen, both hormones were detected mainly in plastids. The similar pattern was found in growing pollen tubes; signal from ABA also had a noticeable level in the cytosol of the tube cell, and was weaker in the antheridial cell. Zeatin fluorescence, on the other hand, was more pronounced in the antheridial cell. In non-germinated grains of tobacco, zeatin was localized mainly in organelles. ABA in dormant pollen grains demonstrated uniform localization, including the nuclei and cytoplasm of both cells. After germination, zeatin was accumulated in the plasmalemma or cell wall. ABA signal in the cytoplasm decreased; in the nuclei, it remained high. In growing tubes, the strongest zeatin and ABA signals were observed at the plasma membrane. The differences in ABA and cytokinin localization between species and dynamic changes in their level in spruce pollen highlight the key spatial and temporal parameters of hormonal regulation of gymnosperm pollen germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Breygina
- Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory 1-12, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Alexander Voronkov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya St. 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Ilshat Galin
- Institute of Biology, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Oktyabrya 69, 450054, Ufa, Russia
| | - Guzel Akhiyarova
- Institute of Biology, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Oktyabrya 69, 450054, Ufa, Russia
| | - Svetlana Polevova
- Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory 1-12, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Klimenko
- Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory 1-12, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Igor Ivanov
- Institute of Biology, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Oktyabrya 69, 450054, Ufa, Russia
| | - Guzel Kudoyarova
- Institute of Biology, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Oktyabrya 69, 450054, Ufa, Russia
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Dow L, Barrow RA, White RG, Mathesius U. Photolysis of caged cytokinin in single cells of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:120. [PMID: 36369052 PMCID: PMC9652950 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00953-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokinins are a class of phytohormone that play a crucial role in the development of plants. They are involved in the regulation of nearly every aspect of plant growth, from germination to senescence. The role of cytokinins in many developmental programs is complex and varies both spatially and temporally. Current techniques used to investigate the functions of cytokinins in plant development lack this spatial and temporal resolution required to observe cell-type specific effects. RESULTS To this end, we present a method of activating a caged cytokinin in single cells. A caged benzyladenine was synthesized, along with caged adenine as a negative control. In vitro testing confirmed ultraviolet light-mediated uncaging, and subsequent root growth assays demonstrated that uncaging produced a cytokinin phenotype. This uncaging was confined to single cells using multiphoton confocal microscopy. Using an Arabidopsis thaliana cytokinin reporter line expressing TCSn::GFP, the resulting GFP expression was confined to the uncaging region, including in single cells. This study presents a novel cell-targeted method of cytokinin delivery, which has the potential to elucidate a broad range of processes in plant development. CONCLUSIONS We combined multiphoton confocal microscopy and a caged cytokinin treatment, allowing cell type-specific uncaging of a cytokinin in Arabidopsis roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Dow
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Russell A Barrow
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
| | - Rosemary G White
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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10
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AtABCG14: A Long-Distance Root-to-Shoot Carrier of Cytokinin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/ijpb13030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-synthesized cytokinins regulate the growth, development, and stress responses of aboveground tissues and follow the transport route via xylem tissue. Arabidopsis ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter G family member 14 (AtABCG14) is involved in the xylem loading of root-synthesized cytokinins. However, the phloem unloading of root-synthesized cytokinin and shoot distribution have remained elusive. The recent study by Zhao et al., (2021) proved that the AtABCG14 protein mediates the phloem unloading of cytokinins through the apoplastic pathway indicating the AtABCG14 is a master regulator of shoot cytokinin distribution.
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11
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Kurepa J, Smalle JA. Auxin/Cytokinin Antagonistic Control of the Shoot/Root Growth Ratio and Its Relevance for Adaptation to Drought and Nutrient Deficiency Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041933. [PMID: 35216049 PMCID: PMC8879491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The hormones auxin and cytokinin regulate numerous aspects of plant development and often act as an antagonistic hormone pair. One of the more striking examples of the auxin/cytokinin antagonism involves regulation of the shoot/root growth ratio in which cytokinin promotes shoot and inhibits root growth, whereas auxin does the opposite. Control of the shoot/root growth ratio is essential for the survival of terrestrial plants because it allows growth adaptations to water and mineral nutrient availability in the soil. Because a decrease in shoot growth combined with an increase in root growth leads to survival under drought stress and nutrient limiting conditions, it was not surprising to find that auxin promotes, while cytokinin reduces, drought stress tolerance and nutrient uptake. Recent data show that drought stress and nutrient availability also alter the cytokinin and auxin signaling and biosynthesis pathways and that this stress-induced regulation affects cytokinin and auxin in the opposite manner. These antagonistic effects of cytokinin and auxin suggested that each hormone directly and negatively regulates biosynthesis or signaling of the other. However, a growing body of evidence supports unidirectional regulation, with auxin emerging as the primary regulatory component. This master regulatory role of auxin may not come as a surprise when viewed from an evolutionary perspective.
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12
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Do THT, Martinoia E, Lee Y, Hwang JU. 2021 update on ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters: how they meet the needs of plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1876-1892. [PMID: 35235666 PMCID: PMC8890498 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in the field of ABC proteins including newly identified functions and regulatory mechanisms expand the understanding of how they function in the development and physiology of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Ha Thi Do
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Enrico Martinoia
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University Zurich, Zurich 8008, Switzerland
| | - Youngsook Lee
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Jae-Ung Hwang
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
- Author for communication:
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13
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Danziger N, Bernstein N. Shape Matters: Plant Architecture Affects Chemical Uniformity in Large-Size Medical Cannabis Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1834. [PMID: 34579367 PMCID: PMC8468686 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since plant organs sense their environment locally, gradients of micro-climates in the plant shoot may induce spatial variability in the physiological state of the plant tissue and hence secondary metabolism. Therefore, plant architecture, which affects micro-climate in the shoot, may considerably affect the uniformity of cannabinoids in the Cannabis sativa plant, which has significant pharmaceutical and economic importance. Variability of micro-climates in plant shoots intensifies with the increase in plant size, largely due to an increase in inter-shoot shading. In this study, we therefore focused on the interplay between shoot architecture and the cannabinoid profile in large cannabis plants, ~2.5 m in height, with the goal to harness architecture modulation for the standardization of cannabinoid concentrations in large plants. We hypothesized that (i) a gradient of light intensity along the plants is accompanied by changes to the cannabinoid profile, and (ii) manipulations of plant architecture that increase light penetration to the plant increase cannabinoid uniformity and yield biomass. To test these hypotheses, we investigated effects of eight plant architecture manipulation treatments involving branch removals, defoliation, and pruning on plant morpho-physiology, inflorescence yield, cannabinoid profile, and uniformity. The results revealed that low cannabinoid concentrations in inflorescences at the bottom of the plants correlate with low light penetration, and that increasing light penetration by defoliation or removal of bottom branches and leaves increases cannabinoid concentrations locally and thereby through spatial uniformity, thus supporting the hypotheses. Taken together, the results reveal that shoot architectural modulation can be utilized to increase cannabinoid standardization in large cannabis plants, and that the cannabinoid profile in an inflorescence is an outcome of exogenous and endogenous factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nirit Bernstein
- Institute of Soil Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel;
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14
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Nguyen HN, Nguyen TQ, Kisiala AB, Emery RJN. Beyond transport: cytokinin ribosides are translocated and active in regulating the development and environmental responses of plants. PLANTA 2021; 254:45. [PMID: 34365553 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Riboside type cytokinins are key components in cytokinin metabolism, transport, and sensitivity, making them important functional signals in plant growth and development and environmental stress responses. Cytokinin (CKs) are phytohormones that regulate multiple processes in plants and are critical for agronomy, as they are involved in seed filling and plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress. Among the over 30 identified CKs, there is uncertainty about the roles of many of the individual CK structural forms. Cytokinin free bases (CKFBs), have been studied in great detail, but, by comparison, roles of riboside-type CKs (CKRs) in CK metabolism and associated signaling pathways and their distal impacts on plant physiology remain largely unknown. Here, recent findings on CKR abundance, transport and localization, are summarized, and their importance in planta is discussed. The history of CKR analyses is reviewed, in the context of the determination of CK metabolic pathways, and research on CKR affinity for CK receptors, all of which yield essential insights into their functions. Recent studies suggest that CKR forms are a lot more than a group of transport CKs and, beyond this, they play important roles in plant development and responses to environmental stress. In this context, this review discusses the involvement of CKRs in plant development, and highlight the less anticipated functions of CKRs in abiotic stress tolerance. Based on this, possible mechanisms for CKR modes of action are proposed and experimental approaches to further uncover their roles and future biotechnological applications are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada.
| | - Thien Quoc Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Anna B Kisiala
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - R J Neil Emery
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada
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15
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Zhao J, Ding B, Zhu E, Deng X, Zhang M, Zhang P, Wang L, Dai Y, Xiao S, Zhang C, Liu CJ, Zhang K. Phloem unloading via the apoplastic pathway is essential for shoot distribution of root-synthesized cytokinins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:2111-2123. [PMID: 33905524 PMCID: PMC8331157 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Root-synthesized cytokinins are transported to the shoot and regulate the growth, development, and stress responses of aerial tissues. Previous studies have demonstrated that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter G family member 14 (AtABCG14) participates in xylem loading of root-synthesized cytokinins. However, the mechanism by which these root-derived cytokinins are distributed in the shoot remains unclear. Here, we revealed that AtABCG14-mediated phloem unloading through the apoplastic pathway is required for the appropriate shoot distribution of root-synthesized cytokinins in Arabidopsis. Wild-type rootstocks grafted to atabcg14 scions successfully restored trans-zeatin xylem loading. However, only low levels of root-synthesized cytokinins and induced shoot signaling were rescued. Reciprocal grafting and tissue-specific genetic complementation demonstrated that AtABCG14 disruption in the shoot considerably increased the retention of root-synthesized cytokinins in the phloem and substantially impaired their distribution in the leaf apoplast. The translocation of root-synthesized cytokinins from the xylem to the phloem and the subsequent unloading from the phloem is required for the shoot distribution and long-distance shootward transport of root-synthesized cytokinins. This study revealed a mechanism by which the phloem regulates systemic signaling of xylem-mediated transport of root-synthesized cytokinins from the root to the shoot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangzhe Zhao
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Bingli Ding
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Engao Zhu
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Deng
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Penghong Zhang
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Yangshuo Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
| | - Shi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
| | - Cankui Zhang
- Department of Agronomy and Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Chang-Jun Liu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Kewei Zhang
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
- Author for communication:
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16
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Fu X, Su H, Liu S, Du X, Xu C, Luo K. Cytokinin signaling localized in phloem noncell-autonomously regulates cambial activity during secondary growth of Populus stems. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1476-1488. [PMID: 33540480 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of cytokinin on secondary vascular development has been uncovered by modulating cytokinin content. However, it remains unclear how cytokinin enriched in developing secondary phloem regulates cambium activity in poplar. Here, we visualized the gradient distribution of cytokinin with a peak in the secondary phloem of poplar stem via immunohistochemical imaging, and determined the role of phloem-located cytokinin signaling during wood formation. We generated transgenic poplar harboring cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX)2, a gene encoding a cytokinin degrading enzyme, driven by the phloem-specific CLE41b promoter, indicating that the disruption of the cytokinin gradient pattern restricts the cambial activity. The RNA interference-based knockdown of the histidine kinase (HK) genes encoding cytokinin receptors specifically in secondary phloem significantly compromised the division activity of cambial cells, whereas the phloem-specific expression of a type-B response regulator (RR) transcription factor stimulated cambial proliferation, providing evidence for the noncell-autonomous regulation of local cytokinin signaling on the cambial activity. Moreover, the cambium-specific knockdown of HKs also led to restricted cambial activity, and the defects were aggravated by the reduced cytokinin accumulation. Our results showed that local cytokinin signaling in secondary phloem regulates cambial activity noncell-autonomously, and coordinately with its local signaling in cambium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Fu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Huili Su
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xuelian Du
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Changzheng Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Keming Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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17
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Romanov GA, Schmülling T. Opening Doors for Cytokinin Trafficking at the ER Membrane. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:305-308. [PMID: 33618985 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The recent discovery of cytokinin transporters in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane provides a missing link to understand cellular cytokinin trafficking and signaling. Along with cytokinin receptors and metabolic enzymes previously found in the ER, these transporters complement the ER-confined infrastructure required for cytokinin signal generation and modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgy A Romanov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Thomas Schmülling
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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18
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Nedvěd D, Hošek P, Klíma P, Hoyerová K. Differential Subcellular Distribution of Cytokinins: How Does Membrane Transport Fit into the Big Picture? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3428. [PMID: 33810428 PMCID: PMC8037549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins are a class of phytohormones, signalling molecules specific to plants. They act as regulators of diverse physiological processes in complex signalling pathways. It is necessary for plants to continuously regulate cytokinin distribution among different organs, tissues, cells, and compartments. Such regulatory mechanisms include cytokinin biosynthesis, metabolic conversions and degradation, as well as cytokinin membrane transport. In our review, we aim to provide a thorough picture of the latter. We begin by summarizing cytokinin structures and physicochemical properties. Then, we revise the elementary thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of cytokinin membrane transport. Next, we review which membrane-bound carrier proteins and protein families recognize cytokinins as their substrates. Namely, we discuss the families of "equilibrative nucleoside transporters" and "purine permeases", which translocate diverse purine-related compounds, and proteins AtPUP14, AtABCG14, AtAZG1, and AtAZG2, which are specific to cytokinins. We also address long-distance cytokinin transport. Putting all these pieces together, we finally discuss cytokinin distribution as a net result of these processes, diverse in their physicochemical nature but acting together to promote plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nedvěd
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.N.); (P.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hošek
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.N.); (P.H.)
| | - Petr Klíma
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.N.); (P.H.)
| | - Klára Hoyerová
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.N.); (P.H.)
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19
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Nenadić M, Vermeer JEM. Dynamic cytokinin signalling landscapes during lateral root formation in Arabidopsis. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 2:e13. [PMID: 37077210 PMCID: PMC10095801 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2021.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
By forming lateral roots, plants expand their root systems to improve anchorage and absorb more water and nutrients from the soil. Each phase of this developmental process in Arabidopsis is tightly regulated by dynamic and continuous signalling of the phytohormones cytokinin and auxin. While the roles of auxin in lateral root organogenesis and spatial accommodation by overlying cell layers have been well studied, insights on the importance of cytokinin is still somewhat limited. Cytokinin is a negative regulator of lateral root formation with versatile modes of action being activated at different root developmental zones. Here, we review the latest progress made towards our understanding of these spatially separated mechanisms of cytokinin-mediated signalling that shape lateral root initiation, outgrowth and emergence and highlight some of the enticing open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Nenadić
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Centre, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joop E. M. Vermeer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Centre, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Author for correspondence: Joop E. M. Vermeer, E-mail:
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20
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Xiao Y, Zhang J, Yu G, Lu X, Mei W, Deng H, Zhang G, Chen G, Chu C, Tong H, Tang W. Endoplasmic Reticulum-Localized PURINE PERMEASE1 Regulates Plant Height and Grain Weight by Modulating Cytokinin Distribution in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:618560. [PMID: 33414802 PMCID: PMC7783468 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.618560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are a class of phytohormones playing essential roles in various biological processes. However, the mechanisms underlying CK transport as well as its function in plant growth and development are far from being fully elucidated. Here, we characterize the function of PURINE PERMEASE1 (OsPUP1) in rice (Oryza sativa L.). OsPUP1 was predominantly expressed in the root, particularly in vascular cells, and CK treatment can induce its expression. Subcellular localization analysis showed that OsPUP1 was predominantly localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Overexpression of OsPUP1 resulted in growth defect of various aerial tissues, including decreased leaf length, plant height, grain weight, panicle length, and grain number. Hormone profiling revealed that the CK content was decreased in the shoot of OsPUP1-overexpressing seedling, but increased in the root, compared with the wild type. The CK content in the panicle was also decreased. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis using several CK type-A response regulators (OsRRs) as the marker genes suggested that the CK response in the shoot of OsPUP1-overexpressing seedling is decreased compared to the wild type when CKs are applied to the root. Genetic analysis revealed that BG3/OsPUP4, a putative plasma membrane-localized CK transporter, overcomes the function of OsPUP1. We hypothesize that OsPUP1 might be involved in importing CKs into ER to unload CKs from the vascular tissues by cell-to-cell transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Xiao
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junwen Zhang
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Guiyuan Yu
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuedan Lu
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Wentao Mei
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Huabing Deng
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Guilian Zhang
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Guihua Chen
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Chengcai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongning Tong
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbang Tang
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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Lomin SN, Myakushina YA, Kolachevskaya OO, Getman IA, Savelieva EM, Arkhipov DV, Deigraf SV, Romanov GA. Global View on the Cytokinin Regulatory System in Potato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:613624. [PMID: 33408733 PMCID: PMC7779595 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.613624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) were earlier shown to promote potato tuberization. Our study aimed to identify and characterize CK-related genes which constitute CK regulatory system in the core potato (Solanum tuberosum) genome. For that, CK-related genes were retrieved from the sequenced genome of the S. tuberosum doubled monoploid (DM) Phureja group, classified and compared with Arabidopsis orthologs. Analysis of selected gene expression was performed with a transcriptome database for the S. tuberosum heterozygous diploid line RH89-039-16. Genes responsible for CK signaling, biosynthesis, transport, and metabolism were categorized in an organ-specific fashion. According to this database, CK receptors StHK2/3 predominate in leaves and flowers, StHK4 in roots. Among phosphotransmitters, StHP1a expression largely predominates. Surprisingly, two pseudo-phosphotransmitters intended to suppress CK effects are hardly expressed in studied organs. Among B-type RR genes, StRR1b, StRR11, and StRR18a are actively expressed, with StRR1b expressing most uniformly in all organs and StRR11 exhibiting the highest expression in roots. By cluster analysis four types of prevailing CK-signaling chains were identified in (1) leaves and flowers, StHK2/3→S t H P1a→StRR1b/+; (2) shoot apical meristems, stolons, and mature tubers, StHK2/4→S t H P1a→StRR1b/+; (3) stems and young tubers, StHK2/4→S t H P1a→StRR1b/11/18a; and (4) roots and tuber sprouts, StHK4→S t H P1a→StRR11/18a. CK synthesis genes StIPT3/5 and StCYP735A are expressed mainly in roots followed by tuber sprouts, but rather weakly in stolons and tubers. By contrast, CK-activation genes StLOGs are active in stolons, and StLOG3b expression is even stolon-confined. Apparently, the main CK effects on tuber initiation are realized via activity of StLOG1/3a/3b/7c/8a genes in stolons. Current advances and future directions in potato research are discussed.
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Opio P, Tomiyama H, Saito T, Ohkawa K, Ohara H, Kondo S. Paclobutrazol elevates auxin and abscisic acid, reduces gibberellins and zeatin and modulates their transporter genes in Marubakaido apple (Malus prunifolia Borkh. var. ringo Asami) rootstocks. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:502-511. [PMID: 32836196 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To examine the dwarfing mechanism in apples, one-year-old Marubakaido (Malus prunifolia Borkh.) (invigorating) apple rootstock stools were foliar-sprayed with 860 mg L-1 of paclobutrazol (PBZ) as a single application or without. M.9 apple rootstock (dwarf) was used as a positive control. The phytohormones were estimated in the shoot bark and sub-apical shoot and gene expression in the apices of terminal shoots. Evident responses to PBZ were observed a fortnight after treatment, as the shoot and internode lengths were suppressed significantly. Endogenous indole-3-acetic acid increased in the PBZ treatment, and the polar auxin transporter genes MdPIN1 and MdLAX1 and the biosynthesis gene MdYUCCA10a were upregulated along with the MdARF2 gene. Additionally, PBZ increased the abscisic acid (ABA) concentration and the biosynthesis-related gene MdNCED1 but repressed the degradation gene MdCYP707A1. The ABA transporter gene MdAITb-like was upregulated by PBZ. The concentrations of the gibberellins (GAs) GA1 and GA4 decreased in the PBZ-treated rootstocks. The GA transporter gene MdNFP3.1-like and the signaling gene MdGID1b-like were strongly downregulated by PBZ, whereas the catabolic gene MdGA2OX2 was upregulated. PBZ treatment significantly reduced trans-zeatin (tZ) levels and downregulated the cytokinin biosynthesis gene MdIPT6 but upregulated the MdCKX7 degradation gene. Additionally, PBZ upregulated the cytokinin-related transporter genes MdPUP7-like and MdPUP9-like. Collectively, our results show that the physiological and molecular effect of PBZ was observed within two weeks, and this was indicated by the modulation of phytohormonal levels as well as transporter and other gene expression in Marubakaido apple rootstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Opio
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tomiyama
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Takanori Saito
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Katsuya Ohkawa
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ohara
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, Kashiwa, 277-0882, Japan
| | - Satoru Kondo
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, 271-8510, Japan.
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23
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Embryonal Masses Induced at High Temperatures in Aleppo Pine: Cytokinin Profile and Cytological Characterization. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11080807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.), a native species of the Mediterranean region, has been suggested as a species that when introduced in degraded areas could facilitate the long-term colonization and expansion of late-successional species. Due to climate changes, plants need to withstand extreme environmental conditions through adaptation and changings in developmental pathways. Among other paths, plants undergo changes in developmental pathways controlled by phytohormones. At the same time, somatic embryogenesis has been widely used as a model to understand the mechanisms involved in plant response to different stresses. In this study, in order to induce a strong effect of temperature stress on plants regenerated from somatic embryos, higher temperatures (40 °C for 4 h, 50 °C for 30 min, and 60 °C for 5 min) than the control (23 °C) were applied during the induction stage of somatic embryogenesis in Pinus halepensis. A morphological characterization of the embryogenic cultures showed small differences in the number of starch grains, lipid bodies, and phenolic compounds between treatments. Results showed that high temperatures (60 °C) led to higher rates at the maturation stage of somatic embryogenesis when compared to the control (23 °C), strengthening the productivity through the increase in the number of somatic embryos obtained. Finally, analysis of endogenous concentration of cytokinins showed that different conditions applied during the initiation phase of somatic embryogenesis led to different hormonal profiles; isoprenoid cytokinins showed a clear defined pattern with the higher total hormone concentration being found in embryonal masses induced at 50 °C for 30 min, while different aromatic cytokinins presented different individual responses to the treatments applied. These differences corroborate the idea that cytokinins could be potential regulators of stress–response processes during initial steps of somatic embryogenesis.
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Aoki MM, Emery RJN, Anjard C, Brunetti CR, Huber RJ. Cytokinins in Dictyostelia - A Unique Model for Studying the Functions of Signaling Agents From Species to Kingdoms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:511. [PMID: 32714926 PMCID: PMC7316887 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are a diverse group of evolutionarily significant growth-regulating molecules. While the CK biosynthesis and signal transduction pathways are the most well-understood in plant systems, these molecules have been identified in all kingdoms of life. This review follows the recent discovery of an expanded CK profile in the social amoeba, Dictyostelium discoideum. A comprehensive review on the present knowledge of CK biosynthesis, signal transduction, and CK-small molecule interactions within members of Dictyostelia will be summarized. In doing so, the utility of social amoebae will be highlighted as a model system for studying the evolution of these hormone-like signaling agents, which will set the stage for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Aoki
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - R J Neil Emery
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Christophe Anjard
- Institut Lumière Matière, CNRS UMR 5306, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Craig R Brunetti
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Robert J Huber
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
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Pavlíková D, Zemanová V, Pavlík M, Dobrev PI, Hnilička F, Motyka V. Response of cytokinins and nitrogen metabolism in the fronds of Pteris sp. under arsenic stress. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233055. [PMID: 32413087 PMCID: PMC7228123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the close relationship between cytokinins (CKs), photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism, this study assessed the effect of arsenic (As) contamination on these metabolic components in the As-hyperaccumulators Pteris cretica L. var. Albo-lineata (Pc-A) and var. Parkerii (Pc-P) as well as the As-non-hyperaccumulator Pteris straminea Mett. ex Baker (Ps). The ferns were cultivated in a pot experiment for 23 weeks in soil spiked with As at the levels 20 and 100 mg·kg-1. For the purpose of this study, the CKs were placed into five functionally different groups according to their structure and physiological roles: bioactive forms (bCKs; CK free bases); inactive or weakly active forms (dCKs; CK N-glucosides); transport forms (tCKs; CK ribosides); storage forms (sCKs; O-glucosides); and primary products of CK biosynthesis (ppbCKs; CK nucleotides). An important finding was higher CKs total content, accumulation of sCKs and reduction of dCKs in As-hyperaccumulators in contrast to non-hyperaccumulator ferns. A significant depletion of C resources was confirmed in ferns, especially Ps, which was determined by measuring the photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll fluorescence. A fluorescence decrease signified a reduction in the C/N ratio, inducing an increase of bioactive CKs forms in Pc-P and Ps. The impact of As on N utilization was significant in As-hyperaccumulators. The glutamic acid/glutamine ratio, an indicator of primary N assimilation, diminished in all ferns with increased As level in the soil. In conclusion, the results indicate a large phenotypic diversity of Pteris species to As and suggest that the CKs composition and the glutamic acid/glutamine ratio can be used as a tool to diagnose As stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pavlíková
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Zemanová
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Pavlík
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petre I. Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - František Hnilička
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Motyka
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Yan H, Sun H, Jia X, Lv C, Li J, Zhao Q. Phenotypic, Transcriptomic, and Metabolomic Signatures of Root-Specifically Overexpressed OsCKX2 in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:575304. [PMID: 33329635 PMCID: PMC7719687 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.575304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins are crucial signaling molecules that regulate plant growth and development. OsCKX2 irreversibly degrades nucleobase cytokinins by encoding cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase to control grain production in rice. In this study, OsCKX2 was specifically overexpressed in roots using RCc3 promoter to investigate the effects of root-source cytokinins on the growth of rice. OsCKX2 overexpressed (OE) rice showed retarded growth with lower cytokinin levels and biomass production. Shoot-specific transcriptome analysis between OsCKX2 OE rice and wild type (WT) revealed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with cell division, cell wall structure, phytohormone signaling, and assimilation and catabolism. Metabolome analysis indicated that a majority of differential primary metabolites, such as amino acids and organic acids, increased, while lipids decreased in OsCKX2 OE rice. Integration of transcriptomic and metabolomic data showed that several DEGs and differential metabolites were related to glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). To conclude, reduced cytokinin levels via root-specific overexpression of OsCKX2 resulted in developmental defects, which confirmed the importance of root-source cytokinins in plant growth and morphogenesis.
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Zhao J, Yu N, Ju M, Fan B, Zhang Y, Zhu E, Zhang M, Zhang K. ABC transporter OsABCG18 controls the shootward transport of cytokinins and grain yield in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6277-6291. [PMID: 31504730 PMCID: PMC6859808 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins are one of the most important phytohormones and play essential roles in multiple life processes in planta. Root-derived cytokinins are transported to the shoots via long-distance transport. The mechanisms of long-distance transport of root-derived cytokinins remain to be demonstrated. In this study, we report that OsABCG18, a half-size ATP-binding cassette transporter from rice (Oryza sativa L.), is essential for the long-distance transport of root-derived cytokinins. OsABCG18 encodes a plasma membrane protein and is primarily expressed in the vascular tissues of the root, stem, and leaf midribs. Cytokinin profiling, as well as [14C]trans-zeatin tracer, and xylem sap assays, demonstrated that the shootward transport of root-derived cytokinins was significantly suppressed in the osabcg18 mutants. Transport assays in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) indicated that OsABCG18 exhibited efflux transport activities for various substrates of cytokinins. While the mutation reduced root-derived cytokinins in the shoot and grain yield, overexpression of OsABCG18 significantly increased cytokinins in the shoot and improved grain yield. The findings for OsABCG18 as a transporter for long-distance transport of cytokinin provide new insights into the cytokinin transport mechanism and a novel strategy to increase cytokinins in the shoot and promote grain yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangzhe Zhao
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ningning Yu
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Ju
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Biao Fan
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Engao Zhu
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kewei Zhang
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
- Correspondence:
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