1
|
Balasubramanian RN, Gao M, Umen J. Identification of cell-type specific alternative transcripts in the multicellular alga Volvox carteri. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:654. [PMID: 37904088 PMCID: PMC10617192 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09558-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell type specialization is a hallmark of complex multicellular organisms and is usually established through implementation of cell-type-specific gene expression programs. The multicellular green alga Volvox carteri has just two cell types, germ and soma, that have previously been shown to have very different transcriptome compositions which match their specialized roles. Here we interrogated another potential mechanism for differentiation in V. carteri, cell type specific alternative transcript isoforms (CTSAI). METHODS We used pre-existing predictions of alternative transcripts and de novo transcript assembly with HISAT2 and Ballgown software to compile a list of loci with two or more transcript isoforms, identified a small subset that were candidates for CTSAI, and manually curated this subset of genes to remove false positives. We experimentally verified three candidates using semi-quantitative RT-PCR to assess relative isoform abundance in each cell type. RESULTS Of the 1978 loci with two or more predicted transcript isoforms 67 of these also showed cell type isoform expression biases. After curation 15 strong candidates for CTSAI were identified, three of which were experimentally verified, and their predicted gene product functions were evaluated in light of potential cell type specific roles. A comparison of genes with predicted alternative splicing from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a unicellular relative of V. carteri, identified little overlap between ortholog pairs with alternative splicing in both species. Finally, we interrogated cell type expression patterns of 126 V. carteri predicted RNA binding protein (RBP) encoding genes and found 40 that showed either somatic or germ cell expression bias. These RBPs are potential mediators of CTSAI in V. carteri and suggest possible pre-adaptation for cell type specific RNA processing and a potential path for generating CTSAI in the early ancestors of metazoans and plants. CONCLUSIONS We predicted numerous instances of alternative transcript isoforms in Volvox, only a small subset of which showed cell type specific isoform expression bias. However, the validated examples of CTSAI supported existing hypotheses about cell type specialization in V. carteri, and also suggested new hypotheses about mechanisms of functional specialization for their gene products. Our data imply that CTSAI operates as a minor but important component of V. carteri cellular differentiation and could be used as a model for how alternative isoforms emerge and co-evolve with cell type specialization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Minglu Gao
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - James Umen
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Timofeyenko K, Kanavalau D, Alexiou P, Kalyna M, Růžička K. Catsnap: a user-friendly algorithm for determining the conservation of protein variants reveals extensive parallelisms in the evolution of alternative splicing. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:1722-1732. [PMID: 36751910 PMCID: PMC10952736 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the evolutionary conservation of complex eukaryotic transcriptomes significantly illuminates the physiological relevance of alternative splicing (AS). Examining the evolutionary depth of a given AS event with ordinary homology searches is generally challenging and time-consuming. Here, we present Catsnap, an algorithmic pipeline for assessing the conservation of putative protein isoforms generated by AS. It employs a machine learning approach following a database search with the provided pair of protein sequences. We used the Catsnap algorithm for analyzing the conservation of emerging experimentally characterized alternative proteins from plants and animals. Indeed, most of them are conserved among other species. Catsnap can detect the conserved functional protein isoforms regardless of the AS type by which they are generated. Notably, we found that while the primary amino acid sequence is maintained, the type of AS determining the inclusion or exclusion of protein regions varies throughout plant phylogenetic lineages in these proteins. We also document that this phenomenon is less seen among animals. In sum, our algorithm highlights the presence of unexpectedly frequent hotspots where protein isoforms recurrently arise to carry physiologically relevant functions. The user web interface is available at https://catsnap.cesnet.cz/.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Timofeyenko
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental BotanyCzech Academy of Sciences165 02Prague 6Czech Republic
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants and National Centre for Biomolecular ResearchMasaryk University625 00BrnoCzech Republic
| | | | - Panagiotis Alexiou
- Central European Institute of TechnologyMasaryk University625 00BrnoCzech Republic
| | - Maria Kalyna
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)1190ViennaAustria
| | - Kamil Růžička
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental BotanyCzech Academy of Sciences165 02Prague 6Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shuai Y, Feng G, Yang Z, Liu Q, Han J, Xu X, Nie G, Huang L, Zhang X. Genome-wide identification of C2H2-type zinc finger gene family members and their expression during abiotic stress responses in orchardgrass ( Dactylis glomerata). Genome 2022; 65:189-203. [PMID: 35104149 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2020-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The C2H2-type zinc finger protein (ZFP) family is one of the largest transcription factor families in the plant kingdom and its members are involved in plant growth, development, and stress responses. As an economically valuable perennial graminaceous forage crop, orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) is an important feedstuff resource owing to its high yield and quality. In this study, 125 C2H2-type ZFPs in orchardgrass (Dg-ZFPs) were identified and further classified by phylogenetic analysis. The members with similar gene structures were generally clustered into the same groups, with proteins containing the conserved QALGGH motif being concentrated in groups VIII and IX. Gene ontology and miRNA target analyses indicated that Dg-ZFPs likely perform diverse biological functions through their gene interactions. The RNA-seq data revealed differentially expressed genes across tissues and development phases, suggesting that some Dg-ZFPs might participate in growth and development regulation. Abiotic stress responses of Dg-ZFP genes were verified by qPCR and Saccharomyces cerevisiae transformation, revealing that Dg-ZFP125 could enhance the tolerance of yeasts to osmotic and salt stresses. Our study performed a novel systematic analysis of Dg-ZFPs in orchardgrass, providing a reference for this gene family in other grasses and revealing new insights for enhancing gene utilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shuai
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Guangyan Feng
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhongfu Yang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qiuxu Liu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jiating Han
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaoheng Xu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Gang Nie
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Linkai Huang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xinquan Zhang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yan X, Bai D, Song H, Lin K, Pang E. Alternative splicing during fruit development among fleshy fruits. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:762. [PMID: 34702184 PMCID: PMC8547070 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternative splicing (AS) is an important mechanism of posttranscriptional modification and dynamically regulates multiple physiological processes in plants, including fruit ripening. However, little is known about alternative splicing during fruit development in fleshy fruits. RESULTS We studied the alternative splicing at the immature and ripe stages during fruit development in cucumber, melon, papaya and peach. We found that 14.96-17.48% of multiexon genes exhibited alternative splicing. Intron retention was not always the most frequent event, indicating that the alternative splicing pattern during different developmental process differs. Alternative splicing was significantly more prevalent at the ripe stage than at the immature stage in cucumber and melon, while the opposite trend was shown in papaya and peach, implying that developmental stages adopt different alternative splicing strategies for their specific functions. Some genes involved in fruit ripening underwent stage-specific alternative splicing, indicating that alternative splicing regulates fruits ripening. Conserved alternative splicing events did not appear to be stage-specific. Clustering fruit developmental stages across the four species based on alternative splicing profiles resulted in species-specific clustering, suggesting that diversification of alternative splicing contributes to lineage-specific evolution in fleshy fruits. CONCLUSIONS We obtained high quality transcriptomes and alternative splicing events during fruit development across the four species. Dynamics and nonconserved alternative splicing were discovered. The candidate stage-specific AS genes involved in fruit ripening will provide valuable insight into the roles of alternative splicing during the developmental processes of fleshy fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Dan Bai
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Hongtao Song
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Kui Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Erli Pang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Maillot P, Velt A, Rustenholz C, Butterlin G, Merdinoglu D, Duchêne E. Alternative splicing regulation appears to play a crucial role in grape berry development and is also potentially involved in adaptation responses to the environment. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:487. [PMID: 34696712 PMCID: PMC8543832 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03266-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternative splicing (AS) produces transcript variants playing potential roles in proteome diversification and gene expression regulation. AS modulation is thus essential to respond to developmental and environmental stimuli. In grapevine, a better understanding of berry development is crucial for implementing breeding and viticultural strategies allowing adaptation to climate changes. Although profound changes in gene transcription have been shown to occur in the course of berry ripening, no detailed study on splicing modifications during this period has been published so far. We report here on the regulation of gene AS in developing berries of two grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) varieties, Gewurztraminer (Gw) and Riesling (Ri), showing distinctive phenotypic characteristics. Using the software rMATS, the transcriptomes of berries at four developmental steps, from the green stage to mid-ripening, were analysed in pairwise comparisons between stages and varieties. RESULTS A total of 305 differential AS (DAS) events, affecting 258 genes, were identified. Interestingly, 22% of these AS events had not been reported before. Among the 80 genes that underwent the most significant variations during ripening, 22 showed a similar splicing profile in Gw and Ri, which suggests their involvement in berry development. Conversely, 23 genes were subjected to splicing regulation in only one variety. In addition, the ratios of alternative isoforms were different in Gw and Ri for 35 other genes, without any change during ripening. This last result indicates substantial AS differences between the two varieties. Remarkably, 8 AS events were specific to one variety, due to the lack of a splice site in the other variety. Furthermore, the transcription rates of the genes affected by stage-dependent splicing regulation were mostly unchanged, identifying AS modulation as an independent way of shaping the transcriptome. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of AS profiles in grapevine varieties with contrasting phenotypes revealed some similarity in the regulation of several genes with developmental functions, suggesting their involvement in berry ripening. Additionally, many splicing differences were discovered between the two varieties, that could be linked to phenotypic specificities and distinct adaptive capacities. Together, these findings open perspectives for a better understanding of berry development and for the selection of grapevine genotypes adapted to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Maillot
- SVQV, INRAE - University of Strasbourg, 68000, Colmar, France.
- University of Haute Alsace, 68000, Mulhouse, France.
| | - Amandine Velt
- SVQV, INRAE - University of Strasbourg, 68000, Colmar, France
| | | | | | | | - Eric Duchêne
- SVQV, INRAE - University of Strasbourg, 68000, Colmar, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dikaya V, El Arbi N, Rojas-Murcia N, Nardeli SM, Goretti D, Schmid M. Insights into the role of alternative splicing in plant temperature response. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021:erab234. [PMID: 34105719 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing occurs in all eukaryotic organisms. Since the first description of multiexon genes and the splicing machinery, the field has expanded rapidly, especially in animals and yeast. However, our knowledge about splicing in plants is still quite fragmented. Though eukaryotes show some similarity in the composition and dynamics of the splicing machinery, observations of unique plant traits are only starting to emerge. For instance, plant alternative splicing is closely linked to their ability to perceive various environmental stimuli. Due to their sessile lifestyle, temperature is a central source of information allowing plants to adjust their development to match current growth conditions. Hence, seasonal temperature fluctuations and day-night cycles can strongly influence plant morphology across developmental stages. Here we discuss the available data about temperature-dependent alternative splicing in plants. Given its fragmented state it is not always possible to fit specific observations into a coherent picture, yet it is sufficient to estimate the complexity of this field and the need of further research. Better understanding of alternative splicing as a part of plant temperature response and adaptation may also prove to be a powerful tool for both, fundamental and applied sciences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Dikaya
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nabila El Arbi
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nelson Rojas-Murcia
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sarah Muniz Nardeli
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Daniela Goretti
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Markus Schmid
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zamora-Briseño JA, Pereira-Santana A, Reyes-Hernández SJ, Cerqueda-García D, Castaño E, Rodríguez-Zapata LC. Towards an understanding of the role of intrinsic protein disorder on plant adaptation to environmental challenges. Cell Stress Chaperones 2021; 26:141-150. [PMID: 32902806 PMCID: PMC7736417 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-020-01162-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic protein disorder is an interesting structural feature where fully functional proteins lack a three-dimensional structure in solution. In this work, we estimated the relative content of intrinsic protein disorder in 96 plant proteomes including monocots and eudicots. In this analysis, we found variation in the relative abundance of intrinsic protein disorder among these major clades; the relative level of disorder is higher in monocots than eudicots. In turn, there is an inverse relationship between the degree of intrinsic protein disorder and protein length, with smaller proteins being more disordered. The relative abundance of amino acids depends on intrinsic disorder and also varies among clades. Within the nucleus, intrinsically disordered proteins are more abundant than ordered proteins. Intrinsically disordered proteins are specialized in regulatory functions, nucleic acid binding, RNA processing, and in response to environmental stimuli. The implications of this on plants' responses to their environment are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Alejandro Zamora-Briseño
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43, Número 130, Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Alejandro Pereira-Santana
- División de Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del estado de Jalisco, Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajio, C.P. 45019, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
- Dirección de Cátedras, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Alcaldía Benito Juárez, C.P. 03940, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Sandi Julissa Reyes-Hernández
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43, Número 130, Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Daniel Cerqueda-García
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional- Unidad Mérida, Carr. Mérida - Progreso, colonia Loma Bonita, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Enrique Castaño
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43, Número 130, Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Luis Carlos Rodríguez-Zapata
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43, Número 130, Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, México.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tognacca RS, Kubaczka MG, Servi L, Rodríguez FS, Godoy Herz MA, Petrillo E. Light in the transcription landscape: chromatin, RNA polymerase II and splicing throughout Arabidopsis thaliana's life cycle. Transcription 2020; 11:117-133. [PMID: 32748694 DOI: 10.1080/21541264.2020.1796473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have a high level of developmental plasticity that allows them to respond and adapt to changes in the environment. Among the environmental cues, light controls almost every aspect of A. thaliana's life cycle, including seed maturation, seed germination, seedling de-etiolation and flowering time. Light signals induce massive reprogramming of gene expression, producing changes in RNA polymerase II transcription, alternative splicing, and chromatin state. Since splicing reactions occur mainly while transcription takes place, the regulation of RNAPII transcription has repercussions in the splicing outcomes. This cotranscriptional nature allows a functional coupling between transcription and splicing, in which properties of the splicing reactions are affected by the transcriptional process. Chromatin landscapes influence both transcription and splicing. In this review, we highlight, summarize and discuss recent progress in the field to gain a comprehensive insight on the cross-regulation between chromatin state, RNAPII transcription and splicing decisions in plants, with a special focus on light-triggered responses. We also introduce several examples of transcription and splicing factors that could be acting as coupling factors in plants. Unravelling how these connected regulatory networks operate, can help in the design of better crops with higher productivity and tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío S Tognacca
- Departamento De Fisiología, Biología Molecular Y Celular, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto De Fisiología, Biología Molecular Y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad De Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Guillermina Kubaczka
- Departamento De Fisiología, Biología Molecular Y Celular, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto De Fisiología, Biología Molecular Y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad De Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas Servi
- Departamento De Fisiología, Biología Molecular Y Celular, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto De Fisiología, Biología Molecular Y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad De Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia S Rodríguez
- Departamento De Fisiología, Biología Molecular Y Celular, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto De Fisiología, Biología Molecular Y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad De Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento De Biodiversidad Y Biología Experimental, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Micaela A Godoy Herz
- Departamento De Fisiología, Biología Molecular Y Celular, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto De Fisiología, Biología Molecular Y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad De Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Petrillo
- Departamento De Fisiología, Biología Molecular Y Celular, Facultad De Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad De Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto De Fisiología, Biología Molecular Y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad De Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|