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Naziz PS, Das R, Sen S. Enzyme Activity of Culturable Fungi and Bacteria Isolated from Traditional Agarwood Fermentation Basin Indicate Temporally Significant Lignocellulosic and Lipid Substrate Modulations. Indian J Microbiol 2024; 64:705-718. [PMID: 39010995 PMCID: PMC11246343 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-024-01257-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Agarwood oil is one of the costliest essential oils used in perfumery, medicine and aroma. Production of the oil traditionally involves a soaking/fermentation step. Studies have indicated a definite role of the diverse microorganisms growing during the open soaking step, and in the emergent aroma of the essential oil. However, the temporal nature of fermentation and a key functional aspect i.e., the enzymatic properties of the microbes from the fermentation basin have not been studied yet. A total of 20 bacteria and 14 fungi isolated from fermentation basins located in Assam, India, at different soaking periods classified as early (0-20 days), medium (20-40 days) and late (40-60 days) clearly pointed towards an early fungal domination followed by succession of bacteria. The physico-chemical transformations of the wood are controlled by enzymatic properties (cellulase, xylanase, amylase and lipase) of the isolates. The results indicated a strong lignocellulosic substrate modulation potential in the four isolates, viz- Purpureocillium lilacinum (0.354 mg/mL), Mucor circinelloides (0.331 mg/mL), Penicillium citrinum (0.324 mg/mL) and Bacillus megaterium (0.152 mg/mL). The highest culturable abundance (CFU/mL) was found in M. circinelloides (2 × 109) among fungi and B. megaterium (4.5 × 109) among bacteria. The highest cellulase activity was shown by P. lilacinum (0.354 mg/mL) while xylanase and lipase by M. circinelloides (0.873 and 0.128 mg/mL). An interesting revelation was that a substantial proportion of the isolates (70% bacteria and 78% fungi) were positive for lipase activity. This is the first report on the "culturable microbiome" of the agarwood fermentation basin from a temporal and functional bioactivity perspective. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-024-01257-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearlin Shabna Naziz
- Aroma Biotech Lab, Department of Biosciences, Assam Don Bosco University, Tapesia Gardens, Kamarkuchi, Sonapur, Assam 782402 India
| | - Runima Das
- Aroma Biotech Lab, Department of Biosciences, Assam Don Bosco University, Tapesia Gardens, Kamarkuchi, Sonapur, Assam 782402 India
| | - Supriyo Sen
- Aroma Biotech Lab, Department of Biosciences, Assam Don Bosco University, Tapesia Gardens, Kamarkuchi, Sonapur, Assam 782402 India
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Tan X, Wang L, Smith WK, Sun H, Long L, Mao L, Huang Q, Huang H, Zhong Z. Aquilaria sinensis leaf tea affects the immune system and increases sleep in zebrafish. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1246761. [PMID: 38035004 PMCID: PMC10687561 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1246761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of adequate sleep for good health cannot be overstated. Excessive light exposure at night disrupts sleep, therefore, it is important to find more healthy drinks that can promote sleep under sleep-disturbed conditions. The present study investigated the use of A. sinensis (Lour.) Spreng leaf tea, a natural product, to reduce the adverse effects of nighttime light on sleep. Here, Aquilaria sinensis leaf tea at 1.0 and 1.5 g/L significantly increased sleep time in zebrafish larvae (5-7 dpf) with light-induced sleep disturbance. Transcriptome sequencing and qRT-PCR analysis revealed a decrease in the immune-related genes, such as nfkbiab, tnfrsf1a, nfkbiaa, il1b, traf3, and cd40 in the 1.5 g/L Aquilaria sinensis leaf tea treatment group. In addition, a gene associated with sleep, bhlhe41, showed a significant decrease. Moreover, Aquilaria sinensis leaf tea suppressed the increase in neutrophils of Tg(mpo:GFP) zebrafish under sleep-disturbed conditions, indicating its ability to improve the immune response. Widely targeted metabolic profiling of the Aquilaria sinensis tea using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) revealed flavonoids as the predominant component. Network pharmacological and molecular docking analyses suggested that the flavonoids quercetin and eupatilin in Aquilaria sinensis leaf tea improved the sleep of zebrafish by interacting with il1b and cd40 genes under light exposure at night. Therefore, the results of the study provide evidence supporting the notion that Aquilaria sinensis leaf tea has a positive impact on sleep patterns in zebrafish subjected to disrupted sleep due to nighttime light exposure. This suggests that the utilization of Aquilaria sinensis leaf tea as a potential therapeutic intervention for sleep disturbances induced by light may yield advantageous outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Tan
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Guangxi Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanning, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Guangxi Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - William Kojo Smith
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huayan Sun
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lingyun Long
- Guangxi Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Liyan Mao
- Guangxi Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Qiuwei Huang
- Guangxi Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Huifang Huang
- Guangxi Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Zhaomin Zhong
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Chen LG, Arumsari AD, Chu C. Progressive Vertical and Horizontal Phytocompound Changes during Agarwood Formation in Aquilaria sinensis after Geotrichum candidum Injection. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2147. [PMID: 38004287 PMCID: PMC10672404 DOI: 10.3390/life13112147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Agarwood is an aromatic resin produced by the host tree through an immunological response against biotic and abiotic stress. The aim was, first, to use the fungus Geotrichum candidum to stimulate compound changes in Aquilaria sinensis horizontally (color formation) and vertically (cutting layers) after injection with it. (2) Methods: Horizontal and vertical sections were collected and separated five months after injection with the fungal broth. Two grams of dry powder was mixed with 20 mL methanol for 3 h at room temperature, and the solution was vibrated in an ultrasonic cleaner bath at 40 °C for 1 h. After vacuum drying, a concentration of 10 mg/mL of the tested samples in methanol was prepared for reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis. (3) Results: The horizontal changes in the compounds and their concentrations were associated with color. Compared to the normal (N) group, G. candidum injection stimulated more compounds at RT 27-42 in the white (W) group, brown (BR) group, and black (B) group. Furthermore, a significant increase in fatty acids was observed in the W group, implying an early plant response after G. candidum injection. In the BR group, the compounds were more similar to commercial agarwood (Out group). In the B group, alkaloids were the main compounds. Vertical changes in the main compounds were not observed, although the compound level varied. A TLC analysis determined the main compounds in the BR group at 254 nm and in the B group at 365 nm. Higher fatty acid levels were found in L6 and L5 and were correlated with higher terpenoid and sesquiterpene levels, suggesting that these compounds were possibly the first stage of agarwood formation. A GC/MS analysis demonstrated that the main compound groups were almost identical to the BR parts. (4) Conclusions: The injection of G. candidum led A. sinensis to synthesize different phytochemicals horizontally, not vertically, in the BR group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lih-Geeng Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, College of Life Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan;
| | - Amalia Dyah Arumsari
- Global Master Program of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan
| | - Chishih Chu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, College of Life Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan;
- Global Master Program of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan
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Oktavianawati I, Santoso M, Fatmawati S. Metabolite profiling of Borneo's Gonystylus bancanus through comprehensive extraction from various polarity of solvents. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15215. [PMID: 37709800 PMCID: PMC10502116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41494-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonystylus bancanus wood or ramin wood has been generally known as a source of agarwood (gaharu) bouya, a kind of agarwood inferior type, or under the exported trading name of aetoxylon oil. The massive exploitation of ramin wood is causing this plant's extinction and putting it on Appendix II CITES and IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. To date, no scientific publication concerns the chemical exploration of G. bancanus wood and preserving this germplasm through its metabolite profiling. Therefore, research focused on chemical components profiling of G. bancanus is promised. This research is aimed to explore metabolomics and analyze the influence of solvent polarities on the partitioning of metabolites in G. bancanus wood. A range of solvents in different polarities was applied to provide comprehensive extraction of metabolites in G. bancanus wood. Moreover, a hydrodistillation was also carried out to extract the volatile compounds despite the non-volatile ones. LCMS and GCMS analyses were performed to identify volatile and non-volatile components in the extracts and essential oil. Multivariate data analysis was processed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering. 142 metabolites were identified by LCMS analysis, while 89 metabolites were identified by GCMS analysis. Terpenoids, flavonoids, phenyl propanoids, and saccharides are some major compound classes available from LCMS data. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes, especially 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, and β-eudesmol, are the major volatile components identified from GCMS analysis. PCA of LCMS analysis demonstrated that PC1 discriminated two clusters: essential oil, dichloromethane, and n-hexane extracts were in the positive quadrant, while methanol and ethyl acetate extracts were in the negative quadrant. Three-dimensional analysis of GCMS data revealed that n-hexane extract was in the superior quadrant, and its composition can be significantly distinguished from other extracts and essential oil. G. bancanus wood comprises valuable metabolites, i.e., terpenoids, which benefit the essential oil industry. Comprehensive extraction by performing solvents in different polarities on G. bancanus wood could allow exploration of fully extracted metabolites, supported by the exhibition of identified metabolites from LCMS and GCMS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ika Oktavianawati
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS, Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematic and Sciences, Universitas Jember, Kampus Tegalboto, Jember, 68121, Indonesia
| | - Mardi Santoso
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS, Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
| | - Sri Fatmawati
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS, Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia.
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Zhang H, Ding X, Wang H, Chen H, Dong W, Zhu J, Wang J, Peng S, Dai H, Mei W. Systematic evolution of bZIP transcription factors in Malvales and functional exploration of AsbZIP14 and AsbZIP41 in Aquilaria sinensis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1243323. [PMID: 37719219 PMCID: PMC10499555 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1243323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Agarwood, the dark-brown resin produced by Aquilaria trees, has been widely used as incense, spice, perfume or traditional medicine and 2-(2-phenethyl) chromones (PECs) are the key markers responsible for agarwood formation. But the biosynthesis and regulatory mechanism of PECs were still not illuminated. The transcription factor of basic leucine zipper (bZIP) presented the pivotal regulatory roles in various secondary metabolites biosynthesis in plants, which might also contribute to regulate PECs biosynthesis. However, molecular evolution and function of bZIP are rarely reported in Malvales plants, especially in Aquilaria trees. Methods and results Here, 1,150 bZIPs were comprehensively identified from twelve Malvales and model species genomes and the evolutionary process were subsequently analyzed. Duplication types and collinearity indicated that bZIP is an ancient or conserved TF family and recent whole genome duplication drove its evolution. Interesting is that fewer bZIPs in A. sinensis than that species also experienced two genome duplication events in Malvales. 62 AsbZIPs were divided into 13 subfamilies and gene structures, conservative domains, motifs, cis-elements, and nearby genes of AsbZIPs were further characterized. Seven AsbZIPs in subfamily D were significantly regulated by ethylene and agarwood inducer. As the typical representation of subfamily D, AsbZIP14 and AsbZIP41 were localized in nuclear and potentially regulated PECs biosynthesis by activating or suppressing type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) genes expression via interaction with the AsPKS promoters. Discussion Our results provide a basis for molecular evolution of bZIP gene family in Malvales and facilitate the understanding the potential functions of AsbZIP in regulating 2-(2-phenethyl) chromone biosynthesis and agarwood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Xupo Ding
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Huiqin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Wenhua Dong
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Jiahong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources Biology of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants of Hainan, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Shiqing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Haofu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Wenli Mei
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
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Zong J, Robertson J. An Enantiospecific Synthesis of 5- epi-α-Bulnesene. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093900. [PMID: 37175310 PMCID: PMC10180261 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As a result of its unique fragrance and wider role in traditional medicine, agarwood produced in Aquilaria spp. and certain other trees has been harvested to near extinction as a natural phenomenon. Artificially induced agarwood production in Aquilaria plantations has sated some of the demand although the product quality is variable. Synthetic chemistry may have a role to play in providing sustainable routes to many of the fragrant components identified in agarwood and its smoke when burnt as incense. In this work, we report efforts towards a total synthesis of the guaiane sesquiterpene α-bulnesene, which is found, along with its more fragrant oxidised derivatives, in agarwood. Following the ring-expansion of (R)-carvone using reported procedures, α-butenylation gave a substrate for samarium diiodide mediated reductive cyclisation, the two butenyl epimers of the substrate each leading to a single bicyclic alcohol (24 and 25). Overall homoconjugate hydride reduction of one of these alcohols was achieved by Lewis acid-mediated ionisation and then hydride transfer from triethylsilane to complete an overall seven-step synthesis of 5-epi-α-bulnesene. This new synthesis paves the way for short routes to both α-bulnesene enantiomers and a study of their aerial and enzymatic oxidation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Zong
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jeremy Robertson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
- Oxford Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research, Ruo Shui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
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Ma S, Huang M, Fu Y, Qiao M, Li Y. How Closely Does Induced Agarwood's Biological Activity Resemble That of Wild Agarwood? Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072922. [PMID: 37049682 PMCID: PMC10096168 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous innovation in artificially-induced agarwood technology is increasing the amount of agarwood and substantially alleviating shortages. Agarwood is widely utilized in perfumes and fragrances; however, it is unclear whether the overall pharmacological activity of induced agarwood can replace wild agarwood for medicinal use. In this study, the volatile components, total chromone content, and the differences in the overall activities of wild agarwood and induced agarwood, including the antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase, and anti-glucosidase activity were all determined. The results indicated that both induced and wild agarwood's chemical makeup contains sesquiterpenes and 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones. The total chromone content in generated agarwood can reach 82.96% of that in wild agarwood. Induced agarwood scavenged 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+) radicals and inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity and α-glucosidase activity with IC50 values of 0.1873 mg/mL, 0.0602 mg/mL, 0.0493 mg/mL, and 0.2119 mg/mL, respectively, reaching 80.89%, 93.52%, 93.52%, and 69.47% of that of wild agarwood, respectively. Accordingly, the results distinguished that induced agarwood has the potential to replace wild agarwood in future for use in medicine because it has a similar chemical makeup to wild agarwood and has comparable antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase, and anti-glucosidase capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Ma
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Cultivation of Fast-Growing Timber in Central South China, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 540004, China
| | - Manqin Huang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Cultivation of Fast-Growing Timber in Central South China, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 540004, China
| | - Yunlin Fu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Cultivation of Fast-Growing Timber in Central South China, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 540004, China
| | - Mengji Qiao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Cultivation of Fast-Growing Timber in Central South China, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 540004, China
| | - Yingjian Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Cultivation of Fast-Growing Timber in Central South China, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 540004, China
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Du TY, Karunarathna SC, Zhang X, Dai DQ, Mapook A, Suwannarach N, Xu JC, Stephenson SL, Elgorban AM, Al-Rejaie S, Tibpromma S. Endophytic Fungi Associated with Aquilaria sinensis (Agarwood) from China Show Antagonism against Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1197. [PMID: 36422018 PMCID: PMC9697865 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Agarwood is the most expensive non-construction wood product in the world. As a therapeutic agent, agarwood can cure some diseases, but few studies have been carried out on the antagonistic abilities of endophytic fungi associated with agarwood. Agarwood is mainly found in the genus Aquiaria. The objectives of this study are to understand the antimicrobial activities and their potential as biocontrol agents of the endophytic fungi of Aquilaria sinensis. First, fresh samples of A. sinensis were collected from Yunnan and Guangdong Provinces in 2020-2021, and the endophytic fungi were isolated and identified to genus level based on the phylogenetic analyses of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region. In this bioassay, 47 endophytic strains were selected to check their bioactivities against three bacterial pathogens viz. Erwinia amylovora, Pseudomonas syringae, and Salmonella enterica; and three fungal pathogens viz. Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, and Penicillium digitatum. The antibiosis test was carried out by the dual culture assay (10 days), and among the 47 strains selected, 40 strains belong to 18 genera viz. Alternaria, Annulohypoxylon, Aspergillus, Botryosphaeria, Colletotrichum, Corynespora, Curvularia, Daldinia, Diaporthe, Fusarium, Lasiodiplodia, Neofusicoccum, Neopestalotiopsis, Nigrospora, Paracamarosporium, Pseudopithomyces, Trichoderma, Trichosporon and one strain belongs to Xylariaceae had antimicrobial activities. In particular, Lasiodiplodia sp. (YNA-D3) showed the inhibition of all the bacterial and fungal pathogens with a significant inhibition rate. In addition, the strains viz; Curvularia sp. (GDA-3A9), Diaporthe sp. (GDA-2A1), Lasiodiplodia sp. (YNA-D3), Neofusicoccum sp. (YNA-1C3), Nigrospora sp. (GDA-4C1), and Trichoderma sp. (YNA-1C1) showed significant antimicrobial activities and are considered worthy of further studies to identify individual fungal species and their bioactive compounds. This study enriches the diversity of endophytic fungi associated with agarwood, and their potential antagonistic effects against bacterial and fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ye Du
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Samantha C. Karunarathna
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China
| | - Dong-Qin Dai
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China
| | - Ausana Mapook
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Nakarin Suwannarach
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jian-Chu Xu
- Centre for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Steven L. Stephenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Abdallah M. Elgorban
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim Al-Rejaie
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saowaluck Tibpromma
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China
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Zhang Z, Xiang-zhao M, Ran J, Gao M, Li NX, Ma YM, Sun Y, Li Y. Fusarium oxysporum infection-induced formation of agarwood (FOIFA): A rapid and efficient method for inducing the production of high quality agarwood. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277136. [PMID: 36331933 PMCID: PMC9635754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Agarwood, a non-wood product from the endangered Aquilaria and Gyrinops tress, is highly prized for its use in fragrances and medicines. The special formation process of agarwood is closely related to external injury and fungal infection. In this study, we demonstrate that infection of Aquilaria sinensis by Fusarium oxysporum, a soilborne fungus that causes vascular wilt diseases in diverse plants, induces agarwood formation. Based on these findings, an efficient method, termed F. oxysporum infection-induced formation of agarwood (FOIFA), was developed for the rapid production of quality agarwood. The agarwood formed in response to F. oxysporum infection was similar in structure and chemical composition to wild agarwood according to TLC (Thin-layer chromatography), HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography), and GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) analyses, except that the contents of alcohol-soluble extract, chromones, and essential oils (mainly sesquiterpenes) were higher in the formed agarwood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Chinese Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Xiang-zhao
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiadong Ran
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Chinese Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Chinese Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ning-xiao Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Yi-mian Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Chinese Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Chinese Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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10
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Isolation and Characterization of Bacteria and Fungi Associated with Agarwood Fermentation. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:313. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02999-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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11
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Lv F, Yang Y, Sun P, Zhang Y, Liu P, Fan X, Xu Y, Wei J. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals different defence responses during the early stage of wounding stress in Chi-Nan germplasm and ordinary Aquilaria sinensis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:464. [PMID: 36171555 PMCID: PMC9520901 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03821-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agarwood is a valuable Chinese medicinal herb and spice that is produced from wounded Aquilaria spp., is widely used in Southeast Asia and is highly traded on the market. The lack of highly responsive Aquilaria lines has seriously restricted agarwood yield and the development of its industry. In this article, a comparative transcriptome analysis was carried out between ordinary A. sinensis and Chi-Nan germplasm, which is a kind of A. sinensis tree with high agarwood-producing capacity in response to wounding stress, to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying wounding stress in different A. sinensis germplasm resources and to help identify and breed high agarwood-producing strains. RESULTS A total of 2427 and 1153 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in wounded ordinary A. sinensis and Chi-Nan germplasm compared with the control groups, respectively. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that genes participating in starch metabolism, secondary metabolism and plant hormone signal transduction might play major roles in the early regulation of wound stress. 86 DEGs related to oxygen metabolism, JA pathway and sesquiterpene biosynthesis were identified. The majority of the expression of these genes was differentially induced between two germplasm resources under wounding stress. 13 candidate genes related to defence and sesquiterpene biosynthesis were obtained by WGCNA. Furthermore, the expression pattern of genes were verified by qRT-PCR. The candidate genes expression levels were higher in Chi-Nan germplasm than that in ordinary A. sinensis during early stage of wounding stress, which may play important roles in regulating high agarwood-producing capacity in Chi-Nan germplasm. CONCLUSIONS Compared with A. sinensis, Chi-Nan germplasm invoked different biological processes in response to wounding stress. The genes related to defence signals and sesquiterepene biosynthesis pathway were induced to expression differentially between two germplasm resources. A total of 13 candidate genes were identified, which may correlate with high agarwood-producting capacity in Chi-Nan germplasm during the early stage of wounding stress. These genes will contribute to the development of functional molecular markers and the rapid breeding highly of responsive Aquilaria lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Lv
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, 570311, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, 570311, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Peiwen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Peiwei Liu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, 570311, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaohong Fan
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, 570311, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanhong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, 570311, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
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12
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Shi J, Yang Y, Zhou X, Zhao L, Li X, Yusuf A, Hosseini MSMZ, Sefidkon F, Hu X. The current status of old traditional medicine introduced from Persia to China. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:953352. [PMID: 36188609 PMCID: PMC9515588 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.953352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) includes over ten thousand herbal medicines, some of which were introduced from outside countries and territories. The Silk Road enabled the exchange of merchandise such as teas, silks, carpets, and medicines between the East and West of the Eurasia continent. During this time, the ‘Compendium of Materia Medica’ (CMM) was composed by a traditional medicine practitioner, Shizhen Li (1,518–1,593) of the Ming Dynasty. This epoch-making masterpiece collected knowledge of traditional medical materials and treatments in China from the 16th century and before in utmost detail, including the origin where a material was obtained. Of 1892 medical materials from the CMM, 46 came from Persia (now Iran). In this study, the basic information of these 46 materials, including the time of introduction, the medicinal value in TCM theory, together with the current status of these medicines in China and Iran, are summarized. It is found that 20 herbs and four stones out of the 46 materials are registered as medicinal materials in the latest China Pharmacopoeia. Now most of these herbs and stones are distributed in China or replacements are available but saffron, ferula, myrrh, and olibanum are still highly dependent on imports. This study may contribute to the further development, exchange, and internationalization of traditional medicine of various backgrounds in the world, given the barriers of transportation and language are largely eased in nowadays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmin Shi
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Innovation Academy of International Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Institute for Medicinal Plants, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yifan Yang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Innovation Academy of International Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Institute for Medicinal Plants, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinxin Zhou
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Innovation Academy of International Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Institute for Medicinal Plants, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijun Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Innovation Academy of International Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Institute for Medicinal Plants, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Abdullah Yusuf
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Laboratory of Xinjiang Native Medicinal and Edible Plant Resources Chemistry. Kashi University, Kashgar, China
| | - Mohaddeseh S. M. Z. Hosseini
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Innovation Academy of International Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Institute for Medicinal Plants, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Xuebo Hu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Innovation Academy of International Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Institute for Medicinal Plants, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xuebo Hu,
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13
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Chen L, Liu Y, Li Y, Yin W, Cheng Y. Anti-Cancer Effect of Sesquiterpene and Triterpenoids from Agarwood of Aquilaria sinensis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27165350. [PMID: 36014586 PMCID: PMC9413513 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two new guaiane sesquiterpenes, aquisinenoids A and B (1 and 2), two new eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoids, aquisinenoids C and D (3 and 4), one new cucurbitacin, aquisinenoid E (5), and five known cucurbitacins (6–10) were isolated from agarwood of Aquilaria sinensis. The structures of these new compounds, including their absolute configurations, were characterized by spectroscopic and computational methods. The biological evaluation showed that compounds 3 and 9 had an anti-cancer effect on most of the cancer cells at 5 μM, especially in human breast cancer cells. Interestingly, the new compound 3 exhibited more sensitivity on cancer cells than normal cells, highlighting its potential as a novel anti-cancer agent. Mechanically, compound 3 treatment increased the ROS generation and triggered apoptosis of human breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Chen
- State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yunyun Liu
- Health Science Center, Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yifei Li
- Health Science Center, Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wu Yin
- State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Correspondence: (W.Y.); (Y.C.); Tel.: +86-0755-2690-2073 (Y.C.)
| | - Yongxian Cheng
- Health Science Center, Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Correspondence: (W.Y.); (Y.C.); Tel.: +86-0755-2690-2073 (Y.C.)
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14
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Alamil JMR, Paudel KR, Chan Y, Xenaki D, Panneerselvam J, Singh SK, Gulati M, Jha NK, Kumar D, Prasher P, Gupta G, Malik R, Oliver BG, Hansbro PM, Dua K, Chellappan DK. Rediscovering the Therapeutic Potential of Agarwood in the Management of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27093038. [PMID: 35566388 PMCID: PMC9104417 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27093038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory response is a central aspect of the human immune system that acts as a defense mechanism to protect the body against infections and injuries. A dysregulated inflammatory response is a major health concern, as it can disrupt homeostasis and lead to a plethora of chronic inflammatory conditions. These chronic inflammatory diseases are one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide and the need for them to be managed in the long term has become a crucial task to alleviate symptoms and improve patients’ overall quality of life. Although various synthetic anti-inflammatory agents have been developed to date, these medications are associated with several adverse effects that have led to poor therapeutic outcomes. The hunt for novel alternatives to modulate underlying chronic inflammatory processes has unveiled nature to be a plentiful source. One such example is agarwood, which is a valuable resinous wood from the trees of Aquilaria spp. Agarwood has been widely utilized for medicinal purposes since ancient times due to its ability to relieve pain, asthmatic symptoms, and arrest vomiting. In terms of inflammation, the major constituent of agarwood, agarwood oil, has been shown to possess multiple bioactive compounds that can regulate molecular mechanisms of chronic inflammation, thereby producing a multitude of pharmacological functions for treating various inflammatory disorders. As such, agarwood oil presents great potential to be developed as a novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic to overcome the drawbacks of existing therapies and improve treatment outcomes. In this review, we have summarized the current literature on agarwood and its bioactive components and have highlighted the potential roles of agarwood oil in treating various chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keshav Raj Paudel
- Centre of Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (K.R.P.); (P.M.H.)
| | - Yinghan Chan
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Dikaia Xenaki
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (D.X.); (B.G.O.)
| | - Jithendra Panneerselvam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India; (S.K.S.); (M.G.)
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India; (S.K.S.); (M.G.)
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India;
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, India;
| | - Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India;
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Jaipur 302017, India;
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 602105, India
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India
| | | | - Brian George Oliver
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (D.X.); (B.G.O.)
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Philip Michael Hansbro
- Centre of Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (K.R.P.); (P.M.H.)
| | - Kamal Dua
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (D.X.); (B.G.O.)
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- Correspondence: (K.D.); (D.K.C.); Tel.: +61-29-514-7387 (K.D.); +60-12-636-1308 (D.K.C.)
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (K.D.); (D.K.C.); Tel.: +61-29-514-7387 (K.D.); +60-12-636-1308 (D.K.C.)
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15
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Faizal A, Hermawaty D, Junita E, Rahmawati A, Azar AWP, Makajanma MM, Turjaman M. Evaluation of biotic and abiotic stressors to artificially induce agarwood production in Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke seedlings. Symbiosis 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-022-00835-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Baldovini N. The Chemistry of Agarwood Odorants. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 118:47-100. [PMID: 35416517 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92030-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The phytochemistry of the fragrant infected heartwood of Aquilaria and Gyrinops species, agarwood (oud), is critically reviewed, highlighting the use of this remarkable natural raw material in perfumery. The chemistry of the two main groups of constituents of agarwood (sesquiterpenoids and chromones) is discussed, focusing particularly on the former structural type. The identities of the main key odorants of agarwood essential oil and of the smoke produced by heating the wood of agarwood are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Baldovini
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Parc Valrose, 06108, Nice, France.
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17
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Zhang N, Xue S, Song J, Zhou X, Zhou D, Liu X, Hong Z, Xu D. Effects of various artificial agarwood-induction techniques on the metabolome of Aquilaria sinensis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:591. [PMID: 34903180 PMCID: PMC8667428 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03378-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agarwood is a highly sought-after resinous wood for uses in medicine, incense, and perfume production. To overcome challenges associated with agarwood production in Aquilaria sinensis, several artificial agarwood-induction treatments have been developed. However, the effects of these techniques on the metabolome of the treated wood samples are unknown. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of four treatments: fire drill treatment (F), fire drill + brine treatment (FS), cold drill treatment (D) and cold drill + brine treatment (DS)) on ethanol-extracted oil content and metabolome profiles of treated wood samples from A. sinensis. RESULTS The ethanol-extracted oil content obtained from the four treatments differed significantly (F < D < DS < FS). A total of 712 metabolites composed mostly of alkaloids, amino acids and derivatives, flavonoids, lipids, phenolic acids, organic acids, nucleotides and derivatives, and terpenoids were detected. In pairwise comparisons, 302, 155, 271 and 363 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAM) were detected in F_vs_FS, D_vs_DS, F_vs_D and FS_vs_DS, respectively. The DAMs were enriched in flavonoid/flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis. Generally, addition of brine to either fire or cold drill treatments reduced the abundance of most of the metabolites. CONCLUSION The results from this study offer valuable insights into synthetically-induced agarwood production in A. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningnan Zhang
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520 China
| | - Shiyu Xue
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520 China
| | - Jie Song
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520 China
| | - Xiuren Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Dahao Zhou
- Huazhou Yuanlai Agarwood Limited Company, Huazhou, 525100 China
| | - Xiaojin Liu
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520 China
| | - Zhou Hong
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520 China
| | - Daping Xu
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520 China
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18
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Volatile Constituents of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Aquilaria sinensis with Descriptions of Two New Species of Nemania. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11040363. [PMID: 33921887 PMCID: PMC8073270 DOI: 10.3390/life11040363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Algae, bacteria, and fungi, as well as higher plants, produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites known as natural products. Natural products are well known as remarkable sources of many therapeutic agents. The genus Nemania is a wood-decaying fungus that belongs to family Xylariaceae. Nemania is often found as an endophyte in diverse hosts and some species are known to produce useful secondary metabolites. In this study, two Nemania species were isolated as an endophytic fungus from Aquilaria sinensis. Multi-gene phylogenetic studies showed that the newly described strains of Nemania are new to science, and this is the first report of Nemania from the host Aquilaria. One of the fermented species, Nemania aquilariae (KUMCC 20-0268), resulted in five sesquiterpenoids, which were previously reported from agarwood, and their structures were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In addition, five different media were investigated in vitro to optimize conditions for growing the fungal biomass of Nemania aquilariae and N. yunnanensis.
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Methyl jasmonate and crude extracts of Fusarium solani elicit agarwood compounds in shoot culture of Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06725. [PMID: 33948505 PMCID: PMC8080053 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Agarwood forms in the heartwood of trees in the family Thymelaeaceae in response to wounding, infection, or other stresses. Its formation is random and takes decades in natural populations, which are harvested for their aromatic compounds. This harvest has led to declining population, and many agarwood producing trees are considered endangered. Therefore, an alternative source would be desirable. We established an in vitro shoot culture method for one agarwood species, Aquillaria malaccensis. Agarwood production was elicited by introducing methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and crude extracts of Fusarium solani into the liquid culture medium. A high concentration of MeJA resulted in necrotic shoot tissue, while application of the crude extracts had no effect on growth of the shoots. Interestingly, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of MeJA-treated shoots revealed the presence of several agarwood compounds, including sesquiterpenes and chromone derivative. In addition, GC-MS analysis of shoot-treated with the extracts revealed the presence of alkanes, aromatic compounds, and fatty acid derivatives. It may be that different elicitors induce the production of different compounds in A. malaccensis in vitro shoot cultures and could be used to manipulate the accumulation of different products in culture.
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Abdul Kadir FA, Azizan KA, Othman R. Transcriptome of Aquilaria malaccensis containing agarwood formed naturally and induced artificially. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:117. [PMID: 33766087 PMCID: PMC7992328 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05532-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Agarwood is the aromatic heartwood formed upon wounding of Aquilaria trees either naturally formed due to physical wound sustained from natural phenomena followed by microbial infection, or artificially induced using different inoculation methods. Different induction methods produce agarwoods with different aromas which have impacts on their commercial values. In lieu of elucidating the molecular mechanisms of agarwood formation under different treatment conditions, the transcriptome profiles of trunk tissues from healthy A. malaccensis tree, and naturally and artificially induced trees were obtained. DATA DESCRIPTION The transcriptome of trunk tissues from healthy A. malaccensis, and naturally and artificially induced trees were sequenced using Illumina HiSeq™ 4000 platform which resulted in a total of 38.4 Gb clean reads with Q30 rate of at least 91%. The transcriptome consists of 85,986 unigenes containing 1305 bases on average which were annotated against several databases. From this, 44,654 unigenes were mapped to 290 metabolic pathways in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database. These transcriptome data represent considerable contribution towards Aquilaria transcriptome data and enhance current knowledge in comprehending the molecular mechanisms underlying agarwood formation in Aquilaria spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Adibah Abdul Kadir
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kamalrul Azlan Azizan
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Roohaida Othman
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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21
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Castro KP, Ito M. Individual and Combined Inhalational Sedative Effects in Mice of Low Molecular Weight Aromatic Compounds Found in Agarwood Aroma. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051320. [PMID: 33801243 PMCID: PMC7958121 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Agarwood is known to have a sedative effect and the less studied volatile aromatic constituents it contains may have contribution to the activity. In this study, two Kyara grade (highest-grade agarwood in Japan) samples were extracted using headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and analyzed through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Six low molecular weight aromatic compounds (LACs) and one structurally simple compound (diethylene glycol monoethyl ether) present in the aromas were individually evaluated for inhalational sedative activity in mice through open field test. Doses of 0.0001 g/L to 1 g/L were prepared for each compound and administered to mice (n = 6/dose/compound). Results revealed all compounds decreased spontaneous motor activity at almost all doses. Strongest sedative activity of each compound reduced total spontaneous motor activity by more than half against control, demonstrating their contribution to agarwood aroma and potential as independent sedating agents. Mixtures of compounds using their most effective dose were made and evaluated again for inhalational sedative effect. Interestingly, the combination of all compounds showed no significant effect and even caused stimulation in mice movements. This result suggests antagonistic-like interaction between the compounds, which is probably due to structural similarities. Consequently, it implies the other constituents present in agarwood, along with LACs, are also important to the overall sedative activity.
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Abstract
AbstractAgarwood is a resinous wood produced by some members of plant family Thymelaeaceae under certain conditions. Agarwood is highly prized, but its formation requires a long-time process in nature. Therefore, various induction techniques have been explored to hasten the process. In this study, we induced agarwood in Gyrinops versteegii, one of the most abundant agarwood-producing trees in Indonesia. We used 12 trees and wounded four branches on each tree through an injection process. We used two strains of the endophytic fungi Fusarium solani isolated from Gorontalo and Jambi Provinces. After 3 months, the inoculated wood had an extensive resinous zone, when compared to wounded control wood. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of the inoculated samples revealed the presence of several sesquiterpenes characteristic of agarwood. These included alloaromadendrene, β-eudesmol and β-selinene as well as the chromone derivatives 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromen-4-one, 6-methoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl) chromen-4-one, and 6,7-dimethoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl) chromen-4-one. We conclude that this method successfully induced agarwood to form in a matter of months and could be used to enhance the success of agarwood cultivation.
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