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Wang Z, Xu H, Wang F, Sun L, Meng X, Li Z, Xie C, Jiang H, Ding G, Hu X, Gao Y, Qin R, Zhao C, Sun H, Cui F, Wu Y. EMS-induced missense mutation in TaCHLI-7D affects leaf color and yield-related traits in wheat. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2024; 137:223. [PMID: 39278978 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-024-04740-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Mutations in TaCHLI impact chlorophyll levels and yield-related traits in wheat. Natural variations in TaCHLI-7A/B influence plant productivity, offering potential for molecular breeding. Chlorophyll is essential for plant growth and productivity. The CHLI subunit of the magnesium chelatase protein plays a key role inserting magnesium into protoporphyrin IX during chlorophyll biosynthesis. Here, we identify a novel wheat mutant chlorophyll (chl) that exhibits yellow-green leaves, reduced chlorophyll levels, and increased carotenoid content, leading to an overall decline in yield-related traits. Map-based cloning reveals that the chl phenotype is caused by a point mutation (Asp186Asn) in the TaCHLI-7D gene, which encodes subunit I of magnesium chelatase. Furthermore, the three TaCHLI mutants: chl-7b-1 (Pro82Ser), chl-7b-2 (Ala291Thr), and chl-7d-1 (Gly357Glu), also showed significant reductions in chlorophyll content and yield-related traits. However, TaCHLI-7D overexpression in rice significantly decreased thousand kernel weight, yield per plant, and germination. Additionally, natural variations in TaCHLI-7A/B are significantly associated with flag leaf, spike exsertion length, and yield per plant. Notably, the favorable haplotype, TaCHLI-7B-HapII, which displayed higher thousand kernel weight and yield per plant, is positively selected in wheat breeding. Our study provides insights on the regulatory molecular mechanisms underpinning leaf color and chlorophyll biosynthesis, and highlights TaCHLI functions, which provide useful molecular markers and genetic resources for wheat breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Yantai Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding for High-Yield and Stress-Resistant Crops and Efficient Cultivation, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Huiyuan Xu
- College of Horticulture, Yantai Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding for High-Yield and Stress-Resistant Crops and Efficient Cultivation, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Faxiang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Yantai Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding for High-Yield and Stress-Resistant Crops and Efficient Cultivation, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Lingling Sun
- College of Horticulture, Yantai Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding for High-Yield and Stress-Resistant Crops and Efficient Cultivation, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangrui Meng
- College of Horticulture, Yantai Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding for High-Yield and Stress-Resistant Crops and Efficient Cultivation, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Zhuochun Li
- College of Horticulture, Yantai Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding for High-Yield and Stress-Resistant Crops and Efficient Cultivation, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Chang Xie
- College of Horticulture, Yantai Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding for High-Yield and Stress-Resistant Crops and Efficient Cultivation, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Huijiao Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Yantai Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding for High-Yield and Stress-Resistant Crops and Efficient Cultivation, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Guangshuo Ding
- College of Horticulture, Yantai Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding for High-Yield and Stress-Resistant Crops and Efficient Cultivation, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xinrong Hu
- College of Horticulture, Yantai Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding for High-Yield and Stress-Resistant Crops and Efficient Cultivation, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yuhang Gao
- College of Horticulture, Yantai Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding for High-Yield and Stress-Resistant Crops and Efficient Cultivation, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Ran Qin
- College of Horticulture, Yantai Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding for High-Yield and Stress-Resistant Crops and Efficient Cultivation, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Chunhua Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Yantai Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding for High-Yield and Stress-Resistant Crops and Efficient Cultivation, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Han Sun
- College of Horticulture, Yantai Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding for High-Yield and Stress-Resistant Crops and Efficient Cultivation, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China.
| | - Fa Cui
- College of Horticulture, Yantai Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding for High-Yield and Stress-Resistant Crops and Efficient Cultivation, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China.
| | - Yongzhen Wu
- College of Horticulture, Yantai Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding for High-Yield and Stress-Resistant Crops and Efficient Cultivation, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China.
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Liu C, Chai Y, Tan C, Shi F, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Brchli1 mutation induces bright yellow leaves by disrupting magnesium chelatase I subunit function in Chinese cabbage ( Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1450242. [PMID: 39280951 PMCID: PMC11392721 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1450242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Magnesium chelatase (MgCh) plays a pivotal role in photosynthesis, catalyzing the insertion of magnesium into protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX), a key intermediate in chlorophyll (Chl) biosynthesis. MgCh is a heteromeric complex composed of the MgCh D subunit (CHLD), the MgCh H subunit (CHLH), and the MgCh I subunit (CHLI). The bright yellow leaves (byl) mutant was obtained through ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis of the 'FT' Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) doubled haploid line, whose Chl content, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), and non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) were decreased, and whose chloroplast development was incomplete. byl recovered to a light green phenotype under weak light conditions. Genetic analysis revealed that the bright yellow leaves phenotype of byl was caused by a single recessive nuclear gene. Using Mutmap sequencing and Kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) identification, BraA01g010040.3.5C, encoding the CHLI subunit of MgCh, was identified as the candidate gene and named Brchli1. A nonsynonymous G-to-A mutation in the Brchli1 exon resulted in the substitution of aspartic acid with asparagine. Brchli1-silenced Chinese cabbage displayed bright yellow leaves with decreased Brchli1 expression. Transiently overexpressed Brchli1 in the byl mutant restored the green leaf phenotype and significantly increased relative Brchli1 expression levels. Both BrCHLI1 and its mutated variant were localized in chloroplasts. Yeast two-hybrid and luciferase complementation imaging assays demonstrated that BrCHLI1 interacted with both BrCHLD and itself. BrCHLI1 mutations did not affect its interaction with BrCHLD. Together, Brchli1 mutations impaired the function of MgCh, providing insights into the molecular mechanism of leaf coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhong Liu
- Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics Breeding and Biotechnology, Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi Chai
- Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics Breeding and Biotechnology, Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chong Tan
- Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics Breeding and Biotechnology, Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fengyan Shi
- Vegetable Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics Breeding and Biotechnology, Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics Breeding and Biotechnology, Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Zhang P, Wang T, Yao Z, Li J, Wang Q, Xue Y, Jiang Y, Li Q, Li L, Qi Z, Niu J. Fine mapping of leaf delayed virescence gene dv4 in Triticum aestivum. Gene 2024; 910:148277. [PMID: 38364974 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important crops worldwide, and its yield affects national food security. Wheat leaves are key photosynthetic organs where carbohydrates are synthesized for grain yield. Leaf colour mutants are ideal germplasm resources for molecular genetic studies of wheat chloroplast development, chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis. We obtained a wheat mutant delayed virescence 4 (dv4) from cultivar Guomai 301. The leaves of mutant dv4 were pale yellow at the seedling stage, golden yellow at the turning green stage, and they started to turn green at the jointing stage. Genetic analysis demonstrated that the yellow-leaf phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene named as dv4. Gene dv4 was fine mapped in a 1.46 Mb region on chromosome 7DS by SSR and dCAPS marker assays. Three putative candidate genes were identified in this region. Because no leaf colour genes have been reported on wheat chromosome arm 7DS previously, dv4 is a novel leaf colour gene. The result facilitates map-based cloning of dv4 and provides information for the construction of a high-photosynthetic efficiency ideotype for improving wheat yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Zhang
- Henan Technology Innovation Centre of Wheat / National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Henan Technology Innovation Centre of Wheat / National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ziping Yao
- Henan Technology Innovation Centre of Wheat / National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Junchang Li
- Henan Technology Innovation Centre of Wheat / National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Henan Technology Innovation Centre of Wheat / National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ying Xue
- Henan Technology Innovation Centre of Wheat / National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yumei Jiang
- Henan Technology Innovation Centre of Wheat / National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Qiaoyun Li
- Henan Technology Innovation Centre of Wheat / National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Lei Li
- Henan Technology Innovation Centre of Wheat / National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zengjun Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jishan Niu
- Henan Technology Innovation Centre of Wheat / National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
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Zhu PK, Zeng MY, Lin YH, Tang Y, He TY, Zheng YS, Chen LY. Variability in Leaf Color Induced by Chlorophyll Deficiency: Transcriptional Changes in Bamboo Leaves. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:1503-1515. [PMID: 38392215 PMCID: PMC10888276 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The diversity of leaf characteristics, particularly leaf color, underscores a pivotal area of inquiry within plant science. The synthesis and functionality of chlorophyll, crucial for photosynthesis, largely dictate leaf coloration, with varying concentrations imparting different shades of green. Complex gene interactions regulate the synthesis and degradation of chlorophyll, and disruptions in these pathways can result in abnormal chlorophyll production, thereby affecting leaf pigmentation. This study focuses on Bambusa multiplex f. silverstripe, a natural variant distinguished by a spectrum of leaf colors, such as green, white, and green-white, attributed to genetic variations influencing gene expression. By examining the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying chlorophyll anomalies and genetic factors in Silverstripe, this research sheds light on the intricate gene interactions and regulatory networks that contribute to leaf color diversity. The investigation includes the measurement of photosynthetic pigments and nutrient concentrations across different leaf color types, alongside transcriptomic analyses for identifying differentially expressed genes. The role of key genes in pathways such as ALA biosynthesis, chlorophyll synthesis, photosynthesis, and sugar metabolism is explored, offering critical insights for advancing research and plant breeding practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Kai Zhu
- College of Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Mei-Yin Zeng
- College of Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yu-Han Lin
- College of Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yu Tang
- College of Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Tian-You He
- College of Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yu-Shan Zheng
- College of Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ling-Yan Chen
- College of Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Zhang H, Zhang W, Xiang F, Zhang Z, Guo Y, Chen T, Duan F, Zhou Q, Li X, Fang M, Li X, Li B, Zhao X. Photosynthetic characteristics and genetic mapping of a new yellow leaf mutant crm1 in Brassica napus. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2023; 43:80. [PMID: 37954030 PMCID: PMC10635920 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-023-01429-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll is one of the key factors for photosynthesis and plays an important role in plant growth and development. We previously isolated an EMS mutagenized rapeseed chlorophyll-reduced mutant (crm1), which had yellow leaf, reduced chlorophyll content and fewer thylakoid stacks. Here, we found that crm1 showed attenuated utilization efficiency of both light energy and CO2 but enhanced heat dissipation efficiency and greater tolerance to high-light intensity. BSA-Seq analysis identified a single nucleotide change (C to T) and (G to A) in the third exon of the BnaA01G0094500ZS and BnaC01G0116100ZS, respectively. These two genes encode the magnesium chelatase subunit I 1 (CHLI1) that catalyzes the insertion of magnesium into protoporphyrin IX, a pivotal step in chlorophyll synthesis. The mutation sites resulted in an amino acid substitution P144S and G128E within the AAA+ domain of the CHLI1 protein. Two KASP markers were developed and co-segregated with the yellow leaf phenotype in segregating F2 population. Loss of BnaA01.CHLI1 and BnaC01.CHLI1 by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing recapitulated the mutant phenotype. BnaA01.CHLI1 and BnaC01.CHLI1 were located in chloroplast and highly expressed in the leaves. Furthermore, RNA-seq analyses revealed the expression of chlorophyll synthesis-related genes were upregulated in the crm1 mutant. These findings provide a new insight into the regulatory mechanism of chlorophyll synthesis in rapeseed and suggest a novel target for improving the photosynthetic efficiency and tolerance to high-light intensity in crops. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-023-01429-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
- Crop Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125 China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 Hunan China
| | - Fujiang Xiang
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Zhengfeng Zhang
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Yiming Guo
- Crop Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125 China
| | - Tingzhou Chen
- Hunan Cotton Research Institute, Changde, 415100 Hunan China
| | - Feifei Duan
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Quanyu Zhou
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | | | - Xinmei Li
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
| | - Bao Li
- Crop Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125 China
| | - Xiaoying Zhao
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082 China
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Kong B, Ma J, Zhang P, Chen T, Liu Y, Che Z, Shahinnia F, Yang D. Deciphering key genomic regions controlling flag leaf size in wheat via integration of meta-QTL and in silico transcriptome assessment. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:33. [PMID: 36658498 PMCID: PMC9854125 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grain yield is a complex and polygenic trait influenced by the photosynthetic source-sink relationship in wheat. The top three leaves, especially the flag leaf, are considered the major sources of photo-assimilates accumulated in the grain. Determination of significant genomic regions and candidate genes affecting flag leaf size can be used in breeding for grain yield improvement. RESULTS With the final purpose of understanding key genomic regions for flag leaf size, a meta-analysis of 521 initial quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from 31 independent QTL mapping studies over the past decades was performed, where 333 loci eventually were refined into 64 meta-QTLs (MQTLs). The average confidence interval (CI) of these MQTLs was 5.28 times less than that of the initial QTLs. Thirty-three MQTLs overlapped the marker trait associations (MTAs) previously reported in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for flag leaf traits in wheat. A total of 2262 candidate genes for flag leaf size, which were involved in the peroxisome, basal transcription factor, and tyrosine metabolism pathways were identified in MQTL regions by the in silico transcriptome assessment. Of these, the expression analysis of the available genes revealed that 134 genes with > 2 transcripts per million (TPM) were highly and specifically expressed in the leaf. These candidate genes could be critical to affect flag leaf size in wheat. CONCLUSIONS The findings will make further insight into the genetic determinants of flag leaf size and provide some reliable MQTLs and putative candidate genes for the genetic improvement of flag leaf size in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binxue Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Jingfu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Zhuo Che
- Plant Seed Master Station of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Fahimeh Shahinnia
- Bavarian State Research Centre for Agriculture, Institute for Crop Science and Plant Breeding, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Delong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Potential Mechanism in Storage Protein Trafficking within Developing Grains of Common Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314851. [PMID: 36499182 PMCID: PMC9738083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gluten proteins are the major storage protein fraction in the mature wheat grain. They are restricted to the starchy endosperm, which defines the viscoelastic properties of wheat dough. The synthesis of these storage proteins is controlled by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is directed into the vacuole via the Golgi apparatus. In the present study, transcriptome analysis was used to explore the potential mechanism within critical stages of grain development of wheat cultivar "Shaannong 33" and its sister line used as the control (CK). Samples were collected at 10 DPA (days after anthesis), 14 DPA, 20 DPA, and 30 DPA for transcriptomic analysis. The comparative transcriptome analysis identified that a total of 18,875 genes were differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between grains of four groups "T10 vs. CK10, T14 vs. CK14, T20 vs. CK20, and T30 vs. CK30", including 2824 up-regulated and 5423 down-regulated genes in T30 vs. CK30. Further, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment highlighted the maximum number of genes regulating protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) during grain enlargement stages (10-20 DPA). In addition, KEGG database analysis reported 1362 and 788 DEGs involved in translation, ribosomal structure, biogenesis, flavonoid biosynthesis pathway and intracellular trafficking, secretion, and vesicular transport through protein processing within ER pathway (ko04141). Notably, consistent with the higher expression of intercellular storage protein trafficking genes at the initial 10 DPA, there was relatively low expression at later stages. Expression levels of nine randomly selected genes were verified by qRT-PCR, which were consistent with the transcriptome data. These data suggested that the initial stages of "cell division" played a significant role in protein quality control within the ER, thus maintaining the protein quality characteristics at grain maturity. Furthermore, our data suggested that the protein synthesis, folding, and trafficking pathways directed by a different number of genes during the grain enlargement stage contributed to the observed high-quality characteristics of gluten protein in Shaannong 33 (Triticum aestivum L.).
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Mustafa A, Athar F, Khan I, Chattha MU, Nawaz M, Shah AN, Mahmood A, Batool M, Aslam MT, Jaremko M, Abdelsalam NR, Ghareeb RY, Hassan MU. Improving crop productivity and nitrogen use efficiency using sulfur and zinc-coated urea: A review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:942384. [PMID: 36311059 PMCID: PMC9614435 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.942384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an important macro-nutrient required for crop production and is considered an important commodity for agricultural systems. Urea is a vital source of N that is used widely across the globe to meet crop N requirements. However, N applied in the form of urea is mostly lost in soil, posing serious economic and environmental issues. Therefore, different approaches such as the application of urea coated with different substances are used worldwide to reduce N losses. Urea coating is considered an imperative approach to enhance crop production and reduce the corresponding nitrogen losses along with its impact on the environment. In addition, given the serious food security challenges in meeting the current and future demands for food, the best agricultural management strategy to enhance food production have led to methods that involve coating urea with different nutrients such as sulfur (S) and zinc (Zn). Coated urea has a slow-release mechanism and remains in the soil for a longer period to meet the demand of crop plants and increases nitrogen use efficiency, growth, yield, and grain quality. These nutrient-coated urea reduce nitrogen losses (volatilization, leaching, and N2O) and save the environment from degradation. Sulfur and zinc-coated urea also reduce nutrient deficiencies and have synergetic effects with other macro and micronutrients in the crop. This study discusses the dynamics of sulfur and zinc-coated urea in soil, their impact on crop production, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), the residual and toxic effects of coated urea, and the constraints of adopting coated fertilizers. Additionally, we also shed light on agronomic and molecular approaches to enhance NUE for better crop productivity to meet food security challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Mustafa
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Fareeha Athar
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Nawaz
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Noor Shah
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Adnan Noor Shah
| | - Athar Mahmood
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Maria Batool
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Smart-Health Initiative and Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nader R. Abdelsalam
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rehab Y. Ghareeb
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El Arab, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Umair Hassan
- Research Center Ecological Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Muhammad Umair Hassan
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Han Z, Li L, Jiao F, Yu G, Wei Z, Geng D, Hu W. Continuous orientated growth of scaled single-crystal 2D monolayer films. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:6545-6567. [PMID: 36132651 PMCID: PMC9418785 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00545f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Single-crystal 2D materials have attracted a boom of scientific and technological activities. Recently, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) shows great promise for the synthesis of high-quality 2D materials owing to high controllability, high scalability and ultra-low cost. Two types of strategies have been developed: one is single-seed method, which focuses on the ultimate control of the density of nucleation into only one nucleus and the other is a multi-seed approach, which concentrates on the precise engineering of orientation of nuclei into a uniform alignment. Currently, the latter is recognized as a more effective method to meet the demand of industrial production, whereas the oriented domains can seamlessly merge into a continuous single-crystal film in a short time. In this review, we present the detailed cases of growing the representative monocrystalline 2D materials via the single-seed CVD method as well as show its advantages and disadvantages in shaping 2D materials. Then, other typical 2D materials (including graphene, h-BN, and TMDs) are given in terms of the unique feature under the guideline of the multi-seed growth approach. Furthermore, the growth mechanism for the 2D single crystals is presented and the following application in electronics, optics and antioxidation coatings are also discussed. Finally, we outline the current challenges, and a bright development in the future of the continuous orientated growth of scaled 2D crystals should be envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Institute of Molecular Plus Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Fei Jiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Gui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Organic Solid Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Zhongming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100083 China
| | - Dechao Geng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
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Zhao Y, Huang S, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Feng H. Mapping of a Pale Green Mutant Gene and Its Functional Verification by Allelic Mutations in Chinese Cabbage ( Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:699308. [PMID: 34456941 PMCID: PMC8387703 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.699308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are the main organ for photosynthesis, and variations in leaf color affect photosynthesis and plant biomass formation. We created two similar whole-plant pale green mutants (pem1 and pem2) from the double haploid (DH) Chinese cabbage line "FT" through ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis of seeds. Photosynthetic pigment contents and net photosynthetic rates were significantly lower in the mutants than in the wild-type "FT," and the chloroplast thylakoid endomembrane system was poor. Genetic analysis showed that the mutated phenotypes of pem1 and pem2 were caused by a single nuclear gene. Allelism tests showed that pem1 and pem2 were alleles. We mapped Brpem1 to a 64.25 kb region on chromosome A10, using BSR-Seq and map-based cloning of 979 F2 recessive individuals. Whole-genome re-sequencing revealed a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) transition from guanine to adenosine on BraA10g021490.3C in pem1, causing an amino acid shift from glycine to glutamic acid (G to E); in addition, BraA10g021490.3C in pem2 was found to have a single nucleotide substitution from guanine to adenosine, causing an amino acid change from E to lysine (K). BraA10g021490.3C is a homolog of the Arabidopsisdivinyl chlorophyllide a 8-vinyl-reductase (DVR) gene that encodes 3,8-divinyl protochlorophyllide a 8-vinyl reductase, which is a key enzyme in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Enzyme activity assay and chlorophyll composition analysis demonstrated that impaired DVR had partial loss of function. These results provide a basis to understand chlorophyll metabolism and explore the mechanism of a pale green phenotype in Chinese cabbage.
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