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Song J, Yan J, Sun B, Chen B, Zhu X, Wei H, Bao Z, Ma F, Zhang W, Yang H. Abscisic acid regulates Cl - efflux via the ABI5-ZAT10-SLAH3 module in chloride-stressed Malus hupehensis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae200. [PMID: 39257543 PMCID: PMC11387005 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
The overload of Cl- typically causes cell damage and death in plants, especially in Cl--sensitive crops. Abscisic acid (ABA) is a stress-induced phytohormone that can alleviate chloride stress by reducing Cl- accumulation; however, the mechanism is not clear. Here, we found that the application of ABA elevated Cl- efflux from roots and reduced membrane damage and cell death in chloride-stressed Malus hupehensis. MhSLAH3, a homolog of the slow anion channel from M. hupehensis, encoded a channel controlling Cl- efflux and was induced by both chloride and ABA. MhSLAH3 overexpression accelerated Cl- efflux, which enhanced the tolerance of M. hupehensis to chloride stress, and retarded chloride-induced cell death. However, the suppression of MhSLAH3 partially offset the acceleration effect of ABA on Cl- efflux. MhZAT10L was then identified as a C2H2-type transcription factor upstream of MhSLAH3, repressing MhSLAH3 transcription under chloride stress. The suppression of MhZAT10L accelerated Cl- efflux by releasing suppressed MhSLAH3, but MhZAT10L overexpression counteracted the effects of ABA on Cl- efflux. MhABI5 promoted Cl- efflux mediated by MhSLAH3 due to induction by ABA and transcriptional repression of MhZAT10L, but this function of MhABI5 was reversed by MhZAT10L overexpression. The suppression of MhABI5 diminished the positive effects of ABA on Cl- efflux and retarding cell death. Thus, ABA repressed MhZAT10L transcription by activating MhABI5, further releasing MhSLAH3 to accelerate Cl- efflux. These findings provide a new evidence of ABA regulation of Cl- efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Song
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
- Apple Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Junhong Yan
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
- Apple Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Baozhen Sun
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
- Apple Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Bing Chen
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
- Apple Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
- Apple Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Hongcai Wei
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
- Apple Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Zhilong Bao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Fangfang Ma
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
- Apple Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Hongqiang Yang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
- Apple Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
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Shahzadi Z, Yousaf Z, Anjum I, Bilal M, Yasin H, Aftab A, Booker A, Ullah R, Bari A. Network pharmacology and molecular docking: combined computational approaches to explore the antihypertensive potential of Fabaceae species. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2024; 11:53. [PMID: 38767701 PMCID: PMC11106056 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-024-00764-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a major global public health issue, affecting quarter of adults worldwide. Numerous synthetic drugs are available for treating hypertension; however, they often come with a higher risk of side effects and long-term therapy. Modern formulations with active phytoconstituents are gaining popularity, addressing some of these issues. This study aims to discover novel antihypertensive compounds in Cassia fistula, Senna alexandrina, and Cassia occidentalis from family Fabaceae and understand their interaction mechanism with hypertension targeted genes, using network pharmacology and molecular docking. Total 414 compounds were identified; initial screening was conducted based on their pharmacokinetic and ADMET properties, with a particular emphasis on adherence to Lipinski's rules. 6 compounds, namely Germichrysone, Benzeneacetic acid, Flavan-3-ol, 5,7,3',4'-Tetrahydroxy-6, 8-dimethoxyflavon, Dihydrokaempferol, and Epiafzelechin, were identified as effective agents. Most of the compounds found non-toxic against various indicators with greater bioactivity score. 161 common targets were obtained against these compounds and hypertension followed by compound-target network construction and protein-protein interaction, which showed their role in diverse biological system. Top hub genes identified were TLR4, MMP9, MAPK14, AKT1, VEGFA and HSP90AA1 with their respective associates. Higher binding affinities was found with three compounds Dihydrokaempferol, Flavan-3-ol and Germichrysone, -7.1, -9.0 and -8.0 kcal/mol, respectively. The MD simulation results validate the structural flexibility of two complexes Flavan-MMP9 and Germich-TLR4 based on no. of hydrogen bonds, root mean square deviations and interaction energies. This study concluded that C. fistula (Dihydrokaempferol, Flavan-3-ol) and C. occidentalis (Germichrysone) have potential therapeutic active constituents to treat hypertension and in future novel drug formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Shahzadi
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zubaida Yousaf
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Irfan Anjum
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Centers for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hamna Yasin
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Arusa Aftab
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anthony Booker
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK.
- Research Group 'Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy', UCL School of Pharmacy, Univ. London, 29 - 39 Brunswick Sq., London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy King, Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Bari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy King, Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Deng H, Cao S, Zhang G, Xiao Y, Liu X, Wang F, Tang W, Lu X. OsVPE2, a Member of Vacuolar Processing Enzyme Family, Decreases Chilling Tolerance of Rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 17:5. [PMID: 38194166 PMCID: PMC10776553 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-023-00682-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Chilling is a major abiotic stress affecting rice growth, development and geographical distribution. Plant vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs) contribute to the seed storage protein processing and mediate the programmed cell death by abiotic and biotic stresses. However, little is known about the roles of plant VPEs in cold stress responses and tolerance regulation. Here, we found that OsVPE2 was a chilling-responsive gene. The early-indica rice variety Xiangzaoxian31 overexpressing OsVPE2 was more sensitive to chilling stress, whereas the OsVPE2-knockout mutants generated by the CRISPR-Cas9 technology exhibited significantly enhanced chilling tolerance at the seedling stage without causing yield loss. Deficiency of OsVPE2 reduces relative electrolyte leakage, accumulation of toxic compounds such as reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, and promotes antioxidant enzyme activities under chilling stress conditions. It was indicated that OsVPE2 mediated the disintegration of vacuoles under chilling stress, accompanied by the entry of swollen mitochondria into vacuoles. OsVPE2 suppressed the expression of genes that have a positive regulatory role in antioxidant process. Moreover, haplotype analysis suggested that the natural variation in the OsVPE2 non-coding region may endow OsVPE2 with different expression levels, thereby probably conferring differences in cold tolerance between japonica and indica sub-population. Our results thus reveal a new biological function of the VPE family in regulating cold resistance, and suggest that the gene editing or natural variations of OsVPE2 can be used to create cold tolerant rice varieties with stable yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabing Deng
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Sai Cao
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Guilian Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yunhua Xiao
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xiong Liu
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Wenbang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
- Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Xuedan Lu
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
- Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha, 410128, China.
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Song J, Han M, Zhu X, Li H, Ning Y, Zhang W, Yang H. MhCLC-c1, a Cl channel c homolog from Malus hupehensis, alleviates NaCl-induced cell death by inhibiting intracellular Cl - accumulation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:306. [PMID: 37286968 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overaccumulation of chloride (Cl) when plants suffer NaCl causes cell damage and death, and is regulated by Cl- channel protein (CLC). Apple roots are very sensitive to Cl-, but information associated with CLC is limited in apple crop that widely cultivated in the world. RESULTS We identified 9 CLCs from the apple genome and divided them into two subclasses. Among them, MdCLC-c1 promoter contained the largest number of cis-acting elements associated with NaCl stress, and only the MdCLC-c1, MdCLC-d, and MdCLC-g were predicted that may be Cl- antiporters or channels. Expression analysis of MdCLCs homologs in the roots of Malus hupehensis showed that most of the MhCLCs expression were response to NaCl stress, especially MhCLC-c1 expression was upregulated continuously and rapidly expressed during NaCl treatment. Therefore, we isolated MhCLC-c1 and observed it was a plasma membrane-localized protein. The MhCLC-c1 suppression significantly increased sensitivity, reactive oxygen species content, and cell death of apple calli; while MhCLC-c1 overexpression decreased sensitivity, reactive oxygen species content, and cell death of apple calli and Arabidopsis by inhibiting intracellular Cl- accumulation under NaCl stress. CONCLUSIONS The study selected and isolated a CLC-c gene MhCLC-c1 from Malus hupehensis based on identification of CLCs gene family in apple, and their homologs MhCLCs expression patterns during NaCl treatments, revealing that MhCLC-c1 alleviates NaCl-induced cell death by inhibiting intracellular Cl- accumulation. Our findings confer the comprehensive and in-depth upstanding of the mechanism that plants resist salt stress, and might also confer genetic improvement of salt tolerance in horticultural crops and the development and utilization of saline-alkali land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Song
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Mengyuan Han
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Huan Li
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yuansheng Ning
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.
| | - Hongqiang Yang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.
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Wleklik K, Borek S. Vacuolar Processing Enzymes in Plant Programmed Cell Death and Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021198. [PMID: 36674706 PMCID: PMC9862320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs) are plant cysteine proteases that are subjected to autoactivation in an acidic pH. It is presumed that VPEs, by activating other vacuolar hydrolases, are in control of tonoplast rupture during programmed cell death (PCD). Involvement of VPEs has been indicated in various types of plant PCD related to development, senescence, and environmental stress responses. Another pathway induced during such processes is autophagy, which leads to the degradation of cellular components and metabolite salvage, and it is presumed that VPEs may be involved in the degradation of autophagic bodies during plant autophagy. As both PCD and autophagy occur under similar conditions, research on the relationship between them is needed, and VPEs, as key vacuolar proteases, seem to be an important factor to consider. They may even constitute a potential point of crosstalk between cell death and autophagy in plant cells. This review describes new insights into the role of VPEs in plant PCD, with an emphasis on evidence and hypotheses on the interconnections between autophagy and cell death, and indicates several new research opportunities.
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Luo T, Song Y, Gao H, Wang M, Cui H, Ji C, Wang J, Yuan L, Li R. Genome-wide identification and functional analysis of Dof transcription factor family in Camelina sativa. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:812. [PMID: 36476342 PMCID: PMC9730592 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-09056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dof transcription factors (TFs) containing C2-C2 zinc finger domains are plant-specific regulatory proteins, playing crucial roles in a variety of biological processes. However, little is known about Dof in Camelina sativa, an important oil crop worldwide, with high stress tolerance. In this study, a genome-wide characterization of Dof proteins is performed to examine their basic structural characteristics, phylogenetics, expression patterns, and functions to identify the regulatory mechanism underlying lipid/oil accumulation and the candidate Dofs mediating stress resistance regulation in C. sativa. RESULTS Total of 103 CsDof genes unevenly distributed on 20 chromosomes were identified from the C. sativa genome, and they were classified into four groups (A, B, C and D) based on the classification of Arabidopsis Dof gene family. All of the CsDof proteins contained the highly-conserved typic CX2C-X21-CX2C structure. Segmental duplication and purifying selection were detected for CsDof genes. 61 CsDof genes were expressed in multiple tissues, and 20 of them showed tissue-specific expression patterns, suggesting that CsDof genes functioned differentially in different tissues of C. sativa. Remarkably, a set of CsDof members were detected to be possible involved in regulation of oil/lipid biosynthesis in C. sativa. Six CsDof genes exhibited significant expression changes in seedlings under salt stress treatment. CONCLUSIONS The present data reveals that segmental duplication is the key force responsible for the expansion of CsDof gene family, and a strong purifying pressure plays a crucial role in CsDofs' evolution. Several CsDof TFs may mediate lipid metabolism and stress responses in C. sativa. Several CsDof TFs may mediate lipid metabolism and stress responses in C. sativa. Collectively, our findings provide a foundation for deep understanding the roles of CsDofs and genetic improvements of oil yield and salt stress tolerance in this species and the related crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Luo
- grid.412545.30000 0004 1798 1300Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 China
| | - Yanan Song
- grid.412545.30000 0004 1798 1300Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 China
| | - Huiling Gao
- grid.412545.30000 0004 1798 1300Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 China
| | - Meng Wang
- grid.412545.30000 0004 1798 1300Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 China
| | - Hongli Cui
- grid.412545.30000 0004 1798 1300Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 China
| | - Chunli Ji
- grid.412545.30000 0004 1798 1300Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 China
| | - Jiping Wang
- grid.412545.30000 0004 1798 1300Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 China
| | - Lixia Yuan
- grid.495248.60000 0004 1778 6134College of Biological Science and Technology, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong, 030600 Shanxi China
| | - Runzhi Li
- grid.412545.30000 0004 1798 1300Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 China
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MdPP2C24/37, Protein Phosphatase Type 2Cs from Apple, Interact with MdPYL2/12 to Negatively Regulate ABA Signaling in Transgenic Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214375. [PMID: 36430851 PMCID: PMC9696740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays an important role in the ability of plants to cope with drought stress. As core members of the ABA signaling pathway, protein phosphatase type 2Cs (PP2Cs) have been reported in many species. However, the functions of MdPP2Cs in apple (Malus domestica) are unclear. In this study, we identified two PP2C-encoding genes, MdPP2C24/37, with conserved PP2C catalytic domains, using sequence alignment. The nucleus-located MdPP2C24/37 genes were induced by ABA or mannitol in apple. Genetic analysis revealed that overexpression of MdPP2C24/37 in Arabidopsis thaliana led to plant insensitivity to ABA or mannitol treatment, in terms of inhibiting seed germination and overall seedling establishment. The expression of stress marker genes was upregulated in MdPP2C24/37 transgenic lines. At the same time, MdPP2C24/37 transgenic lines displayed inhibited ABA-mediated stomatal closure, which led to higher water loss rates. Moreover, when exposed to drought stress, chlorophyll levels decreased and MDA and H2O2 levels accumulated in the MdPP2C24/37 transgenic lines. Further, MdPP2C24/37 interacted with MdPYL2/12 in vitro and vivo. The results indicate that MdPP2C24/37 act as negative regulators in response to ABA-mediated drought resistance.
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Zhu L, Wang X, Tian J, Zhang X, Yu T, Li Y, Li D. Genome-wide analysis of VPE family in four Gossypium species and transcriptional expression of VPEs in the upland cotton seedlings under abiotic stresses. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 22:179-192. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-021-00818-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Wan Abdullah WMAN, Saidi NB, Yusof MT, Wee CY, Loh HS, Ong-Abdullah J, Lai KS. Vacuolar Processing Enzymes Modulating Susceptibility Response to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 Infections in Banana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:769855. [PMID: 35095950 PMCID: PMC8790485 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.769855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (FocTR4) is a destructive necrotrophic fungal pathogen afflicting global banana production. Infection process involves the activation of programmed cell death (PCD). In this study, seven Musa acuminata vacuolar processing enzyme (MaVPE1-MaVPE7) genes associated with PCD were successfully identified. Phylogenetic analysis and tissue-specific expression categorized these MaVPEs into the seed and vegetative types. FocTR4 infection induced the majority of MaVPE expressions in the susceptible cultivar "Berangan" as compared to the resistant cultivar "Jari Buaya." Consistently, upon FocTR4 infection, high caspase-1 activity was detected in the susceptible cultivar, while low level of caspase-1 activity was recorded in the resistant cultivar. Furthermore, inhibition of MaVPE activities via caspase-1 inhibitor in the susceptible cultivar reduced tonoplast rupture, decreased lesion formation, and enhanced stress tolerance against FocTR4 infection. Additionally, the Arabidopsis VPE-null mutant exhibited higher tolerance to FocTR4 infection, indicated by reduced sporulation rate, low levels of H2O2 content, and high levels of cell viability. Comparative proteomic profiling analysis revealed increase in the abundance of cysteine proteinase in the inoculated susceptible cultivar, as opposed to cysteine proteinase inhibitors in the resistant cultivar. In conclusion, the increase in vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE)-mediated PCD played a crucial role in modulating susceptibility response during compatible interaction, which facilitated FocTR4 colonization in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noor Baity Saidi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Termizi Yusof
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Chien-Yeong Wee
- Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Hwei-San Loh
- Faculty of Science, School of Biosciences, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Malaysia
- Biotechnology Research Centre, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Janna Ong-Abdullah
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Song Lai
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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