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Santos MG, Nunes da Silva M, Vasconcelos MW, Carvalho SMP. Scientific and technological advances in the development of sustainable disease management tools: a case study on kiwifruit bacterial canker. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1306420. [PMID: 38273947 PMCID: PMC10808555 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1306420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Plant disease outbreaks are increasing in a world facing climate change and globalized markets, representing a serious threat to food security. Kiwifruit Bacterial Canker (KBC), caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), was selected as a case study for being an example of a pandemic disease that severely impacted crop production, leading to huge economic losses, and for the effort that has been made to control this disease. This review provides an in-depth and critical analysis on the scientific progress made for developing alternative tools for sustainable KBC management. Their status in terms of technological maturity is discussed and a set of opportunities and threats are also presented. The gradual replacement of susceptible kiwifruit cultivars, with more tolerant ones, significantly reduced KBC incidence and was a major milestone for Psa containment - which highlights the importance of plant breeding. Nonetheless, this is a very laborious process. Moreover, the potential threat of Psa evolving to more virulent biovars, or resistant lineages to existing control methods, strengthens the need of keep on exploring effective and more environmentally friendly tools for KBC management. Currently, plant elicitors and beneficial fungi and bacteria are already being used in the field with some degree of success. Precision agriculture technologies, for improving early disease detection and preventing pathogen dispersal, are also being developed and optimized. These include hyperspectral technologies and forecast models for Psa risk assessment, with the latter being slightly more advanced in terms of technological maturity. Additionally, plant protection products based on innovative formulations with molecules with antibacterial activity against Psa (e.g., essential oils, phages and antimicrobial peptides) have been validated primarily in laboratory trials and with few compounds already reaching field application. The lessons learned with this pandemic disease, and the acquired scientific and technological knowledge, can be of importance for sustainably managing other plant diseases and handling future pandemic outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel G. Santos
- GreenUPorto—Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/Inov4Agro, DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Marta Nunes da Silva
- GreenUPorto—Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/Inov4Agro, DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF – Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta W. Vasconcelos
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF – Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana M. P. Carvalho
- GreenUPorto—Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/Inov4Agro, DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
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Reglinski T, Wurms KV, Vanneste JL, Ah Chee A, Schipper M, Cornish D, Yu J, McAlinden J, Hedderley D. Kiwifruit Resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae and Defence Induction by Acibenzolar-S-methyl and Methyl Jasmonate Are Cultivar Dependent. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15952. [PMID: 37958935 PMCID: PMC10647243 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen susceptibility and defence gene inducibility were compared between the Actinidia arguta cultivar 'Hortgem Tahi' and the two cultivars of A. chinensis 'Hayward' and 'Zesy002'. Plants were treated with acibenzolar-s-methyl (ASM) or methyl jasmonate (MeJA) one week before inoculation with Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa biovar3) or Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, or secondary induction with chitosan+glucan (Ch-Glu) as a potential pathogen proxy. Defence expression was evaluated by measuring the expression of 18 putative defence genes. 'Hortgem Tahi' was highly susceptible to sclerotinia and very resistant to Psa, whereas 'Zesy002' was highly resistant to both, and 'Hayward' was moderately susceptible to both. Gene expression in 'Hayward' and 'Zesy002' was alike but differed significantly from 'Hortgem Tahi' which had higher basal levels of PR1-i, PR5-i, JIH1, NPR3 and WRKY70 but lower expression of RD22 and PR2-i. Treatment with ASM caused upregulation of NIMIN2, PR1-i, WRKY70, DMR6 and PR5-i in all cultivars and induced resistance to Psa in 'Zesy002' and 'Hayward' but decreased resistance to sclerotinia in 'Zesy002'. MeJA application caused upregulation of LOX2 and downregulation of NIMIN2, DMR6 and PR2-i but did not affect disease susceptibility. The Ch-Glu inducer induced PR-gene families in each cultivar, highlighting its possible effectiveness as an alternative to actual pathogen inoculation. The significance of variations in fundamental and inducible gene expression among the cultivars is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Reglinski
- Ruakura Research Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand; (K.V.W.); (J.L.V.); (A.A.C.); (M.S.); (D.C.); (J.Y.); (J.M.)
| | - Kirstin V. Wurms
- Ruakura Research Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand; (K.V.W.); (J.L.V.); (A.A.C.); (M.S.); (D.C.); (J.Y.); (J.M.)
| | - Joel L. Vanneste
- Ruakura Research Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand; (K.V.W.); (J.L.V.); (A.A.C.); (M.S.); (D.C.); (J.Y.); (J.M.)
| | - Annette Ah Chee
- Ruakura Research Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand; (K.V.W.); (J.L.V.); (A.A.C.); (M.S.); (D.C.); (J.Y.); (J.M.)
| | - Magan Schipper
- Ruakura Research Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand; (K.V.W.); (J.L.V.); (A.A.C.); (M.S.); (D.C.); (J.Y.); (J.M.)
| | - Deirdre Cornish
- Ruakura Research Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand; (K.V.W.); (J.L.V.); (A.A.C.); (M.S.); (D.C.); (J.Y.); (J.M.)
| | - Janet Yu
- Ruakura Research Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand; (K.V.W.); (J.L.V.); (A.A.C.); (M.S.); (D.C.); (J.Y.); (J.M.)
| | - Jordan McAlinden
- Ruakura Research Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand; (K.V.W.); (J.L.V.); (A.A.C.); (M.S.); (D.C.); (J.Y.); (J.M.)
| | - Duncan Hedderley
- Palmerston North Research Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
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Hemara LM, Jayaraman J, Sutherland PW, Montefiori M, Arshed S, Chatterjee A, Chen R, Andersen MT, Mesarich CH, van der Linden O, Yoon M, Schipper MM, Vanneste JL, Brendolise C, Templeton MD. Effector loss drives adaptation of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 to Actinidia arguta. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010542. [PMID: 35622878 PMCID: PMC9182610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A pandemic isolate of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 (Psa3) has devastated kiwifruit orchards growing cultivars of Actinidia chinensis. In contrast, A. arguta (kiwiberry) is not a host of Psa3. Resistance is mediated via effector-triggered immunity, as demonstrated by induction of the hypersensitive response in infected A. arguta leaves, observed by microscopy and quantified by ion-leakage assays. Isolates of Psa3 that cause disease in A. arguta have been isolated and analyzed, revealing a 51 kb deletion in the exchangeable effector locus (EEL). This natural EEL-mutant isolate and strains with synthetic knockouts of the EEL were more virulent in A. arguta plantlets than wild-type Psa3. Screening of a complete library of Psa3 effector knockout strains identified increased growth in planta for knockouts of four effectors–AvrRpm1a, HopF1c, HopZ5a, and the EEL effector HopAW1a –suggesting a resistance response in A. arguta. Hypersensitive response (HR) assays indicate that three of these effectors trigger a host species-specific HR. A Psa3 strain with all four effectors knocked out escaped host recognition, but a cumulative increase in bacterial pathogenicity and virulence was not observed. These avirulence effectors can be used in turn to identify the first cognate resistance genes in Actinidia for breeding durable resistance into future kiwifruit cultivars. Clonally propagated monoculture crop plants facilitate the emergence and spread of new diseases. Plant pathogens cause disease by the secretion of effectors that function by repressing the host defense response. While the last few decades have seen a huge increase in our understanding of the role effectors play in mediating plant-pathogen interactions, the combinations of effectors required for the establishment of plant disease and that account for host specificity are less well understood. Breeding genetic resistance is often used to protect plants from disease but it is frequently evaded by rapidly evolving pathogens. Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) which causes bacterial canker disease of kiwifruit has spread rapidly throughout the world’s kiwifruit orchards, particularly those growing cultivars of Actinidia chinensis. Other Actinidia species including A. arguta display strong resistance conferred by recognition of effectors delivered by Psa. We explore the depth and dynamics of Psa effector recognition by A. arguta and show that there is a trade-off between losses of effector recognition by A. arguta versus the retention of pathogenicity. Our findings should aid in the understanding of how to breed durable resistance into perennial plants challenged by swiftly evolving pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Hemara
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aoteoroa, New Zealand
| | - Jay Jayaraman
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aoteoroa, New Zealand
| | - Paul W. Sutherland
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mirco Montefiori
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Saadiah Arshed
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Abhishek Chatterjee
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ronan Chen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Food Industry Science Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Mark T. Andersen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Carl H. Mesarich
- Bioprotection Aoteoroa, New Zealand
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Otto van der Linden
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Minsoo Yoon
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Magan M. Schipper
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Ruakura Campus, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Joel L. Vanneste
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Ruakura Campus, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Cyril Brendolise
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matthew D. Templeton
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Bioprotection Aoteoroa, New Zealand
- * E-mail: ,
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Nunes da Silva M, Carvalho SMP, Rodrigues AM, Gómez-Cadenas A, António C, Vasconcelos MW. Defence-related pathways, phytohormones and primary metabolism are key players in kiwifruit plant tolerance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:528-541. [PMID: 34773419 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The reasons underlying the differential tolerance of Actinidia spp. to the pandemic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) have not yet been elucidated. We hypothesized that differential plant-defence strategies linked to transcriptome regulation, phytohormones and primary metabolism might be key and that Actinidia chinensis susceptibility results from an inefficient activation of defensive mechanisms and metabolic impairments shortly following infection. Here, 48 h postinoculation bacterial density was 10-fold higher in A. chinensis var. deliciosa than in Actinidia arguta, accompanied by significant increases in glutamine, ornithine, jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) (up to 3.2-fold). Actinidia arguta showed decreased abscisic acid (ABA) (0.7-fold), no changes in primary metabolites, and 20 defence-related genes that were only differentially expressed in this species. These include GLOX1, FOX1, SN2 and RBOHA, which may contribute to its higher tolerance. Results suggest that A. chinensis' higher susceptibility to Psa is due to an inefficient activation of plant defences, with the involvement of ABA, JA and SA, leading to impairments in primary metabolism, particularly the ammonia assimilation cycle. A schematic overview on the interaction between Psa and genotypes with distinct tolerance is provided, highlighting the key transcriptomic and metabolomic aspects contributing to the different plant phenotypes after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Nunes da Silva
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (CBQF), Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/Inov4Agro, DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Susana M P Carvalho
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/Inov4Agro, DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Ana M Rodrigues
- Plant Metabolomics Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Carla António
- Plant Metabolomics Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marta W Vasconcelos
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (CBQF), Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
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Nunes da Silva M, Vasconcelos MW, Pinto V, Balestra GM, Mazzaglia A, Gomez-Cadenas A, Carvalho SMP. Role of methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid in kiwifruit plants further subjected to Psa infection: biochemical and genetic responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 162:258-266. [PMID: 33711719 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of plant elicitors for controlling Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), the etiological agent of the kiwifruit bacterial canker (KBC), has been analysed in the past and, while salicylic acid (SA) seems to decrease disease susceptibility, methyl jasmonate (MJ) shows an opposite effect. However, the metabolic and genomic responses of Psa-infected plants following elicitation with these two compounds, as compared with non-elicited Psa-inoculated plants, are poorly understood, being the focus of this study. Micropropagated A. chinensis 'Hayward' plants were elicited with MJ or SA, and further inoculated with Psa. Fifteen days post-inoculation, Psa population in MJ-treated plants was increased by 7.4-fold, whereas SA elicitation led to decreased Psa colonization (0.5-fold), as compared with non-elicited inoculated plants. Additionally, elicitation with MJ or SA generally decreased polyphenols and lignin concentrations (by at least 20%) and increased total proteins (by at least 50%). MJ led to the upregulation of SOD, involved in plant antioxidant system, and reporter genes for the jasmonic acid (JA) (JIH and LOX1), abscisic acid (SnRK), SA (ICS1), and ethylene (ACAS1, ETR1 and SAM) pathways. Moreover, it increased ABA (40%) and decreased carotenoids (30%) concentrations. Contrastingly, comparing with non-elicited Psa-inoculated plants, SA application resulted in the downregulation of antioxidant system-related genes (SOD and APX) and of reporter genes for ethylene (ETR1) and JA (JIH and ETR1). This study contributes to the understanding of potential mechanisms involved in kiwifruit plant defences against Psa, highlighting the role of the JA, ABA and ethylene in plant susceptibility to the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nunes da Silva
- GreenUPorto - Research Centre for Sustainable Agrifood Production & DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua da Agrária 747, 4485-646, Vairão, Portugal; Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
| | - M W Vasconcelos
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
| | - V Pinto
- GreenUPorto - Research Centre for Sustainable Agrifood Production & DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua da Agrária 747, 4485-646, Vairão, Portugal
| | - G M Balestra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - A Mazzaglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - A Gomez-Cadenas
- Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Vicent Sos Baynat, 12071, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - S M P Carvalho
- GreenUPorto - Research Centre for Sustainable Agrifood Production & DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua da Agrária 747, 4485-646, Vairão, Portugal.
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