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Lee JG, Eum HL, Lee EJ. Relationship between skin greasiness and cuticular wax in harvested "Hongro" apples. Food Chem 2024; 450:139334. [PMID: 38636379 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the ripening and skin greasiness of "Hongro" apples during storage at 20 °C. Postharvest treatment using 100 μLL-1 ethylene accelerated ripening and increased greasiness, whereas treatment using 1 μLL-1 1-methylcyclopropene delayed ripening and reduced greasiness. Scanning electron microscopy showed changes in cuticular wax structure linked to greasiness. Metabolic analysis identified specific metabolites related to greasiness, which varied upon postharvest treatment. Greasiness was positively associated with ethylene production and butyl-9,12-octadecadienoate content. Random forest modeling predicted greasiness levels with high accuracy, with root mean square error values of 0.322 and 0.362 for training and validation datasets, respectively. These findings illuminate the complex interplay between postharvest treatment, apple ripening, wax composition, and skin greasiness. The application of predictive models exemplifies the potential for technology-driven approaches in agriculture and aids in the development of postharvest strategies to control greasiness and maintain fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Gu Lee
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyang Lan Eum
- Postharvest Technology Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Jin Lee
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Li J, Cao Y, Bian S, Hong SB, Xu K, Zang Y, Zheng W. Melatonin improves the storage quality of rabbiteye blueberry ( Vaccinium ashei) by affecting cuticular wax profile. Food Chem X 2024; 21:101106. [PMID: 38235345 PMCID: PMC10793084 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.101106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cuticular wax is the first line of structural defense for plants against external stresses. This study investigated the effects of melatonin (MT) on chemical composition and accumulation profile of wax, as well as fruit quality of rabbiteye blueberry during storage. The results indicated a significant reduction in the overall wax content during storage. Nevertheless, MT effectively delayed the decline, with a higher amount of 9.8% and 15.17% in the treated 'Baldwin' and 'Garden Blue' compared to their respective controls at 21st day of storage. The wax composition significantly varied depending on storage time, MT treatment, and cultivars. Additionally, MT markedly improved the fruit quality of rabbiteye blueberries. Correlation analysis revealed water loss and decay rates were negatively correlated with triterpenoids and fatty acids. Taken together, this study highlights the positive effects of post-harvest MT application on shelf life and fruit quality of blueberry by modifying the wax profile during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaru Cao
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
- Jiaxing Vocational and Technical College, Jiaxing 314001, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shicun Bian
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Seung-Beom Hong
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Houston Clear Lake, Houston, TX 77058-1098, USA
| | - Kai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunxiang Zang
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
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Gapper NE. NACs strike again: NOR-like1 is responsible for cuticle development in tomato fruit. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1791-1795. [PMID: 38534188 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
This article comments on:
Liu G-S, Huang H, Grierson D, Gao Y, Ji X, Peng Z-Z, Li H-L, Niu X-L, Jia W, He J-L, Xiang L-T, Gao H-Y, Qu G-Q, Zhu H-L, Zhu B-Z, Luo Y-B, Fu D-Q. 2024. NAC transcription factor SlNOR-like1 plays a dual regulatory role in tomato fruit cuticle formation. Journal of Experimental Botany 75, 1903–1918.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel E Gapper
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
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Jiang H, Qi CH, Gao HN, Feng ZQ, Wu YT, Xu XX, Cui JY, Wang XF, Lv YH, Gao WS, Jiang YM, You CX, Li YY. MdBT2 regulates nitrogen-mediated cuticular wax biosynthesis via a MdMYB106-MdCER2L1 signalling pathway in apple. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:131-144. [PMID: 38172573 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01587-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Cuticular waxes play important roles in plant development and the interaction between plants and their environment. Researches on wax biosynthetic pathways have been reported in several plant species. Also, wax formation is closely related to environmental condition. However, the regulatory mechanism between wax and environmental factors, especially essential mineral elements, is less studied. Here we found that nitrogen (N) played a negative role in the regulation of wax synthesis in apple. We therefore analysed wax content, composition and crystals in BTB-TAZ domain protein 2 (MdBT2) overexpressing and antisense transgenic apple seedlings and found that MdBT2 could downregulate wax biosynthesis. Furthermore, R2R3-MYB transcription factor 16-like protein (MdMYB106) interacted with MdBT2, and MdBT2 mediated its ubiquitination and degradation through the 26S proteasome pathway. Finally, HXXXD-type acyl-transferase ECERIFERUM 2-like1 (MdCER2L1) was confirmed as a downstream target gene of MdMYB106. Our findings reveal an N-mediated apple wax biosynthesis pathway and lay a foundation for further study of the environmental factors associated with wax regulatory networks in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jiang
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Chen-Hui Qi
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Huai-Na Gao
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Zi-Quan Feng
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Ya-Ting Wu
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xin-Xiang Xu
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Jian-Ying Cui
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Wang
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yan-Hui Lv
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Wen-Sheng Gao
- Shandong Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan-Mao Jiang
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Chun-Xiang You
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.
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Eum HL, Lee JH, Park MH, Chang MS, Park PH, Cho JH. Comparative Analysis of Metabolites of 'Hongro' Apple Greasiness in Response to Temperature. Foods 2023; 12:4088. [PMID: 38002146 PMCID: PMC10670088 DOI: 10.3390/foods12224088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Greasiness in apple skin reduces its quality, and its level varies depending on the variety. In this study, low-temperature (1 ± 0.5 °C) stored 'Hongro' and 'Fuji', which had differences in the occurrence of greasiness, were moved to room temperature (20 °C) and untargeted metabolite and fatty acids for skin and flesh along with quality changes due to greasiness occurrence were compared. Ethylene production differed noticeably between the two varieties and increased rapidly in 'Hongro' until 9 d of room-temperature storage. The ethylene production did not differ significantly between the two varieties on day 20 when greasiness occurred. According to the PLS-DA score plot, while 'Hongro' had similar amounts of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids, 'Fuji' had approximately twice as much unsaturated-fatty-acid content. 'Hongro', after 50 d of low-temperature (1 ± 0.5 °C) storage, produced excessive ethylene during room-temperature storage, which was directly related to greasiness development. As a result, the primary wax components of greasy 'Hongro' were nonacosane and nonacosan-10-ol. As the room-temperature storage period elapsed, pentyl linoleate and α-farnesene contents increased significantly. Furthermore, these greasiness-triggering characteristics of 'Hongro' may have been genetically influenced by the paternal parent used during breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyang Lan Eum
- Postharvest Technology Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.L.); (M.-H.P.); (M.-S.C.); (P.H.P.); (J.H.C.)
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Sheng L, Wang H, Harris LJ, Wang L. Survival of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella in citrus storage waxes or on lemons held under common commercial storage conditions. Food Microbiol 2023; 115:104339. [PMID: 37567640 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
To prolong cold storage, diluted storage waxes are applied to washed lemons after harvest and before packing, without drying steps, to reduce premature rotting and water loss. The survival of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella in undiluted and diluted storage waxes (S1-S4), and on lemon surfaces under common commercial storage were investigated. Populations of L. monocytogenes declined more slowly than Salmonella in undiluted storage waxes over 24 h of storage at 4 or 22 °C. L. monocytogenes (inoculated at ∼6 log CFU/mL) was detected by enrichment in undiluted waxes S2, S3, and S4 after 75-135 days at 4 °C but not after 30, 10, or 105 days, respectively at 22 °C. L. monocytogenes survived better in diluted than in undiluted storage waxes at 22 °C. Populations of L. monocytogenes (∼6 log CFU/lemon) declined by 0.64-1.62 log on lemon surfaces right after waxing. Populations of L. monocytogenes decreased to <1.30 log CFU/lemon after 28 days (1:9 S1) or 75 days (other treatments) at 12 °C and ≥93% RH. Except for 1:9 S1, L. monocytogenes was detected by enrichment in all lemon samples over 87 days of storage. Packinghouses should consider the survival of L. monocytogenes and Salmonella in citrus storage waxes in their food safety programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Hongye Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Linda J Harris
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Western Center for Food Safety, University of California, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Luxin Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Tankiewicz M. Assessment of Apple Peel Barrier Effect to Pesticide Permeation Using Franz Diffusion Cell and QuEChERS Method Coupled with GC-MS/MS. Foods 2023; 12:3220. [PMID: 37685153 PMCID: PMC10486934 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a new approach to pesticide permeation through the apple peel into the pulp is discussed. The tested compounds can be classified, based on mode of action, as systemic (boscalid, cyprodinil, pirimicarb, propiconazole and tebuconazole) or contact (captan, cypermethrin and fludioxonil) pesticides. The barrier effect was assessed using a Franz flow-type vertical diffusion cell system. A residue analysis was performed using a modified quick, easy, cheap, efficient, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) extraction method coupled to gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The limits of detection (LODs) ranged between 2.6 µg kg-1 (pirimicarb) and 17 µg kg-1 (captan), with the coefficient of variability (CV) lower than 6%, while recoveries ranged from 85% (boscalid) to 112% (captan) at 0.1 and 1 mg kg-1 spiked levels. The highest peel penetration was observed for pirimicarb, captan and cyprodinil, with cumulative permeations of 90, 19 and 17 µg cm-2, respectively. The total absorption was in the range from 0.32% (tebuconazole) to 32% (pirimicarb). Only cypermethrin was not quantitatively detected in the pulp, and its use can be recommended in crop protection techniques. The obtained results indicate that molecular weight, octanol-water partition coefficient and water solubility are important parameters determining the process of pesticide absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Tankiewicz
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębowa Str. 23A, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland
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Li D, Li X, Cheng Y, Guan J. Effect of 1-methylcyclopropene on peel greasiness, yellowing, and related gene expression in postharvest 'Yuluxiang' pear. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1082041. [PMID: 36714764 PMCID: PMC9878607 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1082041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
'Yuluxiang' pear (Pyrus sinkiangensis) commonly develop a greasy coating and yellowing during storage. In this study, 1.0 μL L-1 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) was applied to 'Yuluxiang' pear to investigate its effects on fruit quality, peel wax composition, greasiness index, chlorophyll content, and the expression pattern of related genes during storage at ambient temperature (25°C). The results showed that 1-MCP treatment maintained higher fruit firmness and chlorophyll content, decreased respiration rate, and postponed the peak of ethylene production rate, lowered the greasy index of the peel. The main wax components of peel accumulated during storage, the principal ones being alkenes (C23, C25, and C29), fatty acids (C16, C18:1, and C28), aldehydes (C24:1, C26:1, and C28:1), and esters (C22:1 fatty alcohol-C16 fatty acid, C22:1 fatty alcohol-C18:1 fatty acid, C22 fatty alcohol-C16 fatty acid, C22 fatty alcohol-C18:1 fatty acid, C24:1 fatty alcohol-C18:1 fatty acid, and C24 fatty alcohol-C18:1 fatty acid), and were reduced by 1-MCP. 1-MCP also decreased the expression of genes associated with ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction (ACS1, ACO1, ERS1, ETR2, and ERF1), chlorophyll breakdown (NYC1, NOL, PAO, PPH, and SGR), and wax accumulation (LACS1, LACS6, KCS1, KCS2, KCS4, KCS10L, KCS11L, KCS20, FDH, CER10, KCR1, ABCG11L, ABCG12, ABCG21L, LTPG1, LTP4, CAC3, CAC3L, and DGAT1L). There were close relationships among wax components (alkanes, alkenes, fatty acids, esters, and aldehydes), chlorophyll content, greasiness index, and level of expression of genes associated with wax synthesis and chlorophyll breakdown. These results suggest that 1-MCP treatment decreased the wax content of 'Yuluxiang' pear and delayed the development of peel greasiness and yellowing by inhibiting the expression of genes related to the ethylene synthesis, signal transduction, wax synthesis, and chlorophyll degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Handan University, Handan, China
| | - Xueling Li
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yudou Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Junfeng Guan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
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CsCER6 and CsCER7 Influence Fruit Glossiness by Regulating Fruit Cuticular Wax Accumulation in Cucumber. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021135. [PMID: 36674649 PMCID: PMC9864978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruit glossiness is an important external fruit quality trait that greatly affects the marketability of fresh cucumber (Cucumis sativus) fruits. A few reports have suggested that the extent of cuticular wax loading influences the glossiness of the fruit surface. In the present study, we tested the wax contents of two inbred cucumber lines, comparing a line with waxy fruit (3401) and a line with glossy fruit (3413). Wax content analysis and dewaxing analysis demonstrate that fruit cuticular wax loads negatively correlate with fruit glossiness in cucumber. Identifying genes that were differentially expressed in fruit pericarps between 3401 and 3413 and genes induced by abscisic acid suggested that the wax biosynthesis gene CsCER6 (Cucumis sativus ECERIFERUM 6) and the regulatory gene CsCER7 may affect wax accumulation on cucumber fruit. Expression analysis via RT-qPCR, GUS-staining, and in situ hybridization revealed that CsCER6 and CsCER7 are abundantly expressed in the epidermis cells in cucumber fruits. Furthermore, the overexpression and RNAi lines of CsCER6 and CsCER7 showed dramatic effects on fruit cuticular wax contents, fruit glossiness, and cuticle permeability. Our results suggest that CsCER6 and CsCER7 positively regulate fruit cuticular wax accumulation and negatively influence fruit glossiness.
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Wang Z, Liu S, Huo W, Chen M, Zhang Y, Jiang S. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses reveal phenotype formation differences between russet and non-russet apples. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1057226. [PMID: 36426145 PMCID: PMC9678910 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1057226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The apple is an economically important fruit, and fruit russeting is not conducive to its appearance. Although studies have examined fruit russeting, its mechanism remains unclear. Two apple strains of the F1 hybrid population derived from 'Fuji' and 'Golden Delicious' were used in this study. We found that the skin of russet apples was rough and fissured, while that of non-russet apples was smooth and waxy. Chemical staining, LC- and GC-MS showed that both lignin and suberin were increased in russet apple skin. Meanwhile, genes involved in lignin and suberin synthetic pathways were upregulated in russet apple skin. Additionally, we found many differentially expressed genes (DEGs1) involved in hormone biosynthesis and signaling and stress responses in the two apple strains. We found that WRKY13 may influence russeting by regulating lignin synthesis. Our study identified several candidate metabolites and genes, which will provide a good foundation for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Shasha Liu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenping Huo
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Min Chen
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Yugang Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Shenghui Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
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Huo Z, Xu Y, Yuan S, Chang J, Li S, Wang J, Zhao H, Xu R, Zhong F. The AP2 Transcription Factor BrSHINE3 Regulates Wax Accumulation in Nonheading Chinese Cabbage. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113454. [PMID: 36362247 PMCID: PMC9656708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Wax is an acellular structural substance attached to the surface of plant tissues. It forms a protective barrier on the epidermis of plants and plays an important role in resisting abiotic and biotic stresses. In this paper, nonheading Chinese cabbage varieties with and without wax powder were observed using scanning electron microscopy, and the surface of waxy plants was covered with a layer of densely arranged waxy crystals, thus differentiating them from the surface of waxless plants. A genetic analysis showed that wax powder formation in nonheading Chinese cabbage was controlled by a pair of dominant genes. A preliminary bulked segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-seq) assay showed that one gene was located at the end of chromosome A09. Within this interval, we identified BraA09000626, encoding an AP2 transcription factor homologous to Arabidopsis AtSHINE3, and we named it BrSHINE3. By comparing the CDS of the gene in the two parental plants, a 35 bp deletion in the BrSHINE3 gene of waxless plants resulted in a frameshift mutation. Tissue analysis showed that BrSHINE3 was expressed at significantly higher levels in waxy plant rosette stage petioles and bolting stage stems than in the tissues of waxless plants. We speculate that this deletion in BrSHINE3 bases in the waxless material may inhibit wax synthesis. The overexpression of BrSHINE3 in Arabidopsis induced the accumulation of wax on the stem surface, indicating that BrSHINE3 is a key gene that regulates the formation of wax powder in nonheading Chinese cabbage. The analysis of the subcellular localization showed that BrSHINE3 is mainly located in the nucleus and chloroplast of tobacco leaves, suggesting that the gene may function as a transcription factor. Subsequent transcriptome analysis of the homology of BrSHINE3 downstream genes in nonheading Chinese cabbage showed that these genes were downregulated in waxless materials. These findings provide a basis for a better understanding of the nonheading Chinese cabbage epidermal wax synthesis pathway and provide important information for the molecular-assisted breeding of nonheading Chinese cabbage.
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Cao Y, Zang Y, Wu S, Li T, Li J, Xu K, Hong SB, Wu B, Zhang W, Zheng W. Melatonin affects cuticular wax profile in rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) during fruit development. Food Chem 2022; 384:132381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yan D, Liu Y, Ren X, Li R, Wang C, Qi Y, Xu J, Liu Z, Ding Y, Liu C. Integration of morphological, physiological and multi-omics analysis reveals a comprehensive mechanism for cuticular wax during development of greasiness in postharvest apples. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111429. [PMID: 35761672 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Skin greasiness is a common postharvest disorder of apple (Malus × domestica). However, the molecular mechanism of skin greasiness is unclear. In this study, fruits of 'Golden Delicious' (GD), 'Granny Smith', and 'Fuji' with distinct characteristics of greasiness were used for greasiness scoring, wax morphology, wax metabolite, and RNA-seq analyses. Additionally, GD fruit were treated with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), which repressed greasiness. A partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) revealed that wax esters were the critical wax fraction for skin greasiness. Among these wax esters, liquid linoleate esters of short-chain alcohols (C4-C6) and farnesol showed increased contents with increasing greasiness. Their concentrations were significantly correlated with greasiness score. To identify the genes encoding key enzymes for the synthesis of liquid linoleate esters, a weighted gene co-expression network analysis was conducted. MdDCR1, encoding an acyltransferase (defective in cuticular ridges, DCR), was selected as a candidate gene. MdDCR1 was significantly upregulated in greasy skin, and significantly suppressed by 1-MCP treatment. MdDCR1 silencing suppressed the accumulation of liquid linoleate esters of short-chain alcohols, including butyl linoleate, pentyl linoleate, and hexyl linoleate, in GD skin. These results provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of cuticular wax metabolism related to skin greasiness in apple. Our results show that transcriptional regulation of MdDCR1, encoding an acyltransferase that catalyzes the biosynthesis of liquid linoleate esters of short-chain alcohols (C4-C6) via an independent side branch of the C18:2 CoA pathway, regulates the formation of greasiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yan
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Xiaolin Ren
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Rui Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Cong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yingwei Qi
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Zhande Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuduan Ding
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Cuihua Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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14
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Rizwan HM, Waheed A, Ma S, Li J, Arshad MB, Irshad M, Li B, Yang X, Ali A, Ahmed MAA, Shaheen N, Scholz SS, Oelmüller R, Lin Z, Chen F. Comprehensive Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling of Eceriferum ( CER) Gene Family in Passion Fruit ( Passiflora edulis) Under Fusarium kyushuense and Drought Stress Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:898307. [PMID: 35832215 PMCID: PMC9272567 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.898307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant surfaces are covered with cuticle wax and are the first barrier between a plant and environmental stresses. Eceriferum (CER) is an important gene family involved in wax biosynthesis and stress resistance. In this study, for the first time, 34 CER genes were identified in the passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) genome, and PeCER proteins varied in physicochemical properties. A phylogenetic tree was constructed and divided into seven clades to identify the evolutionary relationship with other plant species. Gene structure analyses revealed that conserved motifs ranged from 1 to 24, and that exons ranged from 1 to 29. The cis-element analysis provides insight into possible roles of PeCER genes in plant growth, development and stress responses. The syntenic analysis revealed that segmental (six gene pairs) and tandem (six gene pairs) gene duplication played an important role in the expansion of PeCER genes and underwent a strong purifying selection. In addition, 12 putative ped-miRNAs were identified to be targeting 16 PeCER genes, and PeCER6 was the most targeted by four miRNAs including ped-miR157a-5p, ped-miR164b-5p, ped-miR319b, and ped-miR319l. Potential transcription factors (TFs) such as ERF, AP2, MYB, and bZIP were predicted and visualized in a TF regulatory network interacting with PeCER genes. GO and KEGG annotation analysis revealed that PeCER genes were highly related to fatty acid, cutin, and wax biosynthesis, plant-pathogen interactions, and stress response pathways. The hypothesis that most PeCER proteins were predicted to localize to the plasma membrane was validated by transient expression assays of PeCER32 protein in onion epidermal cells. qRT-PCR expression results showed that most of the PeCER genes including PeCER1, PeCER11, PeCER15, PeCER17, and PeCER32 were upregulated under drought and Fusarium kyushuense stress conditions compared to controls. These findings provide a foundation for further studies on functions of PeCER genes to further facilitate the genetic modification of passion fruit wax biosynthesis and stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Key Laboratory for Bio Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Songfeng Ma
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiankun Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal Arshad
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irshad
- College of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Binqi Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuelian Yang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ahmad Ali
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mohamed A. A. Ahmed
- Plant Production Department (Horticulture-Medicinal and Aromatic Plants), Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nusrat Shaheen
- Department of Chemistry, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Sandra S. Scholz
- Matthias Schleiden Institute, Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Matthias Schleiden Institute, Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Zhimin Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Faxing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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15
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Yang H, Zhu Z, Zhang M, Li X, Xu R, Zhu F, Xu J, Deng X, Cheng Y. CitWRKY28 and CitNAC029 promote the synthesis of cuticular wax by activating CitKCS gene expression in citrus fruit. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:905-920. [PMID: 34982198 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02826-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
CitWRKY28 and CitNAC029 are involved in cuticular wax synthesis as indicated by the comparative analysis of fruit aliphatic wax content between Citrus reticulata and Citrus trifoliata and gene co-expression analysis. Cuticular wax covers the fruit surface, playing important roles in reduction of fruit water loss and resistance to pathogen invasion. However, there is limited research on the synthesis and transcriptional regulation of cuticular wax in citrus fruit. In this study, we characterized the variations of aliphatic wax in HJ (Citrus reticulata) and ZK (Citrus trifoliata) from young fruit to mature fruit, as well as performed transcriptome sequencing on 27 samples at different fruit developmental stages. The results revealed that the ZK fruit always had a higher aliphatic wax content than the HJ fruit during development. qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that two KCS genes, CitKCS1 and CitKCS12, had the most significant difference in expression between HJ and ZK. Furthermore, a heterologous expression assay in Arabidopsis indicated that CitKCS1 and CitKCS12 are involved in cuticular wax synthesis. Subsequently, gene co-expression network analysis screened CitWRKY28 and CitNAC029. Dual luciferase and EMSA assays indicated that CitWRKY28 might bind to the promoter of CitKCS1 and CitKCS12 and CitNAC029 might bind to that of CitKCS1 to activate their expression. Moreover, CitWRKY28 and CitNAC029 could promote the accumulation of cuticular wax in Arabidopsis leaves. Our findings provide new insights into the synthesis and regulation of cuticular wax and valuable information for further mining of wax-related genes in citrus fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Yang
- National R&D Center for Citrus Postharvest Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhu
- National R&D Center for Citrus Postharvest Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mingfei Zhang
- National R&D Center for Citrus Postharvest Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xin Li
- National R&D Center for Citrus Postharvest Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Rangwei Xu
- National R&D Center for Citrus Postharvest Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- National R&D Center for Citrus Postharvest Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Juan Xu
- National R&D Center for Citrus Postharvest Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- National R&D Center for Citrus Postharvest Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- National R&D Center for Citrus Postharvest Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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16
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Abstract
Candida auris is a multidrug-resistant nosocomial fungal pathogen. While the marine environment was recently identified as a natural niche for C. auris, the environment(s) that might have contributed to the development and spread of antifungal resistance in C. auris remains a mystery. Because stored fruits are often treated with fungicides to prevent postharvest spoilage, we hypothesized that stored fruits could serve as a possible selective force for and a transmission reservoir of antifungal-resistant isolates of pathogenic yeasts, including C. auris. To test this hypothesis, we screened fruits to study the diversity of pathogenic yeasts and their antifungal susceptibility profiles. Among the 62 screened apples, the surfaces of 8 were positive for C. auris, and all were stored apples. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) showed that C. auris strains from apples were genetically diverse and exhibited broad phylogenetic distribution among the subclades within clade I. Interestingly, strains from apples had closely related strains from other sources in India, including from patients, hospitals, and marine environments, and from clinical strains from other parts of the world. A broad range of fungicides, including dimethyl inhibitors (DMIs), were detected in stored apples, and all C. auris isolates exhibited reduced sensitivity to DMIs. Interestingly, C. auris was not isolated from freshly picked apples. Together, the results suggest a potentially complex ecology for C. auris with agriculture fungicide application on stored fruits as a significant selective force for drug resistance in clinics.
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17
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Zhang M, Wang J, Liu R, Liu H, Yang H, Zhu Z, Xu R, Wang P, Deng X, Xue S, Zhu F, Cheng Y. CsMYB96 confers resistance to water loss in citrus fruit by simultaneous regulation of water transport and wax biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:953-966. [PMID: 34599807 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A Citrus sinensis R2R3 MYB transcription factor (CsMYB96) has previously been shown to be strongly associated with the expression of many genes related to wax biosynthesis in the fruit. In this study, CsMYB96 was found to alleviate water loss by simultaneously regulating the expression of genes encoding plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (CsPIPs) and wax-related genes. Expression profiling indicated that CsPIP1;1 and CsPIP2;4 had high expression that was representative of other aquaporins, and they were down-regulated in the peel of post-harvest citrus fruit. CsPIP2;4 was further characterized as the predominant CsPIP, with high expression and high-water channel activity. Transient overexpression of CsPIP2;4 accelerated water loss in citrus fruit. In silico analysis further indicated that the expression of CsMYB96 had a significant negative correlation with that of CsPIPs. In vivo and in vitro experiments confirmed that CsMYB96 was able to directly repress the expression of CsPIPs. In addition, CsMYB96 was able to activate wax-related genes and promote wax biosynthesis for defense against water loss. Transient and stable overexpression of CsMYB96 reduced water loss from both citrus fruit and Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfei Zhang
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jinqiu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruilian Liu
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Hai Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongbin Yang
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Zhifeng Zhu
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Rangwei Xu
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Pengwei Wang
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Shaowu Xue
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
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18
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Zhang M, Zhang P, Lu S, Ou-Yang Q, Zhu-Ge Y, Tian R, Jia H, Fang J. Comparative Analysis of Cuticular Wax in Various Grape Cultivars During Berry Development and After Storage. Front Nutr 2022; 8:817796. [PMID: 35028308 PMCID: PMC8748257 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.817796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cuticular wax covering the surface of fleshy fruit is closely related to fruit glossiness, development, and post-harvest storage quality. However, the information about formation characteristics and molecular mechanisms of cuticular wax in grape berry is limited. In this study, crystal morphology, chemical composition, and gene expression of cuticular wax in grape berry were comprehensively investigated. Morphological analysis revealed high density of irregular lamellar crystal structures, which were correlated with the glaucous appearances of grape berry. Compositional analysis showed that the dominant wax compounds were triterpenoids, while the most diverse were alkanes. The amounts of triterpenoids declined sharply after véraison, while those of other compounds maintained nearly constant throughout the berry development. The amounts of each wax compounds varied among different cultivars and showed no correlation with berry skin colors. Moreover, the expression profiles of related genes were in accordance with the accumulation of wax compounds. Further investigation revealed the contribution of cuticular wax to the water preservation capacity during storage. These findings not only facilitate a better understanding of the characteristics of cuticular wax, but also shed light on the molecular basis of wax biosynthesis in grape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwei Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peian Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Suwen Lu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qixia Ou-Yang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaxian Zhu-Ge
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruiping Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Jia
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinggui Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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19
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Rizwan HM, Shaozhong F, Li X, Bilal Arshad M, Yousef AF, Chenglong Y, Shi M, Jaber MYM, Anwar M, Hu SY, Yang Q, Sun K, Ahmed MAA, Min Z, Oelmüller R, Zhimin L, Chen F. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling of KCS Gene Family in Passion Fruit ( Passiflora edulis) Under Fusarium kyushuense and Drought Stress Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:872263. [PMID: 35548275 PMCID: PMC9081883 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.872263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant and fruit surfaces are covered with cuticle wax and provide a protective barrier against biotic and abiotic stresses. Cuticle wax consists of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) and their derivatives. β-Ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS) is a key enzyme in the synthesis of VLCFAs and provides a precursor for the synthesis of cuticle wax, but the KCS gene family was yet to be reported in the passion fruit (Passiflora edulis). In this study, thirty-two KCS genes were identified in the passion fruit genome and phylogenetically grouped as KCS1-like, FAE1-like, FDH-like, and CER6-like. Furthermore, thirty-one PeKCS genes were positioned on seven chromosomes, while one PeKCS was localized to the unassembled genomic scaffold. The cis-element analysis provides insight into the possible role of PeKCS genes in phytohormones and stress responses. Syntenic analysis revealed that gene duplication played a crucial role in the expansion of the PeKCS gene family and underwent a strong purifying selection. All PeKCS proteins shared similar 3D structures, and a protein-protein interaction network was predicted with known Arabidopsis proteins. There were twenty putative ped-miRNAs which were also predicted that belong to nine families targeting thirteen PeKCS genes. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation results were highly associated with fatty acid synthase and elongase activity, lipid metabolism, stress responses, and plant-pathogen interaction. The highly enriched transcription factors (TFs) including ERF, MYB, Dof, C2H2, TCP, LBD, NAC, and bHLH were predicted in PeKCS genes. qRT-PCR expression analysis revealed that most PeKCS genes were highly upregulated in leaves including PeKCS2, PeKCS4, PeKCS8, PeKCS13, and PeKCS9 but not in stem and roots tissues under drought stress conditions compared with controls. Notably, most PeKCS genes were upregulated at 9th dpi under Fusarium kyushuense biotic stress condition compared to controls. This study provides a basis for further understanding the functions of KCS genes, improving wax and VLCFA biosynthesis, and improvement of passion fruit resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fang Shaozhong
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal Arshad
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Fathy Yousef
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Al-Azhar, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Yang Chenglong
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meng Shi
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mohammed Y. M. Jaber
- Department of Plant Production and Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Muhammad Anwar
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuai-Ya Hu
- College of Horticulture, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Yang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kaiwei Sun
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mohamed A. A. Ahmed
- Plant Production Department (Horticulture-Medicinal and Aromatic Plants), Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Zheng Min
- Department of Horticulture, Fujian Agricultural Vocational College, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Matthias Schleiden Institute, Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Lin Zhimin
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Zhimin,
| | - Faxing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Faxing Chen,
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20
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Mejía-Morales C, Rodríguez-Macías R, Salcedo-Pérez E, Zamora-Natera JF, Rodríguez-Zaragoza FA, Molina-Torres J, Délano-Frier JP, Zañudo-Hernández J. Contrasting Metabolic Fingerprints and Seed Protein Profiles of Cucurbita foetidissima and C. radicans Fruits from Feral Plants Sampled in Central Mexico. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112451. [PMID: 34834814 PMCID: PMC8617929 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cucurbita foetidissima and C. radicans are scarcely studied wild pumpkin species that grow in arid and semi-arid areas of Mexico and the United States. This study describes the morphological, proximal composition, metabolic finger-prints and seed protein profiles of C. foetidissima and C. radicans fruits collected in the wild during a one-year period in different locations of central-western Mexico. The results obtained complement the limited information concerning the fruit composition of C. foetidissima and greatly expand information in this respect regarding C. radicans. Morphology and proximal composition of their fruits varied significantly. Different metabolic fingerprints and seed protein profiles were detected between them and also with the chemical composition of domesticated Cucurbita fruits. The neutral lipids in seed, pulp and peels were rich in wax content and in unsaturated compounds, probably carotenoids and tocopherols, in addition to tri-, di- and mono-acylglycerols. The tri- and diacylglycerol profiles of their seed oils were different from commercial seed oils and between each other. They also showed unusual fatty acid compositions. Evidence of a possible alkaloid in the pulp and peel of both species was obtained in addition to several putative cucurbitacins. An abundance of phenolic acids was found in all fruit parts, whereas flavonoids were only detected in the peels. Unlike most cucurbits, globulins were not the main protein fraction in the seeds of C. radicans, whereas the non-structural carbohydrate and raffinose oligosaccharide content in their fruit parts was lower than in other wild cucurbit species. These results emphasize the significantly different chemical composition of these two marginally studied Cucurbita species, which was more discrepant in C. radicans, despite the notion regarding C. foetidissima as an aberrant species with no affinity to any other Cucurbita species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mejía-Morales
- Departamento de Ecología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan 44600, Mexico; (C.M.-M.); (F.A.R.-Z.)
| | - Ramón Rodríguez-Macías
- Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan 44600, Mexico; (R.R.-M.); (E.S.-P.); (J.F.Z.-N.)
| | - Eduardo Salcedo-Pérez
- Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan 44600, Mexico; (R.R.-M.); (E.S.-P.); (J.F.Z.-N.)
| | - Juan Francisco Zamora-Natera
- Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan 44600, Mexico; (R.R.-M.); (E.S.-P.); (J.F.Z.-N.)
| | - Fabián Alejandro Rodríguez-Zaragoza
- Departamento de Ecología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan 44600, Mexico; (C.M.-M.); (F.A.R.-Z.)
| | - Jorge Molina-Torres
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato 36824, Mexico;
| | - John Paul Délano-Frier
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato 36824, Mexico;
| | - Julia Zañudo-Hernández
- Departamento de Ecología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan 44600, Mexico; (C.M.-M.); (F.A.R.-Z.)
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21
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Li C, Hou N, Fang N, He J, Ma Z, Ma F, Guan Q, Li X. Cold shock protein 3 plays a negative role in apple drought tolerance by regulating oxidative stress response. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 168:83-92. [PMID: 34627025 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As RNA chaperones, cold shock proteins (CSPs) are essential for cold adaptation. Although the functions of CSPs in cold response have been demonstrated in several species, the roles of CSPs in response to drought are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated that MdCSP3, a downstream target gene of MdMYB88 and MdMYB124, contributes to drought tolerance in apple (Malus × domestica). MdCSP3 responds to various abiotic stresses, including drought, cold, heat, and salt stress. Compared with non-transgenic apple GL-3, the MdCSP3 overexpressing plants exhibit significantly lower drought resistance and a reduced capacity for ROS scavenging by the regulation of antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and POD. Additionally, RNA-seq data shows that MdCSP3 regulates expression of genes involved in oxidative stress response. Taken together, our results demonstrate the functions of MdCSP3 in apple drought tolerance, and this finding provides a new direction for breeding of drought resistant apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoshuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Nan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Nan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Jieqiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Ziqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Qingmei Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
| | - Xuewei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
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