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Khan A, Švara A, Wang N. Comparing Apples and Oranges: Advances in Disease Resistance Breeding of Woody Perennial Fruit Crops. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 62:263-287. [PMID: 38768395 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021622-120124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Apple and citrus are perennial tree fruit crops that are vital for nutritional security and agricultural economy and to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations. Apple scab and fire blight, along with Huanglongbing, canker, and tristeza virus, stand out as their most notorious diseases and annually destabilize fruit supply. An environmentally sound approach to managing these diseases is improving tree resistance through breeding and biotechnology. Perennial fruit tree germplasm collections are distributed globally and offer untapped potential as sources of resistance. However, long juvenility, specific pollination and flowering habits, and extensive outcrossing hinder apple and citrus breeding. Advances in breeding approaches include trans- and cis-genesis, genome editing, and rapid-cycle breeding, which, in addition to conventional crossbreeding, can all facilitate accelerated integration of resistance into elite germplasm. In addition, the global pool of available sources of resistance can be characterized by the existing genetic mapping and gene expression studies for accurate discovery of associated loci, genes, and markers to efficiently include these sources in breeding efforts. We discuss and propose a multitude of approaches to overcome the challenges of breeding for resistance in woody perennials and outline a technical path to reduce the time required for the ultimate deployment of disease-resistant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awais Khan
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, USA;
| | - Anže Švara
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, USA;
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
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Kerr SC, Shehnaz S, Paudel L, Manivannan MS, Shaw LM, Johnson A, Velasquez JTJ, Tanurdžić M, Cazzonelli CI, Varkonyi-Gasic E, Prentis PJ. Advancing tree genomics to future proof next generation orchard production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1321555. [PMID: 38312357 PMCID: PMC10834703 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1321555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
The challenges facing tree orchard production in the coming years will be largely driven by changes in the climate affecting the sustainability of farming practices in specific geographical regions. Identifying key traits that enable tree crops to modify their growth to varying environmental conditions and taking advantage of new crop improvement opportunities and technologies will ensure the tree crop industry remains viable and profitable into the future. In this review article we 1) outline climate and sustainability challenges relevant to horticultural tree crop industries, 2) describe key tree crop traits targeted for improvement in agroecosystem productivity and resilience to environmental change, and 3) discuss existing and emerging genomic technologies that provide opportunities for industries to future proof the next generation of orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Kerr
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Saiyara Shehnaz
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lucky Paudel
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Mekaladevi S Manivannan
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Lindsay M Shaw
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Amanda Johnson
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jose Teodoro J Velasquez
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Miloš Tanurdžić
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Erika Varkonyi-Gasic
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter J Prentis
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Martín-Valmaseda M, Devin SR, Ortuño-Hernández G, Pérez-Caselles C, Mahdavi SME, Bujdoso G, Salazar JA, Martínez-Gómez P, Alburquerque N. CRISPR/Cas as a Genome-Editing Technique in Fruit Tree Breeding. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16656. [PMID: 38068981 PMCID: PMC10705926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR (short for "Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats") is a technology that research scientists use to selectively modify the DNA of living organisms. CRISPR was adapted for use in the laboratory from the naturally occurring genome-editing systems found in bacteria. In this work, we reviewed the methods used to introduce CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing into fruit species, as well as the impacts of the application of this technology to activate and knock out target genes in different fruit tree species, including on tree development, yield, fruit quality, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The application of this gene-editing technology could allow the development of new generations of fruit crops with improved traits by targeting different genetic segments or even could facilitate the introduction of traits into elite cultivars without changing other traits. However, currently, the scarcity of efficient regeneration and transformation protocols in some species, the fact that many of those procedures are genotype-dependent, and the convenience of segregating the transgenic parts of the CRISPR system represent the main handicaps limiting the potential of genetic editing techniques for fruit trees. Finally, the latest news on the legislation and regulations about the use of plants modified using CRISPR/Cas systems has been also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Martín-Valmaseda
- Fruit Biotechnology Group, Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC (Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universitario Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain (C.P.-C.); (N.A.)
| | - Sama Rahimi Devin
- Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7144165186, Iran; (S.R.D.); (S.M.E.M.)
| | - Germán Ortuño-Hernández
- Fruit Breeding Group, Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC (Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universitario Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain; (G.O.-H.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Cristian Pérez-Caselles
- Fruit Biotechnology Group, Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC (Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universitario Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain (C.P.-C.); (N.A.)
| | - Sayyed Mohammad Ehsan Mahdavi
- Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7144165186, Iran; (S.R.D.); (S.M.E.M.)
| | - Geza Bujdoso
- Research Centre for Fruit Growing, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1223 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Juan Alfonso Salazar
- Fruit Breeding Group, Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC (Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universitario Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain; (G.O.-H.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Pedro Martínez-Gómez
- Fruit Breeding Group, Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC (Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universitario Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain; (G.O.-H.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Nuria Alburquerque
- Fruit Biotechnology Group, Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC (Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universitario Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain (C.P.-C.); (N.A.)
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McLaughlin MS, Roy M, Abbasi PA, Carisse O, Yurgel SN, Ali S. Why Do We Need Alternative Methods for Fungal Disease Management in Plants? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3822. [PMID: 38005718 PMCID: PMC10675458 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens pose a major threat to food production worldwide. Traditionally, chemical fungicides have been the primary means of controlling these pathogens, but many of these fungicides have recently come under increased scrutiny due to their negative effects on the health of humans, animals, and the environment. Furthermore, the use of chemical fungicides can result in the development of resistance in populations of phytopathogenic fungi. Therefore, new environmentally friendly alternatives that provide adequate levels of disease control are needed to replace chemical fungicides-if not completely, then at least partially. A number of alternatives to conventional chemical fungicides have been developed, including plant defence elicitors (PDEs); biological control agents (fungi, bacteria, and mycoviruses), either alone or as consortia; biochemical fungicides; natural products; RNA interference (RNAi) methods; and resistance breeding. This article reviews the conventional and alternative methods available to manage fungal pathogens, discusses their strengths and weaknesses, and identifies potential areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. McLaughlin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5, Canada; (M.S.M.); (M.R.); (P.A.A.)
- Department of Plant, Food and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 4H5, Canada
| | - Maria Roy
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5, Canada; (M.S.M.); (M.R.); (P.A.A.)
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Pervaiz A. Abbasi
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5, Canada; (M.S.M.); (M.R.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Odile Carisse
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research Development Centre, Science and Technology Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 7B5, Canada;
| | - Svetlana N. Yurgel
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Grain Legume Genetics and Physiology Research Unit, Prosser, WA 99350, USA;
| | - Shawkat Ali
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5, Canada; (M.S.M.); (M.R.); (P.A.A.)
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Sardar A. Genetic amelioration of fruit and vegetable crops to increase biotic and abiotic stress resistance through CRISPR Genome Editing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1260102. [PMID: 37841604 PMCID: PMC10570431 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1260102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Environmental changes and increasing population are major concerns for crop production and food security as a whole. To address this, researchers had focussed on the improvement of cereals and pulses and have made considerable progress till the beginning of this decade. However, cereals and pulses together, without vegetables and fruits, are inadequate to meet the dietary and nutritional demands of human life. Production of good quality vegetables and fruits is highly challenging owing to their perishable nature and short shelf life as well as abiotic and biotic stresses encountered during pre- and post-harvest. Genetic engineering approaches to produce good quality, to increase shelf life and stress-resistance, and to change the time of flowering and fruit ripening by introducing foreign genes to produce genetically modified crops were quite successful. However, several biosafety concerns, such as the risk of transgene-outcrossing, limited their production, marketing, and consumption. Modern genome editing techniques, like the CRISPR/Cas9 system, provide a perfect solution in this scenario, as it can produce transgene-free genetically edited plants. Hence, these genetically edited plants can easily satisfy the biosafety norms for crop production and consumption. This review highlights the potential of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for the successful generation of abiotic and biotic stress resistance and thereby improving the quality, yield, and overall productivity of vegetables and fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atish Sardar
- Department of Botany, Jogesh Chandra Chaudhuri College, West Bengal, Kolkata, India
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Ma Z, Ma L, Zhou J. Applications of CRISPR/Cas genome editing in economically important fruit crops: recent advances and future directions. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2023; 3:1. [PMID: 37789479 PMCID: PMC10515014 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-023-00049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Fruit crops, consist of climacteric and non-climacteric fruits, are the major sources of nutrients and fiber for human diet. Since 2013, CRISPR/Cas (Clustered Regularly Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats and CRISPR-Associated Protein) genome editing system has been widely employed in different plants, leading to unprecedented progress in the genetic improvement of many agronomically important fruit crops. Here, we summarize latest advancements in CRISPR/Cas genome editing of fruit crops, including efforts to decipher the mechanisms behind plant development and plant immunity, We also highlight the potential challenges and improvements in the application of genome editing tools to fruit crops, including optimizing the expression of CRISPR/Cas cassette, improving the delivery efficiency of CRISPR/Cas reagents, increasing the specificity of genome editing, and optimizing the transformation and regeneration system. In addition, we propose the perspectives on the application of genome editing in crop breeding especially in fruit crops and highlight the potential challenges. It is worth noting that efforts to manipulate fruit crops with genome editing systems are urgently needed for fruit crops breeding and demonstration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Ma
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, 261000, Shandong, China
| | - Lijing Ma
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, 261000, Shandong, China
| | - Junhui Zhou
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, 261000, Shandong, China.
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Nerva L, Dalla Costa L, Ciacciulli A, Sabbadini S, Pavese V, Dondini L, Vendramin E, Caboni E, Perrone I, Moglia A, Zenoni S, Michelotti V, Micali S, La Malfa S, Gentile A, Tartarini S, Mezzetti B, Botta R, Verde I, Velasco R, Malnoy MA, Licciardello C. The Role of Italy in the Use of Advanced Plant Genomic Techniques on Fruit Trees: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:977. [PMID: 36674493 PMCID: PMC9861864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is deeply impacting the food chain production, lowering quality and yield. In this context, the international scientific community has dedicated many efforts to enhancing resilience and sustainability in agriculture. Italy is among the main European producers of several fruit trees; therefore, national research centers and universities undertook several initiatives to maintain the specificity of the 'Made in Italy' label. Despite their importance, fruit crops are suffering from difficulties associated with the conventional breeding approaches, especially in terms of financial commitment, land resources availability, and long generation times. The 'new genomic techniques' (NGTs), renamed in Italy as 'technologies for assisted evolution' (TEAs), reduce the time required to obtain genetically improved cultivars while precisely targeting specific DNA sequences. This review aims to illustrate the role of the Italian scientific community in the use of NGTs, with a specific focus on Citrus, grapevine, apple, pear, chestnut, strawberry, peach, and kiwifruit. For each crop, the key genes and traits on which the scientific community is working, as well as the technological improvements and advancements on the regeneration of local varieties, are presented. Lastly, a focus is placed on the legal aspects in the European and in Italian contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Nerva
- Research Center for Viticulture and Enology, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 31015 Conegliano, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Lorenza Dalla Costa
- Research and Innovation Centre, Foundation Edmund Mach, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Angelo Ciacciulli
- Research Center for Olive Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 95024 Acireale, Italy
| | - Silvia Sabbadini
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Vera Pavese
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Dondini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Vendramin
- Research Center for Olive Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 00134 Rome, Italy
| | - Emilia Caboni
- Research Center for Olive Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 00134 Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Perrone
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Moglia
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | - Sara Zenoni
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Vania Michelotti
- Research Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 29017 Fiorenzuola D’Arda, Italy
| | - Sabrina Micali
- Research Center for Olive Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 00134 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano La Malfa
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gentile
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Tartarini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Bruno Mezzetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberto Botta
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | - Ignazio Verde
- Research Center for Olive Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 00134 Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Velasco
- Research Center for Viticulture and Enology, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 31015 Conegliano, Italy
| | - Mickael Arnaud Malnoy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Foundation Edmund Mach, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Concetta Licciardello
- Research Center for Olive Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 95024 Acireale, Italy
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Sun X, Li X, Wang Y, Xu J, Jiang S, Zhang Y. MdMKK9-Mediated the Regulation of Anthocyanin Synthesis in Red-Fleshed Apple in Response to Different Nitrogen Signals. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147755. [PMID: 35887103 PMCID: PMC9324793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade is a widely existing signal transduction system in eukaryotes, and plays an important role in the signal transduction processes of plant cells in response to environmental stress. In this study, we screened MdMKK9, a gene in the MAPK family. This gene is directly related to changes in anthocyanin synthesis in the ‘Daihong’ variety of red-fleshed apple (Malus sieversii f neidzwetzkyana (Dieck) Langenf). MdMKK9 expression was up-regulated in ‘Daihong’ tissue culture seedlings cultured at low levels of nitrogen. This change in gene expression up-regulated the expression of genes related to anthocyanin synthesis and nitrogen transport, thus promoting anthocyanin synthesis and causing the tissue culture seedlings to appear red in color. To elucidate the function of MdMKK9, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to construct a gene editing vector for MdMKK9 and successfully introduced it into the calli of the ‘Orin’ apple. The MdMKK9 deletion mutants (MUT) calli could not respond to the low level of nitrogen signal, the expression level of anthocyanin synthesis-related genes was down-regulated, and the anthocyanin content was lower than that of the wild type (WT). In contrast, the MdMKK9-overexpressed calli up-regulated the expression level of anthocyanin synthesis-related genes and increased anthocyanin content, and appeared red in conditions of low level of nitrogen or nitrogen deficiency. These results show that MdMKK9 plays a role in the adaptation of red-fleshed apple to low levels of nitrogen by regulating the nitrogen status and anthocyanin accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology of Shandong Province, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (X.S.); (J.X.)
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yanbo Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jihua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology of Shandong Province, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (X.S.); (J.X.)
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Shenghui Jiang
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: (S.J.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yugang Zhang
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: (S.J.); (Y.Z.)
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A TIR-NBS-LRR Gene MdTNL1 Regulates Resistance to Glomerella Leaf Spot in Apple. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116323. [PMID: 35683002 PMCID: PMC9181576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerella leaf spot (GLS), caused by the fungus Colletotrichum fructicola, is one of the most devastating apple diseases. Our previous study reported that the GLS resistance locus was defined on the chromosome 15 region. Here, we further found a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site (SNP7309212) in the GLS resistance that was able to distinguish resistant cultivars (lines) from susceptible ones. On the basis of the SNP site, we cloned a TNL gene from the GLS resistant locus and named it MdTNL1 (NCBI Accession Number: ON402514). This gene contains a toll/interleukin-1 receptor transmembrane domain (TIR), nucleotide-binding sites (NBS), and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain. Subcellular location indicated that MdTNL1 was expressed in the nucleus and cell membrane. Ectopic overexpression of MdTNL1 in Nicotiana benthamiana caused cell death. We further demonstrated allelic polymorphisms in MdTNL1. It is noteworthy that NBS and LRR domains of the MdTNL1 protein serve as the repository for generating allelic diversity. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay revealed that MdTNL1 was highly expressed in resistant apple cultivar ‘Fuji’ after inoculation with C. fructicola, whereas susceptible cultivar ‘Golden Delicious’ exhibited low expression after inoculation. Over-expression of MdTNL1-1 in susceptible apple fruits and leaves improved disease resistance, while in ‘Orin’ calli, silencing the MdTNL1-1 gene conversely decreased GLS resistance. In conclusion, we identified a GLS associated with SNP7309212 and demonstrated that a TIR-NBS-LRR gene MdTNL1-1 positively regulates GLS resistance in apple.
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Leng J, Yu L, Dai Y, Leng Y, Wang C, Chen Z, Wisniewski M, Wu X, Liu J, Sui Y. Recent advances in research on biocontrol of postharvest fungal decay in apples. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10607-10620. [PMID: 35608023 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2080638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Apple is the largest fruit crop produced in temperate regions and is a popular fruit worldwide. It is, however, susceptible to a variety of postharvest fungal pathogens, including Penicillium expansum, Botrytis cinerea, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Monilia spp., and Alternaria spp. Decays resulting from fungal infections severely reduce apple quality and marketable yield. Biological control utilizing bacterial and fungal antagonists is an eco-friendly and effective method of managing postharvest decay in horticultural crops. In the current review, research on the pathogenesis of major decay fungi and isolation of antagonists used to manage postharvest decay in apple is presented. The mode of action of postharvest biocontrol agents (BCAs), including recent molecular and genomic studies, is also discussed. Recent research on the apple microbiome and its relationship to disease management is highlighted, and the use of additives and physical treatments to enhance biocontrol efficacy of BCAs is reviewed. Biological control is a critical component of an integrated management system for the sustainable approaches to apple production. Additional research will be required to explore the feasibility of developing beneficial microbial consortia and novel antimicrobial compounds derived from BCAs for postharvest disease management, as well as genetic approaches, such as the use of CRISPR/Cas9 technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Leng
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Longfeng Yu
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, Yunan, China
| | - Yuan Dai
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Leng
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, Yunan, China
| | - Chaowen Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, Yunan, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Michael Wisniewski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Xuehong Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Sui
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
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11
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Liu J, Feng R, Fu X, Zhao J, Zhang S, Wang J, Wang X, Wei J. Lignans dramatically enhance the resistance of Fraxinus velutina Torr. by adjusting the dominant bacterium group of Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:1386-1397. [PMID: 34897966 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Velvet ash (Fraxinus velutina Torr.) is an important wood and ornamental tree species. Emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, is a major wood borer of velvet ash. The aim of this study was to identify the secondary metabolites of velvet ash involved in regulating the dominant bacterium group of EAB. RESULTS The amount of lignans in the phloem of infested trees had increased by 290.96% because of A. planipennis infection. The addition of lignans to the artificial diet significantly reduced the weight of the larvae and decreased the dominant bacterial group in the larval midgut, such as Pseudomonadaceae, Xanthomonadaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae. The FvPLR1, a key gene for lignan synthesis, was obtained based on the phloem transcriptome of velvet ash. The expression of FvPLR1 in the phloem of the infested tree was significantly higher than that in the noninfested tree. Meanwhile, FvPLR1 silenced by virus-induced gene silencing showed that its expression level and the lignan content were decreased by 69.91% and 31.65%, respectively. Interestingly, silencing FvPLR1 induced alterations in the dominant bacteria group in the larvae, with the reverse trend in the lignan-fed treatment. CONCLUSION The evidence showed that FvPLR1 was a positive regulator. The increasing synthesis of lignans leads to resistance improvement in velvet ash, which will provide comprehensive insights into the tree defense system to wood borer infestation. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Runxia Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaohong Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Sufang Zhang
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Liaoning Academy of Forestry Science, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Jianrong Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
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12
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Schröpfer S, Lempe J, Emeriewen OF, Flachowsky H. Recent Developments and Strategies for the Application of Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Apple Malus × domestica Borkh. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:928292. [PMID: 35845652 PMCID: PMC9280197 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.928292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Genetic transformation has become an important tool in plant genome research over the last three decades. This applies not only to model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana but also increasingly to cultivated plants, where the establishment of transformation methods could still pose many problems. One of such plants is the apple (Malus spp.), the most important fruit of the temperate climate zone. Although the genetic transformation of apple using Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been possible since 1989, only a few research groups worldwide have successfully applied this technology, and efficiency remains poor. Nevertheless, there have been some developments, especially in recent years, which allowed for the expansion of the toolbox of breeders and breeding researchers. This review article attempts to summarize recent developments in the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation strategies of apple. In addition to the use of different tissues and media for transformation, agroinfiltration, as well as pre-transformation with a Baby boom transcription factor are notable successes that have improved transformation efficiency in apple. Further, we highlight targeted gene silencing applications. Besides the classical strategies of RNAi-based silencing by stable transformation with hairpin gene constructs, optimized protocols for virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and artificial micro RNAs (amiRNAs) have emerged as powerful technologies for silencing genes of interest. Success has also been achieved in establishing methods for targeted genome editing (GE). For example, it was recently possible for the first time to generate a homohistont GE line into which a biallelic mutation was specifically inserted in a target gene. In addition to these methods, which are primarily aimed at increasing transformation efficiency, improving the precision of genetic modification and reducing the time required, methods are also discussed in which genetically modified plants are used for breeding purposes. In particular, the current state of the rapid crop cycle breeding system and its applications will be presented.
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13
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Liu L, Wang D, Zhang C, Liu H, Guo H, Cheng H, Liu E, Su X. The heat shock factor GhHSFA4a positively regulates cotton resistance to Verticillium dahliae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1050216. [PMID: 36407619 PMCID: PMC9669655 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1050216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock factors (HSFs) play a crucial role in the environmental stress responses of numerous plant species, including defense responses to pathogens; however, their role in cotton resistance to Verticillium dahliae remains unclear. We have previously identified several differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Arabidopsis thaliana after inoculation with V. dahliae. Here, we discovered that GhHSFA4a in Gossypium hirsutum (cotton) after inoculation with V. dahliae shares a high identity with a DEG in A. thaliana in response to V. dahliae infection. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that GhHSFA4a expression was rapidly induced by V. dahliae and ubiquitous in cotton roots, stems, and leaves. In a localization analysis using transient expression, GhHSFA4a was shown to be localized to the nucleus. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) revealed that downregulation of GhHSFA4a significantly increased cotton susceptibility to V. dahliae. To investigate GhHSFA4a-mediated defense, 814 DEGs were identified between GhHSFA4a-silenced plants and controls using comparative RNA-seq analysis. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that DEGs were enriched in "flavonoid biosynthesis", "sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis", "linoleic acid metabolism" and "alpha-linolenic acid metabolism". The expression levels of marker genes for these four pathways were triggered after inoculation with V. dahliae. Moreover, GhHSFA4a-overexpressing lines of A. thaliana displayed enhanced resistance against V. dahliae compared to that of the wild type. These results indicate that GhHSFA4a is involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites and signal transduction, which are indispensable for innate immunity against V. dahliae in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wang
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Haiyang Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Huiming Guo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, Sanya, China
| | - Hongmei Cheng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, Sanya, China
| | - Enliang Liu
- Institute of Grain Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural ScienceS, Urumqi, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaofeng Su, ; Enliang Liu,
| | - Xiaofeng Su
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, Sanya, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaofeng Su, ; Enliang Liu,
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14
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Schröpfer S, Flachowsky H. Tracing CRISPR/Cas12a Mediated Genome Editing Events in Apple Using High-Throughput Genotyping by PCR Capillary Gel Electrophoresis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212611. [PMID: 34830492 PMCID: PMC8619667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of the novel CRISPR/Cas12a system is advantageous, as it expands the possibilities for genome editing (GE) applications due to its different features compared to the commonly used CRISPR/Cas9 system. In this work, the CRISPR/Cas12a system was applied for the first time to apple to investigate its general usability for GE applications. Efficient guide RNAs targeting different exons of the endogenous reporter gene MdPDS, whose disruption leads to the albino phenotype, were pre-selected by in vitro cleavage assays. A construct was transferred to apple encoding for a CRISPR/Cas12a system that simultaneously targets two loci in MdPDS. Using fluorescent PCR capillary electrophoresis and amplicon deep sequencing, all identified GE events of regenerated albino shoots were characterized as deletions. Large deletions between the two neighboring target sites were not observed. Furthermore, a chimeric composition of regenerates and shoots that exhibited multiple GE events was observed frequently. By comparing both analytical methods, it was shown that fluorescent PCR capillary gel electrophoresis is a sensitive high-throughput genotyping method that allows accurate predictions of the size and proportion of indel mutations for multiple loci simultaneously. Especially for species exhibiting high frequencies of chimerism, it can be recommended as a cost-effective method for efficient selection of homohistont GE lines.
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15
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Hou Y, Yu X, Chen W, Zhuang W, Wang S, Sun C, Cao L, Zhou T, Qu S. MdWRKY75e enhances resistance to Alternaria alternata in Malus domestica. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:225. [PMID: 34629466 PMCID: PMC8502781 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Alternaria alternata apple pathotype adversely affects apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying enhanced resistance to this pathogen in apple remain poorly understood. We have previously reported that MdWRKY75 expression is upregulated by A. alternata infection in 'Sushuai' apples. In this study, we discovered that overexpression of MdWRKY75e increased the resistance of transgenic apple lines to A. alternata infection, whereas silencing this gene enhanced susceptibility to A. alternata infection. Furthermore, we found that MdWRKY75e directly binds to the MdLAC7 promoter to regulate the biosynthesis of laccase and increase the biosynthesis of lignin during A. alternata infection. Moreover, the thickening of the cell wall enhanced the mechanical defense capabilities of apple. In addition, we found that jasmonic acid remarkably induced MdWRKY75e expression, and its levels in transgenic apple lines were elevated. These results indicate that MdWRKY75e confers resistance to the A. alternata apple pathotype mainly via the jasmonic acid pathway and that pathogenesis-related genes and antioxidant-related enzyme activity are involved in the disease resistance of MdWRKY75e transgenic plants. In conclusion, our findings provide insights into the importance of MdWRKY75e for resistance to A. alternata infection in apples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Hou
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Yu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Chen
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weibing Zhuang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden, Memorial Sun Yat-sen), Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sanhong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Sun
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifang Cao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenchun Qu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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Reissig GN, Oliveira TFDC, Oliveira RPD, Posso DA, Parise AG, Nava DE, Souza GM. Fruit Herbivory Alters Plant Electrome: Evidence for Fruit-Shoot Long-Distance Electrical Signaling in Tomato Plants. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.657401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrical activity of tomato plants subjected to fruit herbivory was investigated. The study aimed to test the hypothesis that tomato fruits transmit long-distance electrical signals to the shoot when subjected to herbivory. For such, time series classification by machine learning techniques and analyses related to the oxidative response were employed. Tomato plants (cv. “Micro-Tom”) were placed into a Faraday's cage and an electrode pair was inserted in the fruit's peduncle. Helicoverpa armigera caterpillars were placed on the fruit (either green and ripe) for 24 h. The time series were recorded before and after the fruit's exposure of the caterpillars. The plant material for chemical analyses was collected 24 and 48 h after the end of the acquisition of electrophysiological data. The time series were analyzed by the following techniques: Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Wavelet Transform, Power Spectral Density (PSD), and Approximate Entropy. The following features from FFT, PSD, and Wavelet Transform were used for PCA (Principal Component Analysis): average, maximum and minimum value, variance, skewness, and kurtosis. Additionally, these features were used in Machine Learning (ML) analyses for looking for classifiable patterns between tomato plants before and after fruit herbivory. Also, we compared the electrome before and after herbivory in the green and ripe fruits. To evaluate an oxidative response in different organs, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activity were evaluated in fruit and leaves. The results show with 90% of accuracy that the electrome registered in the fruit's peduncle before herbivory is different from the electrome during predation on the fruits. Interestingly, there was also a sharp difference in the electrome of the green and ripe fruits' peduncles before, but not during, the herbivory, which demonstrates that the signals generated by the herbivory stand over the others. Biochemical analysis showed that herbivory in the fruit triggered an oxidative response in other parts of the plant. Here, we demonstrate that the fruit perceives biotic stimuli and transmits electrical signals to the shoot of tomato plants. This study raises new possibilities for studies involving electrical signals in signaling and systemic response, as well as for the applicability of ML to classify electrophysiological data and its use in early diagnosis.
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Liu G, Li H, Fu D. Applications of virus-induced gene silencing for identification of gene function in fruit. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
With the development of bioinformatics, it is easy to obtain information and data about thousands of genes, but the determination of the functions of these genes depends on methods for rapid and effective functional identification. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a mature method of gene functional identification developed over the last 20 years, which has been widely used in many research fields involving many species. Fruit quality formation is a complex biological process, which is closely related to ripening. Here, we review the progress and contribution of VIGS to our understanding of fruit biology and its advantages and disadvantages in determining gene function.
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Sattar MN, Iqbal Z, Al-Khayri JM, Jain SM. Induced Genetic Variations in Fruit Trees Using New Breeding Tools: Food Security and Climate Resilience. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1347. [PMID: 34371550 PMCID: PMC8309169 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fruit trees provide essential nutrients to humans by contributing to major agricultural outputs and economic growth globally. However, major constraints to sustainable agricultural productivity are the uncontrolled proliferation of the population, and biotic and abiotic stresses. Tree mutation breeding has been substantially improved using different physical and chemical mutagens. Nonetheless, tree plant breeding has certain crucial bottlenecks including a long life cycle, ploidy level, occurrence of sequence polymorphisms, nature of parthenocarpic fruit development and linkage. Genetic engineering of trees has focused on boosting quality traits such as productivity, wood quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Recent technological advances in genome editing provide a unique opportunity for the genetic improvement of woody plants. This review examines application of the CRISPR-Cas system to reduce disease susceptibility, alter plant architecture, enhance fruit quality, and improve yields. Examples are discussed of the contemporary CRISPR-Cas system to engineer easily scorable PDS genes, modify lignin, and to alter the flowering onset, fertility, tree architecture and certain biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naeem Sattar
- Central Laboratories, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (M.N.S.); (Z.I.)
| | - Zafar Iqbal
- Central Laboratories, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (M.N.S.); (Z.I.)
| | - Jameel M. Al-Khayri
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - S. Mohan Jain
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, PL-27, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
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Lilach S, Hagai B, Zvi I, Hermona S, Wael M. MicroRNA expression changes in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients' leukocytes prior to and following deep brain stimulation (DBS). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE 2021; 10:28-33. [PMID: 34327050 PMCID: PMC8310831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder worldwide in the elderly is Parkinson's disease (PD). It is a major risk factor for aging. Objectives: Currently the involvement of miRNAs in the disease is mainly unclear. Additionally, the disease aetiology is complex and there are no available disease-modifying medications. Therefore, more evidence is required concerning its pathogenesis and developing new treatment modalities. Methods: Here, we studied the expression profiles of about 900 miRNAs in PD patients prior to and following deep brain stimulation (DBS) both on and following 1 hour off electrical stimulation and as compared with age and gender matched healthy control (HC) donor samples, using Affymetrix miRNA microarrays. We analysed statistically the data using Affymetrix expression console software. Results: We detected significantly altered miRNAs pre and post DBS treatment. Conclusions: Our findings indicate the involvement of miRNAs in PD. Future studies can enlarge the number of samples and use RNA sequencing platform to quantify further miRNAs in PD samples. We may also use the expression levels of miRNAs as biomarkers for PD in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Israel Zvi
- The Hebrew University of JerusalemIsrael
| | | | - Mohamed Wael
- BMS Department, KOM, IIUMMalaysia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Menoufia Medical School, Menoufia UniversityEgypt
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