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Seth T, Asija S, Umar S, Gupta R. The intricate role of lipids in orchestrating plant defense responses. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 338:111904. [PMID: 37925973 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants are exposed to a variety of pests and pathogens that reduce crop productivity. Plants respond to such attacks by activating a sophisticated signaling cascade that initiates with the recognition of pests/pathogens and may culminate into a resistance response. Lipids, being the structural components of cellular membranes, function as mediators of these signaling cascades and thus are instrumental in the regulation of plant defense responses. Accumulating evidence indicates that various lipids such as oxylipins, phospholipids, glycolipids, glycerolipids, sterols, and sphingolipids, among others, are involved in mediating cell signaling during plant-pathogen interaction with each lipid exhibiting a specific biological relevance, follows a distinct biosynthetic mechanism, and contributes to specific signaling cascade(s). Omics studies have further confirmed the involvement of lipid biosynthetic enzymes including the family of phospholipases in the production of defense signaling molecules subsequent to pathogen attack. Lipids participate in stress signaling by (1) mediating the signal transduction, (2) acting as precursors for bioactive molecules, (3) regulating ROS formation, and (4) interacting with various phytohormones to orchestrate the defense response in plants. In this review, we present the biosynthetic pathways of different lipids, their specific functions, and their intricate roles upstream and downstream of phytohormones under pathogen attack to get a deeper insight into the molecular mechanism of lipids-mediated regulation of defense responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanashvi Seth
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Sejal Asija
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Ravi Gupta
- College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, South Korea.
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Lin HA, Coker HR, Howe JA, Tfaily MM, Nagy EM, Antony-Babu S, Hague S, Smith AP. Progressive drought alters the root exudate metabolome and differentially activates metabolic pathways in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1244591. [PMID: 37711297 PMCID: PMC10499043 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1244591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Root exudates comprise various primary and secondary metabolites that are responsive to plant stressors, including drought. As increasing drought episodes are predicted with climate change, identifying shifts in the metabolome profile of drought-induced root exudation is necessary to understand the molecular interactions that govern the relationships between plants, microbiomes, and the environment, which will ultimately aid in developing strategies for sustainable agriculture management. This study utilized an aeroponic system to simulate progressive drought and recovery while non-destructively collecting cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) root exudates. The molecular composition of the collected root exudates was characterized by untargeted metabolomics using Fourier-Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) and mapped to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. Over 700 unique drought-induced metabolites were identified throughout the water-deficit phase. Potential KEGG pathways and KEGG modules associated with the biosynthesis of flavonoid compounds, plant hormones (abscisic acid and jasmonic acid), and other secondary metabolites were highly induced under severe drought, but not at the wilting point. Additionally, the associated precursors of these metabolites, such as amino acids (phenylalanine and tyrosine), phenylpropanoids, and carotenoids, were also mapped. The potential biochemical transformations were further calculated using the data generated by FT-ICR MS. Under severe drought stress, the highest number of potential biochemical transformations, including methylation, ethyl addition, and oxidation/hydroxylation, were identified, many of which are known reactions in some of the mapped pathways. With the application of FT-ICR MS, we revealed the dynamics of drought-induced secondary metabolites in root exudates in response to drought, providing valuable information for drought-tolerance strategies in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-An Lin
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Harrison R. Coker
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Julie A. Howe
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Malak M. Tfaily
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Elek M. Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Sanjay Antony-Babu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Steve Hague
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, United States
| | - A. Peyton Smith
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, United States
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Zhang Y, Wang J, Xiao Y, Jiang C, Cheng L, Guo S, Luo C, Wang Y, Jia H. Proteomics analysis of a tobacco variety resistant to brown spot disease and functional characterization of NbMLP423 in Nicotiana benthamiana. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:4395-4409. [PMID: 36971909 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08330-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco brown spot disease is an important disease caused by Alternaria alternata that affects tobacco production and quality worldwide. Planting resistant varieties is the most economical and effective way to control this disease. However, the lack of understanding of the mechanism of tobacco resistance to tobacco brown spot has hindered progress in the breeding of resistant varieties. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), including 12 up-regulated and 11 down-regulated proteins, were screened using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) by comparing resistant and susceptible pools and analyzing the associated functions and metabolic pathways. Significantly up-regulated expression of the major latex-like protein gene 423 (MLP 423) was detected in both the resistant parent and the population pool. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the NbMLP423 cloned in Nicotiana benthamiana had a similar structure to the NtMLP423 in Nicotiana tabacum, and that expression of both genes respond rapidly to Alternaria alternata infection. NbMLP423 was then used to study the subcellular localization and expression in different tissues, followed by both silencing and the construction of an overexpression system for NbMLP423. The silenced plants demonstrated inhibited TBS resistance, while the overexpressed plants exhibited significantly enhanced resistance. Exogenous applications of plant hormones, such as salicylic acid, had a significant inducing effect on NbMLP423 expression. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results provide insights into the role of NbMLP423 in plants against tobacco brown spot infection and provide a foundation for obtaining resistant tobacco varieties through the construction of new candidate genes of the MLP subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Xiao
- Sichuan Tobacco Company, Chengdu, 610000, People's Republic of China
| | - Caihong Jiang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China
| | - Lirui Cheng
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiping Guo
- Sichuan Tobacco Company, Chengdu, 610000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenggang Luo
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanying Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haijiang Jia
- Raw Material Technology Center of Guangxi Tobacco, Nanning, 530000, China.
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Traber MG, Cross C. Alpha-Tocopherol from people to plants is an essential cog in the metabolic machinery. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:775-791. [PMID: 36793193 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Protection from oxygen, a di-radical, became a necessity with the evolution of photosynthetic organisms about 2.7 billion years. α-Tocopherol plays an essential role in organisms from plants to people. An overview of human conditions that result in severe vitamin E (α-tocopherol) deficiency is provided. RECENT ADVANCES α-Tocopherol has a critical role in the oxygen protection system by stopping lipid peroxidation, its induced damage and cellular death by ferroptosis. Recent findings in bacteria and plants support the concept of why lipid peroxidation is so dangerous to life and why the family of tocochromanols are essential for aerobic organisms and for plants. CRITICAL ISSUES The hypothesis that prevention of the propagation of lipid peroxidation is the basis for the α-tocopherol requirement in vertebrates is proposed and further that its absence dysregulates energy metabolism, one-carbon metabolism and thiol homeostasis. By recruiting intermediate metabolites from adjacent pathways to sustain effective lipid hydroperoxide elimination, α-tocopherol function is linked not only to NADPH metabolism and its formation through the pentose phosphate pathway via glucose metabolism, but also to sulfur-containing amino acid metabolism, and to one-carbon metabolism. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Evidence from humans, animals and plants support the hypothesis but future studies are needed to assess the genetic sensors that detect lipid peroxidation and cause the ensuing metabolic dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maret G Traber
- Oregon State University, 2694, Linus Pauling Institute, 307 LPSC, Corvallis, Oregon, United States, 97331-4501;
| | - Carroll Cross
- University of California Davis School of Medicine, 12218, Sacramento, California, United States;
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Choudhary AK, Singh S, Khatri N, Gupta R. Hydrogen sulphide: an emerging regulator of plant defence signalling. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:532-539. [PMID: 34904345 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulphide (H2 S), a gaseous signalling molecule in plants, has gained considerable attention in recent years because of its emerging roles in the regulation of plant growth and development and responses to abiotic stressors. Although the involvement of H2 S in biotic stress is not well documented in the literature, a growing body of evidence indicates its potential role in plant defence, particularly against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Recent reports have suggested that H2 S participates in plant defence signalling potentially by (1) regulating glutathione metabolism, (2) inducing expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) and other defence-related genes, (3) modulating enzyme activity through post-translational modifications, and (4) interacting with phytohormones such as jasmonic acid, ethylene and auxin. In this review, we discuss the biosynthesis, metabolism and interaction of H2 S with phytohormones, and highlight evidence gathered so far to support the emerging roles of H2 S in plant defence against invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Choudhary
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - S Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, TERI School of Advanced Studies, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India
| | - N Khatri
- Department of Botany, Dyal Singh College, New Delhi, India
| | - R Gupta
- College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea
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Riyazuddin R, Bela K, Poór P, Szepesi Á, Horváth E, Rigó G, Szabados L, Fehér A, Csiszár J. Crosstalk between the Arabidopsis Glutathione Peroxidase-Like 5 Isoenzyme (AtGPXL5) and Ethylene. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105749. [PMID: 35628560 PMCID: PMC9171577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidases (GPXs) are important antioxidant enzymes in animals. Plants contain GPX-like (GPXL) enzymes, which-in contrast to GPXs-contain cysteine in their active site instead of selenocysteine. Although several studies proved their importance in development and stress responses, their interaction with ethylene (ET) signalling is not known. Our aim was to investigate the involvement of AtGPXL5 in ET biosynthesis and/or signalling using Atgpxl5 mutant and AtGPXL5 cDNA-overexpressing (OX-AtGPXL5) lines. Four-day-old dark-grown Atgpxl5 seedlings had shorter hypocotyls and primary roots, while OX-AtGPXL5 seedlings exhibited a similar phenotype as wild type under normal conditions. Six-week-old OX-AtGPXL5 plants contained less H2O2 and malondialdehyde, but higher polyamine and similar ascorbate- and glutathione contents and redox potential (EGSH) than the Col-0. One-day treatment with the ET-precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) induced the activity of glutathione- and thioredoxin peroxidases and some other ROS-processing enzymes. In the Atgpxl5 mutants, the EGSH became more oxidised; parallelly, it produced more ethylene after the ACC treatment than other genotypes. Although the enhanced ET evolution measured in the Atgpxl5 mutant can be the result of the increased ROS level, the altered expression pattern of ET-related genes both in the Atgpxl5 and OX-AtGPXL5 plants suggests the interplay between AtGPXL5 and ethylene signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyazuddin Riyazuddin
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (R.R.); (K.B.); (P.P.); (Á.S.); (E.H.); (A.F.)
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Temesvári krt. 62., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (G.R.); (L.S.)
| | - Krisztina Bela
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (R.R.); (K.B.); (P.P.); (Á.S.); (E.H.); (A.F.)
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (R.R.); (K.B.); (P.P.); (Á.S.); (E.H.); (A.F.)
| | - Ágnes Szepesi
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (R.R.); (K.B.); (P.P.); (Á.S.); (E.H.); (A.F.)
| | - Edit Horváth
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (R.R.); (K.B.); (P.P.); (Á.S.); (E.H.); (A.F.)
| | - Gábor Rigó
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Temesvári krt. 62., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (G.R.); (L.S.)
| | - László Szabados
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Temesvári krt. 62., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (G.R.); (L.S.)
| | - Attila Fehér
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (R.R.); (K.B.); (P.P.); (Á.S.); (E.H.); (A.F.)
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Temesvári krt. 62., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (G.R.); (L.S.)
| | - Jolán Csiszár
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (R.R.); (K.B.); (P.P.); (Á.S.); (E.H.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence:
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