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Arnholdt-Schmitt B, Noceda C, Germano TA, Aziz S, Thiers KLL, Oliveira M, Bharadwaj R, Mohanapriya G, Sircar D, Costa JH. Validating alternative oxidase (AOX) gene family as efficient marker consortium for multiple-resilience in Xylella fastidiosa-infected Vitis holobionts. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:236. [PMID: 39313563 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03327-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE AOX gene family in motion marks in-born efficiency of respiration adjustment; can serve for primer screening, genotype ranking, in vitro-plant discrimination and a SMART perspective for multiple-resilient plant holobiont selection. The bacteria Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) is a climate-dependent, global threat to many crops of high socio-economic value, including grapevine. Currently designed breeding strategies for Xf-tolerant or -resistant genotypes insufficiently address the danger of biodiversity loss by focusing on selected threats, neglecting future environmental conditions. Thus, breeding strategies should be validated across diverse populations and acknowledge temperature changes and drought by minimizing the metabolic-physiologic effects of multiple stress-induced oxygen shortages. This research hypothesizes that multiple-resilient plant holobionts achieve lifelong adaptive robustness through early molecular and metabolic responses in primary stress target cells, which facilitate efficient respiration adjustment and cell cycle down-regulation. To validate this concept open-access transcriptome data were analyzed of xylem tissues of Xf-tolerant and -resistant Vitis holobionts from diverse trials and genetic origins from early hours to longer periods after Xf-inoculation. The results indicated repetitive involvement of alternative oxidase (AOX) transcription in episodes of down-regulated transcripts of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) at various critical time points before disease symptoms emerged. The relation between transcript levels of COX and AOX ('relCOX/AOX') was found promising for plant discrimination and primer screening. Furthermore, transcript levels of xylem-harbored bacterial consortia indicated common regulation with Xf and revealed stress-induced early down-regulation and later enhancement. LPS priming promoted the earlier increase in bacterial transcripts after Xf-inoculation. This proof-of-principle study highlights a SMART perspective for AOX-assisted plant selection towards multiple-resilience that includes Xf-tolerance. It aims to support timely future plant diagnostics and in-field substitution, sustainable agro-management, which protects population diversity and strengthens both conventional breeding and high-tech, molecular breeding research. Furthermore, the results suggested early up-regulation of bacterial microbiota consortia in vascular-enriched tissues as a novel additional trait for future studies on Xf-tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Arnholdt-Schmitt
- Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity' (FunCROP), Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus), Coordinated From Foros de Vale de Figueira, 7050-704, Alentejo, Portugal.
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60451-970, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Noceda
- Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity' (FunCROP), Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus), Coordinated From Foros de Vale de Figueira, 7050-704, Alentejo, Portugal
- Cell and Molecular Biotechnology of Plants (BIOCEMP)/Industrial Biotechnology and Bioproducts, Departamento de Ciencias de La Vida y de La Agricultura, Universidad de Las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Sangolquí, 171103, Ecuador
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Estatal de Milagro (UNEMI), Guayas, 091050, Ecuador
| | - Thais Andrade Germano
- Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity' (FunCROP), Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus), Coordinated From Foros de Vale de Figueira, 7050-704, Alentejo, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Shahid Aziz
- Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity' (FunCROP), Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus), Coordinated From Foros de Vale de Figueira, 7050-704, Alentejo, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Karine Leitão Lima Thiers
- Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity' (FunCROP), Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus), Coordinated From Foros de Vale de Figueira, 7050-704, Alentejo, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity' (FunCROP), Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus), Coordinated From Foros de Vale de Figueira, 7050-704, Alentejo, Portugal
- Department of Mathematics and CIMA -Center for Research On Mathematics and Its Applications, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Revuru Bharadwaj
- Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity' (FunCROP), Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus), Coordinated From Foros de Vale de Figueira, 7050-704, Alentejo, Portugal
| | - Gunasekaran Mohanapriya
- Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity' (FunCROP), Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus), Coordinated From Foros de Vale de Figueira, 7050-704, Alentejo, Portugal
- School of Biotechnology, A.V.P. College of Arts and Science, Tiruppur, 641652, India
| | - Debabrata Sircar
- Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity' (FunCROP), Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus), Coordinated From Foros de Vale de Figueira, 7050-704, Alentejo, Portugal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - José Hélio Costa
- Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity' (FunCROP), Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus), Coordinated From Foros de Vale de Figueira, 7050-704, Alentejo, Portugal.
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, 60451-970, Brazil.
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Tatulli G, Baldassarre F, Schiavi D, Tacconi S, Cognigni F, Costantini F, Balestra GM, Dini L, Pucci N, Rossi M, Scala V, Ciccarella G, Loreti S. Chitosan-Coated Fosetyl-Al Nanocrystals' Efficacy on Nicotiana tabacum Colonized by Xylella fastidiosa. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:1466-1479. [PMID: 38700944 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-24-0144-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) is a quarantine plant pathogen capable of colonizing the xylem of a wide range of hosts. Currently, there is no cure able to eliminate the pathogen from a diseased plant, but several integrated strategies have been implemented for containing the spread of Xf. Nanotechnology represents an innovative strategy based on the possibility of maximizing the potential antibacterial activity by increasing the surface-to-volume ratio of nanoscale formulations. Nanoparticles based on chitosan and/or fosetyl-Al have shown different in vitro antibacterial efficacy against Xf subsp. fastidiosa (Xff) and pauca (Xfp). This work demonstrated the uptake of chitosan-coated fosetyl-Al nanocrystals (CH-nanoFos) by roots and their localization in the stems and leaves of Olea europaea plants. Additionally, the antibacterial activity of fosetyl-Al, nano-fosetyl, nano-chitosan, and CH-nanoFos was tested on Nicotiana tabacum cultivar SR1 (Petite Havana) inoculated with Xff, Xfp, or Xf subsp. multiplex (Xfm). The bacterial load was evaluated with qPCR, and the results showed that CH-nanoFos was the only treatment able to reduce the colonization of Xff, Xfm, and Xfp in tobacco plants. Additionally, the area under the disease progress curve, used to assess symptom development in tobacco plants inoculated with Xff, Xfm, and Xfp and treated with CH-nanoFos, showed a reduction in symptom development. Furthermore, the twitching assay and bacterial growth under microfluidic conditions confirmed the antibacterial activity of CH-nanoFos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Tatulli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification of Rome, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Baldassarre
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, UdR INSTM of Lecce University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR NANOTEC, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Daniele Schiavi
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, Snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Stefano Tacconi
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM 1060-INRAE 1397, Department of Human Nutrition, Lyon Sud Hospital, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Flavio Cognigni
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Costantini
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification of Rome, 00156 Rome, Italy
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, p.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Mariano Balestra
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, Snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
- Phytoparasites Diagnostics (PhyDia) s.r.l. Via S. Camillo Delellis Snc 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Luciana Dini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Pucci
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification of Rome, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Rossi
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Research Center on Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Scala
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification of Rome, 00156 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ciccarella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, UdR INSTM of Lecce University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR NANOTEC, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Stefania Loreti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification of Rome, 00156 Rome, Italy
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Serio F, Imbriani G, Girelli CR, Miglietta PP, Scortichini M, Fanizzi FP. A Decade after the Outbreak of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca in Apulia (Southern Italy): Methodical Literature Analysis of Research Strategies. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1433. [PMID: 38891241 PMCID: PMC11175074 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
In 2013, an outbreak of Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) was identified for the first time in Europe, in the extreme south of Italy (Apulia, Salento territory). The locally identified subspecies pauca turned out to be lethal for olive trees, starting an unprecedented phytosanitary emergency for one of the most iconic cultivations of the Mediterranean area. Xf pauca (Xfp) is responsible for a severe disease, the olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS), spreading epidemically and with dramatic impact on the agriculture, the landscape, the tourism and the cultural heritage of this region. The bacterium, transmitted by insects that feed on xylem sap, causes rapid wilting in olive trees due to biofilm formation, which obstructs the plant xylematic vessels. The aim of this review is to perform a thorough analysis that offers a general overview of the published work, from 2013 to December 2023, related to the Xfp outbreak in Apulia. This latter hereto has killed millions of olive trees and left a ghostly landscape with more than 8000 square kilometers of infected territory, that is 40% of the region. The majority of the research efforts made to date to combat Xfp in olive plants are listed in the present review, starting with the early attempts to identify the bacterium, the investigations to pinpoint and possibly control the vector, the assessment of specific diagnostic techniques and the pioneered therapeutic approaches. Interestingly, according to the general set criteria for the preliminary examination of the accessible scientific literature related to the Xfp outbreak on Apulian olive trees, fewer than 300 papers can be found over the last decade. Most of them essentially emphasize the importance of developing diagnostic tools that can identify the disease early, even when infected plants are still asymptomatic, in order to reduce the risk of infection for the surrounding plants. On the other hand, in the published work, the diagnostic focus (57%) overwhelmingly encompasses all other possible investigation goals such as vectors, impacts and possible treatments. Notably, between 2013 and 2023, only 6.3% of the literature reports addressing the topic of Xfp in Apulia were concerned with the application of specific treatments against the bacterium. Among them, those reporting field trials on infected plants, including simple pruning indications, were further limited (6%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Serio
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technology, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (F.S.); (G.I.); (C.R.G.); (P.P.M.)
| | - Giovanni Imbriani
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technology, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (F.S.); (G.I.); (C.R.G.); (P.P.M.)
| | - Chiara Roberta Girelli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technology, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (F.S.); (G.I.); (C.R.G.); (P.P.M.)
| | - Pier Paolo Miglietta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technology, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (F.S.); (G.I.); (C.R.G.); (P.P.M.)
| | - Marco Scortichini
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA)-Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Via di Fioranello, 52, 00134 Roma, Italy;
| | - Francesco Paolo Fanizzi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technology, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (F.S.); (G.I.); (C.R.G.); (P.P.M.)
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Vergine M, Vita F, Casati P, Passera A, Ricciardi L, Pavan S, Aprile A, Sabella E, De Bellis L, Luvisi A. Characterization of the olive endophytic community in genotypes displaying a contrasting response to Xylella fastidiosa. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:337. [PMID: 38664617 PMCID: PMC11044560 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04980-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endophytes mediate the interactions between plants and other microorganisms, and the functional aspects of interactions between endophytes and their host that support plant-growth promotion and tolerance to stresses signify the ecological relevance of the endosphere microbiome. In this work, we studied the bacterial and fungal endophytic communities of olive tree (Olea europaea L.) asymptomatic or low symptomatic genotypes sampled in groves heavily compromised by Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca, aiming to characterize microbiota in genotypes displaying differential response to the pathogen. RESULTS The relationships between bacterial and fungal genera were analyzed both separately and together, in order to investigate the intricate correlations between the identified Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs). Results suggested a dominant role of the fungal endophytic community compared to the bacterial one, and highlighted specific microbial taxa only associated with asymptomatic or low symptomatic genotypes. In addition, they indicated the occurrence of well-adapted genetic resources surviving after years of pathogen pressure in association with microorganisms such as Burkholderia, Quambalaria, Phaffia and Rhodotorula. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to overview endophytic communities associated with several putatively resistant olive genotypes in areas under high X. fastidiosa inoculum pressure. Identifying these negatively correlated genera can offer valuable insights into the potential antagonistic microbial resources and their possible development as biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Vergine
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Federico Vita
- Department of Biology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
| | - Paola Casati
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Passera
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Luigi Ricciardi
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Pavan
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Alessio Aprile
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Erika Sabella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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Sabella E, Buja I, Negro C, Vergine M, Cherubini P, Pavan S, Maruccio G, De Bellis L, Luvisi A. The Significance of Xylem Structure and Its Chemical Components in Certain Olive Tree Genotypes with Tolerance to Xylella fastidiosa Infection. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:930. [PMID: 38611461 PMCID: PMC11013585 DOI: 10.3390/plants13070930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS) is a devastating plant disease caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Xf). Exploratory missions in the Salento area led to the identification of putatively Xf-resistant olive trees (putatively resistant plants, PRPs) which were pauci-symptomatic or asymptomatic infected plants belonging to different genetic clusters in orchards severely affected by OQDS. To investigate the defense strategies employed by these PRPs to contrast Xf infection, the PRPs were analyzed for the anatomy and histology of xylem vessels, patterns of Xf distribution in host tissues (by the fluorescent in situ hybridization technique-FISH) and the presence of secondary metabolites in stems. The xylem vessels of the PRPs have an average diameter significantly lower than that of susceptible plants for each annual tree ring studied. The histochemical staining of xylem vessels highlighted an increase in the lignin in the parenchyma cells of the medullary rays of the wood. The 3D images obtained from FISH-LSM (laser scanning microscope) revealed that, in the PRPs, Xf cells mostly appeared as individual cells or as small aggregates; in addition, these bacterial cells looked to be incorporated in the autofluorescence signal of gels and phenolic compounds regardless of hosts' genotypes. In fact, the metabolomic data from asymptomatic PRP stems showed a significant increase in compounds like salicylic acid, known as a signal molecule which mediates host responses upon pathogen infection, and luteolin, a naturally derived flavonoid compound with antibacterial properties and with well-known anti-biofilm effects. Findings indicate that the xylem vessel geometry together with structural and chemical defenses are among the mechanisms operating to control Xf infection and may represent a common resistance trait among different olive genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Sabella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.S.); (I.B.); (C.N.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
- National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Ilaria Buja
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.S.); (I.B.); (C.N.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Carmine Negro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.S.); (I.B.); (C.N.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Marzia Vergine
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.S.); (I.B.); (C.N.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Paolo Cherubini
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 3041-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Stefano Pavan
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Maruccio
- Omnics Research Group, Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Salento, CNR-Institute of Nanotechnology, INFN Sezione di Lecce, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.S.); (I.B.); (C.N.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
- National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Prov.le Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.S.); (I.B.); (C.N.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
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Carluccio G, Greco D, Sabella E, Vergine M, De Bellis L, Luvisi A. Xylem Embolism and Pathogens: Can the Vessel Anatomy of Woody Plants Contribute to X. fastidiosa Resistance? Pathogens 2023; 12:825. [PMID: 37375515 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of an intact water column in the xylem lumen several meters above the ground is essential for woody plant viability. In fact, abiotic and biotic factors can lead to the formation of emboli in the xylem, interrupting sap flow and causing consequences on the health status of the plant. Anyway, the tendency of plants to develop emboli depends on the intrinsic features of the xylem, while the cyto-histological structure of the xylem plays a role in resistance to vascular pathogens, as in the case of the pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. Analysis of the scientific literature suggests that on grapevine and olive, some xylem features can determine plant tolerance to vascular pathogens. However, the same trend was not reported in citrus, indicating that X. fastidiosa interactions with host plants differ by species. Unfortunately, studies in this area are still limited, with few explaining inter-cultivar insights. Thus, in a global context seriously threatened by X. fastidiosa, a deeper understanding of the relationship between the physical and mechanical characteristics of the xylem and resistance to stresses can be useful for selecting cultivars that may be more resistant to environmental changes, such as drought and vascular pathogens, as a way to preserve agricultural productions and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giambattista Carluccio
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Davide Greco
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Erika Sabella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Marzia Vergine
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Picciotti U, Valverde-Urrea M, Garganese F, Lopez-Moya F, Foubelo F, Porcelli F, Lopez-Llorca LV. Brindley's Glands Volatilome of the Predator Zelus renardii Interacting with Xylella Vectors. INSECTS 2023; 14:520. [PMID: 37367336 DOI: 10.3390/insects14060520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Alien species must adapt to new biogeographical regions to acclimatise and survive. We consider a species to have become invasive if it establishes negative interactions after acclimatisation. Xylella fastidiosa Wells, Raju et al., 1986 (XF) represents Italy's and Europe's most recent biological invasion. In Apulia (southern Italy), the XF-encountered Philaenus spumarius L. 1758 (Spittlebugs, Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) can acquire and transmit the bacterium to Olea europaea L., 1753. The management of XF invasion involves various transmission control means, including inundative biological control using Zelus renardii (ZR) Kolenati, 1856 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). ZR is an alien stenophagous predator of Xylella vectors, recently entered from the Nearctic and acclimated in Europe. Zelus spp. can secrete semiochemicals during interactions with conspecifics and prey, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that elicit conspecific defence behavioural responses. Our study describes ZR Brindley's glands, present in males and females of ZR, which can produce semiochemicals, eliciting conspecific behavioural responses. We scrutinised ZR secretion alone or interacting with P. spumarius. The ZR volatilome includes 2-methyl-propanoic acid, 2-methyl-butanoic acid, and 3-methyl-1-butanol, which are consistent for Z. renardii alone. Olfactometric tests show that these three VOCs, individually tested, generate an avoidance (alarm) response in Z. renardii. 3-Methyl-1-butanol elicited the highest significant repellence, followed by 2-methyl-butanoic and 2-methyl-propanoic acids. The concentrations of the VOCs of ZR decrease during the interaction with P. spumarius. We discuss the potential effects of VOC secretions on the interaction of Z. renardii with P. spumarius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Picciotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti (DiSSPA), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy
- Department of Marine Science and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Miguel Valverde-Urrea
- Department of Marine Science and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Francesca Garganese
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti (DiSSPA), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Federico Lopez-Moya
- Department of Marine Science and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Francisco Foubelo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic Synthesis, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Francesco Porcelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti (DiSSPA), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Luis Vicente Lopez-Llorca
- Department of Marine Science and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
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8
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Blonda P, Tarantino C, Scortichini M, Maggi S, Tarantino M, Adamo M. Satellite monitoring of bio-fertilizer restoration in olive groves affected by Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5695. [PMID: 37029149 PMCID: PMC10082035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32170-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca (Xfp), has attacked the olive trees in Southern Italy with severe impacts on the olive agro-ecosystem. To reduce both the Xfp cell concentration and the disease symptom, a bio-fertilizer restoration technique has been used. Our study applied multi-resolution satellite data to evaluate the effectiveness of such technique at both field and tree scale. For field scale, a time series of High Resolution (HR) Sentinel-2 images, acquired in the months of July and August from 2015 to 2020, was employed. First, four spectral indices from treated and untreated fields were compared. Then, their trends were correlated to meteo-events. For tree-scale, Very High Resolution (VHR) Pléiades images were selected at the closest dates of the Sentinel-2 data to investigate the response to treatments of each different cultivar. All indices from HR and VHR images were higher in treated fields than in those untreated. The analysis of VHR indices revealed that Oliarola Salentina can respond better to treatments than Leccino and Cellina cultivars. All findings were in agreement with in-field PCR results. Hence, HR data could be used to evaluate plant conditions at field level after treatments, while VHR imagery could be used to optimize treatment doses per cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palma Blonda
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy, c/o Interateneo Physics Department, Via Amendola 173, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Cristina Tarantino
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy, c/o Interateneo Physics Department, Via Amendola 173, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Scortichini
- Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Via di Fioranello 52, 00134, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabino Maggi
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy, c/o Interateneo Physics Department, Via Amendola 173, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Tarantino
- Interateneo Physics Department, University of Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Adamo
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy, c/o Interateneo Physics Department, Via Amendola 173, 70126, Bari, Italy
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9
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Montilon V, Potere O, Susca L, Bottalico G. Phytosanitary Rules for the Movement of Olive ( Olea europaea L.) Propagation Material into the European Union (EU). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:699. [PMID: 36840047 PMCID: PMC9958701 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytosanitary legislation involves government laws that are essential to minimize the risk of the introduction and diffusion of pests, especially invasive non-native species, as a consequence of the international exchange of plant material, thus allowing us to safeguard agricultural production and biodiversity of a territory. These measures ensure compliance with adequate requirements relating to the absence of pests, especially of harmful quarantine organisms through inspections and diagnosis tests of the consignments to ascertain the presence of the pests concerned. They also regulate the eradication and containment measures that are implemented in the eventuality of an unintentional introduction of these organisms. In the present contribution, the current plant protection legislation for the exchange of plants or propagation material within the European Union or for export to foreign countries, represented by Regulation (EU) 2016/2031, has been reviewed, with a particular focus on the olive tree (Olea europaea L.). Furthermore, a brief summary of the main olive tree pests transmissible with the propagation material is also reported, indicating their current categorization with respect to the relative quarantine status.
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10
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Trkulja V, Tomić A, Iličić R, Nožinić M, Milovanović TP. Xylella fastidiosa in Europe: From the Introduction to the Current Status. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 38:551-571. [PMID: 36503185 PMCID: PMC9742796 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.rw.09.2022.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is xylem-limited bacterium capable of infecting a wide range of host plants, resulting in Pierce's disease in grapevine, citrus variegated chlorosis, olive quick decline syndrome, peach phony disease, plum leaf scald, alfalfa dwarf, margin necrosis and leaf scorch affecting oleander, coffee, almond, pecan, mulberry, red maple, oak, and other types of cultivated and ornamental plants and forest trees. In the European Union, X. fastidiosa is listed as a quarantine organism. Since its first outbreak in the Apulia region of southern Italy in 2013 where it caused devastating disease on Olea europaea (called olive leaf scorch and quick decline), X. fastidiosa continued to spread and successfully established in some European countries (Corsica and PACA in France, Balearic Islands, Madrid and Comunitat Valenciana in Spain, and Porto in Portugal). The most recent data for Europe indicates that X. fastidiosa is present on 174 hosts, 25 of which were newly identified in 2021 (with further five hosts discovered in other parts of the world in the same year). From the six reported subspecies of X. fastidiosa worldwide, four have been recorded in European countries (fastidiosa, multiplex, pauca, and sandyi). Currently confirmed X. fastidiosa vector species are Philaenus spumarius, Neophilaenus campestris, and Philaenus italosignus, whereby only P. spumarius (which has been identified as the key vector in Apulia, Italy) is also present in Americas. X. fastidiosa control is currently based on pathogen-free propagation plant material, eradication, territory demarcation, and vector control, as well as use of resistant plant cultivars and bactericidal treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojislav Trkulja
- Agricultural Institute of Republic of Srpska, Knjaza Milosa 17, 78000 Banja Luka,
Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Andrija Tomić
- University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Agriculture, Vuka Karadžića 30, 71123 East Sarajevo,
Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Renata Iličić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000 Novi Sad,
Serbia
| | - Miloš Nožinić
- Agricultural Institute of Republic of Srpska, Knjaza Milosa 17, 78000 Banja Luka,
Bosnia and Herzegovina
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11
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Crop Diversification and Resilience of Drought-Resistant Species in Semi-Arid Areas: An Economic and Environmental Analysis. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14159552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Specialization and intensification in agriculture have increased productivity but have also led to the spread of monocultural systems, simplifying production but reducing genetic diversity. The purpose of this study was to propose crop diversification as a tool to increase biodiversity and achieve sustainable and resilient intensive agriculture, particularly in areas with water scarcity. In this paper, a combined life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) applied to evaluate the environmental and economic sustainability of a differentiated system of cultivation were (pomegranates, almonds and olives), according to modern intensive and super-intensive cropping systems. Based on the results obtained, it is deduced that pomegranate cultivation generated the highest environmental load, followed by almonds and olives. From the financial analysis, it emerged that almond farming is the most profitable, followed by pomegranate and olive farming.
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12
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Catalano A, Ceramella J, Iacopetta D, Mariconda A, Scali E, Bonomo MG, Saturnino C, Longo P, Aquaro S, Sinicropi MS. Thidiazuron: New Trends and Future Perspectives to Fight Xylella fastidiosa in Olive Trees. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:947. [PMID: 35884201 PMCID: PMC9312276 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11070947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
These days, most of our attention has been focused on the COVID-19 pandemic, and we have often neglected what is happening in the environment. For instance, the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa re-emerged as a plant pathogen of global importance in 2013 when it was first associated with an olive tree disease epidemic in Italy, called Olive Quick Decline Syndrome (OQDS), specifically caused by X. fastidiosa subspecies pauca ST53, which affects the Salento olive trees (Apulia, South-East Italy). This bacterium, transmitted by the insect Philaenus spumarius, is negatively reshaping the Salento landscape and has had a very high impact in the production of olives, leading to an increase of olive oil prices, thus new studies to curb this bacterium are urgently needed. Thidiazuron (TDZ), a diphenylurea (N-phenyl-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl urea), has gained considerable attention in recent decades due to its efficient role in plant cell and tissue culture, being the most suitable growth regulator for rapid and effective plant production in vitro. Its biological activity against bacteria, fungi and biofilms has also been described, and the use of this low-cost compound to fight OQDS may be an intriguing idea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Jessica Ceramella
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (J.C.); (D.I.); (S.A.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Domenico Iacopetta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (J.C.); (D.I.); (S.A.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Annaluisa Mariconda
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (A.M.); (M.G.B.); (C.S.)
| | - Elisabetta Scali
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Bonomo
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (A.M.); (M.G.B.); (C.S.)
| | - Carmela Saturnino
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (A.M.); (M.G.B.); (C.S.)
| | - Pasquale Longo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy;
| | - Stefano Aquaro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (J.C.); (D.I.); (S.A.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Maria Stefania Sinicropi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (J.C.); (D.I.); (S.A.); (M.S.S.)
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13
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The Status of Genetic Resources and Olive Breeding in Tunisia. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11131759. [PMID: 35807711 PMCID: PMC9268818 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The olive tree, an iconic symbol of the Mediterranean basin, is the object of growing international interest in the production of olive oil for the world food market. In Tunisia, which is the fourth-largest producer of olive oil in the world, the production of olives and olive oil is of great socio-economic importance. Cultivation is widespread from north to south, but it is carried out using traditional techniques that results in extremely irregular production levels. To maintain their competitiveness on the international market, Tunisian producers must improve the quality of the oil through breeding plans that enhance the rich genetic heritage that is still not adequately exploited. The objective of this review is to present the state of olive breeding in Tunisia, illustrating the opportunities available for a better use of the rich Tunisian genetic heritage, the challenges it must face, and the need to multiply the efforts for sustainability, even in the light of the challenges posed by climate changes.
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14
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Fanelli V, Mascio I, Falek W, Miazzi MM, Montemurro C. Current Status of Biodiversity Assessment and Conservation of Wild Olive (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea var. sylvestris). PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11040480. [PMID: 35214813 PMCID: PMC8877956 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oleaster (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea var. sylvestris) is the ancestor of cultivated olive (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea var. europaea) and it is spread through the whole Mediterranean Basin, showing an overlapping distribution with cultivated olive trees. Climate change and new emerging diseases are expected to severely affect the cultivations of olive in the future. Oleaster presents a higher genetic variability compared to the cultivated olive and some wild trees were found adapted to particularly harsh conditions; therefore, the role of oleaster in the future of olive cultivation may be crucial. Despite the great potential, only recently the need to deeply characterize and adequately preserve the wild olive resources drew the attention of researchers. In this review, we summarized the most important morphological and genetic studies performed on oleaster trees collected in different countries of the Mediterranean Basin. Moreover, we reviewed the strategies introduced so far to preserve and manage the oleaster germplasm collections, giving a future perspective on their role in facing the future agricultural challenges posed by climatic changes and new emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Fanelli
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy; (I.M.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: (V.F.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Isabella Mascio
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy; (I.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Wahiba Falek
- Ecole Nationale Superieure de Biotechnologie, Constantine 251000, Algeria;
| | - Monica Marilena Miazzi
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy; (I.M.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: (V.F.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Cinzia Montemurro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy; (I.M.); (C.M.)
- Spin Off Sinagri s.r.l., University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy
- Support Unit Bari, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 70125 Bari, Italy
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15
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De Pascali M, Vergine M, Negro C, Greco D, Vita F, Sabella E, De Bellis L, Luvisi A. Xylella fastidiosa and Drought Stress in Olive Trees: A Complex Relationship Mediated by Soluble Sugars. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11010112. [PMID: 35053110 PMCID: PMC8773346 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Carbohydrates play important roles in tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stressors. Xylella fastidiosa, the causal agent of “Olive Quick Decline Syndrome”, is a quarantine pathogen that induces drought stress in the host, aggravated by eventual water shortage, which is a frequent environmental condition in Mediterranean olive groves. At present, the resistance mechanisms shown by few resistant olive cultivars (e.g., cv Leccino) are not completely known; therefore, the aim of this research is to understand whether sugar metabolism is involved in the cross-talk mechanisms of biotic and abiotic responses. The results show that drought stress response induces effects beneficial to resistance of Xylella fastidiosa in cv Leccino. In the current context of global climate change, this study supports the importance of investigating the complex drought–disease interaction to detect resistance traits and thus find ways to counter the threat of this pathogen in the future. Abstract Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) subsp. pauca “De Donno” is the etiological agent of “Olive Quick Decline Syndrome” (OQDS) on olive trees (Olea europaea L.); the presence of the bacterium causes xylem vessel occlusions inducing a drought stress and the development of leaf scorch symptoms, which may be worsened by water shortage in summer. In order to evaluate how the two stress factors overlap each other, the carbohydrate content and the expression patterns of genes related to carbohydrate metabolism have been evaluated in two olive cvs trees (Cellina di Nardò, susceptible to Xf, and Leccino, resistant to Xf) reporting transcriptional dynamics elicited by Xf infection, drought, or combined stress (drought/Xf). In the Xf-susceptible Cellina di Nardò plants, Xf and its combination with drought significantly decrease total sugars compared to control (−27.0% and −25.7%, respectively). In contrast, the Xf-resistant Leccino plants show a more limited reduction in sugar content in Xf-positive conditions (−20.1%) and combined stresses (−11.1%). Furthermore, while the amount of glucose decreases significantly in stressed Cellina di Nardò plants (≈18%), an increase was observed in Leccino plants under drought/Xf combined stresses (+11.2%). An opposite behavior among cvs was also observed for sucrose, as an accumulation of the disaccharide was recorded in stressed Leccino plants (≈37%). The different response to combined stress by Xf-resistant plants was confirmed considering genes coding for the sucrose or monosaccharide transporter (OeSUT1, OeMST2), the cell wall or vacuolar invertase (OeINV-CW, OeINV-V), the granule-bound starch synthase I (OeGBSSI) and sucrose synthase (OeSUSY), with a higher expression than at least one single stress (e.g., ≈1-fold higher or more than Xf for OeMST2, OeINV-CW, OeINV-V, OeGBSSI). It is probable that the pathways involved in drought stress response induce positive effects useful for pathogen resistance in cv Leccino, confirming the importance of investigating the mechanisms of cross-talk of biotic and abiotic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria De Pascali
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (M.D.P.); (C.N.); (D.G.); (E.S.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Marzia Vergine
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (M.D.P.); (C.N.); (D.G.); (E.S.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Carmine Negro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (M.D.P.); (C.N.); (D.G.); (E.S.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Davide Greco
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (M.D.P.); (C.N.); (D.G.); (E.S.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Federico Vita
- Department of Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Erika Sabella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (M.D.P.); (C.N.); (D.G.); (E.S.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (M.D.P.); (C.N.); (D.G.); (E.S.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (M.D.P.); (C.N.); (D.G.); (E.S.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
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16
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Embryo Culture, In Vitro Propagation, and Molecular Identification for Advanced Olive Breeding Programs. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The high biodiversity of the olive tree is an important opportunity to develop sustainable plans to control Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) through breeding programs. Olive tree breeding activities have been limited due to various features of this species including the long time required for seed germination caused by the inhibition effect of the woody endocarp, the seed integument, and the endosperm. Starting from F1 seeds by cross-breeding, the embryo culture was compared with traditional seed germination, evaluating the effectiveness of in vitro multiplication of the plantlets for large-scale production. The isolated embryos were established on a new medium based on Rugini ‘84 macroelements, Murashige & Skoog ‘62 microelements, with Nitsch J. P. & Nitsch C. ‘69 vitamine and subcultured on Leva MSM modified. The results obtained confirmed that in vitro culture of olive embryos is a valid tool for increasing the percentage and speed of germination, helping to reduce the time of the olive breeding programs, offering the possibility to effectively propagate plantlets for further experiments.
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