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Hintz F, Voeten CC, Dobó D, Lukics KS, Lukács Á. The role of general cognitive skills in integrating visual and linguistic information during sentence comprehension: individual differences across the lifespan. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17797. [PMID: 39090337 PMCID: PMC11294566 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68674-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Individuals exhibit massive variability in general cognitive skills that affect language processing. This variability is partly developmental. Here, we recruited a large sample of participants (N = 487), ranging from 9 to 90 years of age, and examined the involvement of nonverbal processing speed (assessed using visual and auditory reaction time tasks) and working memory (assessed using forward and backward Digit Span tasks) in a visual world task. Participants saw two objects on the screen and heard a sentence that referred to one of them. In half of the sentences, the target object could be predicted based on verb-selectional restrictions. We observed evidence for anticipatory processing on predictable compared to non-predictable trials. Visual and auditory processing speed had main effects on sentence comprehension and facilitated predictive processing, as evidenced by an interaction. We observed only weak evidence for the involvement of working memory in predictive sentence comprehension. Age had a nonlinear main effect (younger adults responded faster than children and older adults), but it did not differentially modulate predictive and non-predictive processing, nor did it modulate the involvement of processing speed and working memory. Our results contribute to delineating the cognitive skills that are involved in language-vision interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hintz
- Deutscher Sprachatlas, Philipps University of Marburg, Pilgrimstein 16, 35032, Marburg, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Philipps University Marburg & Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg & Giessen, Germany.
| | - Cesko C Voeten
- Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Fryske Akademy, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Dorottya Dobó
- Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-BME Momentum Language Acquisition Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Sára Lukics
- Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-BME Momentum Language Acquisition Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Lukács
- Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-BME Momentum Language Acquisition Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Budapest, Hungary
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2
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Mishra RK, Prasad S. Parallel Interactions Between Linguistic and Contextual Factors in Bilinguals. Top Cogn Sci 2024. [PMID: 38923214 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The necessity for introducing interactionist and parallelism approaches in different branches of cognitive science emerged as a reaction to classical sequential stage-based models. Functional psychological models that emphasized and explained how different components interact, dynamically producing cognitive and perceptual states, influenced multiple disciplines. Chiefly among them were experimental psycholinguistics and the many applied areas that dealt with humans' ability to process different types of information in different contexts. Understanding how bilinguals represent and process verbal and visual input, how their neural and psychological states facilitate such interactions, and how linguistic and nonlinguistic processing overlap, has now emerged as an important area of multidisciplinary research. In this article, we will review available evidence from different language-speaking groups of bilinguals in India with a focus on situational context. In the discussion, we will address models of language processing in bilinguals within a cognitive psychological approach with a focus on existent models of inhibitory control. The paper's stated goal will be to show that the parallel architecture framework can serve as a theoretical foundation for examining bilingual language processing and its interface with external factors such as social context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh K Mishra
- Center for Neural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hyderabad
| | - Seema Prasad
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden
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3
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Nuthmann A, de Groot F, Huettig F, Olivers CNL. Extrafoveal attentional capture by object semantics. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217051. [PMID: 31120948 PMCID: PMC6532879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is ongoing debate on whether object meaning can be processed outside foveal vision, making semantics available for attentional guidance. Much of the debate has centred on whether objects that do not fit within an overall scene draw attention, in complex displays that are often difficult to control. Here, we revisited the question by reanalysing data from three experiments that used displays consisting of standalone objects from a carefully controlled stimulus set. Observers searched for a target object, as per auditory instruction. On the critical trials, the displays contained no target but objects that were semantically related to the target, visually related, or unrelated. Analyses using (generalized) linear mixed-effects models showed that, although visually related objects attracted most attention, semantically related objects were also fixated earlier in time than unrelated objects. Moreover, semantic matches affected the very first saccade in the display. The amplitudes of saccades that first entered semantically related objects were larger than 5° on average, confirming that object semantics is available outside foveal vision. Finally, there was no semantic capture of attention for the same objects when observers did not actively look for the target, confirming that it was not stimulus-driven. We discuss the implications for existing models of visual cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Nuthmann
- Psychology Department, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Institute of Psychology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Floor de Groot
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology & Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Falk Huettig
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian N. L. Olivers
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology & Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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4
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Lieberman AM, Borovsky A, Mayberry RI. Prediction in a visual language: real-time sentence processing in American Sign Language across development. LANGUAGE, COGNITION AND NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 33:387-401. [PMID: 29687014 PMCID: PMC5909983 DOI: 10.1080/23273798.2017.1411961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Prediction during sign language comprehension may enable signers to integrate linguistic and non-linguistic information within the visual modality. In two eyetracking experiments, we investigated American Sign language (ASL) semantic prediction in deaf adults and children (aged 4-8 years). Participants viewed ASL sentences in a visual world paradigm in which the sentence-initial verb was either neutral or constrained relative to the sentence-final target noun. Adults and children made anticipatory looks to the target picture before the onset of the target noun in the constrained condition only, showing evidence for semantic prediction. Crucially, signers alternated gaze between the stimulus sign and the target picture only when the sentential object could be predicted from the verb. Signers therefore engage in prediction by optimizing visual attention between divided linguistic and referential signals. These patterns suggest that prediction is a modality-independent process, and theoretical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Lieberman
- Boston University, School of Education, 2 Silber Way, Boston, MA 02215, ,
| | - Arielle Borovsky
- Purdue University, Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, 715 Clinic Dr, West Lafayette, IN 47907, ,
| | - Rachel I Mayberry
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Linguistics, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0108, La Jolla, CA 92093-0108, ,
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5
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O'Hanlon CG, Read JCA. Blindness to background: an inbuilt bias for visual objects. Dev Sci 2016; 20. [PMID: 27873433 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sixty-eight 2- to 12-year-olds and 30 adults were shown colorful displays on a touchscreen monitor and trained to point to the location of a named color. Participants located targets near-perfectly when presented with four abutting colored patches. When presented with three colored patches on a colored background, toddlers failed to locate targets in the background. Eye tracking demonstrated that the effect was partially mediated by a tendency not to fixate the background. However, the effect was abolished when the targets were named as nouns, whilst the change to nouns had little impact on eye movement patterns. Our results imply a powerful, inbuilt tendency to attend to objects, which may slow the development of color concepts and acquisition of color words. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at: https://youtu.be/TKO1BPeAiOI. [Correction added on 27 January 2017, after first online publication: The video abstract link was added.].
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Seckin M, Mesulam MM, Voss JL, Huang W, Rogalski EJ, Hurley RS. Am I looking at a cat or a dog? Gaze in the semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia is subject to excessive taxonomic capture. JOURNAL OF NEUROLINGUISTICS 2016; 37:68-81. [PMID: 26500393 PMCID: PMC4612367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroling.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Object naming impairments or anomias are the most frequent symptom in aphasia, and can be caused by a variety of underlying neurocognitive mechanisms. Anomia in neurodegenerative or primary progressive aphasias (PPA) often appears to be based on taxonomic blurring of word meaning: words such as "dog" and "cat" are still recognized generically as referring to animals, but are no longer conceptually differentiated from each other, leading to coordinate errors in word-object matching. This blurring is the hallmark symptom of the "semantic variant" of PPA, who invariably show focal atrophy in the left anterior temporal lobe. In this study we used eye tracking to characterize information processing online (in real time) as non-aphasic controls, semantic and non-semantic PPA participants completed a word-to-object matching task. All participants (including controls) showed taxonomic capture of gaze, spending more time viewing foils that were from the same category as the target compared to unrelated foils, but capture was more extreme in the semantic PPA group. The semantic group showed heightened capture even on trials where they ultimately pointed to the correct target, demonstrating the superiority of eye movements over traditional testing methods in detecting subtle processing impairments. Heightened capture was primarily driven by a tendency to direct gaze back and forth, repeatedly, between a set of related foils on each trial, a behavior almost never shown by controls or non-semantic participants. This suggests semantic PPA participants were accumulating and weighing evidence for a probabilistic rather than definitive mapping between the noun and several candidate objects. Neurodegeneration in PPA thus appears to distort lexical concepts prior to extinguishing them altogether, causing uncertainty in recognition and word-object matching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Seckin
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - M.-Marsel Mesulam
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Joel L. Voss
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Wei Huang
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Emily J. Rogalski
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Robert S. Hurley
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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Bobb SC, Huettig F, Mani N. Predicting visual information during sentence processing: Toddlers activate an object's shape before it is mentioned. J Exp Child Psychol 2015; 151:51-64. [PMID: 26687440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We examined the contents of language-mediated prediction in toddlers by investigating the extent to which toddlers are sensitive to visual shape representations of upcoming words. Previous studies with adults suggest limits to the degree to which information about the visual form of a referent is predicted during language comprehension in low constraint sentences. Toddlers (30-month-olds) heard either contextually constraining sentences or contextually neutral sentences as they viewed images that were either identical or shape-related to the heard target label. We observed that toddlers activate shape information of upcoming linguistic input in contextually constraining semantic contexts; hearing a sentence context that was predictive of the target word activated perceptual information that subsequently influenced visual attention toward shape-related targets. Our findings suggest that visual shape is central to predictive language processing in toddlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Bobb
- Department of Psychology, Gordon College, Wenham, MA 01984, USA.
| | - Falk Huettig
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525 XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nivedita Mani
- "Psychology of Language" Research Group, University of Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
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8
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D'Angiulli A, Griffiths G, Marmolejo-Ramos F. Neural correlates of visualizations of concrete and abstract words in preschool children: a developmental embodied approach. Front Psychol 2015; 6:856. [PMID: 26175697 PMCID: PMC4484221 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural correlates of visualization underlying word comprehension were examined in preschool children. On each trial, a concrete or abstract word was delivered binaurally (part 1: post-auditory visualization), followed by a four-picture array (a target plus three distractors; part 2: matching visualization). Children were to select the picture matching the word they heard in part 1. Event-related potentials (ERPs) locked to each stimulus presentation and task interval were averaged over sets of trials of increasing word abstractness. ERP time-course during both parts of the task showed that early activity (i.e., <300 ms) was predominant in response to concrete words, while activity in response to abstract words became evident only at intermediate (i.e., 300–699 ms) and late (i.e., 700–1000 ms) ERP intervals. Specifically, ERP topography showed that while early activity during post-auditory visualization was linked to left temporo-parietal areas for concrete words, early activity during matching visualization occurred mostly in occipito-parietal areas for concrete words, but more anteriorly in centro-parietal areas for abstract words. In intermediate ERPs, post-auditory visualization coincided with parieto-occipital and parieto-frontal activity in response to both concrete and abstract words, while in matching visualization a parieto-central activity was common to both types of words. In the late ERPs for both types of words, the post-auditory visualization involved right-hemispheric activity following a “post-anterior” pathway sequence: occipital, parietal, and temporal areas; conversely, matching visualization involved left-hemispheric activity following an “ant-posterior” pathway sequence: frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital areas. These results suggest that, similarly, for concrete and abstract words, meaning in young children depends on variably complex visualization processes integrating visuo-auditory experiences and supramodal embodying representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo D'Angiulli
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON Canada ; Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON Canada ; Neuroscience of Imagery Cognition and Emotion Research Lab, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Gordon Griffiths
- Neuroscience of Imagery Cognition and Emotion Research Lab, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON Canada
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Huettig F, Brouwer S. Delayed Anticipatory Spoken Language Processing in Adults with Dyslexia—Evidence from Eye-tracking. DYSLEXIA (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2015; 21:97-122. [PMID: 25820191 DOI: 10.1002/dys.1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
It is now well established that anticipation of upcoming input is a key characteristic of spoken language comprehension. It has also frequently been observed that literacy influences spoken language processing. Here, we investigated whether anticipatory spoken language processing is related to individuals' word reading abilities. Dutch adults with dyslexia and a control group participated in two eye-tracking experiments. Experiment 1 was conducted to assess whether adults with dyslexia show the typical language-mediated eye gaze patterns. Eye movements of both adults with and without dyslexia closely replicated earlier research: spoken language is used to direct attention to relevant objects in the environment in a closely time-locked manner. In Experiment 2, participants received instructions (e.g., 'Kijk naar de(COM) afgebeelde piano(COM)', look at the displayed piano) while viewing four objects. Articles (Dutch 'het' or 'de') were gender marked such that the article agreed in gender only with the target, and thus, participants could use gender information from the article to predict the target object. The adults with dyslexia anticipated the target objects but much later than the controls. Moreover, participants' word reading scores correlated positively with their anticipatory eye movements. We conclude by discussing the mechanisms by which reading abilities may influence predictive language processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Huettig
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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10
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Singh N, Mishra RK. Unintentional activation of translation equivalents in bilinguals leads to attention capture in a cross-modal visual task. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120131. [PMID: 25775184 PMCID: PMC4361716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a variant of the visual world eye tracking paradigm, we examined if language non- selective activation of translation equivalents leads to attention capture and distraction in a visual task in bilinguals. High and low proficient Hindi-English speaking bilinguals were instructed to programme a saccade towards a line drawing which changed colour among other distractor objects. A spoken word, irrelevant to the main task, was presented before the colour change. On critical trials, one of the line drawings was a phonologically related word of the translation equivalent of the spoken word. Results showed that saccade latency was significantly higher towards the target in the presence of this cross-linguistic translation competitor compared to when the display contained completely unrelated objects. Participants were also slower when the display contained the referent of the spoken word among the distractors. However, the bilingual groups did not differ with regard to the interference effect observed. These findings suggest that spoken words activates translation equivalent which bias attention leading to interference in goal directed action in the visual domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niharika Singh
- Centre of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar Mishra
- Centre of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
- Centre for Neural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
- * E-mail:
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Scholz A, von Helversen B, Rieskamp J. Eye movements reveal memory processes during similarity- and rule-based decision making. Cognition 2015; 136:228-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Scholz A, Mehlhorn K, Krems JF. Listen up, eye movements play a role in verbal memory retrieval. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 80:149-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-014-0639-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Interference of spoken word recognition through phonological priming from visual objects and printed words. Atten Percept Psychophys 2013; 76:190-200. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-013-0560-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Smith AC, Monaghan P, Huettig F. An amodal shared resource model of language-mediated visual attention. Front Psychol 2013; 4:528. [PMID: 23966967 PMCID: PMC3744873 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Language-mediated visual attention describes the interaction of two fundamental components of the human cognitive system, language and vision. Within this paper we present an amodal shared resource model of language-mediated visual attention that offers a description of the information and processes involved in this complex multimodal behavior and a potential explanation for how this ability is acquired. We demonstrate that the model is not only sufficient to account for the experimental effects of Visual World Paradigm studies but also that these effects are emergent properties of the architecture of the model itself, rather than requiring separate information processing channels or modular processing systems. The model provides an explicit description of the connection between the modality-specific input from language and vision and the distribution of eye gaze in language-mediated visual attention. The paper concludes by discussing future applications for the model, specifically its potential for investigating the factors driving observed individual differences in language-mediated eye gaze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair C Smith
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics Nijmegen, Netherlands ; International Max Planck Research School for Language Sciences Nijmegen, Netherlands
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15
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Myachykov A, Scheepers C, Shtyrov YY. Interfaces between language and cognition. Front Psychol 2013; 4:258. [PMID: 23653620 PMCID: PMC3644674 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Myachykov
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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16
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Spoken language and the decision to move the eyes: To what extent are language-mediated eye movements automatic? PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2013; 202:135-49. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62604-2.00008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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17
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Brouwer S, Mitterer H, Huettig F. Can hearing puter activate pupil? Phonological competition and the processing of reduced spoken words in spontaneous conversations. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2012; 65:2193-220. [DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2012.693109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In listeners' daily communicative exchanges, they most often hear casual speech, in which words are often produced with fewer segments, rather than the careful speech used in most psycholinguistic experiments. Three experiments examined phonological competition during the recognition of reduced forms such as [pjutər] for computer using a target-absent variant of the visual world paradigm. Listeners' eye movements were tracked upon hearing canonical and reduced forms as they looked at displays of four printed words. One of the words was phonologically similar to the canonical pronunciation of the target word, one word was similar to the reduced pronunciation, and two words served as unrelated distractors. When spoken targets were presented in isolation (Experiment 1) and in sentential contexts (Experiment 2), competition was modulated as a function of the target word form. When reduced targets were presented in sentential contexts, listeners were probabilistically more likely to first fixate reduced-form competitors before shifting their eye gaze to canonical-form competitors. Experiment 3, in which the original /p/ from [pjutər] was replaced with a “real” onset /p/, showed an effect of cross-splicing in the late time window. We conjecture that these results fit best with the notion that speech reductions initially activate competitors that are similar to the phonological surface form of the reduction, but that listeners nevertheless can exploit fine phonetic detail to reconstruct strongly reduced forms to their canonical counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Brouwer
- Linguistics Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Holger Mitterer
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Falk Huettig
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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