1
|
Damiani S, Zarbo C, Stolarski M, Zamparini M, Casiraghi L, Rocchetti M, Starace F, Fusar-Poli P, de Girolamo G. Time will tell: Associations between unbalanced time perspectives and symptom severity in individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophr Res 2023; 261:116-124. [PMID: 37717509 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) experience disrupted temporality on the immediate timescale. However, insufficient information is available for longer time frames, and the interaction of temporal perspectives with the clinical manifestations of SSD is unknown. We explored the association between unbalanced time perspectives and symptom severity. Thirty-seven Italian mental health services participating in the DiAPAson project recruited 620 patients with DSM-5 SSD (68 % males, mean age = 41.3 ± 9.5 years). Time perspective biases were measured using the Deviation from the Balanced Time Perspective-revisited (DBTP-r) indicator, based on Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) scores. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and Brief Negative Symptoms Scale (BNSS). Preliminary analyses examined the associations between ZTPI/DBTP-r and BPRS/BNSS total scores. In secondary analyses, we first tested the associations between the ZTPI/DBTP-r and BPRS/BNSS subscales and then compared ZTPI differences between patients with and without hallucinations, delusions, and conceptual disorganisation. Statistical significance was set at Holm-Bonferroni corrected p < 0.05. Low-to-moderate positive correlations were found between the DBTP-r and BPRS/BNSS total scores (r = 0.29/0.22). The strongest associations were between DBTP-r/ZTPI_Past-Negative and anxiety/depression (r = 0.34/0.36), followed by DBTP-r/ZTPI_Present-Fatalistic with thought disturbances (r = 0.22/0.20). DBTP-r was associated with BNSS anhedonia and avolition (r = 0.21/0.24). DBTP-r was higher in patients with hallucinations (ES = 0.391) and conceptual disorganisation (ES = 0.397) than in those without these symptoms. Unbalanced time perspective was positively associated with the severity of primary and secondary SSD features. These findings provide a rationale for empirical tests focused on balancing time perspectives in patients with SSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Damiani
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Cristina Zarbo
- Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Manuel Zamparini
- Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Letizia Casiraghi
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Mental Health and Dependence, ASST of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Rocchetti
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Mental Health and Dependence, ASST of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Starace
- Department of Mental Health and Dependence, AUSL of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Paolo Fusar-Poli
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; OASIS service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Giovanni de Girolamo
- Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Byrne JF, Mongan D, Murphy J, Healy C, Fӧcking M, Cannon M, Cotter DR. Prognostic models predicting transition to psychotic disorder using blood-based biomarkers: a systematic review and critical appraisal. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:333. [PMID: 37898606 PMCID: PMC10613280 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02623-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests individuals with psychotic disorder show abnormalities in metabolic and inflammatory processes. Recently, several studies have employed blood-based predictors in models predicting transition to psychotic disorder in risk-enriched populations. A systematic review of the performance and methodology of prognostic models using blood-based biomarkers in the prediction of psychotic disorder from risk-enriched populations is warranted. Databases (PubMed, EMBASE and PsycINFO) were searched for eligible texts from 1998 to 15/05/2023, which detailed model development or validation studies. The checklist for Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS) was used to guide data extraction from eligible texts and the Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST) was used to assess the risk of bias and applicability of the studies. A narrative synthesis of the included studies was performed. Seventeen eligible studies were identified: 16 eligible model development studies and one eligible model validation study. A wide range of biomarkers were assessed, including nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites, and lipids. The range of C-index (area under the curve) estimates reported for the models was 0.67-1.00. No studies assessed model calibration. According to PROBAST criteria, all studies were at high risk of bias in the analysis domain. While a wide range of potentially predictive biomarkers were identified in the included studies, most studies did not account for overfitting in model performance estimates, no studies assessed calibration, and all models were at high risk of bias according to PROBAST criteria. External validation of the models is needed to provide more accurate estimates of their performance. Future studies which follow the latest available methodological and reporting guidelines and adopt strategies to accommodate required sample sizes for model development or validation will clarify the value of including blood-based biomarkers in models predicting psychosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonah F Byrne
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
- SFI FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - David Mongan
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm Healy
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Melanie Fӧcking
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- SFI FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David R Cotter
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- SFI FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wordefo DK, Kassim FM, Birhanu E, Mamo G. Suicidal behaviors and associated factors among patients attending an emergency department: a facility-based cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:462. [PMID: 37357261 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04949-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergency departments (ED) are an important site for screening patients with suicidal behaviors. However, there is insufficient data in low-and middle-income countries regarding the magnitude of suicidal attempts among patients attending EDs. Therefore, the present study aimed to screen suicidal behavior and factors associated with suicide in patients attending an ED of Addis Ababa Burn, Emergency and Trauma Hospital, Ethiopia. METHOD A facility-based quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted between April and June 2018. A total of 398 participants were recruited using a consecutive sampling technique. The collected data collected includes structured questionnaires containing sociodemographic determinants, chronic medical illness conditions, substance use characteristics, social support level, common mental disorders (CMD) screening, suicidal behaviors assessment and suicidal attempts reason and method. RESULTS The prevalence of suicidal behavior and suicidal attempts were 8% and 6.3%, respectively. Suicide was attempted most frequently in the 18-24 age group. There was no overall difference in sex distribution for suicidal attempts. However, there were sex-based differences when the age group was taken into consideration. The commonest underlying reason for the attempt was social reasons (44%), while the most frequently reported attempt method was hanging (36%). No single factor was found to be significantly associated with the suicidal attempt. CONCLUSION Although suicidal behaviors are more common in patients attending the ED than in the general population, these facts have previously got little attention in patient attending EDs in low and middle income countries. The present findings support the need for a more detailed assessment of suicidal behaviours in patients attending ED and in patients with CMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dureti Kassim Wordefo
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Faiz Mohammed Kassim
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Elizabeth Birhanu
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Girma Mamo
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Foerster FR, Chidharom M, Giersch A. Enhanced temporal resolution of vision in action video game players. Neuroimage 2023; 269:119906. [PMID: 36739103 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Video game play has been suggested to improve visual and attention processing. Nevertheless, while action video game play is highly dynamic, there is scarce research on how information is temporally discriminated at the millisecond level. This cross-sectional study investigates whether temporal discrimination at the millisecond level in vision varies across action video game players (VGPs; N = 23) and non-video game players (NVGPs; N = 23). Participants discriminated synchronous from asynchronous onsets of two visual targets in virtual reality, while their EEG and oculomotor movements were recorded. Results show an increased sensitivity to short asynchronies (11, 33 and 66 ms) in VGPs compared with NVGPs, which was especially marked at the start of the task, suggesting better temporal discrimination abilities. Pre-targets oculomotor freezing - the inhibition of small fixational saccades - was associated with correct temporal discrimination, probably revealing attentional preparation. However, this parameter did not differ between groups. EEG and reconstruction analyses suggest that the enhancement of temporal discrimination in VGPs during temporal discrimination is related to parieto-occipital processing, and a reduction of alpha-band (8-14 Hz) power and inter-trial phase coherence. Overall, the study reveals an enhanced ability in action video game players to discriminate in time visual events in close temporal proximity combined with reduced alpha-band oscillatory activities. Consequently, playing action video games is associated with an improved temporal resolution of vision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francois R Foerster
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, France.
| | - Matthieu Chidharom
- Department of Psychology, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
| | - Anne Giersch
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kent L, Nelson B, Northoff G. Can disorders of subjective time inform the differential diagnosis of psychiatric disorders? A transdiagnostic taxonomy of time. Early Interv Psychiatry 2023; 17:231-243. [PMID: 36935204 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM Time is a core aspect of psychopathology with potential for clinical use and early intervention. Temporal experience, perception, judgement and processing are distorted in various psychiatric disorders such as mood (depression and mania), anxiety, autistic, impulse-control, dissociative and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. Can these disorders of time be used as early diagnostic or predictive markers? To answer this question, we develop a Transdiagnostic Taxonomy of (disordered) Time (TTT) that maps on to the symptomatological, phenomenal, perceptual and functional descriptions of each underlying disorder in a 2 × 2 × 2 state space. Temporal distortions may precede functional decline, and so assist efforts at early detection and intervention in at-risk groups. METHOD Firstly, this article integrates a psychological model of how time is processed with a subjective or phenomenological model of how time is experienced or perceived. Secondly, the integrated combined model of time is then used to heuristically map major psychiatric disorders on to the basic elements of temporal flow and integration. RESULTS The TTT systematically describes the basic temporal nature of eight diagnostic categories of psychiatric illness. It differentiates between diagnoses primarily associated with distorted "macro-level" phenomenal temporal experiences (i.e. anxiety, dissociation/PTSD, depression, and mania) from those primarily related to distorted 'micro-level' temporal processing (i.e. psychotic, impulse-control, autistic and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders). CONCLUSIONS The TTT allows differential diagnostic classification of various psychiatric disorders in terms of a possible underlying time disorder, making it useful for future diagnostic and predictive purposes using novel techniques of temporal processing, time perception, passage of time, and time perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Kent
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georg Northoff
- Mental Health Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Giersch A, Laprévote V. Perceptual Functioning. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023; 63:79-113. [PMID: 36306053 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Perceptual disorders are not part of the diagnosis criteria for schizophrenia. Yet, a considerable amount of work has been conducted, especially on visual perception abnormalities, and there is little doubt that visual perception is altered in patients. There are several reasons why such perturbations are of interest in this pathology. They are observed during the prodromal phase of psychosis, they are related to the pathophysiology (clinical disorganization, disorders of the sense of self), and they are associated with neuronal connectivity disorders. Perturbations occur at different levels of processing and likely affect how patients interact and adapt to their surroundings. The literature has become very large, and here we try to summarize different models that have guided the exploration of perception in patients. We also illustrate several lines of research by showing how perception has been investigated and by discussing the interpretation of the results. In addition to discussing domains such as contrast sensitivity, masking, and visual grouping, we develop more recent fields like processing at the level of the retina, and the timing of perception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Giersch
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Vincent Laprévote
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- CLIP Centre de Liaison et d'Intervention Précoce, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Arrouet A, Polgári P, Giersch A, Joos E. Temporal Order Judgments in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorders – Explicit and Implicit Measures. TIMING & TIME PERCEPTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/22134468-bja10071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ordering events in time is essential for the understanding of causal relationships between successive events. Incorrect causal links can lead to false beliefs and an altered perception of reality. These symptoms belong to psychosis, which is present in schizophrenia (SZ) spectrum and bipolar (BP) disorder. Experimental results show that patients with SZ have an altered perception of temporal order, while there are no data in patients with BP. We investigated the ability of patients with SZ, BP, and controls to judge the order of stimuli with a 100-ms Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA), and how such large asynchronies facilitate temporal order judgments for small asynchronies. Explicit temporal order effects suggest that patients with SZ perform worse at a long SOA (100 ms) as compared to controls, whereas patients with BP show no difference compared to controls or to patients with SZ. Implicit order effects reveal improved performances in case of identical as compared to different relative order between two successive trials for all groups, with no differences between the groups. We replicated explicit order impairments in patients with SZ compared to controls, while implicit effects appear to be preserved. This difficulty for patients to consciously order stimuli in time might be understood under the light of the loosening-of-associations phenomenon well described in SZ. Further, we showed that patients with BP do not reveal such an explicit order impairment which is consistent with phenomenological descriptions, suggesting a difference in time experience in patients with SZ and BP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alana Arrouet
- INSERM U1114, Cognitive Neuropsychology and Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia, 1 place de l’Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg Cedex, France
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, 2301 Av. D’Estimauville, Québec, QC G1E 1T2, Canada
| | - Patrik Polgári
- INSERM U1114, Cognitive Neuropsychology and Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia, 1 place de l’Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Anne Giersch
- INSERM U1114, Cognitive Neuropsychology and Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia, 1 place de l’Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Ellen Joos
- INSERM U1114, Cognitive Neuropsychology and Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia, 1 place de l’Hôpital, 67091 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Amadeo MB, Esposito D, Escelsior A, Campus C, Inuggi A, Pereira Da Silva B, Serafini G, Amore M, Gori M. Time in schizophrenia: a link between psychopathology, psychophysics and technology. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:331. [PMID: 35961974 PMCID: PMC9374791 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been widely demonstrated that time processing is altered in patients with schizophrenia. This perspective review delves into such temporal deficit and highlights its link to low-level sensory alterations, which are often overlooked in rehabilitation protocols for psychosis. However, if temporal impairment at the sensory level is inherent to the disease, new interventions should focus on this dimension. Beyond more traditional types of intervention, here we review the most recent digital technologies for rehabilitation and the most promising ones for sensory training. The overall aim is to synthesise existing literature on time in schizophrenia linking psychopathology, psychophysics, and technology to help future developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bianca Amadeo
- U-VIP Unit for Visually Impaired People, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy. .,Applied Neurosciences for Technological Advances in Rehabilitation Systems (ANTARES) Joint Lab: Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa - Clinica Psichiatrica ed SPDC-Italian Institute of Technology (IIT); Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10 - 16132, Genoa, (GE), Italy.
| | - Davide Esposito
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907U-VIP Unit for Visually Impaired People, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy ,grid.5606.50000 0001 2151 3065Applied Neurosciences for Technological Advances in Rehabilitation Systems (ANTARES) Joint Lab: Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa – Clinica Psichiatrica ed SPDC—Italian Institute of Technology (IIT); Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10 - 16132, Genoa, (GE) Italy ,grid.5606.50000 0001 2151 3065Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Escelsior
- grid.5606.50000 0001 2151 3065Applied Neurosciences for Technological Advances in Rehabilitation Systems (ANTARES) Joint Lab: Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa – Clinica Psichiatrica ed SPDC—Italian Institute of Technology (IIT); Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10 - 16132, Genoa, (GE) Italy ,grid.410345.70000 0004 1756 7871IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudio Campus
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907U-VIP Unit for Visually Impaired People, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy ,grid.5606.50000 0001 2151 3065Applied Neurosciences for Technological Advances in Rehabilitation Systems (ANTARES) Joint Lab: Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa – Clinica Psichiatrica ed SPDC—Italian Institute of Technology (IIT); Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10 - 16132, Genoa, (GE) Italy
| | - Alberto Inuggi
- grid.5606.50000 0001 2151 3065Applied Neurosciences for Technological Advances in Rehabilitation Systems (ANTARES) Joint Lab: Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa – Clinica Psichiatrica ed SPDC—Italian Institute of Technology (IIT); Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10 - 16132, Genoa, (GE) Italy
| | - Beatriz Pereira Da Silva
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907U-VIP Unit for Visually Impaired People, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy ,grid.5606.50000 0001 2151 3065Applied Neurosciences for Technological Advances in Rehabilitation Systems (ANTARES) Joint Lab: Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa – Clinica Psichiatrica ed SPDC—Italian Institute of Technology (IIT); Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10 - 16132, Genoa, (GE) Italy
| | - Gianluca Serafini
- grid.5606.50000 0001 2151 3065Applied Neurosciences for Technological Advances in Rehabilitation Systems (ANTARES) Joint Lab: Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa – Clinica Psichiatrica ed SPDC—Italian Institute of Technology (IIT); Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10 - 16132, Genoa, (GE) Italy ,grid.410345.70000 0004 1756 7871IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mario Amore
- grid.5606.50000 0001 2151 3065Applied Neurosciences for Technological Advances in Rehabilitation Systems (ANTARES) Joint Lab: Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa – Clinica Psichiatrica ed SPDC—Italian Institute of Technology (IIT); Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10 - 16132, Genoa, (GE) Italy ,grid.410345.70000 0004 1756 7871IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Monica Gori
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907U-VIP Unit for Visually Impaired People, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy ,grid.5606.50000 0001 2151 3065Applied Neurosciences for Technological Advances in Rehabilitation Systems (ANTARES) Joint Lab: Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa – Clinica Psichiatrica ed SPDC—Italian Institute of Technology (IIT); Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10 - 16132, Genoa, (GE) Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Alachkar A. Aromatic patterns: Tryptophan aromaticity as a catalyst for the emergence of life and rise of consciousness. Phys Life Rev 2022; 42:93-114. [PMID: 35905538 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sunlight held the key to the origin of life on Earth. The earliest life forms, cyanobacteria, captured the sunlight to generate energy through photosynthesis. Life on Earth evolved in accordance with the circadian rhythms tied to sensitivity to sunlight patterns. A unique feature of cyanobacterial photosynthetic proteins and circadian rhythms' molecules, and later of nearly all photon-sensing molecules throughout evolution, is that the aromatic amino acid tryptophan (Trp) resides at the center of light-harvesting active sites. In this perspective, I review the literature and integrate evidence from different scientific fields to explore the role Trp plays in photon-sensing capabilities of living organisms through its resonance delocalization of π-electrons. The observations presented here are the product of apparently unrelated phenomena throughout evolution, but nevertheless share consistent patterns of photon-sensing by Trp-containing and Trp-derived molecules. I posit the unique capacity to transfer electrons during photosynthesis in the earliest life forms is conferred to Trp due to its aromaticity. I propose this ability evolved to assume more complex functions, serving as a host for mechanisms underlying mental aptitudes - a concept which provides a theoretical basis for defining the neural correlates of consciousness. The argument made here is that Trp aromaticity may have allowed for the inception of the mechanistic building blocks used to fabricate complexity in higher forms of life. More specifically, Trp aromatic non-locality may have acted as a catalyst for the emergence of consciousness by instigating long-range synchronization and stabilizing the large-scale coherence of neural networks, which mediate functional brain activity. The concepts proposed in this perspective provide a conceptual foundation that invites further interdisciplinary dialogue aimed at examining and defining the role of aromaticity (beyond Trp) in the emergence of life and consciousness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amal Alachkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; UC Irvine Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Speers LJ, Bilkey DK. Disorganization of Oscillatory Activity in Animal Models of Schizophrenia. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:741767. [PMID: 34675780 PMCID: PMC8523827 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.741767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic, debilitating disorder with diverse symptomatology, including disorganized cognition and behavior. Despite considerable research effort, we have only a limited understanding of the underlying brain dysfunction. In this article, we review the potential role of oscillatory circuits in the disorder with a particular focus on the hippocampus, a region that encodes sequential information across time and space, as well as the frontal cortex. Several mechanistic explanations of schizophrenia propose that a loss of oscillatory synchrony between and within these brain regions may underlie some of the symptoms of the disorder. We describe how these oscillations are affected in several animal models of schizophrenia, including models of genetic risk, maternal immune activation (MIA) models, and models of NMDA receptor hypofunction. We then critically discuss the evidence for disorganized oscillatory activity in these models, with a focus on gamma, sharp wave ripple, and theta activity, including the role of cross-frequency coupling as a synchronizing mechanism. Finally, we focus on phase precession, which is an oscillatory phenomenon whereby individual hippocampal place cells systematically advance their firing phase against the background theta oscillation. Phase precession is important because it allows sequential experience to be compressed into a single 120 ms theta cycle (known as a 'theta sequence'). This time window is appropriate for the induction of synaptic plasticity. We describe how disruption of phase precession could disorganize sequential processing, and thereby disrupt the ordered storage of information. A similar dysfunction in schizophrenia may contribute to cognitive symptoms, including deficits in episodic memory, working memory, and future planning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David K. Bilkey
- Department of Psychology, Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fingelkurts AA, Fingelkurts AA, Kallio-Tamminen T. Self, Me and I in the repertoire of spontaneously occurring altered states of Selfhood: eight neurophenomenological case study reports. Cogn Neurodyn 2021; 16:255-282. [PMID: 35401860 PMCID: PMC8934794 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-021-09719-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates eight case reports of spontaneously emerging, brief episodes of vivid altered states of Selfhood (ASoSs) that occurred during mental exercise in six long-term meditators by using a neurophenomenological electroencephalography (EEG) approach. In agreement with the neurophenomenological methodology, first-person reports were used to identify such spontaneous ASoSs and to guide the neural analysis, which involved the estimation of three operational modules of the brain self-referential network (measured by EEG operational synchrony). The result of such analysis demonstrated that the documented ASoSs had unique neurophenomenological profiles, where several aspects or components of Selfhood (measured neurophysiologically and phenomenologically) are affected and expressed differently, but still in agreement with the neurophysiological three-dimensional construct model of the complex experiential Selfhood proposed in our earlier work (Fingelkurts et al. in Conscious Cogn 86:103031. 10.1016/j.concog.2020.103031, 2020).
Collapse
|
12
|
Cowan HR, Mittal VA, McAdams DP. Narrative identity in the psychosis spectrum: A systematic review and developmental model. Clin Psychol Rev 2021; 88:102067. [PMID: 34274799 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders face profound challenges as they attempt to maintain identity through the course of illness. Narrative identity-the study of internalized, evolving life stories-provides a rich theoretical and empirical perspective on these challenges. Based on evidence from a systematic review of narrative identity in the psychosis spectrum (30 studies, combined N = 3859), we argue that the narrative identities of individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders are distinguished by three features: disjointed structure, a focus on suffering, and detached narration. Psychotic disorders typically begin to emerge during adolescence and emerging adulthood, which are formative developmental stages for narrative identity, so it is particularly informative to understand identity disturbances from a developmental perspective. We propose a developmental model in which a focus on suffering emerges in childhood; disjointed structure emerges in middle and late adolescence; and detached narration emerges before or around the time of a first psychotic episode. Further research with imminent risk and early course psychosis populations would be needed to test these predictions. The disrupted life stories of individuals on the psychosis spectrum provide multiple rich avenues for further research to understand narrative self-disturbances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vijay A Mittal
- Psychology, Psychiatry, Medical and Social Sciences, Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, United States
| | - Dan P McAdams
- Psychology, School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kent L, Wittmann M. Special Issue: Consciousness science and its theories Time consciousness: the missing link in theories of consciousness. Neurosci Conscious 2021; 2021:niab011. [PMID: 33868714 PMCID: PMC8042366 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There are plenty of issues to be solved in order for researchers to agree on a neural model of consciousness. Here we emphasize an often under-represented aspect in the debate: time consciousness. Consciousness and the present moment both extend in time. Experience flows through a succession of moments and progresses from future predictions, to present experiences, to past memories. However, a brief review finds that many dominant theories of consciousness only refer to brief, static, and discrete "functional moments" of time. Very few refer to more extended, dynamic, and continuous time, which is associated with conscious experience (cf. the "experienced moment"). This confusion between short and discrete versus long and continuous is, we argue, one of the core issues in theories of consciousness. Given the lack of work dedicated to time consciousness, its study could test novel predictions of rival theories of consciousness. It may be that different theories of consciousness are compatible/complementary if the different aspects of time are taken into account. Or, if it turns out that no existing theory can fully accommodate time consciousness, then perhaps it has something new to add. Regardless of outcome, the crucial step is to make subjective time a central object of study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Kent
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 35 Poplar Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Orygen, 35 Poplar Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Marc Wittmann
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, Wilhelmstraße 3a, 79098 Freiburg i.Br., Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Integrating clinical staging and phenomenological psychopathology to add depth, nuance, and utility to clinical phenotyping: a heuristic challenge. Lancet Psychiatry 2021; 8:162-168. [PMID: 33220779 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30316-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatry has witnessed a new wave of approaches to clinical phenotyping and the study of psychopathology, including the US National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria, clinical staging, network approaches, the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology, the general psychopathology factor, and a revival of interest in phenomenological psychopathology. The question naturally emerges about what the relationship between these new approaches is. Are they mutually exclusive and competing approaches, or can they be integrated in some way and be used to enrich each other? In this Personal View, we propose a possible integration between clinical staging and phenomenological psychopathology. Domains identified in phenomenological psychopathology (eg, selfhood, embodiment, and affectivity) can be overlaid on clinical stages to enrich and deepen the phenotypes captured in clinical staging (creating high-resolution clinical phenotypes). This approach might be useful both ideographically and nomothetically, to complement diagnosis, enrich clinical formulation, inform treatment of individual patients, and help to guide aetiology research, prediction of clinical trajectory and treatment. Overlaying phenomenological domains on clinical stages might require reformulating these domains in dimensional rather than categorial terms. This integrative project requires assessment tools (some of which are already available) that are sufficiently sensitive and thorough to pick up on the range of relevant psychopathology. The proposed approach offers opportunities for mutual enrichment: clinical staging might be enriched by introducing greater depth to phenotypes; phenomenological psychopathology might be enriched by introducing stages of severity and disorder progression to phenomenological analysis.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kolvoort IR, Wainio‐Theberge S, Wolff A, Northoff G. Temporal integration as "common currency" of brain and self-scale-free activity in resting-state EEG correlates with temporal delay effects on self-relatedness. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:4355-4374. [PMID: 32697351 PMCID: PMC7502844 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The self is a multifaceted phenomenon that integrates information and experience across multiple time scales. How temporal integration on the psychological level of the self is related to temporal integration on the neuronal level remains unclear. To investigate temporal integration on the psychological level, we modified a well-established self-matching paradigm by inserting temporal delays. On the neuronal level, we indexed temporal integration in resting-state EEG by two related measures of scale-free dynamics, the power law exponent and autocorrelation window. We hypothesized that the previously established self-prioritization effect, measured as decreased response times or increased accuracy for self-related stimuli, would change with the insertion of different temporal delays between the paired stimuli, and that these changes would be related to temporal integration on the neuronal level. We found a significant self-prioritization effect on accuracy in all conditions with delays, indicating stronger temporal integration of self-related stimuli. Further, we observed a relationship between temporal integration on psychological and neuronal levels: higher degrees of neuronal integration, that is, higher power-law exponent and longer autocorrelation window, during resting-state EEG were related to a stronger increase in the self-prioritization effect across longer temporal delays. We conclude that temporal integration on the neuronal level serves as a template for temporal integration of the self on the psychological level. Temporal integration can thus be conceived as the "common currency" of neuronal and psychological levels of self.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivar R. Kolvoort
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Unit, Institute of Mental Health ResearchUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Department of Psychology, Programme Group Psychological MethodsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Soren Wainio‐Theberge
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Unit, Institute of Mental Health ResearchUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Annemarie Wolff
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Unit, Institute of Mental Health ResearchUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Georg Northoff
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Unit, Institute of Mental Health ResearchUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yu X, Bao Y. The three second time window in poems and language processing in general: Complementarity of discrete timing and temporal continuity. Psych J 2020; 9:429-443. [PMID: 32851816 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The existence of discrete time windows has triggered the search for permanence and continuity for artists (including poets) in multiple cultures throughout history. In this article, we argue that there exists a 3-s window in the temporal structure of poems as well as in the aesthetic appreciation of poetry by reviewing previous literature on the temporal aspects of poems. This 3-s window can also be considered to be a general temporal machinery underlying human behavior, including language production and perception in general. The reafference principle has provided us a unique frame for understanding cognitive processes. However, "time" was absent in the original two-stage reafference principle. Therefore, we propose a three-stage cycling model of language perception, taking into account time and time windows. We also inspect the possible neural implementations of the three stages: the generation, maintenance, and comparison of predictions (as well as the integration of predictions into the representational context). These three stages are embedded in a temporal window of ~3 s and are repeated in a cycling mode, resulting in the representational context being continuously updated. Thus, it is possible that "semantics" could be carried forward across different time windows, being a "glue" linking the discrete time windows and thus achieving the subjective feeling of temporal continuity. Candidates of such "semantic glue" could include semantic and syntactic structures as well as identity and emotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinchi Yu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Chinese Language and Literature, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Bao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximillian University, Munich, Germany.,Human Science Center, Ludwig Maximillian University, Munich, Germany.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Northoff G, Sandsten KE, Nordgaard J, Kjaer TW, Parnas J. The Self and Its Prolonged Intrinsic Neural Timescale in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2020; 47:170-179. [PMID: 32614395 PMCID: PMC7825007 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) can be characterized as a basic self-disorder that is featured by abnormal temporal integration on phenomenological (experience) and psychological (information processing) levels. Temporal integration on the neuronal level can be measured by the brain's intrinsic neural timescale using the autocorrelation window (ACW) and power-law exponent (PLE). Our goal was to relate intrinsic neural timescales (ACW, PLE), as a proxy of temporal integration on the neuronal level, to temporal integration related to self-disorder on psychological (Enfacement illusion task in electroencephalography) and phenomenological (Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience [EASE]) levels. SCZ participants exhibited prolonged ACW and higher PLE during the self-referential task (Enfacement illusion), but not during the non-self-referential task (auditory oddball). The degree of ACW/PLE change during task relative to rest was significantly reduced in self-referential task in SCZ. A moderation model showed that low and high ACW/PLE exerted differential impact on the relationship of self-disorder (EASE) and negative symptoms (PANSS). In sum, we demonstrate abnormal prolongation in intrinsic neural timescale during self-reference in SCZ including its relation to basic self-disorder and negative symptoms. Our results point to abnormal relation of self and temporal integration at the core of SCZ constituting a "common currency" of neuronal, psychological, and phenomenological levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Northoff
- Mental Health Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Mental Health Centre/7th Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Tianmu Road 305, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310013, China; Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics, Institute of Mental Health Research, Royal Ottawa Healthcare Group and University of Ottawa, 1145 Carling Avenue, Room 6467, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada; tel: 613-722-6521 ex. 6959, fax: 613-798-2982, e-mail:
| | - Karl Erik Sandsten
- Early Psychosis Intervention Center, Region Zealand Psychiatry, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | | | - Josef Parnas
- Center for Subjectivity Research, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark,Mental Health Center Glostrup, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lin YS, Hartwich P, Wolff A, Golesorkhi M, Northoff G. The self in art therapy - Brain-based assessment of the drawing process. Med Hypotheses 2020; 138:109596. [PMID: 32059158 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Art therapy plays important role in classical psychological assessment as it allows expressing the subject's sense of self. However, its effectiveness and validity could be impeded by lack of relationship to the patients' neuronal changes in their brain. The aim of our theoretical-empirical paper is to propose a novel brain-based quantitative objective measurement of the self and how it shapes the drawing process. We discuss recent data that how the autocorrelation window (ACW) is related to the temporal continuity of self in current neuroscience and further develop a method to use ACW to measure the temporal continuity of the drawing process, probing it in two case studies. As expected, the schizophrenic subject shows lower ACW values compared to the healthy subject and reflects the well-known deficit in the temporal continuity of the self in schizophrenia. We concluded that ACW and eventually other measures of the brain's spatiotemporal structure might be able to serve as objective markers of the self in the drawing process. As our approach connects brain, self, and drawing process, it provides the theoretical basis for the future development of a brain-based assessment of the self in the drawing process and art therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shiou Lin
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Peter Hartwich
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics, General Hospital of Frankfurt am Main. Teaching Hospital University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Annemarie Wolff
- Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mehrshad Golesorkhi
- Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Georg Northoff
- Mental Health Centre/7th Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; TMU Research Centre for Brain and Consciousness, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Humanities in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. http://www.georgnorthoff.com
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
The neurophenomenology of early psychosis: An integrative empirical study. Conscious Cogn 2020; 77:102845. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2019.102845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
20
|
Keromnes G, Chokron S, Celume MP, Berthoz A, Botbol M, Canitano R, Du Boisgueheneuc F, Jaafari N, Lavenne-Collot N, Martin B, Motillon T, Thirioux B, Scandurra V, Wehrmann M, Ghanizadeh A, Tordjman S. Exploring Self-Consciousness From Self- and Other-Image Recognition in the Mirror: Concepts and Evaluation. Front Psychol 2019; 10:719. [PMID: 31133909 PMCID: PMC6524719 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A historical review of the concepts of self-consciousness is presented, highlighting the important role of the body (particularly, body perception but also body action), and the social other in the construction of self-consciousness. More precisely, body perception, especially intermodal sensory perception including kinesthetic perception, is involved in the construction of a sense of self allowing self-other differentiation. Furthermore, the social other, through very early social and emotional interactions, provides meaning to the infant's perception and contributes to the development of his/her symbolization capacities. This is a necessary condition for body image representation and awareness of a permanent self in a time-space continuum (invariant over time and space). Self-image recognition impairments in the mirror are also discussed regarding a comprehensive developmental theory of self-consciousness. Then, a neuropsychological and neurophysiological approach to self-consciousness reviews the role of complex brain activation/integration pathways and the mirror neuron system in self-consciousness. Finally, this article offers new perspectives on self-consciousness evaluation using a double mirror paradigm to study self- and other- image and body recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Keromnes
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent (PHUPEA), Centre Hospitalier Guillaume Régnier, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Sylvie Chokron
- Laboratoire de Psychologie de la Perception (LPP), Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8242, Paris, France
| | - Macarena-Paz Celume
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent (PHUPEA), Centre Hospitalier Guillaume Régnier, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et d’Ergonomie Appliquées (LaPEA), Université Paris Descartes, UMR T7708, Boulogne Billancourt, France
| | - Alain Berthoz
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Perception et de l’Action, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7152, Paris, France
| | - Michel Botbol
- CHU de Brest – Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie, CHU de Brest, Hôpital de Bohars, Bohars, France
| | - Roberto Canitano
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Foucaud Du Boisgueheneuc
- Département de Neurologie, Centre de Mémoire de Ressource et de Recherche, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nemat Jaafari
- Université de Poitiers, Unité de Recherche Clinique Intersectorielle en Psychiatrie à Vocation Régionale Pierre-Deniker du Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France
- INSERM U 1084, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Groupement de Recherche, CNRS 3557, Poitiers, France
| | - Nathalie Lavenne-Collot
- CHU de Brest – Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie, CHU de Brest, Hôpital de Bohars, Bohars, France
| | - Brice Martin
- Service Universitaire de Réhabilitation, Hôpital du Vinatier, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5229, Lyon, France
| | - Tom Motillon
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent (PHUPEA), Centre Hospitalier Guillaume Régnier, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Bérangère Thirioux
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Perception et de l’Action, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7152, Paris, France
- Université de Poitiers, Unité de Recherche Clinique Intersectorielle en Psychiatrie à Vocation Régionale Pierre-Deniker du Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France
| | - Valeria Scandurra
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Moritz Wehrmann
- International Research Institute for Cultural Techniques and Media Philosophy, Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, Weimar, Germany
| | - Ahmad Ghanizadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, Research Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sylvie Tordjman
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent (PHUPEA), Centre Hospitalier Guillaume Régnier, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
- Laboratoire de Psychologie de la Perception (LPP), Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8242, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Martin B, Franck N, Giersch A. A reflection upon methods to explore timing in patients with schizophrenia. Psych J 2019; 8:82-89. [PMID: 30912627 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phenomenologists have provided a detailed description of the disorders of the subjective experience associated with minimal-self disorders in patients with schizophrenia. Those patients report a range of distortions of their conscious experiences, including a sense of inner void, confusion between self and others, and, sometimes, a disruption of the sense of time. These reports have been interpreted as distortion of the first-person perspective and a lack of immersion in the world, associated with a breakdown of the temporal structure of consciousness, and especially a disruption of the sense of time continuity. Further, it has been proposed that these disruptions are based on a difficulty to retain past information and to predict future information, that is, the mechanisms that help to relate events with one another and to reach a sense of time continuity. Experimental psychology results seem to converge to similar conclusions, inasmuch as some results in patients with schizophrenia suggest a deficient ability to predict sequences of events at the millisecond level. Several studies have underlined this convergence. Here we reflect on the limits of both the phenomenological and experimental psychology approaches, and of the convergence of their hypotheses. We think that this reflection is necessary to avoid premature conclusions on the mechanisms underlying the impairments in patients, but also to enrich our understanding of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brice Martin
- Ressource Center for Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Cognitive Remediation, Le Vinatier Hospital UMR 5229 CNRS & Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Franck
- Ressource Center for Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Cognitive Remediation, Le Vinatier Hospital UMR 5229 CNRS & Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Giersch
- INSERM U1114, Psychiatric Center, University of Strasbourg, Regional University Hospital of Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Reframing schizophrenia and autism as bodily self-consciousness disorders leading to a deficit of theory of mind and empathy with social communication impairments. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 103:401-413. [PMID: 31029711 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prior observations and studies suggest self-consciousness disorders in schizophrenia and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), two neurodevelopmental disorders sharing social communication impairments. First, the relationships between schizophrenia and autism are explored regarding social communication impairments. Then, self-consciousness disorders in schizophrenia and autism are described and discussed in relation with impairments of body self leading to impairments of self-other differentiation, a deficit of theory of mind and empathy, and their consequences on social communication. Also, neurological dysfunction involved possibly in self-consciousness disorders in schizophrenia and autism is presented. In conclusion, a new model is proposed integrating results of studies presented here and stating the existence of bodily self-consciousness disorders in schizophrenia and autism associated with altered/absent intermodal sensory integration (especially visual-kinesthetic-tactile integration). This would result in problems of self-other differentiation, leading in turn to a deficit of theory of mind and empathy as well as social communication impairments. This model opens new perspectives to understand better self-consciousness disorders and social communication impairments in schizophrenia and ASD and to develop therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
23
|
Graham-Schmidt KT, Martin-Iverson MT, Waters FAV. Setting the beat of an internal clock: Effects of dexamphetamine on different interval ranges of temporal processing in healthy volunteers. Psych J 2019; 8:90-109. [PMID: 30793518 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Drug studies are powerful models to investigate the neuropharmacological mechanisms underlying temporal processing in humans. This study administered dexamphetamine to 24 healthy volunteers to investigate time perception at different time scales, along with contributions from working memory. Healthy volunteers were administered 0.45 mg/kg dexamphetamine or placebo in a double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled design. Time perception was assessed using three experimental tasks: a time-discrimination task, which asked participants to determine whether a comparison interval (1200 ± 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 ms) was shorter or longer than a standard interval (1200 ms); a retrospective time estimation task, which required participants to verbally estimate time intervals (10, 30, 60, 90 and 120 s) retrospectively; and a prospective time-production task, where participants were required to prospectively monitor the passing of time (10, 30, 60, 90 and 120 s). Working memory was assessed with the backwards digit span. On the discrimination task, there was a change in the proportion of long-to-short responses and reaction times in the dexamphetamine condition (but no association with working memory), consistent with an increase in the speed of an internal pacemaker, and an overestimation of durations in the timing of shorter intervals. There was an interaction between dexamphetamine, working memory, and performance on the estimation and production tasks, whereby increasing digit span scores were associated with decreasing interval estimates and increased produced intervals in the placebo condition, but were associated with increased interval estimates and decreased produced intervals after dexamphetamine administration. These findings indicate that the dexamphetamine-induced increase in the speed of the internal pacemaker was modulated by the basal working memory capacity of each participant. These findings in healthy humans have important implications for the role of dopamine, and its contributions to timing deficits, in models of psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyran T Graham-Schmidt
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mathew T Martin-Iverson
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Statewide Department of Neurophysiology, Clinical Research Unit, North Metro Area Mental Health, Graylands Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Flavie A V Waters
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Clinical Research Centre, Graylands Health Campus, North Metropolitan Health Services - Mental Health, Mount Claremont, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pienkos E, Giersch A, Hansen M, Humpston C, McCarthy-Jones S, Mishara A, Nelson B, Park S, Raballo A, Sharma R, Thomas N, Rosen C. Hallucinations Beyond Voices: A Conceptual Review of the Phenomenology of Altered Perception in Psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2019; 45:S67-S77. [PMID: 30715544 PMCID: PMC6357976 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sby057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent psychiatric research and treatment initiatives have tended to move away from traditional diagnostic categories and have focused instead on transdiagnostic phenomena, such as hallucinations. However, this emphasis on isolated experiences may artificially limit the definition of such phenomena and ignore the rich, complex, and dynamic changes occurring simultaneously in other domains of experience. This article reviews the literature on a range of experiential features associated with psychosis, with a focus on their relevance for hallucinations. Phenomenological research on changes in cognition, perception, selfhood and reality, temporality, interpersonal experience, and embodiment are discussed, along with their implications for traditional conceptualizations of hallucinations. We then discuss several phenomenological and neurocognitive theories, as well as the potential impact of trauma on these phenomena. Hallucinations are suggested to be an equifinal outcome of multiple genetic, neurocognitive, subjective, and social processes; by grouping them together under a single, operationalizable definition, meaningful differences in etiology and phenomenology may be ignored. It is suggested that future research efforts strive to incorporate a broader range of experiential alterations, potentially expanding on traditional definitions of hallucinations. Relevance for clinical practice, including emphasizing phenomenologically responsive techniques and developing targeted new therapies, is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Pienkos
- Graduate Institute of Professional Psychology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT
| | - Anne Giersch
- INSERM U1114, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire of Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie Hansen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Long Island University Brooklyn, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Clara Humpston
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | - Aaron Mishara
- Clinical Psychology Department, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sohee Park
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Andrea Raballo
- Department of Psychology, Psychopathology and Development Research Unit, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Division of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Rehabilitation, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rajiv Sharma
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Neil Thomas
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cherise Rosen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Alcaro A, Carta S. The "Instinct" of Imagination. A Neuro-Ethological Approach to the Evolution of the Reflective Mind and Its Application to Psychotherapy. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 12:522. [PMID: 30728771 PMCID: PMC6351487 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent neuro-psychoanalytic literature has emphasized the view that our subjective identity rests on ancient subcortical neuro-psychic processes expressing unthinking forms of experience, which are “affectively intense without being known” (Solms and Panksepp, 2012). Devoid of internal representations, the emotional states of our “core-Self” (Panksepp, 1998b) are entirely “projected” towards the external world and tend to be discharged through instinctual action-patterns. However, due to the close connections between the subcortical and the cortical midline brain, the emotional drives may also find a way to be reflected within an intrinsic self-referential processing, evident when the organism is not actively engaged with the external world. Thanks to such endogenous functioning, the core-Self emotional dispositions are not overtly executed, but they are organized within coherent dynamic mental structures, called “feeling-toned complexes” by C. G. Jung and “unconscious phantasies” by Melanie Klein. The intrinsic self-referential dynamism of the “brainmind” originated from REM sleep arousal and then evolved in the resting-state activity of a complex of cortico-limbic midline brain structures (CMS), also called Default Mode Network (DMN). From our neuro-ethological perspective, it is sustained by an “introverted” SEEKING activity leading to the subjective exploration of internally constructed virtual scenarios. This “mind wandering” function, implicated in dreaming, fantasy processing, remembering and thinking, is the essence of the imaginative function and constitutes the first form of reflection, where intentions and drives gain a primordial form of conscious (but not self-conscious) representation. During postnatal development, this original (“archetypal”) imaginative function is slowly attuned in a relational “transitional” space and may be expressed first in non-verbal and eventually in abstract-verbal social communicative patterns. Our view has noticeable implications for psychotherapy. Instead of trying to directly modify interpersonal, extrinsic relationships (a top-down approach), dysfunctional emotional-relational patterns may be modified by a process in which the patient is helped to let-go of the perceived feeling-objects in favor of an immersion, via the actual feeling, from the superficial level of perception towards a void feeling-state, empty of images. Only starting from this “anoetic” feeling-state, the deep imaginal creative and re-structuring self-referential activity may be reactivated by a process of spontaneous imagination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Alcaro
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Carta
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, and Philosophy, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Keromnes G, Motillon T, Coulon N, Berthoz A, Du Boisgueheneuc F, Wehrmann M, Martin B, Thirioux B, Bonnot O, Ridereau R, Bellissant E, Drapier D, Levoyer D, Jaafari N, Tordjman S. Self-other recognition impairments in individuals with schizophrenia: a new experimental paradigm using a double mirror. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2018; 4:24. [PMID: 30487540 PMCID: PMC6261962 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-018-0065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Clinical observations suggest early self-consciousness disturbances in schizophrenia. A double mirror combining the images of two individuals sitting on each side of the mirror was used to study self-other differentiation in 12 individuals with early onset schizophrenia (EOS) and 15 individuals with adult onset schizophrenia (AOS) compared to 27 typically developing controls (TDC) matched on age and sex. The effects of intermodal sensory perception (visual-tactile and visual-kinesthetic) on self-other recognition were also studied. The results showed that EOS and AOS individuals, independently of age and schizophrenia severity, were centered on their own image compared to TDC, with both significant earlier self-recognition and delayed other-recognition during the visual recognition task. In addition, there was no significant effect of intermodal sensory stimulation on self-other recognition in EOS and AOS patients, whereas self-centered functioning was significantly increased by visual-tactile stimulation and decreased by visual-kinesthetic stimulation in TDC. The findings suggest that self-other recognition impairments might be a possible endophenotypic trait of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle Keromnes
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Université de Rennes 1 and Centre Hospitalier Guillaume Régnier, 154 rue de Châtillon, Rennes, France.
| | - Tom Motillon
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Université de Rennes 1 and Centre Hospitalier Guillaume Régnier, 154 rue de Châtillon, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Coulon
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Université Paris Descartes and CNRS UMR 8242, Paris, France
- CHU de Brest - Department of Psychiatry, UBO and Hôpital de Bohars, Bohars, France
| | - Alain Berthoz
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Perception et de l'Action UMR 7152 CNRS, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Foucaud Du Boisgueheneuc
- Département de Neurologie, Centre de Mémoire de Ressource et de Recherche, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Moritz Wehrmann
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Perception et de l'Action UMR 7152 CNRS, Collège de France, Paris, France
- Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, Weimar, Germany
| | - Brice Martin
- Centre Référent Lyonnais en Réhabilitation et en Remédiation Cognitive - Service Universitaire de Réhabilitation, Hôpital du Vinatier, Université Lyon 1, et UMR, 5229, Lyon, France
| | - Bérangère Thirioux
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Perception et de l'Action UMR 7152 CNRS, Collège de France, Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Intersectorielle en Psychiatrie à vocation régionale Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France
| | - Olivier Bonnot
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Romain Ridereau
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Université de Rennes 1 and Centre Hospitalier Guillaume Régnier, 154 rue de Châtillon, Rennes, France
| | - Eric Bellissant
- INSERM, CIC 1414 Clinical Investigation Center, Rennes, France
| | - Dominique Drapier
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Adulte, Université de Rennes 1 and Centre Hospitalier Guillaume Régnier, Rennes, France
| | - David Levoyer
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Adulte, Université de Rennes 1 and Centre Hospitalier Guillaume Régnier, Rennes, France
| | - Nemat Jaafari
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Intersectorielle en Psychiatrie à vocation régionale Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France
- Université de Poitiers - INSERM CIC 1402, CHU de Poitiers - INSERM U 1084, Experimental and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory - Groupement de Recherche CNRS 3557, Poitiers, France
| | - Sylvie Tordjman
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Université de Rennes 1 and Centre Hospitalier Guillaume Régnier, 154 rue de Châtillon, Rennes, France.
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Université Paris Descartes and CNRS UMR 8242, Paris, France.
- INSERM, CIC 1414 Clinical Investigation Center, Rennes, France.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wilquin H, Delevoye-Turrell Y, Dione M, Giersch A. Motor Synchronization in Patients With Schizophrenia: Preserved Time Representation With Abnormalities in Predictive Timing. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:193. [PMID: 29867416 PMCID: PMC5965021 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Basic temporal dysfunctions have been described in patients with schizophrenia, which may impact their ability to connect and synchronize with the outer world. The present study was conducted with the aim to distinguish between interval timing and synchronization difficulties and more generally the spatial-temporal organization disturbances for voluntary actions. A new sensorimotor synchronization task was developed to test these abilities. Method: Twenty-four chronic schizophrenia patients matched with 27 controls performed a spatial-tapping task in which finger taps were to be produced in synchrony with a regular metronome to six visual targets presented around a virtual circle on a tactile screen. Isochronous (time intervals of 500 ms) and non-isochronous auditory sequences (alternated time intervals of 300/600 ms) were presented. The capacity to produce time intervals accurately versus the ability to synchronize own actions (tap) with external events (tone) were measured. Results: Patients with schizophrenia were able to produce the tapping patterns of both isochronous and non-isochronous auditory sequences as accurately as controls producing inter-response intervals close to the expected interval of 500 and 900 ms, respectively. However, the synchronization performances revealed significantly more positive asynchrony means (but similar variances) in the patient group than in the control group for both types of auditory sequences. Conclusion: The patterns of results suggest that patients with schizophrenia are able to perceive and produce both simple and complex sequences of time intervals but are impaired in the ability to synchronize their actions with external events. These findings suggest a specific deficit in predictive timing, which may be at the core of early symptoms previously described in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Wilquin
- Aix Marseille Univ, Laboratory of Clinical Psychology, Psychopathology and Psychoanalysis, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Yvonne Delevoye-Turrell
- SCALab, UMR 9193 – National Center for Scientific Research, University of Lille, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Mariama Dione
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anne Giersch
- INSERM U1114, Department of Psychiatry, Federation of Translational Medicine of Strasbourg, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Martin B, Franck N, Cermolacce M, Coull JT, Giersch A. Minimal Self and Timing Disorders in Schizophrenia: A Case Report. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:132. [PMID: 29686612 PMCID: PMC5900747 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For years, phenomenological psychiatry has proposed that distortions of the temporal structure of consciousness contribute to the abnormal experiences described before schizophrenia emerges, and may relate to basic disturbances in consciousness of the self. However, considering that temporality refers mainly to an implicit aspect of our relationship with the world, disturbances in the temporal structure of consciousness remain difficult to access. Nonetheless, previous studies have shown a correlation between self disorders and the automatic ability to expect an event in time, suggesting timing is a key issue for the psychopathology of schizophrenia. Timing disorders may represent a target for cognitive remediation, but this requires that disorders can be demonstrated at an individual level. Since cognitive impairments in patients with schizophrenia are discrete, and there is no standardized timing exploration, we focused on timing impairments suggested to be related to self disorders. We present the case report of AF, a 22 year old man suffering from schizophrenia, with no antipsychotic intake. Although AF shows few positive and negative symptoms and has a normal neurocognitive assessment, he shows a high level of disturbance of Minimal Self Disorders (SDs) (assessed with the EASE scale). Moreover, AF has a rare ability to describe his self and time difficulties. An objective assessment of timing ability (variable foreperiod task) confirmed that AF had temporal impairments similar to those previously described in patients, i.e., a preserved ability to distinguish time intervals, but a difficulty to benefit from the passage of time to expect a visual stimulus. He presents additional difficulties in benefitting from temporal cues and adapting to changes in time delays. The impairments were ample enough to yield significant effects with analyses at the individual level. Although causal relationships between subjective and objective impairments cannot be established, the results show that exploring timing deficits at the individual level is possible in patients with schizophrenia. Besides, the results are consistent with hypotheses relating minimal self disorders (SDs) to timing difficulties. They suggest that both subjective and objective timing investigations should be developed further so that their use at an individual level can be generalized in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brice Martin
- Centre Ressource de Réhabilitation Psychosociale et de Remédiation Cognitive, Centre Référent Lyonnais en Réhabilitation et en Remédiation Cognitive Hôpital du Vinatier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5229, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Franck
- Centre Ressource de Réhabilitation Psychosociale et de Remédiation Cognitive, Centre Référent Lyonnais en Réhabilitation et en Remédiation Cognitive Hôpital du Vinatier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5229, Lyon, France
| | - Michel Cermolacce
- Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Ste Marguerite, Marseille, France
| | - Jennifer T Coull
- Laboratoire des Neurosciences Cognitives (UMR 7291), Aix-Marseille Université & Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Giersch
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1114, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire of Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Giersch A. Saccadic Eye Movement System and Agency Disorders: Yes, They Are Related! BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2018. [PMID: 29529403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Giersch
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1114, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire of Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Giersch A, Mishara AL. Is Schizophrenia a Disorder of Consciousness? Experimental and Phenomenological Support for Anomalous Unconscious Processing. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1659. [PMID: 29033868 PMCID: PMC5625017 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades ago, several authors have proposed that disorders in automatic processing lead to intrusive symptoms or abnormal contents in the consciousness of people with schizophrenia. However, since then, studies have mainly highlighted difficulties in patients' conscious experiencing and processing but rarely explored how unconscious and conscious mechanisms may interact in producing this experience. We report three lines of research, focusing on the processing of spatial frequencies, unpleasant information, and time-event structure that suggest that impairments occur at both the unconscious and conscious level. We argue that focusing on unconscious, physiological and automatic processing of information in patients, while contrasting that processing with conscious processing, is a first required step before understanding how distortions or other impairments emerge at the conscious level. We then indicate that the phenomenological tradition of psychiatry supports a similar claim and provides a theoretical framework helping to understand the relationship between the impairments and clinical symptoms. We base our argument on the presence of disorders in the minimal self in patients with schizophrenia. The minimal self is tacit and non-verbal and refers to the sense of bodily presence. We argue this sense is shaped by unconscious processes, whose alteration may thus affect the feeling of being a unique individual. This justifies a focus on unconscious mechanisms and a distinction from those associated with consciousness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Giersch
- INSERM U1114, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire of Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Aaron L. Mishara
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
A neuroanatomical account of mental time travelling in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of functional and structural neuroimaging data. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:211-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
32
|
Northoff G. Personal Identity and Cortical Midline Structure (CMS): Do Temporal Features of CMS Neural Activity Transform Into “Self-Continuity”? PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2017.1337396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Northoff
- Mental Health Centre, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Centre for Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- College for Humanities and Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Martin B, Franck N, Cermolacce M, Falco A, Benair A, Etienne E, Weibel S, Coull JT, Giersch A. Fragile temporal prediction in patients with schizophrenia is related to minimal self disorders. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8278. [PMID: 28811493 PMCID: PMC5557764 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07987-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia have difficulty in making sensory predictions, in the time domain, which have been proposed to be related to self-disorders. However experimental evidence is lacking. We examined both voluntary and automatic forms of temporal prediction in 28 patients and 24 matched controls. A visual cue predicted (temporal cue) or not (neutral cue) the time (400 ms/1000 ms) at which a subsequent target was presented. In both patients and controls, RTs were faster for targets presented after long versus short intervals due to the temporal predictability inherent in the elapse of time ("hazard function"). This RT benefit was correlated with scores on the EASE scale, which measures disorders of the self: patients with a high 'self-awareness and presence' score did not show any significant benefit of the hazard function, whereas this ability was preserved in patients with a low score. Moreover, all patients were abnormally sensitive to the presence of "catch" trials (unexpected absence of a target) within a testing block, with RTs actually becoming slower at long versus short intervals. These results indicate fragility in patients' ability to continuously extract temporally predictive information from the elapsing interval. This deficit might contribute to perturbations of the minimal self in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brice Martin
- Centre Ressource de Réhabilitation psychosociale et de remédiation cognitive, Centre Référent Lyonnais en Réhabilitation et en Remédiation cognitive (CL3R) Hôpital du Vinatier; CNRS UMR 5229, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Franck
- Centre Ressource de Réhabilitation psychosociale et de remédiation cognitive, Centre Référent Lyonnais en Réhabilitation et en Remédiation cognitive (CL3R) Hôpital du Vinatier; CNRS UMR 5229, Lyon, France
| | - Michel Cermolacce
- Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ste Marguerite, 13009, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire des Neurosciences Cognitives (UMR 7291), Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331, Marseille cedex 3, France
| | - Agnès Falco
- Centre Ressource de Réhabilitation psychosociale et de remédiation cognitive, Centre Référent Lyonnais en Réhabilitation et en Remédiation cognitive (CL3R) Hôpital du Vinatier; CNRS UMR 5229, Lyon, France
| | - Anabel Benair
- Centre Ressource de Réhabilitation psychosociale et de remédiation cognitive, Centre Référent Lyonnais en Réhabilitation et en Remédiation cognitive (CL3R) Hôpital du Vinatier; CNRS UMR 5229, Lyon, France
| | - Estelle Etienne
- Centre Ressource de Réhabilitation psychosociale et de remédiation cognitive, Centre Référent Lyonnais en Réhabilitation et en Remédiation cognitive (CL3R) Hôpital du Vinatier; CNRS UMR 5229, Lyon, France
| | - Sébastien Weibel
- INSERM U1114, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire of Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jennifer T Coull
- Laboratoire des Neurosciences Cognitives (UMR 7291), Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331, Marseille cedex 3, France
| | - Anne Giersch
- INSERM U1114, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire of Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
In recent decades, embodiment has become an influential concept in psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Embodiment denotes the study of the reciprocal (causal) relationships between mind and body, with the mind not only affecting the body but also vice versa. Embodied cognition comes to the fore in sensorimotor coupling, predictive coding, and nonverbal behavior. Additionally, the embodiment of the mind constitutes the basis of social interaction and communication, as evident in research on nonverbal synchrony and mimicry. These theoretical and empirical developments portend a range of implications for schizophrenia research and treatment. Sensorimotor dysfunctions are closely associated with affective and psychotic psychopathology, leading to altered timing in the processing of stimuli and to disordered appraisals of the environment. Problems of social cognition may be newly viewed as disordered embodied communication. The embodiment perspective suggests novel treatment strategies through psychotherapy and body-oriented interventions, and may ultimately provide biomarkers for diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Tschacher
- Universitätsklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universität Bern, Bolligenstrasse 111, 3060 Bern, Schweiz
| | - Anne Giersch
- INSERM U1114, FMTS, Departement de Psychiatrie, CHRU de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Karl Friston
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Thoenes S, Oberfeld D. Meta-analysis of time perception and temporal processing in schizophrenia: Differential effects on precision and accuracy. Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 54:44-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
36
|
Graham-Schmidt KT, Martin-Iverson MT, Holmes NP, Waters FAV. When one's sense of agency goes wrong: Absent modulation of time perception by voluntary actions and reduction of perceived length of intervals in passivity symptoms in schizophrenia. Conscious Cogn 2016; 45:9-23. [PMID: 27544689 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Passivity symptoms in schizophrenia are characterised by an absence of agency for actions, thoughts and other somatic experiences. Time perception and intentional binding have both been linked to agency and schizophrenia but have not been examined in passivity symptoms. Time perception and intentional binding were assessed in people with schizophrenia (n=15 with, n=24 without passivity symptoms) and 43 healthy controls using an interval estimation procedure (200, 400 and 600ms intervals) with active, passive and observed movements. People with passivity symptoms did not display action-modulation of time perception, while those without passivity symptoms estimated intervals to be the same after active and observed movements. Additionally, both clinical samples reported intervals to be shorter with increasing interval length. We propose that impaired predictive processes may produce an overreliance on external cues and, together with shorter perceived intervals, lead to the subjective loss of agency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyran T Graham-Schmidt
- Pharmacology, Pharmacy & Anaesthesiology Unit, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, WA, Australia.
| | - Mathew T Martin-Iverson
- Pharmacology, Pharmacy & Anaesthesiology Unit, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, WA, Australia; Statewide Department of Neurophysiology, Graylands Hospital, North Metropolitan Health Services - Mental Health, WA, Australia
| | | | - Flavie A V Waters
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, WA, Australia; Clinical Research Centre, Graylands Hospital, North Metropolitan Health Services - Mental Health, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Allé MC, d'Argembeau A, Schneider P, Potheegadoo J, Coutelle R, Danion JM, Berna F. Self-continuity across time in schizophrenia: An exploration of phenomenological and narrative continuity in the past and future. Compr Psychiatry 2016; 69:53-61. [PMID: 27423345 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disorders of the self, such as a reduced sense of personal continuity in time, are a core symptom of schizophrenia, but one that is still poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated two complementary aspects of self-continuity, namely phenomenological and narrative continuity, in 27 patients with schizophrenia, and compared them with 27 control participants. METHODS Participants were asked to identify important past events and to narrate a story from their life that included these events. They were also asked to imagine important events that might happen in their personal future and to build a narrative of their future life. The vividness of these important life events and the proportion of self-event connections in the narratives were used as a measure of phenomenological and narrative continuity, respectively. RESULTS Our study showed patients with schizophrenia experienced less vivid representations of personally significant events (p = .02) for both temporal directions (past and future) (p < .001). In addition, their ability to make explicit connections between personal events and self-attributes in life narratives was also impaired (p = .03), but only in the case of past narratives (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS These results shed new light on the cognitive mechanisms underlying self-disorders in schizophrenia. The clinical and therapeutic implications of these findings are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Allé
- INSERM U-1114, 1 place de l'Hôpital, Clinique Psychiatrique, Strasbourg Cedex, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; FMTS: Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - A d'Argembeau
- Department of Psychology - Cognition and Behavior, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - P Schneider
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 place de l'Hôpital, Strasbourg Cedex, France; Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - J Potheegadoo
- INSERM U-1114, 1 place de l'Hôpital, Clinique Psychiatrique, Strasbourg Cedex, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; FMTS: Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - R Coutelle
- INSERM U-1114, 1 place de l'Hôpital, Clinique Psychiatrique, Strasbourg Cedex, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; FMTS: Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 place de l'Hôpital, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - J-M Danion
- INSERM U-1114, 1 place de l'Hôpital, Clinique Psychiatrique, Strasbourg Cedex, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; FMTS: Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 place de l'Hôpital, Strasbourg Cedex, France; Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - F Berna
- INSERM U-1114, 1 place de l'Hôpital, Clinique Psychiatrique, Strasbourg Cedex, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; FMTS: Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 place de l'Hôpital, Strasbourg Cedex, France; Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hipolito I. The phenomenology of the intersubjective impairment. J Eval Clin Pract 2016; 22:608-14. [PMID: 27237551 DOI: 10.1111/jep.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several studies suggest that the disorders of the self include a disturbance of the most elementary component of self - the minimal self. Characterizing these disorders and understanding the mechanisms involved remain a challenge to medical epistemology and health care professionals. In the present work, I bring together concepts of different fields, such as neuroscience, epistemology and phenomenology. The main goal is to show that the second-person perspective can be used to point out particular features of social cognition and its related psychopathology. Taking the hypothesis that the second-person perspective is the congruence point between an objective process and the subjective experience, I will attempt to explain schizophrenia as a self-related deficit, first in the light of the first-person and the third-person perspective and afterward, in the light of the poorly less understood second-person perspective. On the one hand, the first-person experience is correlated both with space and time. In fact, psychiatric patients report subjective experiences that can be understood within research on the bodily self, such as (1) spatially incongruent proprioception and (2) impaired sense of time as the basic mechanism that allows conscious experience. On the other hand, the second-person approach has already begun to prove productive within social cognition research, pointing out the importance of experiencing and interacting with others as our primarily way well-being. I will phenomenological analyse subjective and intersubjective experience in the disorders of the self and derive practical consequences to evidence-based medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Hipolito
- Brain-Mind Doctoral College, Alameda da Universidade de Lisboa, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Giersch A, Lalanne L, Isope P. Implicit Timing as the Missing Link between Neurobiological and Self Disorders in Schizophrenia? Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:303. [PMID: 27378893 PMCID: PMC4913093 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of consciousness and the self are at the forefront of schizophrenia symptomatology. Patients are impaired in feeling themselves as the authors of their thoughts and actions. In addition, their flow of consciousness is disrupted, and thought fragmentation has been suggested to be involved in the patients' difficulties in feeling as being one unique, unchanging self across time. Both impairments are related to self disorders, and both have been investigated at the experimental level. Here we review evidence that both mechanisms of motor control and the temporal structure of signal processing are impaired in schizophrenia patients. Based on this review, we propose that the sequencing of action and perception plays a key role in the patients' impairments. Furthermore, the millisecond time scale of the disorders, as well as the impaired sequencing, highlights the cooperation between brain networks including the cerebellum, as proposed by Andreasen (1999). We examine this possibility in the light of recent knowledge on the anatomical and physiological properties of the cerebellum, its role in timing, and its involvement in known physiological impairments in patients with schizophrenia, e.g., resting states and brain dynamics. A disruption in communication between networks involving the cerebellum, related to known impairments in dopamine, glutamate and GABA transmission, may help to better explain why patients experience reduced attunement with the external world and possibly with themselves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Giersch
- Department of Psychiatry, INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University Hospital Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Lalanne
- Department of Psychiatry, INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University Hospital Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Isope
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (INCI), CNRS UPR 3212, Strasbourg University Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Self, cortical midline structures and the resting state: Implications for Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:245-255. [PMID: 27235083 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Different aspects of the self have been reported to be affected in many neurological or psychiatric diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), including mainly higher-level cognitive self-unawareness. This higher sense of self-awareness is most likely related to and dependent on episodic memory, due to the proper integration of ourselves in time, with a permanent conservation of ourselves (i.e., sense of continuity across time). Reviewing studies in this field, our objective is thus to raise possible explanations, especially with the help of neuroimaging studies, for where such self-awareness deficits originate in AD patients. We describe not only episodic (and autobiographical memory) impairment in patients, but also the important role of cortical midline structures, the Default Mode Network, and the resting state (intrinsic brain activity) for the processing of self-related information.
Collapse
|
41
|
|
42
|
Abstract
There has been evidence for the very brief, temporal quantization of perceptual experience at regular intervals below 100 ms for several decades. We briefly describe how earlier studies led to the concept of "psychological moment" of between 50 and 60 ms duration. According to historical theories, within the psychological moment all events would be processed as co-temporal. More recently, a link with physiological mechanisms has been proposed, according to which the 50-60 ms psychological moment would be defined by the upper limit required by neural mechanisms to synchronize and thereby represent a snapshot of current perceptual event structure. However, our own experimental developments also identify a more fine-scaled, serialized process structure within the psychological moment. Our data suggests that not all events are processed as co-temporal within the psychological moment and instead, some are processed successively. This evidence questions the analog relationship between synchronized process and simultaneous experience and opens debate on the ontology and function of "moments" in psychological experience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Elliott
- School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway Galway, Ireland
| | - Anne Giersch
- INSERM U1114, Department of Psychiatry, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University Hospital Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zaytseva Y, Szymanski C, Gutyrchik E, Pechenkova E, Vlasova R, Wittmann M. A disembodied man: A case of somatopsychic depersonalization in schizotypal disorder. Psych J 2015; 4:186-98. [PMID: 26571072 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the general concept of self-disturbances in schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders, somatopsychic depersonalization (SPD) occupies a special place as it constitutes a syndrome that comprises feelings of detachment from one's own body and mental processes. However, apart from clinical descriptions, to date the pathophysiology of SPD is not fully understood due to the rareness of the syndrome and a lack of experimental studies. In a case study of one patient with schizotypal disorder, we applied a multimodal approach to understanding the SPD phenomena. The patient's clinical profile was identified as disruption of implicit bodily function, accompanied by depressive symptoms. On a neuropsychological level, the patient exhibited impairment in executive functioning, intact tactile perception and kinesthetic praxis. Behavioral tests revealed an altered sense of time but unimpaired self-agency. Furthermore, the patient exhibited a lack of empathy and he had autistic traits, although with a sufficient ability to verbalize his feelings. On the neurobiological level using an active and passive touch paradigm during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we found a hyperconnectivity of the default-mode network and salience network and a hypoconnectivity of the central executive brain networks in the performance of the touch task as well as intact perceptual touch processing emerging from the direct comparisons of the touch conditions. Our data provide evidence for the important role of altered large-brain network functioning in SPD that corresponds to the specific behavioral and neurocognitive phenomena.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Zaytseva
- Department of National IT System of Mental Health and Brain Monitoring, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.,Human Science Centre and Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,Outpatient Psychiatry and Organization for Psychiatric Care, Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Caroline Szymanski
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Evgeny Gutyrchik
- Human Science Centre and Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Rosa Vlasova
- National Research University, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marc Wittmann
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Giersch A, Poncelet PE, Capa RL, Martin B, Duval CZ, Curzietti M, Hoonacker M, van Assche M, Lalanne L. Disruption of information processing in schizophrenia: The time perspective. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH-COGNITION 2015; 2:78-83. [PMID: 29114456 PMCID: PMC5609651 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We review studies suggesting time disorders on both automatic and subjective levels in patients with schizophrenia. Patients have difficulty explicitly discriminating between simultaneous and asynchronous events, and ordering events in time. We discuss the relationship between these difficulties and impairments on a more elementary level. We showed that for undetectable stimulus onset asynchronies below 20 ms, neither patients nor controls merge events in time, as previously believed. On the contrary, subjects implicitly distinguish between events even when evaluating them to be simultaneous. Furthermore, controls privilege the last stimulus, whereas patients seem to stay stuck on the first stimulus when asynchronies are sub-threshold. Combining previous results shows this to be true for patients even for asynchronies as short as 8 ms. Moreover, this peculiarity predicts difficulties with detecting asynchronies longer than 50 ms, suggesting an impact on the conscious ability to time events. Difficulties on the subjective level are also correlated with clinical disorganization. The results are interpreted within the framework of predictive coding which can account for an implicit ability to update events. These results complement a range of other results, by suggesting a difficulty with binding information in time as well as space, and by showing that information processing lacks continuity and stability in patients. The time perspective may help bridge the gap between cognitive impairments and clinical symptoms, by showing how the innermost structure of thought and experience is disrupted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Giersch
- INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Dept of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Strasbourg; 1, pl de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Patrick E Poncelet
- INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Dept of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Strasbourg; 1, pl de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Rémi L Capa
- INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Dept of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Strasbourg; 1, pl de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Brice Martin
- Centre Lyonnais Référent en Réhabilitation et en Remédiation cognitive (CL3R) - Service Universitaire de Réhabilitation (SUR), Hôpital du Vinatier, Université Lyon 1 & UMR 5229 (CNRS), France
| | - Céline Z Duval
- INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Dept of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Strasbourg; 1, pl de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Maxime Curzietti
- INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Dept of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Strasbourg; 1, pl de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Marc Hoonacker
- INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Dept of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Strasbourg; 1, pl de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mitsouko van Assche
- University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Lalanne
- INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Dept of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Strasbourg; 1, pl de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Nelson B, Raballo A. Basic Self-Disturbance in the Schizophrenia Spectrum: Taking Stock and Moving Forward. Psychopathology 2015; 48:301-9. [PMID: 26368118 DOI: 10.1159/000437211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The concept of basic self-disturbance offers a renewed, phenomenologically oriented framework to approach both the cross-sectional and longitudinal complexity of schizophrenia spectrum psychopathology. According to this approach, schizophrenia is characterized by instability in the most foundational and irreducible dimension of selfhood, i.e., the basic sense of self. Whereas normal basic self-experience is characterized by being a self-present, single, temporally persistent, bodily and demarcated (bounded) subject of experience and action, vulnerability to schizophrenia is marked by several structural shifts in such a basic selfhood (e.g., unstable first-person perspective, diminished sense of presence, and loss of vital contact with reality). This provides the ground for the emergence of the varied symptoms of schizophrenia, such as positive, negative and disorganization symptoms. Recent empirical research confirms that basic self-disturbance is specific to the schizophrenia spectrum and might be of value in the prospective identification of prodromal patients. The concept has implications for both aetiopathogenetic research and clinical-psychotherapeutic intervention. Furthermore, it may offer an integrative framework across 'levels' of inquiry in schizophrenia research (i.e. across psychopathological, neurocognitive and neurobiological domains).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barnaby Nelson
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|