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Ganor T, Mor N, Huppert JD. Effects of rumination and distraction on inhibition. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2023; 78:101780. [PMID: 36206674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Rumination involves fixating on negative content, is associated with biases in inhibitory control, and typically worsens negative mood. In contrast, distraction attempts to engage attentional control and downregulate negative mood. To date studies have not dissociated the detrimental effects of rumination from beneficial effects of distraction on individuals' ability to inhibit irrelevant negative information. Moreover, research has not examined the possible pathways connecting rumination and distraction, negative mood and inhibitory control. METHODS To bridge these gaps, we report two studies that assess the effect of induced rumination versus distraction on inhibitory control among high ruminators. RESULTS In Study 1 distraction improved inhibition of negative content, whereas induced rumination impaired inhibition of negative content. Study 2 replicated Study 1 and demonstrated that the effect of distraction on inhibition of negative content was mediated by changes in negative mood. LIMITATIONS Our studies are limited by small sample sizes and lack of measurement of possible long-term effects. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide preliminary evidence for an effect of mood on inhibition and not vice versa, among high ruminators. We discuss theoretical and clinical implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Ganor
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Nilly Mor
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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2
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Van Beveren ML, Braet J, De Raedt R, Grol M, Wante L, Braet C. Always look on the bright side of life: Individual differences in visual attentional breadth for understanding temperament and emotion regulation in adolescents. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1094108. [PMID: 36936000 PMCID: PMC10018151 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1094108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cognitive-affective models of depression show that negative and positive emotionality differentially confer risk for depression through maladaptive and adaptive emotion regulation (ER) strategies respectively. Yet, no research has examined the mechanisms through which these temperament traits shape individual differences in ER. The current study explored the mediating role of attentional breadth for emotional information in the distinct pathways from temperament to ER strategies in adolescents. Methods The hypotheses were tested in a selected sample of 71 adolescents (M = 14.15, SD = 1.90; 62% girls) using a previously validated measure of visuospatial attentional breadth. Results First, positive emotionality was positively associated with attentional breadth for positive stimuli and temperamental vulnerable adolescents showed deficits in the processing of positive stimuli when presented far from the center of the visual field. Second, attentional breadth towards neutral stimuli was positively related to adaptive ER strategies. Third, no evidence was found for the proposed mediation models. However, post-hoc analyses provided preliminary evidence for a reversed mediation model in which adaptive ER strategies mediate the relationship between temperament and attentional breadth towards neutral stimuli. Discussion The results underscore the apparent complexity of the relations between temperament, attentional breadth, and ER and point out the need for further research in order to inform early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Lotte Van Beveren
- Clinical Developmental Psychology, Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Braet
- Clinical Developmental Psychology, Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Jolien Braet,
| | - Rudi De Raedt
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maud Grol
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laura Wante
- Clinical Developmental Psychology, Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Caroline Braet
- Clinical Developmental Psychology, Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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3
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Kolnes M, Gentsch K, van Steenbergen H, Uusberg A. The mystery remains: breadth of attention in Flanker and Navon tasks unaffected by affective states induced by an appraisal manipulation. Cogn Emot 2022; 36:836-854. [PMID: 35358017 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2022.2056580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Affective effects on breadth of attention have been related to aspects of different components of affective states such as the arousal and valence of affective experience and the motivational intensity of action tendency. As none of these explanations fully aligns with existing evidence, we hypothesised that affective effects on breadth of attention may arise from the appraisal component of affective states. Based on this reconceptualisation, we tested the effects of conduciveness and power appraisals on two measures of breadth of attention. In two web-based experiments, we manipulated these appraisals in a 2 × 2 design using a game-like arithmetic task where participants could (1) gain or lose rewards (goal conducive vs. obstructive) based on (2) either their action or the actions of a "robot" (high vs. low power). Breadth of attention was assessed using the flanker task (Experiment 1; n = 236) and the Navon task (Experiment 2; n = 215). We found that appraisals did not directly influence breadth of attention even though high power appraisal significantly improved the overall performance in both experiments indicating successful appraisal manipulation. We discuss ways in which these findings inform future efforts to explain the origins of affective effects on attentional breadth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kolnes
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kornelia Gentsch
- Department of Clinical Psychology und Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Johannes-Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Henk van Steenbergen
- Institute of Psychology and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andero Uusberg
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Zhang J. The Impact of Positive Mood and Future Outlook on English as a Foreign Language Students’ Academic Self-Concept. Front Psychol 2022; 13:846422. [PMID: 35222219 PMCID: PMC8873524 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.846422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the fact that English as a foreign language (EFL) students’ academic self-concept is of high importance for their academic motivation, academic achievement, and L2 success, many investigations have been done to uncover the personal and interpersonal factors that may contribute to students’ academic self-concept. Yet, the emotional and psychological factors have rarely been studied. In addition, no empirical and review study has been carried out to probe into the impact of positive mood and future outlook on EFL students’ academic self-concept. Accordingly, the current review study seeks to illustrate the effects of positive mood and future outlook on EFL students’ academic self-concept. Building upon the principles of positive psychology (PP), the favorable effects of positive mood and future outlook on EFL students’ academic self-concept were thoroughly explained. The educational implications and suggestions for future research are also highlighted.
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Boelens E, Van Beveren ML, De Raedt R, Verbeken S, Braet C. Are Emotion Regulation Strategies Associated With Visual Attentional Breadth for Emotional Information in Youth? Front Psychol 2021; 12:637436. [PMID: 34955938 PMCID: PMC8696011 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.637436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Attentional deployment is currently considered as one of the most central mechanisms in emotion regulation (ER) as it is assumed to be a crucial first step in the selection of emotional information. According to the broaden-and-build theory, positive emotions are associated with attentional broadening and negative emotions with attentional narrowing toward emotional information. Given that ER strategies relying on attentional deployment (i.e., rumination, cognitive reappraisal and distraction) have the possibility to influence positive and negative emotions by (re)directing one's attention, there could be an association with one's attentional scope. The current study investigated the association between the general (trait) use of three specific ER strategies and visual attentional breadth for positive, negative, and neutral information in a selected sample of 56 adolescents (M = 12.54, SD = 1.72; 49% girls) at risk for developing psychopathology. First, participants self-reported on their overall use of different ER strategies. Next, the previously validated Attentional Breadth Task (ABT) was used to measure visual attention breadth toward emotional information. No evidence was found for the relationship between 2 specific ER strategies (i.e., cognitive reappraisal and rumination) and visual attentional breadth for neutral, positive and negative emotional information. Surprisingly, "distraction" was associated with visual attentional narrowing, which was unrelated to the valence of the emotion. These unexpected results indicate the multifaceted relationship between trait ER, distraction specifically, and visual attentional breadth for emotional information. Future research, especially in younger age groups, could further elaborate on this research domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Boelens
- Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marie-Lotte Van Beveren
- Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi De Raedt
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Verbeken
- Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Caroline Braet
- Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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6
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Bendall RCA, Begley S, Thompson C. Interactive influences of emotion and extraversion on visual attention. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e2387. [PMID: 34661995 PMCID: PMC8613417 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emotion has been shown to influence selective visual attention. However, studies in this field have revealed contradictory findings regarding the nature of this influence. One possible explanation for the variation in findings is that affective inter-individual differences impact both attention and emotion and may therefore moderate any influence of emotion on attention. The current work is a novel investigation of the effects of induced emotional states and the traits of extraversion and neuroticism on visual attention. This allowed a direct investigation of any impact of extraversion and neuroticism on the way in which emotion influences attention. METHODS Participants were induced into positive, neutral, and negative emotional states before completing a change detection flicker task in which they were required to locate a change to a real-world scene as quickly and accurately as possible. RESULTS Participants scoring higher in extraversion were more accurate but slower at detecting changes. Importantly, this was particularly evident when induced into a negative emotional state compared to a neutral emotional state. Neuroticism had no impact on attention. CONCLUSIONS The current study provides evidence that extraversion can moderate the influence of negative emotion upon visual attention and may help to explain some of the contradictory findings in this research area. When considered independently, increased trait levels of extraversion were associated with improved change detection. Individuals higher in extraversion appear better equipped to regulate negative emotion compared to individuals lower in extraversion, supporting research linking extraversion to affective reactivity and models of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. A. Bendall
- Directorate of Psychology & SportSchool of Health and SocietyUniversity of SalfordSalfordUK
| | - Shaunine Begley
- Directorate of Psychology & SportSchool of Health and SocietyUniversity of SalfordSalfordUK
| | - Catherine Thompson
- Directorate of Psychology & SportSchool of Health and SocietyUniversity of SalfordSalfordUK
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Can compassion-focused imagery be used as an attention bias modification treatment? CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01241-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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8
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Green IW, Pizzagalli DA, Admon R, Kumar P. Anhedonia modulates the effects of positive mood induction on reward-related brain activation. Neuroimage 2019; 193:115-125. [PMID: 30831312 PMCID: PMC6813811 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blunted activation in the reward circuitry has been associated with anhedonia, the inability to experience pleasure in previously rewarding activities. In healthy individuals, reward-related activation has been found to be modulated by acute contextual factors such as induced positive mood. Accordingly, blunted reward response in anhedonia might involve a failure to appropriately modulate reward-related activation as a function of context. To test this hypothesis, 29 participants (19 females, mean age of 24.14 ± 4.61, age range 18-34), with a wide range of anhedonic symptoms, underwent functional MRI while anticipating and receiving monetary rewards, before and after a positive mood induction. Change in neural activation from before to after mood induction was quantified, and effects of anhedonia were investigated through whole-brain, ROI, and functional connectivity analyses. Contrary to hypotheses, results indicated that during reward anticipation (but not receipt), nucleus accumbens activation decreased while its connectivity with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex increased, following positive mood induction. Critically, anhedonia modulated both effects. The unexpected finding of decreased activation to reward cues following positive mood induction is compelling as it aligns with a prominent behavioral model of the effect of positive mood on exploration of rewarding and neutral stimuli. Furthermore, the modulation of this effect by anhedonia suggests that it may be a key process altered in anhedonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel W Green
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, MA, USA; Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Diego A Pizzagalli
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA; McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Roee Admon
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Poornima Kumar
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA.
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Chaillou AC, Giersch A, Hoonakker M, Capa RL, Doignon-Camus N, Pham BT, Bonnefond A. Evidence of impaired proactive control under positive affect. Neuropsychologia 2018; 114:110-117. [PMID: 29702160 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
If it can be assumed that positive affect modulates cognitive control, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The main aim of this study was to investigate how positive affect influences proactive and reactive modes of control and to explore the temporal dynamic of this influence, in terms of its transient and/or sustained effects. We used the AX-continuous performance task, combined with event-related potentials (ERP) recording. The results showed that positive affect impaired proactive control. More specifically, response preparation was weaker, as highlighted by a decreased contingent negative variation (CNV), prior to the target. As a consequence, conflict detection, as reflected by the N2 component, was decreased under positive affect. The P3a, associated with conflict resolution, remained unaffected by positive emotion, suggesting a lack of reactive control modulation. These effects were diffuse and did not appear on a transient timescale, highlighting the importance of positive emotion's time course for how it influences cognitive control processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Giersch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marc Hoonakker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, Strasbourg, France
| | - Rémi L Capa
- Laboratory Sciences of Cognition, Technology, Ergonomy (SCoTE), University of Toulouse, INU Champollion, Albi, France
| | - Nadège Doignon-Camus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bich-Thuy Pham
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Bonnefond
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, Strasbourg, France
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10
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Carvalho J, Pereira R, Barreto D, Nobre PJ. The Effects of Positive Versus Negative Mood States on Attentional Processes During Exposure to Erotica. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2017; 46:2495-2504. [PMID: 27734171 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-016-0875-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between emotions and sexual functioning has been documented since early sex research. Among other effects, emotions are expected to impact sexual response by shaping individuals' attention to sexual cues; yet, this assumption has not been tested. This study aimed to investigate whether attentional processes to sexual cues are impacted by state emotions, and whether the processes impacted by emotions relate to subjective sexual arousal to a sex film clip. A total of 52 men and 73 women were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions: (1) a negative mood induction condition (sadness as dominant emotion), (2) a positive mood induction condition (amusement as dominant emotion), and a (3) neutral/control condition. After mood induction, participants were exposed to a sex film clip while their focus of visual attention was measured using an eye tracker. Three areas of interest (AOI) were considered within the sex clip: background (non-sexual cues), body interaction, and genital interaction. Self-reported attention, thoughts during the sex clip, percent dwell time, and pupil size to AOI were considered as attentional markers. Findings revealed that the attentional processes were not impacted by the mood conditions. Instead, gender effects were found. While men increased their visual attention to the background area of the film clip, women increased attention to the genital area. Also, sexual arousal thoughts during exposure to the sex clip were consistently related to subjective sexual arousal regardless of the momentary emotional state. Findings add to the literature by showing that men and women process the sexual components of a stimulus differently and by challenging the assumption that emotions shape attention to sexual cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Carvalho
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Oporto, Portugal.
| | - Raquel Pereira
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Oporto, Portugal
| | - Diana Barreto
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Oporto, Portugal
| | - Pedro J Nobre
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Oporto, Portugal
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11
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Can training change attentional breadth? Failure to find transfer effects. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2017; 82:520-534. [PMID: 28239771 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-017-0845-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there is increasing interest in the causal relationship between attentional breadth and emotion regulation. To test this causal relationship, attentional breadth needs to be manipulated stringently. The aim of the current research was to establish whether visual attentional breadth could be manipulated through experimental training procedures. We conducted two single-session training experiments and one multiple-session training experiment, all of which contained pre- and post-training assessments to test the direct transfer effects of training on attentional breadth construed in different measures. For the first single-session training (Experiment 1), no training effects were found to transfer to the subsequent attentional breadth measures in terms of global-local processing preference. For the second single-session training (Experiment 2) and the 5-day training (Experiment 3) which combined both trainings from Experiment 1 and 2, there were some indications that attentional breadth can be decreased, but there was no evidence that it could be increased neither in terms of global-local processing preference nor in terms of scope of visual perception. Bayesian analysis confirmed the null hypothesis of no increase in attentional breadth through delivery of these training procedures. Therefore, our findings do not support the hypothesis that training variants of the Global-Local attentional breadth task or of the visuospatial attentional breadth task can stably alter attentional breadth in healthy students. Possible explanations and implications are discussed.
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12
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Happy heart, smiling eyes: A systematic review of positive mood effects on broadening of visuospatial attention. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:816-837. [PMID: 27395341 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Positive mood contributes to mental and physical wellbeing. The broaden-and-build theory (Fredrickson, 2001) proposed that the beneficial effects of positive mood on life quality result from attentional broadening. In this article, we systematically review (following PRISMA guidelines; Moher et al., 2009), a host of studies investigating the nature and extent of attentional changes triggered by the experience of positive mood, with a focus on vision. While several studies reported a broadening of attention, others found that positive mood led to a more diffuse information processing style. Positive mood appears to lessen attention selectivity in a way that is context-specific and bound to limitations. We propose a new framework in which we postulate that positive mood impacts the balance between internally and externally directed attention, through modulations of cognitive control processes, instead of broadening attention per se. This novel model is able to accommodate discrepant findings, seeks to translate the phenomenon of the so-called broadening of attention with positive mood into functional terms, and provides plausible neurobiological mechanisms underlying this effect, suggesting a crucial role of the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex in this interaction.
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Trnka R, Lačev A, Balcar K, Kuška M, Tavel P. Modeling Semantic Emotion Space Using a 3D Hypercube-Projection: An Innovative Analytical Approach for the Psychology of Emotions. Front Psychol 2016; 7:522. [PMID: 27148130 PMCID: PMC4835669 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The widely accepted two-dimensional circumplex model of emotions posits that most instances of human emotional experience can be understood within the two general dimensions of valence and activation. Currently, this model is facing some criticism, because complex emotions in particular are hard to define within only these two general dimensions. The present theory-driven study introduces an innovative analytical approach working in a way other than the conventional, two-dimensional paradigm. The main goal was to map and project semantic emotion space in terms of mutual positions of various emotion prototypical categories. Participants (N = 187; 54.5% females) judged 16 discrete emotions in terms of valence, intensity, controllability and utility. The results revealed that these four dimensional input measures were uncorrelated. This implies that valence, intensity, controllability and utility represented clearly different qualities of discrete emotions in the judgments of the participants. Based on this data, we constructed a 3D hypercube-projection and compared it with various two-dimensional projections. This contrasting enabled us to detect several sources of bias when working with the traditional, two-dimensional analytical approach. Contrasting two-dimensional and three-dimensional projections revealed that the 2D models provided biased insights about how emotions are conceptually related to one another along multiple dimensions. The results of the present study point out the reductionist nature of the two-dimensional paradigm in the psychological theory of emotions and challenge the widely accepted circumplex model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Trnka
- Science and Research Department, Prague College of Psychosocial Studies (PVSPS)Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Humanities, Charles University in PraguePrague, Czech Republic
| | - Alek Lačev
- Olomouc University Social Health Institute (OUSHI), Palacky University in Olomouc Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Balcar
- Science and Research Department, Prague College of Psychosocial Studies (PVSPS) Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kuška
- Science and Research Department, Prague College of Psychosocial Studies (PVSPS) Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Tavel
- Science and Research Department, Prague College of Psychosocial Studies (PVSPS)Prague, Czech Republic; Olomouc University Social Health Institute (OUSHI), Palacky University in OlomoucOlomouc, Czech Republic; Health Psychology Unit - Institute of Public Health, Medical Faculty, P. J. Safarik UniversityKosice, Slovakia
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14
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A Possible Role of Anhedonia as Common Substrate for Depression and Anxiety. DEPRESSION RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2016; 2016:1598130. [PMID: 27042346 PMCID: PMC4793100 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1598130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Depression and anxiety are often comorbid, in up to 70% of cases, and the level of one or the other may fluctuate, leading now to a diagnosis of depression, now to a diagnosis of anxiety. For these reasons, and for the presence of many other common factors, it has been suggested that both are part of the same continuum of problems and that they have a common substrate. This paper proposes the possibility that anhedonia may be an important component of this possible common substrate, and it tries to identify the mechanism with which anhedonia could contribute to causing both depression and anxiety. It also proposes an explanation why an intense pleasure could improve both depression and anxiety.
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15
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Bendall RCA, Thompson C. Emotion has no impact on attention in a change detection flicker task. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1592. [PMID: 26539141 PMCID: PMC4612156 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Past research provides conflicting findings regarding the influence of emotion on visual attention. Early studies suggested a broadening of attentional resources in relation to positive mood. However, more recent evidence indicates that positive emotions may not have a beneficial impact on attention, and that the relationship between emotion and attention may be mitigated by factors such as task demand or stimulus valence. The current study explored the effect of emotion on attention using the change detection flicker paradigm. Participants were induced into positive, neutral, and negative mood states and then completed a change detection task. A series of neutral scenes were presented and participants had to identify the location of a disappearing item in each scene. The change was made to the center or the periphery of each scene and it was predicted that peripheral changes would be detected quicker in the positive mood condition and slower in the negative mood condition, compared to the neutral condition. In contrast to previous findings emotion had no influence on attention and whilst central changes were detected faster than peripheral changes, change blindness was not affected by mood. The findings suggest that the relationship between emotion and visual attention is influenced by the characteristics of a task, and any beneficial impact of positive emotion may be related to processing style rather than a “broadening” of attentional resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C A Bendall
- Directorate of Psychology and Public Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Salford Salford, UK
| | - Catherine Thompson
- Directorate of Psychology and Public Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Salford Salford, UK
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