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Cognitive reflection test: The effects of the items sequence on scores and response time. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279982. [PMID: 36626375 PMCID: PMC9831300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper aims to expand the literature on the determinants of the Cognitive Reflection Test scores, exploring the effects that the items sequence has on (1) Cognitive Reflection Test scores, (2) response time, (3) the relationship between Cognitive Reflection Test scores and response time, and (4) Cognitive Reflection scores, response time, and the relationship between both variables on men and women. The current study also explored the sex differences on Cognitive Reflection Test and response time according to items sequence. The results showed that manipulating the items sequence, the performance on the Cognitive Reflection Test improved significantly, but the response time were not significantly affected, although the results suggest that first items of the sequence could be working as training items. A positive relationship between Cognitive Reflection Test scores and response time was also found, except when the scores were maximized. Finally, some differences between men and women on the results were also found. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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2
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Feng J, Han P, Zheng W, Kamran A. Identifying the factors affecting strategic decision-making ability to boost the entrepreneurial performance: A hybrid structural equation modeling – artificial neural network approach. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1038604. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1038604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study builds a conceptual model of strategic decision-making ability that leads to entrepreneurial performance (EP) based on the two-system decision-making theory and logical analysis. An empirical approach using structural equation modeling – artificial neural network (SEM-ANN) was performed to describe the linear and nonlinear relationships in the proposed model. The empirical results reveal that strategic decision-making abilities are affected by five factors: attention, memory, thinking, emotion, and sentiment, and whose influence mechanisms and degrees are varied. Results also describe that these abilities have a positive effect on overall EP. Therefore, results suggest that businesses’ strategic decision-making is usually strengthened when entrepreneurs have a clear understanding of these influencing elements, and the interaction between them leads to improved performance.
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Del Missier F, Stragà M, Galfano G, Venerus E, Ferrara D, Penolazzi B. Creativity in Schizophrenia: Evidence Beyond Anecdotes. CREATIVITY RESEARCH JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10400419.2022.2134545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Medvegy Z, Raab M, Tóth K, Csurilla G, Sterbenz T. When do expert decision makers trust their intuition? APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Raab
- German Sport University Cologne Germany
- London South Bank University London United Kingdom
| | - Kata Tóth
- Hungarian University of Sports Science Budapest Hungary
| | - Gergely Csurilla
- Hungarian University of Sports Science Budapest Hungary
- Centre for Economic and Regional Studies Budapest Hungary
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5
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Zhang Z, Wang S, Good M, Hristova S, Kayser AS, Hsu M. Retrieval-constrained valuation: Toward prediction of open-ended decisions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2022685118. [PMID: 33990466 PMCID: PMC8157967 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022685118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-world decisions are often open ended, with goals, choice options, or evaluation criteria conceived by decision-makers themselves. Critically, the quality of decisions may heavily rely on the generation of options, as failure to generate promising options limits, or even eliminates, the opportunity for choosing them. This core aspect of problem structuring, however, is largely absent from classical models of decision-making, thereby restricting their predictive scope. Here, we take a step toward addressing this issue by developing a neurally inspired cognitive model of a class of ill-structured decisions in which choice options must be self-generated. Specifically, using a model in which semantic memory retrieval is assumed to constrain the set of options available during valuation, we generate highly accurate out-of-sample predictions of choices across multiple categories of goods. Our model significantly and substantially outperforms models that only account for valuation or retrieval in isolation or those that make alternative mechanistic assumptions regarding their interaction. Furthermore, using neuroimaging, we confirm our core assumption regarding the engagement of, and interaction between, semantic memory retrieval and valuation processes. Together, these results provide a neurally grounded and mechanistic account of decisions with self-generated options, representing a step toward unraveling cognitive mechanisms underlying adaptive decision-making in the real world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Zhang
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
- Social Science Matrix, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Shichun Wang
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Maxwell Good
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, CA 94553
| | - Siyana Hristova
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Andrew S Kayser
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158;
- Department of Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, CA 94553
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Ming Hsu
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
- Social Science Matrix, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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Klatt S, Noël B, Musculus L, Werner K, Laborde S, Lopes MC, Greco PJ, Memmert D, Raab M. Creative and Intuitive Decision-Making Processes: A Comparison of Brazilian and German Soccer Coaches and Players. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2019; 90:651-665. [PMID: 31478798 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1642994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The concepts of creativity and intuition have been well studied in isolation, but less is known about their distinctive contributions to option generation in decision making. Method: We examined the relation between creative and intuitive decision making in two studies-one involving coaches and one involving soccer players-using video footage of real soccer matches. Additionally, we analyzed whether this relation is culture generic or culture specific by conducting matched cross-cultural studies in a European and a South American country. Results: In Study 1, results indicate a conceptual overlap of creativity and intuition for Brazilian and German soccer coaches. Furthermore, coaches did not differ in their evaluation of creative and intuitive actions of players of both cultures. In Study 2, we found that for both subsamples the total number of generated options was positively correlated with the quality of the first and the final option and that the quality of players' first (intuitive) option was higher than that of options generated later. Moreover, results indicate a positive correlation between a player's creativity score and the quality of the first generated option for the whole sample. Conclusion: Overall, our findings provide meaningful information regarding athletes' and coaches' option-generation processes in decision making in complex team sports.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Markus Raab
- German Sport University Cologne
- London South Bank University
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7
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Deckert M, Schmoeger M, Schaunig-Busch I, Willinger U. Metaphor processing in middle childhood and at the transition to early adolescence: the role of chronological age, mental age, and verbal intelligence. JOURNAL OF CHILD LANGUAGE 2019; 46:334-367. [PMID: 30560743 DOI: 10.1017/s0305000918000491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Metaphor development in conjunction with verbal intelligence and linguistic competence in middle childhood and at the transition to early adolescence was investigated. 298 individuals between seven and ten years (chronological age) who attended grades two-four (mental age) were tested for metaphor processing by the Metaphoric Triads Task, for linguistic competence (HELD), and verbal intelligence (WISC-III). Chronological age significantly predicted metaphor processing with a breakpoint of 8.2 years regarding identification and comprehension, and 10.2 years regarding preference. Fourth-graders showed highest metaphor processing scores. Verbal intelligence significantly predicted metaphor processing; this effect became stronger with increasing age. Attributional metaphors were best understood and most preferred. Chronological and mental age are associated with metaphor processing in an age span that is seemingly crucial for metaphor development. Verbal analogical reasoning, concept formation, verbal abstraction, and semantic knowledge predicted metaphor comprehension. Understanding facts, principles, and social situations, and resultant inferential verbal reasoning predicted metaphor preference.
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Malloy TF, Zaunbrecher VM, Batteate CM, Blake A, Carroll WF, Corbett CJ, Hansen SF, Lempert RJ, Linkov I, McFadden R, Moran KD, Olivetti E, Ostrom NK, Romero M, Schoenung JM, Seager TP, Sinsheimer P, Thayer KA. Advancing Alternative Analysis: Integration of Decision Science. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:066001. [PMID: 28669940 PMCID: PMC5743447 DOI: 10.1289/ehp483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decision analysis-a systematic approach to solving complex problems-offers tools and frameworks to support decision making that are increasingly being applied to environmental challenges. Alternatives analysis is a method used in regulation and product design to identify, compare, and evaluate the safety and viability of potential substitutes for hazardous chemicals. OBJECTIVES We assessed whether decision science may assist the alternatives analysis decision maker in comparing alternatives across a range of metrics. METHODS A workshop was convened that included representatives from government, academia, business, and civil society and included experts in toxicology, decision science, alternatives assessment, engineering, and law and policy. Participants were divided into two groups and were prompted with targeted questions. Throughout the workshop, the groups periodically came together in plenary sessions to reflect on other groups' findings. RESULTS We concluded that the further incorporation of decision science into alternatives analysis would advance the ability of companies and regulators to select alternatives to harmful ingredients and would also advance the science of decision analysis. CONCLUSIONS We advance four recommendations: a) engaging the systematic development and evaluation of decision approaches and tools; b) using case studies to advance the integration of decision analysis into alternatives analysis; c) supporting transdisciplinary research; and d) supporting education and outreach efforts. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP483.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy F Malloy
- UCLA School of Law, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
- UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- University of California Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Virginia M Zaunbrecher
- UCLA School of Law, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
- UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Ann Blake
- Environmental and Public Health Consulting, Alameda, California, USA
| | - William F Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Charles J Corbett
- UCLA Anderson School of Management, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- UCLA Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Steffen Foss Hansen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Igor Linkov
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Concord, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Elsa Olivetti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nancy K Ostrom
- Safer Products and Workplaces Program, Department of Toxic Substances Control, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Michelle Romero
- UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- University of California Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Julie M Schoenung
- Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Thomas P Seager
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Peter Sinsheimer
- UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kristina A Thayer
- Office of Health Assessment and Translation, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
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Schweizer TS, Schmalenberger KM, Eisenlohr-Moul TA, Mojzisch A, Kaiser S, Funke J. Cognitive and Affective Aspects of Creative Option Generation in Everyday Life Situations. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1132. [PMID: 27536258 PMCID: PMC4971016 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Which factors influence a human being’s ability to develop new perspectives and be creative? This ability is pivotal for any context in which new cognitions are required, such as innovative endeavors in science and art, or psychotherapeutic settings. In this article, we seek to bring together two research programs investigating the generation of creative options: On the one hand, research on option generation in the decision-making literature and, on the other hand, cognitive and clinical creativity research. Previous decision-making research has largely neglected the topic of generating creative options. Experiments typically provided participants with a clear set of options to choose from, but everyday life situations are less structured and allow countless ways to react. Before choosing an option, agents have to self-generate a set of options to choose from. Such option generation processes have only recently moved to the center of attention. The present study examines the creative quality of self-generated options in daily life situations. A student sample (N = 48) generated options for action in 70 briefly described everyday life scenarios. We rated the quality of the options on three dimensions of creativity- originality, feasibility, and divergence -and linked these qualities to option generation fluency (speed and number of generated options), situational features like the familiarity and the affective valence of the situation in which the options were generated, and trait measures of cognitive performance. We found that when situations were familiar to the participant, greater negative affective valence of the situation was associated with more originality and divergence of generated options. We also found that a higher option generation fluency was associated with a greater maximal originality of options. We complete our article with a joint research agenda for researchers in the decision-making field focusing on option generation and, on the other hand, researchers working on the cognitive and clinical aspects of creativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sophie Schweizer
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja M Schmalenberger
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tory A Eisenlohr-Moul
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC, USA
| | - Andreas Mojzisch
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Educational and Social Sciences, University of Hildesheim Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Kaiser
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Funke
- Institute of Psychology, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
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Connors BL, Rende R, Colton TJ. Beyond Self-Report: Emerging Methods for Capturing Individual Differences in Decision-Making Process. Front Psychol 2016; 7:312. [PMID: 26973589 PMCID: PMC4776304 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
People vary in the way in which they approach decision-making, which impacts real-world behavior. There has been a surge of interest in moving beyond reliance on self-report measures to capture such individual differences. Particular emphasis has been placed on devising and applying a range of methodologies that include experimental, neuroscience, and observational paradigms. This paper provides a selective review of recent studies that illustrate the methods and yield of these approaches in terms of generating a deeper understanding of decision-making style and the notable differences that can be found across individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda L Connors
- Chief of Naval Operations Strategic Studies Group Newport, RI, USA
| | - Richard Rende
- Social Behavioral Research Applications Phoenix, AZ, USA
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11
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Curşeu PL, Meslec N, Pluut H, Lucas GJM. Cognitive synergy in groups and group-to-individual transfer of decision-making competencies. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1375. [PMID: 26441750 PMCID: PMC4585191 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In a field study (148 participants organized in 38 groups) we tested the effect of group synergy and one's position in relation to the collaborative zone of proximal development (CZPD) on the change of individual decision-making competencies. We used two parallel sets of decision tasks reported in previous research to test rationality and we evaluated individual decision-making competencies in the pre-group and post-group conditions as well as group rationality (as an emergent group level phenomenon). We used multilevel modeling to analyze the data and the results showed that members of synergetic groups had a higher cognitive gain as compared to members of non-synergetic groups, while highly rational members (members above the CZPD) had lower cognitive gains compared to less rational group members (members situated below the CZPD). These insights extend the literature on group-to-individual transfer of learning and have important practical implications as they show that group dynamics influence the development of individual decision-making competencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petru L Curşeu
- Department of Psychology, "Babeş-Bolyai" University Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Meslec
- Department of Organisation Studies, Tilburg University Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Helen Pluut
- Department of Organisation Studies, Tilburg University Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Gerardus J M Lucas
- Strategy, Beedie School of Business, Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada
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