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Marciano D, Staveland BR, Lin JJ, Saez I, Hsu M, Knight RT. Electrophysiological signatures of inequity-dependent reward encoding in the human OFC. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112865. [PMID: 37494185 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Social decision making requires the integration of reward valuation and social cognition systems, both dependent on the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). How these two OFC functions interact is largely unknown. We recorded intracranial activity from the OFC of ten patients making choices in a social context where reward inequity with a social counterpart varied and could be either advantageous or disadvantageous. We find that OFC high-frequency activity (HFA; 70-150 Hz) encodes self-reward, consistent with previous reports. We also observe encoding of the social counterpart's reward, as well as the type of inequity being experienced. Additionally, we find evidence of inequity-dependent reward encoding: depending on the type of inequity, electrodes rapidly and reversibly switch between different reward-encoding profiles. These results provide direct evidence for encoding of self- and other rewards in the human OFC and highlight the dynamic nature of encoding in the OFC as a function of social context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Marciano
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brooke R Staveland
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jack J Lin
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ignacio Saez
- Departments of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery and Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Ming Hsu
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Robert T Knight
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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2
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Marciano D, Bellier L, Mayer I, Ruvalcaba M, Lee S, Hsu M, Knight RT. Dynamic expectations: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence of sub-second updates in reward predictions. Commun Biol 2023; 6:871. [PMID: 37620589 PMCID: PMC10449862 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Expectations are often dynamic: sports fans know that expectations are rapidly updated as games unfold. Yet expectations have traditionally been studied as static. Here we present behavioral and electrophysiological evidence of sub-second changes in expectations using slot machines as a case study. In Study 1, we demonstrate that EEG signal before the slot machine stops varies based on proximity to winning. Study 2 introduces a behavioral paradigm to measure dynamic expectations via betting, and shows that expectation trajectories vary as a function of winning proximity. Notably, these expectation trajectories parallel Study 1's EEG activity. Studies 3 (EEG) and 4 (behavioral) replicate these findings in the loss domain. These four studies provide compelling evidence that dynamic sub-second updates in expectations can be behaviorally and electrophysiologically measured. Our research opens promising avenues for understanding the dynamic nature of reward expectations and their impact on cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Déborah Marciano
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Haas Business School, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Ludovic Bellier
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ida Mayer
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Haas Business School, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael Ruvalcaba
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sangil Lee
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ming Hsu
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Haas Business School, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert T Knight
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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3
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Marciano D, Bellier L, Mayer I, Ruvalcaba M, Lee S, Hsu M, Knight RT. Dynamic expectations: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence of sub-second updates in reward predictions. bioRxiv 2023:2023.04.18.537382. [PMID: 37131777 PMCID: PMC10153130 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.18.537382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Expectations are often dynamic: any sports fan knows that expectations are rapidly updated as games unfold. Yet expectations have traditionally been studied as static. Here, using slot machines as a case study, we provide parallel behavioral and electrophysiological evidence of sub-second moment-to-moment changes in expectations. In Study 1, we show that the dynamics of the EEG signal before the slot machine stopped differed depending on the nature of the outcome, including not only whether the participant won or lost, but also how close they came to winning. In line with our predictions, Near Win Before outcomes (the slot machine stops one item before a match) were similar to Wins, but different than Near Win After (the machine stops one item after a match) and Full Miss (the machine stops two or three items from a match). In Study 2, we designed a novel behavioral paradigm to measure moment-to-moment changes in expectations via dynamic betting. We found that different outcomes also elicited unique expectation trajectories in the deceleration phase. Notably, these behavioral expectation trajectories paralleled Study 1's EEG activity in the last second prior to the machine's stop. In Studies 3 (EEG) and 4 (behavior) we replicated these findings in the loss domain where a match entails a loss. Again, we found a significant correlation between behavioral and EEG results. These four studies provide the first evidence that dynamic sub-second updates in expectations can be behaviorally and electrophysiologically measured. Our findings open up new avenues for studying the ongoing dynamics of reward expectations and their role in healthy and unhealthy cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Déborah Marciano
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley
- Haas Business School, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Ludovic Bellier
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Ida Mayer
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley
- Haas Business School, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Michael Ruvalcaba
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Sangil Lee
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Ming Hsu
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley
- Haas Business School, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Robert T Knight
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley
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4
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Miller M, Boulanger M, Guo M, Turner M, Olson S, Eaton C, Hsu M, Feliciano J. PPD01.02 Identifying Physical, Social, Emotional, and Medical Needs of Lung Cancer Survivors with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2022.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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5
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Zhang Z, Good M, Kulikov V, van Horen F, Bartholomew M, Kayser AS, Hsu M. From scanner to court: A neuroscientifically informed "reasonable person" test of trademark infringement. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eabo1095. [PMID: 36753556 PMCID: PMC9908014 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Many legal decisions center on the thoughts or perceptions of some idealized group of individuals, referred to variously as the "average person," "the typical consumer," or the "reasonable person." Substantial concerns exist, however, regarding the subjectivity and vulnerability to biases inherent in conventional means of assessing such responses, particularly the use of self-report evidence. Here, we addressed these concerns by complementing self-report evidence with neural data to inform the mental representations in question. Using an example from intellectual property law, we demonstrate that it is possible to construct a parsimonious neural index of visual similarity that can inform the reasonable person test of trademark infringement. Moreover, when aggregated across multiple participants, this index was able to detect experimenter-induced biases in self-report surveys in a sensitive and replicable fashion. Together, these findings potentially broaden the possibilities for neuroscientific data to inform legal decision-making across a range of settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Zhang
- Darden School of Business, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Maxwell Good
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, CA, USA
| | - Vera Kulikov
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Femke van Horen
- School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark Bartholomew
- School of Law, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Andrew S. Kayser
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ming Hsu
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Maboudian SA, Hsu M, Zhang Z. Visualizing and Quantifying Longitudinal Changes in Verbal Fluency Using Recurrence Plots. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:810799. [PMID: 35966770 PMCID: PMC9372335 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.810799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The verbal fluency task, where participants name as many instances of a specific semantic or phonemic category as possible in a certain time limit, is widely used to probe language and memory retrieval functions in research and clinical settings. More recently, interests in using longitudinal observations in verbal fluency to examine changes over the lifespan have grown, in part due to the increasing availability of such datasets, yet quantitative methods for comparing repeated measures of verbal fluency responses remain scarce. As a result, existing studies tend to focus only on the number of unique words produced and how this metric changes over time, overlooking changes in other important features in the data, such as the identity of the words and the order in which they are produced. Here, we provide an example of how the literature of recurrence analysis, which aims to visualize and analyze non-linear time series, may present useful visualization and analytical approaches for this problem. Drawing on this literature, we introduce a novel metric (the “distance from diagonal,” or DfD) to quantify semantic fluency data that incorporates analysis of the sequence order and changes between two lists. As a demonstration, we apply these methods to a longitudinal dataset of semantic fluency in people with Alzheimer’s disease and age-matched controls. We show that DfD differs significantly between healthy controls and Alzheimer’s disease patients, and that it complements common existing metrics in diagnostic prediction. Our visualization method also allows incorporation of other less common metrics—including the order that words are recalled, repetitions of words within a list, and out-of-category intrusions. Additionally, we show that these plots can be used to visualize and compare aggregate recall data at the group level. These methods can improve understanding of verbal fluency deficits observed in various neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira A. Maboudian
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Ming Hsu
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Social Science Matrix, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Darden School of Business, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Zhihao Zhang,
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7
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Deipolyi A, Johnson C, Kunin H, Solomon S, Hsu M, Moskowitz C, Oklu R, Erinjeri J. Abstract No. 3 ▪ ABSTRACT OF THE YEAR Immune activation markers and response to radioembolization of breast cancer liver metastasis: pilot study. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2022.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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8
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Vos EL, Carr RA, Hsu M, Nakauchi M, Nobel T, Russo A, Barbetta A, Tan KS, Tang L, Ilson D, Ku GY, Wu AJ, Janjigian YY, Yoon SS, Bains MS, Jones DR, Coit D, Molena D, Strong VE. Prognosis after neoadjuvant chemoradiation or chemotherapy for locally advanced gastro-oesophageal junctional adenocarcinoma. Br J Surg 2021; 108:1332-1340. [PMID: 34476473 PMCID: PMC8599637 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trials typically group cancers of the gastro-oesophageal junction (GOJ) with oesophageal or gastric cancer when studying neoadjuvant chemoradiation and perioperative chemotherapy, so the results may not be fully applicable to GOJ cancer. Because optimal neoadjuvant treatment for GOJ cancer remains controversial, outcomes with neoadjuvant chemoradiation versus chemotherapy for locally advanced GOJ adenocarcinoma were compared retrospectively. METHODS Data were collected from all patients who underwent neoadjuvant treatment followed by surgery for adenocarcinoma located at the GOJ at a single high-volume institution between 2002 and 2017. Postoperative major complications and mortality were compared between groups using Fisher's exact test. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were assessed by log rank test and multivariable Cox regression analyses. Cumulative incidence functions were used to estimate recurrence, and groups were compared using Gray's test. RESULTS Of 775 patients, 650 had neoadjuvant chemoradiation and 125 had chemotherapy. These groups were comparable in terms of clinical tumour and lymph node categories, although the chemoradiation group had greater proportions of white men, complete pathological response to chemotherapy, and smaller proportions of diffuse cancer, poor differentiation, and neurovascular invasion. Postoperative major complications (20.0 versus 17.6 per cent) and 30-day mortality (1.7 versus 1.6 per cent) were not significantly different between the chemoradiation and chemotherapy groups. After adjustment, type of therapy (chemoradiation versus chemotherapy) was not significantly associated with OS (hazard ratio (HR) 1.26, 95 per cent c.i. 0.96 to 1.67) or DFS (HR 1.27, 0.98 to 1.64). Type of recurrence (local, regional, or distant) did not differ after neoadjuvant chemoradiation versus chemotherapy. CONCLUSION In patients undergoing surgical resection for locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the GOJ, OS and DFS did not differ significantly between patients who had neoadjuvant chemoradiation compared with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Vos
- Department of Surgery, Gastric and Mixed Tumor Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - R A Carr
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - M Hsu
- Department of Bioinformatics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - M Nakauchi
- Department of Surgery, Gastric and Mixed Tumor Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - T Nobel
- Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, New York, USA
| | - A Russo
- Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A Barbetta
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - K S Tan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - L Tang
- Department of Pathology, Experimental and Gastrointestinal Pathology Services, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - D Ilson
- Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - G Y Ku
- Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - A J Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Y Y Janjigian
- Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - S S Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Gastric and Mixed Tumor Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - M S Bains
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - D R Jones
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - D Coit
- Department of Surgery, Gastric and Mixed Tumor Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - D Molena
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - V E Strong
- Department of Surgery, Gastric and Mixed Tumor Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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Reynbakh O, Braunstein ED, Hsu M, Ellis J, Crosson L, Lenane J, Krumerman A, Di Biase L, Ferrick KJ. Arrhythmia patterns in patients with COVID-19 infection during and post hospitalization detected via a patch-based mobile cardiac telemetry system. Eur Heart J 2021. [PMCID: PMC8767609 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus infection (COVID-19) is the cause of the current world-wide pandemic. Cardiovascular complications occur in 20–30% of patients with COVID-19 infection including myocardial injury and arrhythmias. Current understanding of specific arrhythmia type and frequency is limited. In response to COVID-19 pandemic and overwhelmed hospital critical care and telemetry recourses, patch-based cardiac monitoring system received emergency Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for inpatient monitoring. A patch-based cardiac telemetry system has been shown to be useful for patient management during the COVID-19 pandemic and provides detailed analysis of cardiac rhythms. Purpose To analyze arrhythmia type and frequency in patients with COVID-19 infection, identifying arrhythmia patterns over time during hospitalization and after discharge. Methods A prospective cohort study during the COVID-19 pandemic was performed. We included patients hospitalized with COVID-19 infection who had a patch-based mobile telemetry device placed for cardiac monitoring. A quantitative analysis including type, frequency and duration of detected arrhythmias was performed at the end of the monitoring period. Results A total of 103 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 diagnosis underwent monitoring. Quantitative reports for 59 patients were available for analysis, among those 59% were males, median age 65 (IQR 56–76) yrs. Mean wear time was 6.8±5.0 days. Arrhythmias were detected in 72.9% of patients. Majority of arrhythmias were SVT (59.3% of patients) and AF (22.0%). Episodes of AF duration >30 min were detected in 12 patients. New onset AF was noted in 15.0% of patients and was significantly associated with age (OR 1.4 for 5 yrs difference; 95% CI 1.01–2.05). Brady arrhythmias (2nd degree, 3rd degree AV bock, pause≥3 seconds) were seen in 18.7% of patients. Arrhythmias were consistently detected throughout the monitoring period in 52.9%-89.5% of patients daily (Figure 1). In 9 patients who were discharged with continued patch monitoring, 3 patients (33.3%) had arrhythmic events during their outpatient monitoring period. Conclusion A majority of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 infection had arrhythmias detected by patch cardiac monitor. Arrhythmias were observed throughout hospitalization with a consistent daily frequency. Patients continued to exhibit cardiac arrhythmias after hospital discharge of a type similar to that seen during hospitalization. New onset AF often occurred and was associated with older age. Inpatient application of a patch cardiac telemetry with continued monitoring as outpatient is feasible and effective in detecting occult arrhythmias in patients with COVID-19 infection. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.
Daily frequency of arrhythmias detected ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- O Reynbakh
- Montefiore Medical Center Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - E D Braunstein
- Montefiore Medical Center Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - M Hsu
- iRhythm Technologies, Inc., San Francisco, United States of America
| | - J Ellis
- iRhythm Technologies, Inc., Lincolnshire, United States of America
| | - L Crosson
- iRhythm Technologies, Inc., Lincolnshire, United States of America
| | - J Lenane
- iRhythm Technologies, Inc., Lincolnshire, United States of America
| | - A Krumerman
- Montefiore Medical Center Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - L Di Biase
- Montefiore Medical Center Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States of America
| | - K J Ferrick
- Montefiore Medical Center Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States of America
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Furman DJ, Zhang Z, Chatham CH, Good M, Badre D, Hsu M, Kayser AS. Augmenting Frontal Dopamine Tone Enhances Maintenance over Gating Processes in Working Memory. J Cogn Neurosci 2021; 33:1753-1765. [PMID: 33054556 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The contents of working memory must be maintained in the face of distraction, but updated when appropriate. To manage these competing demands of stability and flexibility, maintained representations in working memory are complemented by distinct gating mechanisms that selectively transmit information into and out of memory stores. The operations of such dopamine-dependent gating systems in the midbrain and striatum and their complementary dopamine-dependent memory maintenance operations in the cortex may therefore be dissociable. If true, selective increases in cortical dopamine tone should preferentially enhance maintenance over gating mechanisms. To test this hypothesis, tolcapone, a catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor that preferentially increases cortical dopamine tone, was administered in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject fashion to 49 participants who completed a hierarchical working memory task that varied maintenance and gating demands. Tolcapone improved performance in a condition with higher maintenance requirements and reduced gating demands, reflected in a reduction in the slope of RTs across the distribution. Resting-state fMRI data demonstrated that the degree to which tolcapone improved performance in individual participants correlated with increased connectivity between a region important for stimulus response mappings (left dorsal premotor cortex) and cortical areas implicated in visual working memory, including the intraparietal sulcus and fusiform gyrus. Together, these results provide evidence that augmenting cortical dopamine tone preferentially improves working memory maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella J Furman
- University of California, San Francisco.,University of California, Berkeley
| | | | | | | | | | - Ming Hsu
- University of California, Berkeley
| | - Andrew S Kayser
- University of California, San Francisco.,University of California, Berkeley.,VA Northern California Health Care System
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11
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Abstract
Real-world decisions are often open ended, with goals, choice options, or evaluation criteria conceived by decision-makers themselves. Critically, the quality of decisions may heavily rely on the generation of options, as failure to generate promising options limits, or even eliminates, the opportunity for choosing them. This core aspect of problem structuring, however, is largely absent from classical models of decision-making, thereby restricting their predictive scope. Here, we take a step toward addressing this issue by developing a neurally inspired cognitive model of a class of ill-structured decisions in which choice options must be self-generated. Specifically, using a model in which semantic memory retrieval is assumed to constrain the set of options available during valuation, we generate highly accurate out-of-sample predictions of choices across multiple categories of goods. Our model significantly and substantially outperforms models that only account for valuation or retrieval in isolation or those that make alternative mechanistic assumptions regarding their interaction. Furthermore, using neuroimaging, we confirm our core assumption regarding the engagement of, and interaction between, semantic memory retrieval and valuation processes. Together, these results provide a neurally grounded and mechanistic account of decisions with self-generated options, representing a step toward unraveling cognitive mechanisms underlying adaptive decision-making in the real world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Zhang
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
- Social Science Matrix, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Shichun Wang
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Maxwell Good
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, CA 94553
| | - Siyana Hristova
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Andrew S Kayser
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158;
- Department of Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, CA 94553
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Ming Hsu
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
- Social Science Matrix, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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Hsu M, Murray J, Zhang J, Barasa D, Turner M, Forde P, Ettinger D, Lam V, Marrone K, Levy B, Hann C, Brahmer J, Feliciano J, Naidoo J. MA07.05 Survivors from Anti-PD-(L)1 Immunotherapy in NSCLC: Clinical Features, Survival Outcomes and Long-term Toxicities. J Thorac Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2021.01.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Tan K, Hsu M, Adusumilli P. MA09.04 A Tool to Estimate the Probability of Nodal Under-Staging Based on the Number of Examined Nodes: A SEER Study in Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2021.01.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Zhang Z, Chandra S, Kayser A, Hsu M, Warren JL. A Hierarchical Bayesian Implementation of the Experience-Weighted Attraction Model. Comput Psychiatr 2020; 4:40-60. [PMID: 33426270 PMCID: PMC7790055 DOI: 10.1162/cpsy_a_00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Social and decision-making deficits are often the first symptoms of neuropsychiatric disorders. In recent years, economic games, together with computational models of strategic learning, have been increasingly applied to the characterization of individual differences in social behavior, as well as their changes across time due to disease progression, treatment, or other factors. At the same time, the high dimensionality of these data poses an important challenge to statistical estimation of these models, potentially limiting the adoption of such approaches in patients and special populations. We introduce a hierarchical Bayesian implementation of a class of strategic learning models, experience-weighted attraction (EWA), that is widely used in behavioral game theory. Importantly, this approach provides a unified framework for capturing between- and within-participant variation, including changes associated with disease progression, comorbidity, and treatment status. We show using simulated data that our hierarchical Bayesian approach outperforms representative agent and individual-level estimation methods that are commonly used in extant literature, with respect to parameter estimation and uncertainty quantification. Furthermore, using an empirical dataset, we demonstrate the value of our approach over competing methods with respect to balancing model fit and complexity. Consistent with the success of hierarchical Bayesian approaches in other areas of behavioral science, our hierarchical Bayesian EWA model represents a powerful and flexible tool to apply to a wide range of behavioral paradigms for studying the interplay between complex human behavior and biological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Zhang
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Social Science Matrix, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Saksham Chandra
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrew Kayser
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Neurology, VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, California, USA
| | - Ming Hsu
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Social Science Matrix, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Joshua L. Warren
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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15
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Weinstein J, El-Gabalawy F, Sarwar A, Brook O, Faintuch S, Hsu M, DeBacker SS, Berkowitz S, Palmer M, Ahmed M. Abstract No. 465 Threshold analysis for determining number of movements in the kinematic analysis of hand motion in interventional radiology. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2019.12.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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16
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Ridouani F, Cornelis F, Petre E, Hsu M, Moskowitz C, Solomon S, Srimathveeravalli G. Abstract No. 513 Recovery of liver parenchyma and ablation zone involution is faster in patients treated with irreversible electroporation and is independent of functional liver status. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2019.12.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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17
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Weinstein J, El-Gabalawy F, Sarwar A, Brook O, Faintuch S, Palmer M, DeBacker SS, Hsu M, Berkowitz S, Ahmed M. Abstract No. 451 Analysis of kinematic differences in hand motion between the dominant and nondominant hand of interventional radiology trainees performing simulated radial artery access. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2019.12.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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18
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Barrios DM, Phillips GS, Freites-Martinez A, Hsu M, Ciccolini K, Skripnik Lucas A, Marchetti MA, Rossi AM, Lee EH, Deng L, Markova A, Myskowski PL, Lacouture ME. Outpatient dermatology consultations for oncology patients with acute dermatologic adverse events impact anticancer therapy interruption: a retrospective study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:1340-1347. [PMID: 31856311 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatologic adverse events (dAEs) of anticancer therapies may negatively impact dosing and quality of life. While therapy interruption patterns due to dAEs have been studied in hospitalized cancer patients, similar outcomes in outpatient oncodermatology are lacking. OBJECTIVES To analyse the therapy interruption patterns, clinico-histopathologic characteristics and management outcomes of outpatient dermatology consultations for acute dAEs attributed to the most frequently interrupted class of oncologic agents. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of all cancer patients who received a same-day outpatient dermatology consultation for acute dAEs at our institution from 1 January to 30 June 2015. Relevant data were abstracted from electronic medical records, including demographics, oncologic history and explicit recommendations by both the referring clinician and consulting dermatologist on anticancer therapy interruption. Consultations with the most frequently interrupted class of oncologic treatment were characterized according to clinico-histopathologic features, dermatologic management and clinical outcomes. RESULTS There were 426 same-day outpatient dermatology consultations (median age 59, 60% female, 30% breast cancer), of which 295 (69%) had systemic anticancer therapy administered within 30 days prior. There was weak inter-rater agreement between referring clinicians and consulting dermatologists on interruption of anticancer treatment (n = 150, κ = 0.096; 95% CI -0.02 to 0.21). Seventy-three (25%) consultations involved interruption by the referring clinician, most commonly targeted therapy (24, 33%). Maculopapular rash was commonly observed in 23 consultations with 25 dAEs attributed to targeted agents (48%), and topical corticosteroids were most frequently utilized for management (22, 38%). The majority (83%) of consultations with targeted therapy-induced dAEs responded to dermatologic treatment and 84% resumed oncologic therapy, although three (19%) at a reduced dose. Rash recurred only in two instances (13%). CONCLUSIONS A high frequency of positive outcomes in the management of targeted therapy-induced dAEs by outpatient consulting dermatologists and low recurrence of skin toxicity suggests impactful reductions in interruption of anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Barrios
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - G S Phillips
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - A Freites-Martinez
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Hsu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - K Ciccolini
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Skripnik Lucas
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - M A Marchetti
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - A M Rossi
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - E H Lee
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - L Deng
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Markova
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - P L Myskowski
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - M E Lacouture
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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19
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Beagle AJ, Zahir A, Borzello M, Kayser AS, Hsu M, Miller BL, Kramer JH, Chiong W. Amount and delay insensitivity during intertemporal choice in three neurodegenerative diseases reflects dorsomedial prefrontal atrophy. Cortex 2019; 124:54-65. [PMID: 31837518 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias often make poor financial decisions, but it remains unclear whether this reflects specific failures in decision-making or more general deficits in episodic and working memory. We investigated how patients with Alzheimer's disease, behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), and semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA) apply information in an intertemporal choice task between smaller intermediate and larger delayed rewards, with minimal memory demands. Multilevel modeling estimated subject-level sensitivities to three attributes of choice (the relative difference in reward magnitude, delay length, and absolute reward magnitudes) as well as baseline impulsivity. While baseline impulsivity in patients with Alzheimer's disease did not differ from controls, patients with bvFTD and svPPA were more impulsive than controls overall. Patients with Alzheimer's disease or bvFTD were less sensitive than controls to all three choice attributes, whereas patients with svPPA were less sensitive than controls to two attributes. Attenuated sensitivity to information presented during the choice was associated across all subjects with dorsomedial prefrontal atrophy for all three choice attributes. Given the minimal memory demands of our task, these findings suggest specific mechanisms underlying decision-making failures beyond episodic and working memory deficits in dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Beagle
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ali Zahir
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mia Borzello
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew S Kayser
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Division of Neurology, VA Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, CA, USA
| | - Ming Hsu
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joel H Kramer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Winston Chiong
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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20
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Berry AS, Harrison TM, Whitman A, Swinnerton KN, Tennant VR, Fenton LE, Hsu M, Jagust WJ. P2-423: THE INFLUENCE OF DOPAMINE SYNTHESIS CAPACITY ON REWARD LEARNING AND INCIDENTAL ENCODING IN AGING. Alzheimers Dement 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.2830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne S. Berry
- E O Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Berkeley CA USA
| | | | - A.J.S. Whitman
- E O Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Berkeley CA USA
| | | | | | | | - Ming Hsu
- Haas School of Business; Berkeley CA USA
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21
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Zhu L, Jiang Y, Scabini D, Knight RT, Hsu M. Patients with basal ganglia damage show preserved learning in an economic game. Nat Commun 2019; 10:802. [PMID: 30778070 PMCID: PMC6379550 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08766-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Both basal ganglia (BG) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) have been widely implicated in social and non-social decision-making. However, unlike OFC damage, BG pathology is not typically associated with disturbances in social functioning. Here we studied the behavior of patients with focal lesions to either BG or OFC in a multi-strategy competitive game known to engage these regions. We find that whereas OFC patients are significantly impaired, BG patients show intact learning in the economic game. By contrast, when information about the strategic context is absent, both cohorts are significantly impaired. Computational modeling further shows a preserved ability in BG patients to learn by anticipating and responding to the behavior of others using the strategic context. These results suggest that apparently divergent findings on BG contribution to social decision-making may instead reflect a model where higher-order learning processes are dissociable from trial-and-error learning, and can be preserved despite BG damage. Neuroimaging evidence implicates basal ganglia (BG) in social decision-making, yet causal evidence remains lacking. Here, the authors show that learning in strategic (but not non-strategic) games is spared in patients with BG damage, suggesting social decision making is not fully reliant on the BG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusha Zhu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences; Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Yaomin Jiang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences; Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Donatella Scabini
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Robert T Knight
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ming Hsu
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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22
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McKanna T, Ryan A, Krinshpun S, Kareht S, Marchand K, Grabarits C, Ali M, McElheny A, Gardiner K, LeChien K, Hsu M, Saltzman D, Stosic M, Martin K, Benn P. Fetal fraction-based risk algorithm for non-invasive prenatal testing: screening for trisomies 13 and 18 and triploidy in women with low cell-free fetal DNA. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2019; 53:73-79. [PMID: 30014528 PMCID: PMC6587793 DOI: 10.1002/uog.19176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify pregnancies at increased risk for trisomy 13, trisomy 18 or triploidy attributable to low fetal fraction (FF). METHODS A FF-based risk (FFBR) model was built using data from more than 165 000 singleton pregnancies referred for single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT). Based on maternal weight and gestational age (GA), FF distributions for normal, trisomy 13, trisomy 18 and triploid pregnancies were constructed and used to adjust prior risks for these abnormalities. A risk cut-off of ≥ 1% was chosen to define pregnancies at high risk for trisomy 13, trisomy 18 or triploidy (high FFBR score). The model was evaluated on an independent blinded set of pregnancies for which SNP-based NIPT did not return a result, and for which pregnancy outcome information was gathered retrospectively. RESULTS The evaluation cohort comprised 1148 cases, of which approximately half received a high FFBR score. Compared with rates expected based on maternal age (MA) and GA, cases with a high FFBR score had a significantly increased rate of trisomy 13, trisomy 18 or triploidy combined (5.7% vs 0.7%; P < 0.001) and also of unexplained pregnancy loss (14.7% vs 10.4%; P < 0.001). For cases that did not receive a high FFBR score, the incidence of a chromosomal abnormality or pregnancy loss was not significantly different from that expected based on MA and GA. In this study cohort, the sensitivity of the FFBR model for detection of trisomy 13, trisomy 18 or triploidy was 91.4% (95% CI, 76.9-98.2%) with a positive predictive value of 5.7% (32/564; 95% CI, 3.9-7.9%). CONCLUSIONS For pregnancies with a FF too low to receive a result on standard NIPT, the FFBR algorithm identified a subset of cases at increased risk for trisomy 13, trisomy 18 or triploidy. For the remainder of cases, the risk of a fetal chromosomal abnormality was unchanged from that expected based on MA and GA. © 2018 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - K. Marchand
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBostonMAUSA
| | - C. Grabarits
- Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
| | - M. Ali
- Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - A. McElheny
- St Louis University School of MedicineSt LouisMOUSA
| | | | | | - M. Hsu
- Northshore University Health SystemChicagoILUSA
| | - D. Saltzman
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
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23
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Drury J, Sidlowski S, Leonard B, Hsu M, Mostowy M, Andersen S, Perls T. DO THE OFFSPRING OF CENTENARIANS HAVE GOOD HEALTH HABITS? Innov Aging 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igy023.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Drury
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Sidlowski
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B Leonard
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Hsu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Mostowy
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Andersen
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T Perls
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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24
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Abstract
Disparities in outcomes across social groups pervade human societies and are of central interest to the social sciences. How people treat others is known to depend on a multitude of factors (e.g., others' gender, ethnicity, appearance) even when these should be irrelevant. However, despite substantial progress, much remains unknown regarding (i) the set of mechanisms shaping people's behavior toward members of different social groups and (ii) the extent to which these mechanisms can explain the structure of existing societal disparities. Here, we show in a set of experiments the important interplay between social perception and social valuation processes in explaining how people treat members of different social groups. Building on the idea that stereotypes can be organized onto basic, underlying dimensions, we first found using laboratory economic games that quantitative variation in stereotypes about different groups' warmth and competence translated meaningfully into resource allocation behavior toward those groups. Computational modeling further revealed that these effects operated via the interaction of social perception and social valuation processes, with warmth and competence exerting diverging effects on participants' preferences for equitable distributions of resources. This framework successfully predicted behavior toward members of a diverse set of social groups across samples and successfully generalized to predict societal disparities documented in labor and education settings with substantial precision and accuracy. Together, these results highlight a common set of mechanisms linking social group information to social treatment and show how preexisting, societally shared assumptions about different social groups can produce and reinforce societal disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna C Jenkins
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Pierre Karashchuk
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Neuroscience Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Lusha Zhu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Ming Hsu
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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25
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Saez I, Lin J, Stolk A, Chang E, Parvizi J, Schalk G, Knight RT, Hsu M. Encoding of Multiple Reward-Related Computations in Transient and Sustained High-Frequency Activity in Human OFC. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2889-2899.e3. [PMID: 30220499 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has long been implicated in value-based decision making. In recent years, convergent evidence from human and model organisms has further elucidated its role in representing reward-related computations underlying decision making. However, a detailed description of these processes remains elusive due in part to (1) limitations in our ability to observe human OFC neural dynamics at the timescale of decision processes and (2) methodological and interspecies differences that make it challenging to connect human and animal findings or to resolve discrepancies when they arise. Here, we sought to address these challenges by conducting multi-electrode electrocorticography (ECoG) recordings in neurosurgical patients during economic decision making to elucidate the electrophysiological signature, sub-second temporal profile, and anatomical distribution of reward-related computations within human OFC. We found that high-frequency activity (HFA) (70-200 Hz) reflected multiple valuation components grouped in two classes of valuation signals that were dissociable in temporal profile and information content: (1) fast, transient responses reflecting signals associated with choice and outcome processing, including anticipated risk and outcome regret, and (2) sustained responses explicitly encoding what happened in the immediately preceding trial. Anatomically, these responses were widely distributed in partially overlapping networks, including regions in the central OFC (Brodmann areas 11 and 13), which have been consistently implicated in reward processing in animal single-unit studies. Together, these results integrate insights drawn from human and animal studies and provide evidence for a role of human OFC in representing multiple reward computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Saez
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jack Lin
- University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Arjen Stolk
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Edward Chang
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Gerwin Schalk
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | - Robert T Knight
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Ming Hsu
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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26
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Gao X, Yu H, Sáez I, Blue PR, Zhu L, Hsu M, Zhou X. Distinguishing neural correlates of context-dependent advantageous- and disadvantageous-inequity aversion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7680-E7689. [PMID: 30061413 PMCID: PMC6099874 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1802523115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans can integrate social contextual information into decision-making processes to adjust their responses toward inequity. This context dependency emerges when individuals receive more (i.e., advantageous inequity) or less (i.e., disadvantageous inequity) than others. However, it is not clear whether context-dependent processing of advantageous and disadvantageous inequity involves differential neurocognitive mechanisms. Here, we used fMRI to address this question by combining an interactive game that modulates social contexts (e.g., interpersonal guilt) with computational models that enable us to characterize individual weights on inequity aversion. In each round, the participant played a dot estimation task with an anonymous coplayer. The coplayer would receive pain stimulation with 50% probability when either of them responded incorrectly. At the end of each round, the participant completed a variant of dictator game, which determined payoffs for him/herself and the coplayer. Computational modeling demonstrated the context dependency of inequity aversion: when causing pain to the coplayer (i.e., guilt context), participants cared more about the advantageous inequity and became more tolerant of the disadvantageous inequity, compared with other conditions. Consistently, neuroimaging results suggested the two types of inequity were associated with differential neurocognitive substrates. While the context-dependent processing of advantageous inequity was associated with social- and mentalizing-related processes, involving left anterior insula, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, the context-dependent processing of disadvantageous inequity was primarily associated with emotion- and conflict-related processes, involving left posterior insula, right amygdala, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. These results extend our understanding of decision-making processes related to inequity aversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Gao
- Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Key Laboratory of Machine Perception, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hongbo Yu
- Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom
| | - Ignacio Sáez
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Philip R Blue
- Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Key Laboratory of Machine Perception, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lusha Zhu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Key Laboratory of Machine Perception, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking University-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ming Hsu
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Xiaolin Zhou
- Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Key Laboratory of Machine Perception, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking University-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang 321004, China
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Seaman KL, Brooks N, Karrer TM, Castrellon JJ, Perkins SF, Dang LC, Hsu M, Zald DH, Samanez-Larkin GR. Subjective value representations during effort, probability and time discounting across adulthood. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 13:449-459. [PMID: 29618082 PMCID: PMC6007391 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Every day, humans make countless decisions that require the integration of information about potential benefits (i.e. rewards) with other decision features (i.e. effort required, probability of an outcome or time delays). Here, we examine the overlap and dissociation of behavioral preferences and neural representations of subjective value in the context of three different decision features (physical effort, probability and time delays) in a healthy adult life span sample. While undergoing functional neuroimaging, participants (N = 75) made incentive compatible choices between a smaller monetary reward with lower physical effort, higher probability, or a shorter time delay versus a larger monetary reward with higher physical effort, lower probability, or a longer time delay. Behavioral preferences were estimated from observed choices, and subjective values were computed using individual hyperbolic discount functions. We found that discount rates were uncorrelated across tasks. Despite this apparent behavioral dissociation between preferences, we found overlapping subjective value-related activity in the medial prefrontal cortex across all three tasks. We found no consistent evidence for age differences in either preferences or the neural representations of subjective value across adulthood. These results suggest that while the tolerance of decision features is behaviorally dissociable, subjective value signals share a common representation across adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra L Seaman
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development & Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Nickolas Brooks
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Teresa M Karrer
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jaime J Castrellon
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Scott F Perkins
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Linh C Dang
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Ming Hsu
- Haas School of Business, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David H Zald
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Gregory R Samanez-Larkin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience & Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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28
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Abstract
Erotic imagery is one highly salient emotional signal that exists everywhere in daily life. The impact of sexual stimuli on human decision-making, however, has rarely been investigated. This study examines the impact of sexual stimuli on financial decision-making under risk. In each trial, either a sexual or neutral image was presented in a picture categorization task before a gambling task. Thirty-four men made gambling decisions while their physiological arousal, measured by skin conductance responses (SCRs), was recorded. Behaviorally, the proportion of gambling decisions did not differ between the sexual and neutral image trials. Physiologically, participants had smaller arousal differences, measured in micro-siemen per dollar, between losses and gains in the sexual rather than in the neutral image trials. Moreover, participants’ SCRs to losses relative to gains predicted the proportion of gambling decisions in the neutral image trials but not in the sexual image trials. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that the presence of emotionally salient sexual images reduces attentional and arousal-related responses to gambling losses. Our results are consistent with the theory of loss attention involving increased cognitive investment in losses compared to gains. The findings also have potential practical implications for our understanding of the specific roles of sexual images in human financial decision making in everyday life, such as gambling behaviors in the casino.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lui
- Department of Education Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Ming Hsu
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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Hsu M, Ramalingam V. 3:00 PM Abstract No. 23 Axial measurements of acute gastrointestinal bleeding size on CTA predicts subsequent positive catheter-directed angiography. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2018.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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30
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Teckie S, Qi S, Chelius M, Lovie S, Hsu M, Noy A, Portlock C, Yahalom J. Long-term outcome of 487 patients with early-stage extra-nodal marginal zone lymphoma. Ann Oncol 2018; 28:1064-1069. [PMID: 28327924 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Localized early-stage extra-nodal marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) presents with heterogeneous organ involvement and is treated with various modalities, including resection, radiotherapy, and systemic therapy. We report the long-term outcome of a large cohort of extra-nodal MZL and assess the impact of patient and disease characteristics, organ site, and treatment strategy on disease control and survival. Patients and methods We identified 487 consecutive patients with stage IE or IIE MZL referred between 1992 and 2012 to Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Pathology was reviewed by hematopathologists at our institution. Patient and disease factors as well as treatment types were analyzed for association with relapse-free survival, overall survival, and cumulative incidence of relapse. Results Median follow-up after treatment was 4.7 years. Five-year relapse-free survival and overall survival were 60% and 89%, respectively. Cumulative incidence of disease-specific death at 5 years was 1.3%. Radiotherapy alone was the initial treatment in 50% of patients, followed by surgical resection (30%), observation (8%), immunotherapy (4%), and chemotherapy (2%). Initial treatment type, primary disease site, and number of involved sites were significant factors in multivariable analysis of relapse (all P < 0.05). When compared with stomach, MZL originating in other disease sites (HR > 2.0, P ≤ 0.001), except for thyroid, had higher risk of relapse. Strategies such as antibiotics or topical therapies were associated with higher risk of relapse when compared with radiation therapy (P < 0.001). Crude rate of transformation to pathologically confirmed large-cell lymphoma was 2% (11 patients). Conclusion Overall and cause-specific survival are high in early-stage extra-nodal MZL. Curative-intent treatment led to fewer relapses and reduced the need for salvage. Stomach cases had lower risk of relapse than other anatomic primary sites. This study supports the use of local therapies to treat stage IE and IIE MZL.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Teckie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York.,Department of Radiation Medicine, Northwell Health, New York.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, USA
| | - S Qi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - M Chelius
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - S Lovie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - M Hsu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - A Noy
- Lymphoma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - C Portlock
- Lymphoma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - J Yahalom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
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31
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Abstract
People's decisions and judgments are disproportionately swayed by improbable but extreme eventualities, such as terrorism, that come to mind easily. This article explores whether such availability biases can be reconciled with rational information processing by taking into account the fact that decision makers value their time and have limited cognitive resources. Our analysis suggests that to make optimal use of their finite time decision makers should overrepresent the most important potential consequences relative to less important, put potentially more probable, outcomes. To evaluate this account, we derive and test a model we call utility-weighted sampling. Utility-weighted sampling estimates the expected utility of potential actions by simulating their outcomes. Critically, outcomes with more extreme utilities have a higher probability of being simulated. We demonstrate that this model can explain not only people's availability bias in judging the frequency of extreme events but also a wide range of cognitive biases in decisions from experience, decisions from description, and memory recall. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Lieder
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley
| | | | - Ming Hsu
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley
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32
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Lin S, Lin J, Hsu M. LEG CYCLING TRAINING ON CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS, MUSCLE STRENGTH, AND WALKING SPEED IN OLDER ADULT. Innov Aging 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igx004.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Lin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - J. Lin
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,
| | - M. Hsu
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,
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Abstract
The ability to exercise patience is important for human functioning. Although it is known that patience can be promoted by using top-down control, or willpower, to override impatient impulses, patience is also malleable-in particular, susceptible to framing effects-in ways that are difficult to explain using willpower alone. So far, the mechanisms underlying framing effects on patience have been elusive. We investigated the role of imagination in these effects. In a behavioral experiment (Experiment 1), a classic framing manipulation (sequence framing) increased self-reported and independently coded imagination during intertemporal choice. In an investigation of neural responses during decision making (Experiment 2), sequence framing increased the extent to which patience was related to activation in brain regions associated with imagination, relative to activation in regions associated with willpower, and increased functional connectivity of brain regions associated with imagination, but not willpower, relative to regions associated with valuation. Our results suggest that sequence framing can increase the role of imagination in decision making without increasing the exertion of willpower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna C Jenkins
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Ming Hsu
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley
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Hsu M, Tabori N, Patel R, Kim E, Nowakowski F, Lookstein R, Fischman A. Percutaneous microwave ablation of small renal masses using gas-cooled 2.45-GHz antenna: evaluation of 2-year long-term outcomes. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2016.12.674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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35
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Smith S, Malinak D, Chang J, Perez M, Perez S, Settlecowski E, Rodriggs T, Hsu M, Abrew A, Aedo S. Implementation of a food insecurity screening and referral program in student-run free clinics in San Diego, California. Prev Med Rep 2016; 5:134-139. [PMID: 27990340 PMCID: PMC5157787 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Food insecurity is associated with many poor health outcomes yet is not routinely addressed in clinical settings. The purpose of this study was to implement a food insecurity screening and referral program in Student-run Free Clinics (SRFC) and to document the prevalence of food insecurity screening in this low-income patient population. All patients seen in three SRFC sites affiliated with one institution in San Diego, California were screened for food insecurity using the 6-item United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Security Survey between January and July 2015 and referred to appropriate resources. The percentage of patients who were food insecure was calculated. The screening rate was 92.5% (430/463 patients), 74.0% (318/430) were food insecure, including 30.7% (132/430) with very low food security. A food insecurity registry and referral tracking system revealed that by January 2016, 201 participants were receiving monthly boxes of food onsite, 66 used an off-site food pantry, and 64 were enrolled in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). It is possible to implement a food insecurity screening and referral program into SRFCs. The prevalence of food insecurity in this population was remarkably high yet remained largely unknown until this program was implemented. Other health care settings, particularly those with underserved patient populations, should consider implementing food insecurity screening and referral programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Smith
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive #0696, La Jolla, CA 92093-0696, USA; University of California San Diego (UCSD) School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive #0696, La Jolla, CA 92093-0696, USA; University of California San Diego (UCSD) Student-Run Free Clinic Project, 9500 Gilman Drive #0696, La Jolla, CA 92093-0696, USA
| | - David Malinak
- University of California San Diego (UCSD) School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive #0696, La Jolla, CA 92093-0696, USA
| | - Jinnie Chang
- University of California San Diego (UCSD) School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive #0696, La Jolla, CA 92093-0696, USA
| | - Maria Perez
- University of California San Diego (UCSD) Student-Run Free Clinic Project, 9500 Gilman Drive #0696, La Jolla, CA 92093-0696, USA
| | - Sandra Perez
- University of California San Diego (UCSD) Student-Run Free Clinic Project, 9500 Gilman Drive #0696, La Jolla, CA 92093-0696, USA
| | - Erica Settlecowski
- University of California San Diego (UCSD) Student-Run Free Clinic Project, 9500 Gilman Drive #0696, La Jolla, CA 92093-0696, USA
| | - Timothy Rodriggs
- University of California San Diego (UCSD) Student-Run Free Clinic Project, 9500 Gilman Drive #0696, La Jolla, CA 92093-0696, USA
| | - Ming Hsu
- University of California San Diego (UCSD) Student-Run Free Clinic Project, 9500 Gilman Drive #0696, La Jolla, CA 92093-0696, USA
| | - Alexandra Abrew
- University of California San Diego (UCSD) Student-Run Free Clinic Project, 9500 Gilman Drive #0696, La Jolla, CA 92093-0696, USA
| | - Sofia Aedo
- University of California San Diego (UCSD) Student-Run Free Clinic Project, 9500 Gilman Drive #0696, La Jolla, CA 92093-0696, USA
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36
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Seaman KL, Gorlick MA, Vekaria KM, Hsu M, Zald DH, Samanez-Larkin GR. Adult age differences in decision making across domains: Increased discounting of social and health-related rewards. Psychol Aging 2016; 31:737-746. [PMID: 27831713 PMCID: PMC5127408 DOI: 10.1037/pag0000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although research on aging and decision making continues to grow, the majority of studies examine decisions made to maximize monetary earnings or points. It is not clear whether these results generalize to other types of rewards. To investigate this, we examined adult age differences in 92 healthy participants aged 22 to 83. Participants completed 9 hypothetical discounting tasks, which included 3 types of discounting factors (time, probability, effort) across 3 reward domains (monetary, social, health). Participants made choices between a smaller magnitude reward with a shorter time delay/higher probability/lower level of physical effort required and a larger magnitude reward with a longer time delay/lower probability/higher level of physical effort required. Older compared with younger individuals were more likely to choose options that involved shorter time delays or higher probabilities of experiencing an interaction with a close social partner or receiving health benefits from a hypothetical drug. These findings suggest that older adults may be more motivated than young adults to obtain social and health rewards immediately and with certainty. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ming Hsu
- Haas School of Business, University of California Berkeley
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37
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Abstract
Understanding the neural basis of human honesty and deception has enormous potential scientific and practical value. However, past approaches, largely developed out of studies with forensic applications in mind, are increasingly recognized as having serious methodological and conceptual shortcomings. Here we propose to address these challenges by drawing on so-called signaling games widely used in game theory and ethology to study behavioral and evolutionary consequences of information transmission and distortion. In particular, by separating and capturing distinct adaptive problems facing signal senders and receivers, signaling games provide a framework to organize the complex set of cognitive processes associated with honest and deceptive behavior. Furthermore, this framework provides novel insights into feasibility and practical challenges of neuroimaging-based lie detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Jenkins
- Haas School of Business and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Lusha Zhu
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute For Brain Research, School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, China
| | - Ming Hsu
- Haas School of Business and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley
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38
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Hsu M, Weber C, Nadolski G. Passive expansion of submaximally dilated transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts and assessment of clinical outcomes. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2015.12.710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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39
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Hsu M, Itkin M. Lymphatic system flow disorders: novel imaging and interventional techniques. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2015.12.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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40
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Zhong S, Chark R, Hsu M, Chew SH. Computational substrates of social norm enforcement by unaffected third parties. Neuroimage 2016; 129:95-104. [PMID: 26825438 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enforcement of social norms by impartial bystanders in the human species reveals a possibly unique capacity to sense and to enforce norms from a third party perspective. Such behavior, however, cannot be accounted by current computational models based on an egocentric notion of norms. Here, using a combination of model-based fMRI and third party punishment games, we show that brain regions previously implicated in egocentric norm enforcement critically extend to the important case of norm enforcement by unaffected third parties. Specifically, we found that responses in the ACC and insula cortex were positively associated with detection of distributional inequity, while those in the anterior DLPFC were associated with assessment of intentionality to the violator. Moreover, during sanction decisions, the subjective value of sanctions modulated activity in both vmPFC and rTPJ. These results shed light on the neurocomputational underpinnings of third party punishment and evolutionary origin of human norm enforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songfa Zhong
- Department of Economics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117570, Singapore
| | - Robin Chark
- Faculty of Business Administration, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Ming Hsu
- Haas School of Business and Helen Wills Neuroscience Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1900, USA.
| | - Soo Hong Chew
- Department of Economics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117570, Singapore.
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41
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Abstract
Previous research in cultural psychology shows that cultures vary in the social orientation of independence and interdependence. To date, however, little is known about how people may acquire such global patterns of cultural behavior or cultural norms. Nor is it clear what genetic mechanisms may underlie the acquisition of cultural norms. Here, we draw on recent evidence for certain genetic variability in the susceptibility to environmental influences and propose a norm sensitivity hypothesis, which holds that people acquire culture, and rules of cultural behaviors, through reinforcement-mediated social learning processes. One corollary of the hypothesis is that the degree of cultural acquisition should be influenced by polymorphic variants of genes involved in dopaminergic neural pathways, which have been widely implicated in reinforcement learning. We reviewed initial evidence for this prediction and discussed challenges and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ming Hsu
- University of California, Berkeley
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42
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Chiong W, Wood KA, Beagle AJ, Hsu M, Kayser AS, Miller BL, Kramer JH. Neuroeconomic dissociation of semantic dementia and behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. Brain 2015; 139:578-87. [PMID: 26667277 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neuropsychiatric disorders are marked by abnormal behaviour and decision-making, but prevailing diagnostic criteria for such behaviours are typically qualitative and often ambiguous. Behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (also called semantic dementia) are two clinical variants of frontotemporal dementia with overlapping but distinct anatomical substrates known to cause profound changes in decision-making. We investigated whether abnormal decision-making in these syndromes could be more precisely characterized in terms of dissociable abnormalities in patients' subjective evaluations of valence (positive versus negative outcome) and of time (present versus future outcome). We presented 28 patients with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia, 14 patients with semantic variant primary progressive aphasia, 25 patients with Alzheimer's disease (as disease controls), and 61 healthy older control subjects with experimental tasks assaying loss aversion and delay discounting. In general linear models controlling for age, gender, education and Mini-Mental State Examination score, patients with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia were less averse to losses than control subjects (P < 0.001), while patients with semantic variant primary progressive aphasia discounted delayed rewards more steeply than controls (P = 0.019). There was no relationship between loss aversion and delay discounting across the sample, nor in any of the subgroups. These findings suggest that abnormal behaviours in neurodegenerative disease may result from the disruption of either of two dissociable neural processes for evaluating the outcomes of action. More broadly, these findings suggest a role for computational methods to supplement traditional qualitative characterizations in the differential diagnosis of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winston Chiong
- 1 Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Kristie A Wood
- 1 Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Alexander J Beagle
- 1 Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Ming Hsu
- 2 Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Andrew S Kayser
- 3 Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA 4 Division of Neurology, VA Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, CA, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- 1 Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Joel H Kramer
- 1 Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Li BT, Drilon A, Johnson ML, Hsu M, Sima CS, McGinn C, Sugita H, Kris MG, Azzoli CG. A prospective study of total plasma cell-free DNA as a predictive biomarker for response to systemic therapy in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancers. Ann Oncol 2015; 27:154-9. [PMID: 26487589 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While previous studies have reported on the prognostic value of total plasma cell-free deoxyribonucleic acid (cfDNA) in lung cancers, few have prospectively evaluated its predictive value for systemic therapy response. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a prospective study to evaluate the association between changes in total cfDNA and radiologic response to systemic therapy in patients with stage IIIB/IV non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). Paired blood collections for cfDNA and computed tomography (CT) assessments by RECIST v1.0 were performed at baseline and 6-12 weeks after therapy initiation. Total cfDNA levels were measured in plasma using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Associations between changes in cfDNA and radiologic response, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were measured using Kruskal-Wallis and Kaplan-Meier estimates. RESULTS A total of 103 patients completed paired cfDNA and CT response assessments. Systemic therapy administered included cytotoxic chemotherapy in 57% (59/103), molecularly targeted therapy in 17% (17/103), and combination therapy in 26% (27/103). Median change in cfDNA from baseline to response assessment did not significantly differ by radiologic response categories of progression of disease, stable disease and partial response (P = 0.10). However, using radiologic response as continuous variable, there was a weak positive correlation between change in radiologic response and change in cfDNA (Spearman's correlation coefficient 0.21, P = 0.03). Baseline cfDNA levels were not associated with PFS [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93-1.20, P = 0.41] or OS (HR = 1.04, 95% CI 0.93-1.17, P = 0.51), neither were changes in cfDNA. CONCLUSIONS In this large prospective study, changes in total cfDNA over time did not significantly predict radiologic response from systemic therapy in patients with advanced NSCLC. Pretreatment levels of total cfDNA were not prognostic of survival. Total cfDNA level is not a highly specific predictive biomarker and future investigations in cfDNA should focus on tumor-specific genomic alterations using expanded capabilities of next-generation sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Li
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - A Drilon
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - M L Johnson
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - M Hsu
- Department of Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - C S Sima
- Department of Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - C McGinn
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - H Sugita
- Department of Biochemistry, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - M G Kris
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - C G Azzoli
- Thoracic Oncology Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, USA
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Abstract
We review progress and challenges relating to scientific and applied goals of the nascent field of consumer neuroscience. Scientifically, substantial progress has been made in understanding the neurobiology of choice processes. Further advances, however, require researchers to begin clarifying the set of developmental and cognitive processes that shape and constrain choices. First, despite the centrality of preferences in theories of consumer choice, we still know little about where preferences come from and the underlying developmental processes. Second, the role of attention and memory processes in consumer choice remains poorly understood, despite importance ascribed to them in interpreting data from the field. The applied goal of consumer neuroscience concerns our ability to translate this understanding to augment prediction at the population level. Although the use of neuroscientific data for market-level predictions remains speculative, there is growing evidence of superiority in specific cases over existing market research techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hsu
- Haas School of Business, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Carolyn Yoon
- Stephen M. Ross School of Business, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
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46
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Abstract
Considerable attention has been given to the notion that there exists a set of human-like characteristics associated with brands, referred to as brand personality. Here we combine newly available machine learning techniques with functional neuroimaging data to characterize the set of processes that give rise to these associations. We show that brand personality traits can be captured by the weighted activity across a widely distributed set of brain regions previously implicated in reasoning, imagery, and affective processing. That is, as opposed to being constructed via reflective processes, brand personality traits appear to exist a priori inside the minds of consumers, such that we were able to predict what brand a person is thinking about based solely on the relationship between brand personality associations and brain activity. These findings represent an important advance in the application of neuroscientific methods to consumer research, moving from work focused on cataloguing brain regions associated with marketing stimuli to testing and refining mental constructs central to theories of consumer behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Chen
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Leif D. Nelson
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Ming Hsu
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley
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47
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Sáez I, Zhu L, Set E, Kayser A, Hsu M. Dopamine modulates egalitarian behavior in humans. Curr Biol 2015; 25:912-9. [PMID: 25802148 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Egalitarian motives form a powerful force in promoting prosocial behavior and enabling large-scale cooperation in the human species [1]. At the neural level, there is substantial, albeit correlational, evidence suggesting a link between dopamine and such behavior [2, 3]. However, important questions remain about the specific role of dopamine in setting or modulating behavioral sensitivity to prosocial concerns. Here, using a combination of pharmacological tools and economic games, we provide critical evidence for a causal involvement of dopamine in human egalitarian tendencies. Specifically, using the brain penetrant catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitor tolcapone [4, 5], we investigated the causal relationship between dopaminergic mechanisms and two prosocial concerns at the core of a number of widely used economic games: (1) the extent to which individuals directly value the material payoffs of others, i.e., generosity, and (2) the extent to which they are averse to differences between their own payoffs and those of others, i.e., inequity. We found that dopaminergic augmentation via COMT inhibition increased egalitarian tendencies in participants who played an extended version of the dictator game [6]. Strikingly, computational modeling of choice behavior [7] revealed that tolcapone exerted selective effects on inequity aversion, and not on other computational components such as the extent to which individuals directly value the material payoffs of others. Together, these data shed light on the causal relationship between neurochemical systems and human prosocial behavior and have potential implications for our understanding of the complex array of social impairments accompanying neuropsychiatric disorders involving dopaminergic dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Sáez
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, 175 Li Ka Shing Center, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, 2220 Piedmont Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Lusha Zhu
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Eric Set
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, 175 Li Ka Shing Center, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, 2220 Piedmont Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Andrew Kayser
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, 175 Li Ka Shing Center, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, 500 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurology, VA Northern California Health Care System, 150 Muir Road, Martinez, CA 94553, USA.
| | - Ming Hsu
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, 175 Li Ka Shing Center, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, 2220 Piedmont Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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48
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Hsu M, Weber C, Mohammed M, Gade T, Hunt S, Nadolski G, Clark T. Thermal changes during rheolytic mechanical thrombectomy. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2014.12.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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49
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Saez I, Set E, Hsu M. From genes to behavior: placing cognitive models in the context of biological pathways. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:336. [PMID: 25414628 PMCID: PMC4220121 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Connecting neural mechanisms of behavior to their underlying molecular and genetic substrates has important scientific and clinical implications. However, despite rapid growth in our knowledge of the functions and computational properties of neural circuitry underlying behavior in a number of important domains, there has been much less progress in extending this understanding to their molecular and genetic substrates, even in an age marked by exploding availability of genomic data. Here we describe recent advances in analytical strategies that aim to overcome two important challenges associated with studying the complex relationship between genes and behavior: (i) reducing distal behavioral phenotypes to a set of molecular, physiological, and neural processes that render them closer to the actions of genetic forces, and (ii) striking a balance between the competing demands of discovery and interpretability when dealing with genomic data containing up to millions of markers. Our proposed approach involves linking, on one hand, models of neural computations and circuits hypothesized to underlie behavior, and on the other hand, the set of the genes carrying out biochemical processes related to the functioning of these neural systems. In particular, we focus on the specific example of value-based decision-making, and discuss how such a combination allows researchers to leverage existing biological knowledge at both neural and genetic levels to advance our understanding of the neurogenetic mechanisms underlying behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Saez
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Program, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Eric Set
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Program, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA ; Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ming Hsu
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Program, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA
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50
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Bertoux M, Cova F, Pessiglione M, Hsu M, Dubois B, Bourgeois-Gironde S. Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia patients do not succumb to the Allais paradox. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:287. [PMID: 25309311 PMCID: PMC4159974 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Allais Paradox represents one of the earliest empirical challenges to normative models of decision-making, and suggests that choices in one part of a gamble may depend on the possible outcome in another, independent, part of the gamble-a violation of the so-called "independence axiom." To account for Allaisian behavior, one well-known class of models propose that individuals' choices are influenced not only by possible outcomes resulting from one's choices, but also the anticipation of regret for foregone options. Here we test the regret hypothesis using a population of patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), a clinical population known to present ventromedial prefrontal cortex dysfunctions and associated with impaired regret processing in previous studies of decision-making. Compared to matched controls and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, we found a striking diminution of Allaisian behavior among bvFTD patients. These results are consistent with the regret hypothesis and furthermore suggest a crucial role for prefrontal regions in choices that typically stands in contradiction with a basic axiom of rational decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Bertoux
- Institut Jean Nicod, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris, France
| | - Florian Cova
- Institut Jean Nicod, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris, France ; Swiss Centre in Affective Sciences, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Pessiglione
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, INSERM UMRS 975, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris, France
| | - Ming Hsu
- Institut Jean Nicod, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris, France ; Neuroeconomics Laboratory, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Bruno Dubois
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, INSERM UMRS 975, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris, France
| | - Sacha Bourgeois-Gironde
- Institut Jean Nicod, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris, France ; LEMMA, Université Panthéon-Assas Paris, France
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