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McLeod CJ, Thomas JM. Does social-norm messaging influence expected satiety and ideal portion-size selection? Appetite 2024; 193:107157. [PMID: 38081543 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
A person's perception of how long a food will stave off hunger (expected satiety) and the ideal amount to consume (ideal portion size) are both influenced by food-to-mealtime norms. Here, we examine whether social norms can modulate this effect, in three experimental studies. In study 1 (n = 235) participants were exposed to a social norm suggesting most people enjoyed consuming pasta for breakfast. There was a main effect of food-to-mealtime congruence for expected satiety and ideal portion size (p < 0.001) - participants selected a smaller portion of pasta for breakfast (vs. lunch) - but there were no other main effects/interactions (p ≥ 0.15). Study 2 (n = 200) followed the same approach as study 1, but sought to examine whether the typical volume of food consumed at breakfast and lunch needed to be controlled. Again, there was a main effect of congruence (the same pattern) (p ≤ 0.02) but no other main effects/interactions (p ≥ 0.73). Study 3 (n = 208) followed the same approach as study 2, but the social-norm message was changed to suggest that most people who eat pasta for breakfast found it effectively reduced their hunger. Again, there was a main effect of congruence (the same pattern) (p < 0.001) but no other main effects/interaction (p ≥ 0.26). These studies provide further evidence for the food-to-mealtime effect, but do not provide any evidence that a single, simple social-norm statement can modulate expected satiety or ideal portion size, or interact with the food-to-mealtime effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J McLeod
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - J M Thomas
- School of Psychology, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
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2
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Edwards KL, Thomas JM, Higgs S, Blissett J. Exposure to models' negative facial expressions whilst eating a vegetable decreases women's liking of the modelled vegetable, but not their desire to eat. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1252369. [PMID: 38274690 PMCID: PMC10808660 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1252369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Food enjoyment can be conveyed through facial expressions. Observing others' enjoyment of food has been found to influence adults' desirability of liked and disliked food. Exposing adults to other eaters enjoying nutritious foods that are typically disliked (e.g., vegetables) could enhance the consumption of vegetables by young adults. However, this remains to be examined in young adult populations. This study examined the effect of models' facial expressions towards raw broccoli on young adult women's change in liking and change in desire to eat a modelled vegetable (raw broccoli) and a non-modelled vegetable (cucumber). Methods Young adult women (N = 205) were randomised to watch a video of unfamiliar adult models eating raw broccoli with a positive, negative, or neutral facial expression. Participants' change in liking and change in desire to eat the modelled and non-modelled vegetable was examined. Results Observing models conveying negative facial expressions whilst eating raw broccoli resulted in a statistically significant reduction in liking ratings of broccoli, but not cucumber. There was no effect of models' facial expressions on the change in desire to eat foods. Discussion These findings suggest that watching others express a negative facial expression whilst eating a raw vegetable reduces women's liking of the modelled vegetable, in the absence of a significant change to their desire to consume these foods. This highlights the power of others' negative facial expressions on food liking. Further work is needed to establish the effect of others' facial expressions on vegetable intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L. Edwards
- School of Psychology, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jason M. Thomas
- School of Psychology, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Higgs
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Kumari S, Alam AN, Hossain MJ, Lee EY, Hwang YH, Joo ST. Sensory Evaluation of Plant-Based Meat: Bridging the Gap with Animal Meat, Challenges and Future Prospects. Foods 2023; 13:108. [PMID: 38201136 PMCID: PMC10778684 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Globally, the demand for plant-based meat is increasing rapidly as these products are becoming quite popular among vegans and vegetarians. However, its development is still in the early stage and faces various technological challenges; the imitation of the sensory profile of meat is the most challenging part as these products are meant to be an alternative to animal meat. The development of a product similar to meat requires accurate selection of ingredients and processing techniques. An understanding of the relevant sensory profile can help in constructing products and technologies that are consumer-centric and sustainable. In this review, we focus on the comparative differences in the sensory profiles of animal meat and plant-based meat alternatives, particularly regarding the color, texture, and flavor, along with the methods used to compare them. This paper also explains the sensory evaluation and how it affects consumer preference and acceptability. Additionally, a direction for further research on developing better plant-based meat products is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Kumari
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52852, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (A.N.A.); (M.J.H.); (E.-Y.L.)
| | - Amm Nurul Alam
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52852, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (A.N.A.); (M.J.H.); (E.-Y.L.)
| | - Md. Jakir Hossain
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52852, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (A.N.A.); (M.J.H.); (E.-Y.L.)
| | - Eun-Yeong Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52852, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (A.N.A.); (M.J.H.); (E.-Y.L.)
| | - Young-Hwa Hwang
- Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52852, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seon-Tea Joo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52852, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (A.N.A.); (M.J.H.); (E.-Y.L.)
- Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52852, Republic of Korea;
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Alenezi AM, Alshariyah MMH, Alanazi MN, Abdel-Salam DM, Al-Hazmi AH, Thirunavukkarasu A, Alhuwaydi AM, Alsabilah RH, Mohamed RA. Assessment of Psychosocial Correlates and Associated Factors of Colorectal Cancer Screening among Southwestern Saudi Population: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2791. [PMID: 37893864 PMCID: PMC10606086 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11202791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychosocial correlates are one of the crucial determinants for the uptake of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening by the pre-eligible population. The present study aimed to identify the psychosocial correlates of colorectal cancer screening and determine their associated factors among the Saudi population in the Najran region, Saudi Arabia. Using a validated questionnaire, we assessed five constructs of psychosocial correlates of CRC screening among 790 participants aged 45 years and above. The five constructs were salience and coherence, cancer worries, perceived susceptibility, response efficacy, and social influence. Of the studied population, less than 50% agreed with most of the five constructs' statements, and 27.5% preferred to follow their family members' advice. Significantly higher mean scores (±SD) were identified for the male gender (7.38 ± 2.15, p = 0.027) and participants working in government sectors (7.60 ± 2.03, p = 0.027) in the cancer worries construct, while the mean (±SD) scores of perceived susceptibility were significantly higher among married participants (14.38 ± 4.10, p = 0.023) and smokers (14.95 ± 3.92, p = 0.041). Our survey results could help policymakers to implement focused health education programs for the pre-eligible population on the importance of the uptake of CRC screening. Furthermore, it is recommended to carry out exploratory mixed-method surveys in other regions of Saudi Arabia to understand the region's specific psychosocial correlates towards CRC screening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maryam Nazal Alanazi
- Department of Psychological Counseling, College of Sciences and Arts, Qurrayat Campus, Jouf University, Qurrayat 77425, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Doaa Mazen Abdel-Salam
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
| | - Ahmad Homoud Al-Hazmi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.A.-H.); (A.T.)
| | - Ashokkumar Thirunavukkarasu
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia; (A.H.A.-H.); (A.T.)
| | - Ahmed M. Alhuwaydi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Rehab A. Mohamed
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
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Gotow N, Nagai Y, Taguchi T, Kino Y, Ogino H, Kobayakawa T. Change in preference for vegetables and their perceptual attributes as a function of age and pickiness. Food Res Int 2023; 170:112967. [PMID: 37316010 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Preference for vegetables is influenced by various factors, including demographic, psychological, socio-environmental, and genetic factors. This study confirmed that age, pickiness, and perceptual attributes were predictors of preference for vegetables and examined how preference for vegetables and their perceptual attributes varies with age and pickiness. Children (8-14 years, n = 420), youth (15-34 years, n = 569), middle-aged adults (35-64 years, n = 726), and older adults (65-85 years, n = 270) were asked which vegetables they liked (or disliked) and which perceptual attributes of each vegetable they liked (or disliked). On the basis of their responses, an overall preference score and a preference sub-score for each perceptual attribute were calculated. Participants in each age group were classified into four statuses (non-, mild, moderate, and severe) according to their pickiness scores. Multiple regression analysis revealed that age and preference sub-scores for eight perceptual attributes (sweetness, sourness, bitterness, umami, pungency, orthonasal aroma, texture, and appearance) were positive predictors of overall preference score and that pickiness score and four perceptual attributes (saltiness, astringency, retronasal aroma, and aftertaste) were negative predictors. In addition, overall preference score and preference sub-scores for perceptual attributes other than saltiness increased with increasing age group and decreasing picker status; however, preference sub-scores for at least one of the six perceptual attributes (bitterness, astringency, pungency, orthonasal aroma, retronasal aroma, and aftertaste) exhibited negative values in children, youth, and pickers (mild, moderate, and severe). The increase in preference for these perceptual attributes might be an indicator of the adultization of food perception and the expansion of food acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Gotow
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
| | - Yuko Nagai
- Kagome Co., Ltd., 17, Nishitomiyama, Nasushiobara-shi, Tochigi 329-2762, Japan.
| | - Taro Taguchi
- Kagome Co., Ltd., 17, Nishitomiyama, Nasushiobara-shi, Tochigi 329-2762, Japan.
| | - Yuko Kino
- Kagome Co., Ltd., 17, Nishitomiyama, Nasushiobara-shi, Tochigi 329-2762, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Ogino
- Kagome Co., Ltd., 17, Nishitomiyama, Nasushiobara-shi, Tochigi 329-2762, Japan.
| | - Tatsu Kobayakawa
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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Mollen S, Cheung Q, Stok FM. The influence of social norms on anticipated snacking: An experimental study comparing different types of social norms. Appetite 2023; 180:106372. [PMID: 36402412 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have found that social norms affect eating behavior for different types of social norm measures and manipulations as well as different types of eating behavior. The current study investigated the effects of descriptive, injunctive, and liking norms on intentions to consume healthy snacks and anticipated snack choice, compared to a no-norm control condition. Moreover, we distinguished between descriptive norms that stress the frequency versus the quantity of food consumption. An experiment was conducted among 189 young adults. It was hypothesized that participants who received a descriptive quantity or frequency norm would intend to consume, and make an anticipated selection of, more low-calorie snacks than participants who received a no-norm control message. Due to inconsistency or lacking evidence regarding the effects of the other types of norms on eating behavior, no hypotheses were formulated for the injunctive and liking norm conditions. The hypothesis was partly confirmed. Descriptive quantity and frequency norms did not result in a stronger intention to consume healthy snacks in the upcoming week, but they did result in lower-calorie snack choices when people were asked to select three snacks that they planned to eat on the following day. No other differences between the conditions were found. These findings show that emphasizing both how much and how often most other people consume healthy foods affects anticipated healthy food choices. This can provide health professionals more options to mobilize the power of descriptive social norms for affecting health behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saar Mollen
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Queenie Cheung
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F Marijn Stok
- Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Peng L, Jiang H, Guo Y, Hu D. Effect of Information Framing on Wearing Masks During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Interaction With Social Norms and Information Credibility. Front Public Health 2022; 10:811792. [PMID: 35284387 PMCID: PMC8906464 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.811792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The main objectives of this study were to use the effect of information framing (different expressions of the same issue, e.g., positive messages and negative messages) to explore key factors that influence the attitude of and intention of the public toward wearing masks and to understand the internal and external factors of intervention on information framing perception. Methods This study performed an online questionnaire survey to explore the influence of demographic characteristics, information framing, social norms, and information credibility on the attitude of the public toward masks and their intention to wear them. Results (1) Information framing had a significant impact on the attitudes of people toward masks and their intention to wear them, and the persuasion effect of gain-framed messages was higher than that of loss-framed messages. (2) Gender, income, occupation, educational background, and residence have no significant difference in attitude and intention to wear masks. There was a significant correlation between age and wearing of masks (p = 0.041 < 0.05). (3) Social norms affected people's perception of information framing and their attitude toward wearing masks, but only the impact of loss-framed messages on intention was significant. (4) Information framing affected people's perception of information credibility, which had a positive impact on their intention to wear masks; however, information credibility only had a significant impact on attitude toward wearing masks under the gain-framed messages and played an intermediary role. Conclusion The impact of information framing on the attitude of people toward masks and their intention to wear them varies. Individuals involved in the publicity of health information related to this issue should pay attention to the influence of information framing and content on the public wearing masks as a means of enhancing public health awareness.
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Deng Q, Liu W. The Effect of Social Norms on Physicians’ Intentions to Use Liver Cancer Screening: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Extended Theory of Planned Behavior. Healthc Policy 2022; 15:179-191. [PMID: 35173496 PMCID: PMC8841539 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s349387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver cancer is a globally acknowledged threat to public health, and there is a critical and urgent need to determine factors associated with the use of liver cancer screening and to further promote its use. Purpose To examine whether the extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) incorporating social norms predicts physicians’ intentions to use liver cancer screening and to identify the associated factors quantitatively, using contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) as an example. Methods A research framework was established by adding social norms to the TPB, based on which the questionnaire for this study was developed. Through multistage random sampling, a cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted among 292 physicians in Fujian and Jiangxi provinces. Due to the multicollinearity problem of the data, ridge regression was applied to determine the influencing factors of physicians’ intentions to use CEUS. Results Most participants (87.30%) reported that they were willing to use liver cancer screening in their clinical practice. The scores of TPB variables were generally higher than those of social norms variables. Ridge regression results indicated that the proposed model was explanatory, which has accounted for 73.5% of the total variance in physicians’ intentions. Analyses also illustrated the significant role of TPB variables (attitude and perceived behavioral control) and social norms variables (personal norms, organizational norms, and industrial norms) on physicians’ intentions to use CEUS. Conclusion The study extended the TPB by including the concepts of social norms, which is not only conducive to expanding the knowledge of factors associated with physicians’ intentions to use liver cancer screening, but also provides implications for developing strategies to promote the use of certain health services or products, such as playing the role of core members, holding panel meetings, and establishing information push systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwen Deng
- Department of Health Management, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, People’s Republic of China
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Department of Health Management, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Wenbin Liu, Tel +86 13799983766, Email
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Edwards KL, Thomas JM, Higgs S, Blissett J. Exposure to models' positive facial expressions whilst eating a raw vegetable increases children's acceptance and consumption of the modelled vegetable. Appetite 2021; 168:105779. [PMID: 34756937 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Research has shown that seeing positive facial expressions (FEs) towards food increased children's desire to eat foods rated as disliked. However, the effect of adults' positive FEs whilst eating a raw vegetable on children's acceptance and intake of nutritious foods that are less preferred (e.g., vegetables) remains to be established. This study aimed to examine the effect of models' FEs eating raw broccoli on children's acceptance and intake of raw broccoli. 111 children aged 4-6 years (64 male, 47 female) were randomised to watch a video of unfamiliar adult models eating raw broccoli with a positive or neutral facial expression (FE), or a non-food control video. Children's acceptance and intake of raw broccoli was assessed. Data about parent and child characteristics was provided by parents. There was a main effect of FE type on children's frequency of tastes (p = .03) and intake of broccoli (p = .02). Children who were exposed to models eating broccoli with positive FEs had greater frequency of tastes (p = .04) and intake of broccoli (p = .03), than children in the control condition, but not compared to children in the neutral FE condition (p > .05). There was no effect of positive FEs on children's willingness to try broccoli (p > .05). These findings suggest that observing others enjoy a commonly disliked vegetable can encourage children's tastes and intake of the vegetable. Thus, exposing children to others enjoying vegetables could be a useful strategy for encouraging healthier eating in children. Further work is needed to determine whether a single exposure is sufficient and whether these effects are sustained over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Suzanne Higgs
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Chen S, Liu J, Hu H. A Norm-Based Conditional Process Model of the Negative Impact of Optimistic Bias on Self-Protection Behaviors During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Three Chinese Cities. Front Psychol 2021; 12:659218. [PMID: 34163404 PMCID: PMC8215150 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.659218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Data were collected from 896 participants in three Chinese cities affected by the COVID-19 pandemic to varying degrees through an online survey platform. A conditional process model was then proposed for the impact of optimistic bias on self-protection behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of social norms. Statistical analysis demonstrates that optimistic bias has a negative impact on self-protection behaviors through message acceptance. Perceived social norms moderate this relationship in the following ways: (1) The higher the perceptions of social norms, the smaller the negative impact of optimistic bias on message acceptance, and the smaller the positive impact of message acceptance on self-protection behaviors. (2) Within a certain range, the higher the perceptions of social norms, the smaller the negative impact, both direct and indirect, of optimistic bias on self-protection behaviors. (3) The direct and indirect effects of optimistic bias on self-protection behaviors become insignificant when perceptions of social norms are very strong. Comparing the data of the three cities shows that higher risk is associated with a stronger role of social norms in moderating the relationship between optimistic bias and self-protection behaviors. The above results suggest that there may be both internal (optimistic bias) and external (social norms) reference points in individual decision-making regarding health behaviors. The theoretical and practical significance of the dual reference points are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijing Chen
- School of Economics and Management, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianwei Liu
- School of Economics and Management, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huamin Hu
- School of Economics and Management, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
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Does exposure to socially endorsed food images on social media influence food intake? Appetite 2021; 165:105424. [PMID: 34038746 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Social norms can influence the consumption of high and low energy-dense (HED/LED) snack foods. Such norms could be communicated via social media, however, there is little experimental research investigating this possibility. This laboratory study aimed to investigate the acute effect of socially endorsed social media posts on participants' eating behaviour. Healthy women students (n = 169; mean age = 20.9; mean BMI = 23.3) were assigned to either a HED, LED or control condition, where they viewed three types of images (HED foods, LED foods and interior design as control), but only one type was socially endorsed (e.g. in the control condition, only interior design images were socially endorsed). Participants completed questionnaires and were also provided a snack buffet of grapes and cookies. One-way ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of condition on participants' relative consumption of grapes (percentage of grapes consumed out of total food intake), for both grams and calories consumed (both ps < .05). Follow-up t-tests revealed that participants consumed a larger proportion of grapes (grams and calories) in the LED condition vs HED condition (all ps < .05), and a larger proportion of calories from grapes in the LED compared to control condition (p < .05). These findings suggest that exposure to socially endorsed images of LED food on social media could nudge people to consume more of, and derive more calories from these foods in place of HED foods. Further research is required to examine the potential application of these findings.
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Mengual-Recuerda A, Tur-Viñes V, Juárez-Varón D. Neuromarketing in Haute Cuisine Gastronomic Experiences. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1772. [PMID: 32849050 PMCID: PMC7417449 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastronomic experiences offer a set of stimuli that affect the customer’s perception of chef-designed food. This empirical study aims to analyze the influence on the consumer, at a cerebral level, of the stimuli characteristic of a high-level gastronomic experience, in a Michelin starred restaurant. The presentation by the waiter or chef, the plate design, the dish served, the taste of food, interaction or moment in which the food is served are the variables analyzed. Through the use of neuromarketing techniques – galvanic skin response to register emotional arousal, eye tracking to identify where consumers look, and electroencephalography to interpret emotional reactions – combined with qualitative research technique (In-depth interviews with all consumers), in order to know the natural and suggested memories, the objective of this research is to determine the emotional impact of the variables analyzed against the actual taste of food, obtaining conclusions about each variable in overall experience and allowing the authors to propose a model of order design of dishes, designed by the chef, based on emotions and thereby achieving greater efficiency in results of the experience and the memory of it. Results indicate a favorable influence on emotions when the chef presents the food. Likewise, dishes with special presentation have a greater influence at the level of interest than conventional dishes. It is important to highlight that the levels of emotion and attention fall after the midway point of the experience, due to the duration of the experience. Therefore, the dishes do not have the same emotional impact, despite being as special as at the beginning of the experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mengual-Recuerda
- Departamento de Organización de Empresas, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Victoria Tur-Viñes
- Department of Communication and Social Psychology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - David Juárez-Varón
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
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Hawkins LK, Farrow C, Thomas JM. Do perceived norms of social media users’ eating habits and preferences predict our own food consumption and BMI? Appetite 2020; 149:104611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Baranowski T, Thompson D. Descriptive Normative Nutrition Messages to Maximize Effect in a Videogame: Narrative Review. Games Health J 2020; 9:237-254. [PMID: 31905035 DOI: 10.1089/g4h.2019.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Messages containing descriptive norms have been manipulated and tested for effects on dietary intake in a number of studies. The effects have been mostly small or nonexistent. This narrative review analyzed the structural elements of the nutrition messages most likely related to effectiveness. Elements examined included the following: source, similarity of source to the participant, reference group, identification with or evaluative significance of the reference group, delivery, salience, background, tailoring, gain-loss framing, and whether an assessment of the group norm was conducted before designing the descriptive norm message. Most studies incorporated few of the reviewed structural elements, and message manipulations appeared weak. Controlled, systematic studies are needed to examine the effect of the structural elements, singly and in combination, on behavior and its mediators. Videogames are designed to be delivered in the same way to players; therefore, they offer a controlled environment for extensively and systematically manipulating structural elements of messages and examining the resulting behavioral effects. How this might be accomplished was described. Experimental research was identified as being necessary to delineate the individual and combined element effects, thereby contributing to the body of literature on videogame design and effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Baranowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Debbe Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas
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von Wagner C, Hirst Y, Waller J, Ghanouni A, McGregor LM, Kerrison RS, Verstraete W, Vlaev I, Sieverding M, Stoffel ST. The impact of descriptive norms on motivation to participate in cancer screening - Evidence from online experiments. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2019; 102:1621-1628. [PMID: 30975450 PMCID: PMC6686210 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study tested in two online experiments whether manipulating normative beliefs about cancer screening uptake increases intention to attend colorectal screening among previously disinclined individuals. METHODS 2461 men and women from an Internet panel (Experiment 1 N = 1032; Experiment 2, N = 1423) who initially stated that they did not intend to take up screening were asked to guess how many men and women they believe to get screened for colorectal cancer. Across participants, we varied the presence/absence of feedback on the participant's estimate, as well as the stated proportion of men and women doing the screening test. RESULTS Across the two experiments, we found that receiving one of the experimental messages stating that uptake is higher than estimated significantly increased the proportion of disinclined men and women becoming intenders. While, we found a positive relationship between the communicated uptake and screening intentions, we did not find evidence that providing feedback on the estimate has an added benefit. CONCLUSION Screening intention can be effectively manipulated through a high uptake message. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Communication of high screening uptake is an easy and effective way to motivate disinclined individuals to engage in colorectal cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian von Wagner
- University College London, ResearchDepartment of Behavioural Science and Health, 1-19 Torrington Place, WC1E 6BT, London, UK.
| | - Yasemin Hirst
- University College London, ResearchDepartment of Behavioural Science and Health, 1-19 Torrington Place, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
| | - Jo Waller
- University College London, ResearchDepartment of Behavioural Science and Health, 1-19 Torrington Place, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
| | - Alex Ghanouni
- University College London, ResearchDepartment of Behavioural Science and Health, 1-19 Torrington Place, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
| | - Lesley M McGregor
- University College London, ResearchDepartment of Behavioural Science and Health, 1-19 Torrington Place, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
| | - Robert S Kerrison
- University College London, ResearchDepartment of Behavioural Science and Health, 1-19 Torrington Place, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
| | - Wouter Verstraete
- University College London, ResearchDepartment of Behavioural Science and Health, 1-19 Torrington Place, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
| | - Ivo Vlaev
- University of Warwick, Warwick Business School, Scarman Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Monika Sieverding
- University of Heidelberg, Institute of Psychology, Hauptstraße 47-51, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandro T Stoffel
- University College London, ResearchDepartment of Behavioural Science and Health, 1-19 Torrington Place, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
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The relationship between social identity, descriptive social norms and eating intentions and behaviors. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Higgs S, Liu J, Collins EIM, Thomas JM. Using social norms to encourage healthier eating. NUTR BULL 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Higgs
- School of Psychology University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
| | - J. Liu
- School of Psychology University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
| | | | - J. M. Thomas
- Department of Psychology Aston University Birmingham UK
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A Social Norms Intervention Going Wrong: Boomerang Effects from Descriptive Norms Information. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10082848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A large body of research supports the idea of social norms communication promoting pro-social and pro-environmental behaviour. This paper investigates social norms communication in the field. Signs prompting consumers about sustainable seafood labels and informing them about other consumers’ sustainable choices were displayed in supermarkets in Norway and Germany. Seafood sales (sustainably labelled versus unlabelled products) were observed before, during, and after the implementation of the signs. The expected change towards more sustainable choices was generally not found. In Norway, the choice of sustainable seafood increased in the prompt-only condition, but the effect was neutralised when social norms information was added. In Germany, social norm messages lead to a decline in sustainable choices compared to baseline, a boomerang effect. Overall, an increase in the purchase of seafood (both sustainably labelled and unlabelled) was noted during the intervention. A second study was carried out to further explore the finding that consumers were mainly primed with “seafood” as a food group. In a laboratory setting, participants were confronted with stereotypical food pictures, combined with short sentences encouraging different consumption patterns. Subsequently, they were asked to choose food products in a virtual shop. Confirming the findings of Study 1, participants chose more of the groceries belonging to the food group they were primed with. These studies suggest that social norms interventions—recently often perceived as “the Holy Grail” for behaviour change—are not as universally applicable as suggested in the literature. According to this study, even descriptive norm messages can produce boomerang effects.
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Making salt-reduced products more appealing to consumers: impact of front-of-pack messages on liking and table salt use over time. Public Health Nutr 2018; 21:2762-2772. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980018001714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveThe current study investigated the impact of different front-of-pack messages on liking, salt perception and table salt use of salt-reduced soups over repeated consumption.DesignIn a between-subjects design, participants consumed a chicken noodle soup five times over 3 weeks. Participants were assigned to one of five experimental conditions and were categorized into three ‘Interest in Salt Reduction’ groups based on their self-reported interest in salt reduction. They consumed a regular-salt soup or a 30 % salt-reduced soup, either with or without a front-of-pack message (nutritional, sensory or social based). Liking, salt perception and table salt use were measured at each consumption.SettingCentral location test.SubjectsBritish consumers (n 493) aged 24–65 years.ResultsThe soups remained stable in liking over repeated consumption, with no significant differences between the experimental conditions. However, liking did differ among the different Interest in Salt Reduction groups: the ‘not aware, no action’ group liked salt-reduced soups with a nutritional message the most, whereas the ‘aware and action’ group liked salt-reduced soups with a social message the most. There was no change in the amount of table salt added as people got more familiar with the salt-reduced soups, suggesting a strong role for habit in table salt use.ConclusionsIt mattered whether consumers were thinking about reducing their salt intake or not: a communication message tailored to a country’s interest in reducing salt is recommended to motivate consumers to lower their salt intake.
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Zandstra EH, Carvalho ÁH, van Herpen E. Effects of front-of-pack social norm messages on food choice and liking. Food Qual Prefer 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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