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The role of valence, arousal, stimulus type, and temporal paradigm in the effect of emotion on time perception: A meta-analysis. Psychon Bull Rev 2023; 30:1-21. [PMID: 35879593 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-022-02148-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Anecdotal experiences show that the human perception of time is subjective, and changes with one's emotional state. Over the past 25 years, increasing empirical evidence has demonstrated that emotions distort time perception and usually result in overestimation. Yet, some inconsistencies deserve clarification. Specifically, it remains controversial how valence (positive/negative), arousal (high/low), stimulus type (scenic picture/facial expression/word/sound), and temporal paradigm (reproduction/estimation/discrimination) modulate the effect of emotion on time perception. Thus, the current study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis to quantify evidence for these moderators. After searching the Web of Science, SpiScholar, and Google Scholar, 95 effect sizes from 31 empirical studies were calculated using Hedges'g. The included studies involved 3,776 participants. The results a highlighted significant moderating effect of valence, arousal, stimulus type, and temporal paradigm. Specifically, negative valence tends to result in overestimation relative to positive valence; the increasing arousal leads to increasing temporal dilating; scenic picture, facial picture, and sound are more effective in inducing distortions than word; the overestimation can be better observed by discrimination and estimation paradigms relative to reproduction paradigms, and estimation paradigm is likely to be the most effective. These results suggest that the effect of emotion on time perception is influenced by valence, arousal, stimulus type, and temporal paradigm. These mitigating factors should be considered by scientists when studying time perception.
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2
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Zhou S, Li L, Wang F, Tian Y. How Facial Attractiveness Affects Time Perception: Increased Arousal Results in Temporal Dilation of Attractive Faces. Front Psychol 2021; 12:784099. [PMID: 34956006 PMCID: PMC8703070 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.784099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Time perception plays a fundamental role in people’s daily life activities, and it is modulated by changes in environmental contexts. Recent studies have observed that attractive faces generally result in temporal dilation and have proposed increased arousal to account for such dilation. However, there is no direct empirical result to evidence such an account. The aim of the current study, therefore, was to clarify the relationship between arousal and the temporal dilation effect of facial attractiveness by introducing a rating of arousal to test the effect of arousal on temporal dilation (Experiment 1) and by regulating arousal via automatic expression suppression to explore the association between arousal and temporal dilation (Experiment 2). As a result, Experiment 1 found that increased arousal mediated the temporal dilation effect of attractive faces; Experiment 2 showed that the downregulation of arousal attenuated the temporal dilation of attractive faces. These results highlighted the role of increased arousal, which is a dominating mechanism of the temporal dilation effect of attractive faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihong Zhou
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingjing Li
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Conservatory of Music, Chengdu, China
| | - Fuyun Wang
- China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
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3
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Similar CNV Neurodynamic Patterns between Sub- and Supra-Second Time Perception. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11101362. [PMID: 34679426 PMCID: PMC8534208 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of time psychology, the functional significance of the contingent negative variation (CNV) component in time perception and whether the processing mechanisms of sub- and supra-second are similar or different still remain unclear. In the present study, event-related potential (ERP) technology and classical temporal discrimination tasks were used to explore the neurodynamic patterns of sub- and supra-second time perception. In Experiment 1, the standard interval (SI) was fixed at 500 ms, and the comparison interval (CI) ranged from 200 ms to 800 ms. In Experiment 2, the SI was fixed at 2000 ms, and the CI ranged from 1400 ms to 2600 ms. Participants were required to judge whether the CI was longer or shorter than the SI. The ERP results showed similar CNV activity patterns in the two experiments. Specifically, CNV amplitude would be more negative when the CI was longer or closer to the memorized SI. CNV peak latency increased significantly until the CI reached the memorized SI. We propose that CNV amplitude might reflect the process of temporal comparison, and CNV peak latency might represent the process of temporal decision-making. To our knowledge, it is the first ERP task explicitly testing the two temporal scales, sub- and supra-second timing, in one study. Taken together, the present study reveals a similar functional significance of CNV between sub- and supra-second time perception.
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Arantes J, Pinho M, Wearden J, Albuquerque PB. "Time Slows Down Whenever You Are Around" for Women but Not for Men. Front Psychol 2021; 12:641729. [PMID: 33889113 PMCID: PMC8056007 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.641729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
What happens when we unexpectedly see an attractive potential partner? Previous studies in laboratory settings suggest that the visualization of attractive and unattractive photographs influences the perception of time. The major aim of this research is to study time perception and attraction in a realistic social scenario, by investigating if changes in subjective time measured during a speed dating are associated with attraction. The duration of the dates was variable and participants had to estimate the time that passed. Among other measures, participants also rated the potential partners in terms of their physical attractiveness before and after the dates and reported if they would like to exchange contact with them. Results showed that, in a real speed dating situation, when there is a perception of the partner as being physically more attractive, women tend to overestimate the duration of that meeting, whereas men tend to underestimate its duration. Such changes may reflect evolutionary adaptations which make the human cognitive system more responsive in situations related to reproductive fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Arantes
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - John Wearden
- School of Psychology, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
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Gao S, Yao X, Sun L, Lin Y, Li X, Yang W. Commentary: Time perception deficits and its dose-dependent effect in methamphetamine dependents with short-term abstinence. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:263. [PMID: 33093821 PMCID: PMC7507969 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shuohui Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lihua Sun
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Lin
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Zhang M, Zhao D, Zhang Z, Cao X, Yin L, Liu Y, Yuan TF, Luo W. Time perception deficits and its dose-dependent effect in methamphetamine dependents with short-term abstinence. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax6916. [PMID: 31692967 PMCID: PMC6821467 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax6916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Intake of addictive substances acutely modifies dopaminergic transmission in the striatum and prefrontal cortex, which is the neural substrate underlying time processing. However, the persistent effects of methamphetamine (meth) abuse (e.g., during abstinence) on temporal processing have not been fully elucidated. Here, we recruited different samples in two experiments. We first compared the potential differences in motor timing between healthy controls and meth dependents with varied length of abstinence and then examined the ability of perceptual timing between the healthy subjects and the meth group at short abstinence. We found that motor timing, but not perceptual timing, was altered in meth dependents, which persisted for at least 3 months of abstinence. Dose-dependent effects on time perception were only observed when short-term abstinent meth abusers processed long time intervals. We conclude that time perception alteration in meth dependents is task specific and dose dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhang
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning 116029, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning 116029, China
| | - Xinyu Cao
- Da Lian Shan Institute of Addiction Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, China
| | - Lu Yin
- Tian Tang He Institute of Addiction Rehabilitation, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Tai Hu Institute of Addiction Rehabilitation, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Ti-Fei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenbo Luo
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning 116029, China
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Farias TL, Marinho V, Carvalho V, Rocha K, da Silva PRA, Silva F, Teles AS, Gupta D, Ribeiro P, Velasques B, Cagy M, Bastos VH, Silva-Junior F, Teixeira S. Methylphenidate modifies activity in the prefrontal and parietal cortex accelerating the time judgment. Neurol Sci 2019; 40:829-837. [PMID: 30693423 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-018-3699-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate produces its effects via actions on cortical areas involved with attention and working memory, which have a direct role in time estimation judgment tasks. In particular, the prefrontal and parietal cortex has been the target of several studies to understand the effect of methylphenidate on executive functions and time interval perception. However, it has not yet been studied whether acute administration of methylphenidate influences performance in time estimation task and the changes in alpha band absolute power in the prefrontal and parietal cortex. The current study investigates the influence of the acute use of methylphenidate in both performance and judgment in the time estimation interpretation through the alpha band absolute power activity in the prefrontal and parietal cortex. This is a double-blind, crossover study with a sample of 32 subjects under control (placebo) and experimental (methylphenidate) conditions with absolute alpha band power analysis during a time estimation task. We observed that methylphenidate does not influence task performance (p > 0.05), but it increases the time interval underestimation by over 7 s (p < 0.001) with a concomitant decrease in absolute alpha band power in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex (p < 0.001). Acute use of methylphenidate increases the time interval underestimation, consistent with reduced accuracy of the internal clock mechanisms. Furthermore, acute use of methylphenidate influences the absolute alpha band power over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and parietal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Lopes Farias
- Neuro-innovation Technology and Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Bairro São Benedito, Parnaíba, Piauí, CEP: 64202-020, Brazil.
| | - Victor Marinho
- Neuro-innovation Technology and Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Bairro São Benedito, Parnaíba, Piauí, CEP: 64202-020, Brazil. .,The Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil.
| | - Valécia Carvalho
- Neuro-innovation Technology and Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Bairro São Benedito, Parnaíba, Piauí, CEP: 64202-020, Brazil.,The Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Kaline Rocha
- Neuro-innovation Technology and Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Bairro São Benedito, Parnaíba, Piauí, CEP: 64202-020, Brazil.,The Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Paulo Ramiler Alves da Silva
- Neuro-innovation Technology and Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Bairro São Benedito, Parnaíba, Piauí, CEP: 64202-020, Brazil.,Masters Programs in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil
| | - Francisca Silva
- Neuro-innovation Technology and Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Bairro São Benedito, Parnaíba, Piauí, CEP: 64202-020, Brazil
| | - Ariel Soares Teles
- Neuro-innovation Technology and Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Bairro São Benedito, Parnaíba, Piauí, CEP: 64202-020, Brazil
| | - Daya Gupta
- Department of Biology, Camden County College, Blackwood, NJ, USA
| | - Pedro Ribeiro
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruna Velasques
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Cagy
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Bastos
- Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil
| | - Fernando Silva-Junior
- Neuro-innovation Technology and Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Bairro São Benedito, Parnaíba, Piauí, CEP: 64202-020, Brazil
| | - Silmar Teixeira
- Neuro-innovation Technology and Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Bairro São Benedito, Parnaíba, Piauí, CEP: 64202-020, Brazil.,The Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil.,Masters Programs in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil
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8
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Gagnon C, Bégin C, Laflamme V, Grondin S. Temporal Processing of Joyful and Disgusting Food Pictures by Women With an Eating Disorder. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:129. [PMID: 29681806 PMCID: PMC5897655 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study used the presentation of food pictures and judgements about their duration to assess the emotions elicited by food in women suffering from an eating disorder (ED). Twenty-three women diagnosed with an ED, namely anorexia (AN) or bulimia nervosa (BN), and 23 healthy controls (HC) completed a temporal bisection task and a duration discrimination task. Intervals were marked with emotionally pre-rated pictures of joyful and disgusting food, and pictures of neutral objects. The results showed that, in the bisection task, AN women overestimated the duration of food pictures in comparison to neutral ones. Also, compared to participants with BN, they perceived the duration of joyful food pictures as longer, and tended to overestimate the duration of the disgusting ones. These effects on perceived duration suggest that AN women experienced an intense reaction of fear when they were confronted to food pictures. More precisely, by having elevated the arousal level and activated the defensive system, food pictures seemed to have speeded up the rhythm of the AN participants’ internal clock, which led to an overestimation of images’ duration. In addition, the results revealed that, in both tasks, ED women presented a lower temporal sensitivity than HC, which was related to their ED symptomatology (i.e., BMI, restraint and concern) and, particularly, to their weaker cognitive abilities in terms of attention, processing speed and working memory. Considered all together, the findings of the present experiment highlight the role of fear and anxiety in the manifestations of AN and point out the importance of considering non-temporal factors in the interpretation of time perception performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Simon Grondin
- École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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