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Howlett CA, Miles S, Berryman C, Phillipou A, Moseley GL. Conflation between self-report and neurocognitive assessments of cognitive flexibility: a critical review of the Jingle Fallacy. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2023.2174684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin A. Howlett
- Innovation, Implementation & Clinical Translation (IIMPACT) in Health, University of South Australia, Kaurna Country, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stephanie Miles
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carolyn Berryman
- Innovation, Implementation & Clinical Translation (IIMPACT) in Health, University of South Australia, Kaurna Country, Adelaide, Australia
- Brain Stimulation, Imaging and Cognition Research Group, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrea Phillipou
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Mental Health, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Mental Health, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - G. Lorimer Moseley
- Innovation, Implementation & Clinical Translation (IIMPACT) in Health, University of South Australia, Kaurna Country, Adelaide, Australia
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2
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Richner J, Zagorac-Uremović Z, Laureiro-Martínez D. Individual and context-evoked antecedents of exploration-exploitation performance. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1167135. [PMID: 38187439 PMCID: PMC10766755 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1167135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
A central issue within the Carnegie approach is the exploration-exploitation tension that lies behind organizational adaptation. After decades of research, there is still little understanding of how the combination of individual and context-evoked differences affects exploration-exploitation performance. To address that issue, we build on recent psychological and neuroscientific studies to develop and test an integrative model. The model considers two individual antecedents (personality and cognitive flexibility) and three context-evoked antecedents that take place along different time horizons (recent stress, present emotional states, and present task motivation). We rely on a lab-in-the-field study of 282 leaders within the Swiss Armed Forces-an organization that exhibits the exploration-exploitation tension in an accentuated form. Using structural equation modeling, we conduct a multiple-mediation path analysis aimed at testing complex interactions between multiple variables. Our findings highlight the need to take an integrative approach; cognitive flexibility mediates the positive effect of the personality trait of emotional stability on exploration-exploitation performance, however, both cognitive flexibility and emotional stability play unique, underlying roles in explaining how organizational leaders interpret the context. Emotional stability decreases the negative effect of recent stress on a leader's cognitive flexibility. Cognitive flexibility, in turn, mediates the effect of the present positive affective signals of task motivation on exploration-exploitation performance. These findings shed new light on our understanding of how adaptive leaders leverage positive and negative context-evoked antecedents that, in turn, affect cognitive flexibility and exploration-exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniella Laureiro-Martínez
- Chair of Technology and Innovation Management, Department of Management, Technology and Economics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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3
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Mata-Marín D, Redgrave P, Obeso I. The Impact of Emotions on Habitual Inhibition. J Cogn Neurosci 2023; 35:1868-1878. [PMID: 37677064 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Emotional information prioritizes human behavior. How much emotions influence ongoing behavior critically depends on the extent of executive control functions in a given context. One form of executive control is based on stimulus-stop associations (i.e., habitual inhibition) that rapidly and effortlessly elicits control over the interruption of ongoing behavior. So far, no behavioral accounts have explored the emotional impact on habitual inhibition. We aimed to examine the emotional modulation on habitual inhibition and associated psycho-physiological changes. A go/no-go association task asked participants to learn stimulus-stop and stimulus-response associations during 10-day training to form habitual inhibition (without emotional interference). Probabilistic feedback guided learning with varying probabilities of congruent feedback, generating stronger versus weaker pairings. A reversal test measured habitual inhibition strength counteracted by emotional cues (high-arousal positive and negative stimuli compared with neutral ones). Our training protocol induced stable behavioral and psycho-physiological responses compatible with habitual behavior. At reversal, habitual inhibition was evident as marked by significant speed costs of reversed no-go trials for strongly associated stimuli. Positive and negative emotional cues produced larger impact on habitual inhibition. We report first evidence on a cognitive control mechanism that is vulnerable to emotional stimuli and suggest alternative explanations on how emotions may boost or counteract certain behavioral abnormalities mediated by habitual inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mata-Marín
- Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Spain
- Autonoma de Madrid University-Cajal Institute, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio Obeso
- Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Spain
- Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
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4
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Deng W, Acquah K, Joormann J, Cannon TD. Cognitive flexibility and emotion regulation: Dual layers of resilience against the emergence of paranoia. Behav Res Ther 2023; 167:104360. [PMID: 37413786 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2023.104360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive inflexibility has been linked to difficulties in revising paranoid beliefs, whereas cognitive flexibility may protect against the development and maintenance of paranoid beliefs by allowing for troubleshooting in light of available evidence. While less discussed in the context of paranoia research, better regulation of affective states may reduce the likelihood of biased beliefs developing in the first place, reducing the burden on belief updating mechanisms. The present study hypothesized that high cognitive flexibility and strong emotion regulation ability may act as a reciprocal protective shield against the risk associated with lower ability in the other domain. Participants were recruited from the general population (N = 221) to complete the Ambiguous Interpretation Inflexibility Task, as well as self-report measures for paranoia and emotion regulation ability. The results show an interaction between cognitive flexibility and emotion regulation ability as related to less severe paranoia. Better emotion regulation ability is associated with lower paranoia in individuals with lower cognitive flexibility, whereas higher cognitive flexibility is associated with less severe paranoia in individuals with greater emotion regulation difficulties. These findings highlight the importance of emotion regulation in early interventions of paranoia, especially how emotion regulation relates to known cognitive vulnerabilities such as inflexibility.
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5
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Zablocki-Thomas PB, Savidge LE, Witczak LR, Ferrer E, Hobson BA, Chaudhari AJ, Freeman SM, Bales KL. Neural correlates and effect of jealousy on cognitive flexibility in the female titi monkey (Plecturocebus cupreus). Horm Behav 2023; 152:105352. [PMID: 37018894 PMCID: PMC10957291 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Jealousy is a social emotion that manifests as behavioral reactions from an individual toward a threat to a valuable relationship. Monogamous species exhibit jealousy-type behaviors as an adaptive response to preserve the relationship. Jealousy is also a complex, negatively-valenced emotion which may include fear of loss, anxiety, suspiciousness, and anger. Negative emotion may impair cognitive processes such as cognitive flexibility, an ability important for coping with new situations. However, little is known about how complex social emotions influence cognitive flexibility. To understand the interaction between jealousy and cognitive flexibility, we examined the neural, physiological, and behavioral factors involved in jealousy and cognitive flexibility in female titi monkeys. We presented subjects with a jealousy provoking scenario, followed by a reversal learning task and a PET scan with a glucose-analog radiotracer. We found that female titi monkeys reacted to a jealousy provoking scenario with increased locomotor behavior and higher glucose uptake in the cerebellum; however, hormone measures and were not affected. As only two females demonstrated cognitive flexibility, the effects of jealousy were difficult to interpret. Locomotion behavior was also negatively correlated with glucose uptake in brain areas linked with motivation, sociality, and cognitive flexibility. Surprisingly, glucose uptake in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) was significantly decreased during jealousy scenarios, while uptake in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was decreased during reversal tasks. Our findings suggest that the presence of an intruder produces less visible behavioral reactions in female titis than in males, while still reducing activity in the OFC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Logan E Savidge
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA, United States; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Lynea R Witczak
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA, United States; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Emilio Ferrer
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Brad A Hobson
- Center for Molecular and Genomic Imaging, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Abhijit J Chaudhari
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA, United States; Center for Molecular and Genomic Imaging, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Department of Radiology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sara M Freeman
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States of America
| | - Karen L Bales
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA, United States; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
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6
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Chesebrough C, Chrysikou EG, Holyoak KJ, Zhang F, Kounios J. Conceptual Change Induced by Analogical Reasoning Sparks Aha Moments. CREATIVITY RESEARCH JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10400419.2023.2188361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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7
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Cerić F, Montemurro M, Muñoz-Nájar Pacheco A, Cortés C. Modulation of performance during executive function tasks by emotional salience of stimuli ( Modulación del desempeño en tareas de funciones ejecutivas por saliencia emocional de los estímulos). STUDIES IN PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/02109395.2022.2158587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Cerić
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Afectiva, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Del Desarrollo
| | - Manuel Montemurro
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Afectiva, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Del Desarrollo
| | | | - Cristian Cortés
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Afectiva, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Del Desarrollo
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8
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Koay JM, Van Meter A. The Effect of Emotion Regulation on Executive Function. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 35:315-329. [PMID: 37791006 PMCID: PMC10544783 DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2023.2172417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Emotion regulation and executive function are associated: adaptive regulatory strategies are linked to better executive functioning while maladaptive strategies correspond with worse executive functioning. However, if - and how - these two processes affect one another has not previously been explored; most studies have employed a correlational approach, leaving the direction of influence unknown. We aim to address this gap by using an experimental design to explore the impact of emotion regulation on executive functioning. Adult participants (N=31) completed an executive functioning task (Computerized Task-Switching Test) under four induced emotion regulation conditions (1) neutral/baseline, (2) positive mood-maintain, (3) negative mood-maintain, (4) negative mood-reduce (conditions 2-4 were randomized). Relative to baseline, participants demonstrated better set-shifting performance across regulation conditions. In contrast, inhibitory control performance was slower, despite anticipated improvement due to practice effects. This suggests that inhibitory control may be more involved in the emotion regulation process than set-shifting when participants have a specific emotion regulation goal to achieve. The present study provides preliminary evidence that individuals' ability to perform executive function tasks may be affected by concurrent emotion regulation demands; additional experiments are necessary to further probe the complexity of the association between these two processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Min Koay
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Anna Van Meter
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Institute for Behavioral Science
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell
- The Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY
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Short-Term Head-Out Whole-Body Cold-Water Immersion Facilitates Positive Affect and Increases Interaction between Large-Scale Brain Networks. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020211. [PMID: 36829490 PMCID: PMC9953392 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
An emerging body of evidence indicates that short-term immersion in cold water facilitates positive affect and reduces negative affect. However, the neural mechanisms underlying these effects remain largely unknown. For the first time, we employed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify topological clusters of networks coupled with behavioural changes in positive and negative affect after a 5 min cold-water immersion. Perceived changes in positive affect were associated with feeling more active, alert, attentive, proud, and inspired, whilst changes in negative affect reflected reductions in distress and nervousness. The increase in positive affect was supported by a unique component of interacting networks, including the medial prefrontal node of the default mode network, a posterior parietal node of the frontoparietal network, and anterior cingulate and rostral prefrontal parts of the salience network and visual lateral network. This component emerged as a result of a focal effect confined to few connections. Changes in negative affect were associated with a distributed component of interacting networks at a reduced threshold. Affective changes after cold-water immersion occurred independently, supporting the bivalence model of affective processing. Interactions between large-scale networks linked to positive affect indicated the integrative effects of cold-water immersion on brain functioning.
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Moses TE, Gray E, Mischel N, Greenwald MK. Effects of neuromodulation on cognitive and emotional responses to psychosocial stressors in healthy humans. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 22:100515. [PMID: 36691646 PMCID: PMC9860364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiological and psychological stressors can exert wide-ranging effects on the human brain and behavior. Research has improved understanding of how the sympatho-adreno-medullary (SAM) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axes respond to stressors and the differential responses that occur depending on stressor type. Although the physiological function of SAM and HPA responses is to promote survival and safety, exaggerated psychobiological reactivity can occur in psychiatric disorders. Exaggerated reactivity may occur more for certain types of stressors, specifically, psychosocial stressors. Understanding stressor effects and how the body regulates these responses can provide insight into ways that psychobiological reactivity can be modulated. Non-invasive neuromodulation is one way that responding to stressors may be altered; research into these interventions may provide further insights into the brain circuits that modulate stress reactivity. This review focuses on the effects of acute psychosocial stressors and how neuromodulation might be effective in altering stress reactivity. Although considerable research into stress interventions focuses on treating pathology, it is imperative to first understand these mechanisms in non-clinical populations; therefore, this review will emphasize populations with no known pathology and consider how these results may translate to those with psychiatric pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mark K. Greenwald
- Corresponding author. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Tolan Park Medical Building, 3901 Chrysler Service Drive, Suite 2A, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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11
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Mantel SP, Montag-Smit T, Kardes FR, Barchetti A. The influence of positive affect on sensitivity to important omissions. Front Psychol 2022; 13:992489. [PMID: 36425831 PMCID: PMC9680845 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.992489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It is surprisingly difficult to notice when important information is missing (omission neglect) and yet, social media, advertisements, and other forms of communication typically only include one-sided information or positive attributes and omit opposing views or negative attributes. Even though it is surprisingly difficult to overcome this natural tendency, there are circumstances when decision makers are more sensitive to omissions. Understanding how and when decision makers can overcome this omission neglect tendency can be helpful to improve decision making in many situations. This paper investigates positive affect as a potential factor that can elicit sensitivity to omissions and alert decision makers to the need for additional information when important information is, in fact, missing. Four experiments use a consumer product choice situation to show that when decision makers are making an important decision, positive affect increases the likelihood that they will report a greater desire for additional product information (experiments 3 and 4) and temper their purchase interest in the target product. These results are shown using inference (experiments 1, 2, and 3) and by explicitly comparing a product choice with full and partial information (experiment 4). The results are discussed in terms of omission neglect literature as well as implications of the results for understanding the role of positive affect in information processing, judgment, and decision-making. These findings have implications for policy makers, marketers and others who are interested in message processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan P. Mantel
- Marketing Department, Carl H. Lindner College of Business, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Tamara Montag-Smit
- Management Department, Manning School of Business, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States
| | - Frank R. Kardes
- Marketing Department, Carl H. Lindner College of Business, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Alberto Barchetti
- Marketing Department, Carl H. Lindner College of Business, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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12
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Kurian RM, Thomas S. Importance of positive emotions in software developers’ performance: a narrative review. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1463922x.2022.2134483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riba Maria Kurian
- Department of Psychology, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shinto Thomas
- Department of Psychology, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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13
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Karhu J, Hintsanen M, Ek E, Koskela J, Veijola J. Dispositional optimism and pessimism in association with cognitive abilities in early and middle adulthood. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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14
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Polat Ş, Afşar Doğrusöz L, Yeşil A. The relationship between cognitive flexibility and happiness among nurses. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2022; 58:2862-2871. [PMID: 35904443 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.13134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the relationship between nurses' cognitive flexibility and happiness and the factors affecting them. DESIGN AND METHODS A Nurse Information Form prepared by the researchers, a Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire Short Form were administered to 722 nurses working at the Istanbul Medical Faculty Hospital. This was a descriptive and cross-sectional study. RESULTS Nurses' cognitive flexibilities had a positive and significant relationship with happiness (p < 0.05). The power of explaining happiness was R2 = 28.6% for cognitive flexibility. CONCLUSION Regarded as a significant factor for people's happiness, the impact of cognitive flexibility on nurses' happiness was examined in this study. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS It is recommended to develop educational programs that improve the cognitive flexibility of nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şehrinaz Polat
- Faculty of Nursing, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Aslı Yeşil
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkey
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Bi XY, Ma X, Abulaiti A, Yang J, Tao Y. The influence of pride emotion on executive function: Evidence from ERP. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2678. [PMID: 35841201 PMCID: PMC9392534 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study examined the influence of positive "basic" emotions on executive function; there is limited evidence about the influence of positive "self-conscious"emotions, such as pride, on executive functions processes. METHODS Pride is a status-related self-conscious emotion and the present research explored the influence of pride on the subcomponents of executive function, using three experiments that adopted the digit size-parity switching, N-back, and dual choice oddball paradigms. RESULTS The behavioral results suggested that cognitive load and behavior inhibition effects in the pride emotion were significantly higher than the neutral emotion. The ERP results showed that the pride emotion elicited smaller P3 difference wave for the switching task and dual choice oddball task. In the N-back task, the pride emotion elicited larger N1 amplitude and smaller P2 difference wave compared to the neutral emotion. A comparison among results from the three experiments indicated that pride emotion restrains all subcomponents of executive function, though with different manifestations of the impact. CONCLUSION Experiencing positive emotions is typically viewed as desirable and adaptive in educational settings; however, pride as a unique positive emotion may damage people's cognitive performance, indicating that we need to be cautious when performing cognitive operations in a pride mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yan Bi
- Faculty of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Xie Ma
- Faculty of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | | | - Juan Yang
- Faculty of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Yun Tao
- Faculty of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
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16
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Bai J, Huang H, Ouyang H. Effects of Group-Play Moderate to Vigorous Intensity Physical Activity Intervention on Executive Function and Motor Skills in 4- to 5-Year-Old Preschoolers: A Pilot Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Psychol 2022; 13:847785. [PMID: 35783790 PMCID: PMC9240218 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.847785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to examine the effect of group-play intervention on executive function (EF) in preschoolers. This group-play intervention was integrated as moderate to vigorous physical activity and cognitively loaded exercise to promote EF in preschoolers. An 8-week group-play MVPA intervention program, consisting of a series of outdoor physical and cognitively loaded games, was designed to improve preschoolers' EF. This intervention program was implemented in group-play form, and conducted by teachers who received standardized training before the intervention. Two classes of second grade preschoolers (N = 62) were randomly allocated to experimental (n = 30, M age = 4.16, SD = 0.29) and control (n = 32, M age = 4.7, SD = 0.43) groups. The intervention group received the intervention three times a week, while the control group exercised as usual in preschool. Before, in the middle of, and after the intervention, 10-m running, standing broad jump, throwing, body flexion, balance beam, and skip jump were assessed as tests of motor skills. In addition, three components of EF were measured separately before, in the middle of, and after the intervention: inhibitory control was assessed by using the silly sound Stroop task, working memory was tested using the empty house task, and shifting was assessed using the dimensional change card sorting task. Although both groups showed an increasing trend in terms of motor skills and EF during the intervention, the increasing amounts of the intervention group were significantly higher than the control group. The findings of the present study suggested that group-play intervention has positive effects on aspects of EF in addition to motor skills in preschoolers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bai
- College of Preschool Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Heqing Huang
- College of Preschool Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Huahong Ouyang
- College of Teacher Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
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17
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Li B, Li X, Stoet G, Lages M. Processing Speed Predicts Mean Performance in Task-Switching but Not Task-Switching Cost. Psychol Rep 2022:332941211072228. [PMID: 35084254 DOI: 10.1177/00332941211072228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In several studies, it has been suggested that task-switching performance is linked to processing speed. Here we argue that the relation between processing speed and high-level cognitive ability found in previous studies may be due to confounded measurements of processing speed and task-switching ability. In the present study we required participants to complete an inspection time (IT) task to probe their processing speed. We employed conventional task-switching paradigms but applied a linear integrated speed-accuracy score (LISAS) which combines latency and accuracy scores to express task-switching ability. The results of regression analyses show that IT predicted average performance in task-switching paradigms. However, IT did not relate to any specific effects common in the task-switching task, which contradicts previous results. Our results suggest independent mechanisms of processing speed and tasks that require a high level of cognitive flexibility and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology12381Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xiangqian Li
- School of Psychology66315Shanghai University of Sport
| | | | - Martin Lages
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience3526University of Glasgow
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18
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Hevia-Orozco JC, Reyes-Aguilar A, Hernández-Pérez R, González-Santos L, Pasaye EH, Barrios FA. Personality Traits Induce Different Brain Patterns When Processing Social and Valence Information. Front Psychol 2022; 12:782754. [PMID: 35153905 PMCID: PMC8833229 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.782754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper shows the brain correlates of Cloninger’s personality model during the presentation of social scenarios under positive or negative valence situations. Social scenarios were constructed when participants played the Dictator game with two confederates that had two opposites roles as the cooperator (Coop) and non-cooperator (NoCoop). Later the same day during a fMRI scanning session, participants read negative (Neg) and positive (Pos) situations that happened to confederates in the past. Participants were asked to think “how do you think those people felt during that situation?” A dissimilarity matrix between stimuli were obtained from fMRI results. Results shown that Harm Avoidance trait people make use of right middle frontal gyrus and left superior frontal gyrus to discriminate between Coop and NoCoop. Cooperation as a trait makes use of the right superior temporal gyrus and the right precuneus to discriminate between Coop and NoCoop in positive social scenarios. Finally, Self-directedness trait people make use of the right inferior parietal lobe to discriminate between Coop and NoCoop in negative social scenarios and the right precuneus to discriminate between Coop and Strangers. An intuitive link between discrimination findings and behavioral patterns of those personality traits is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Carlos Hevia-Orozco
- Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Mexico
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Azalea Reyes-Aguilar
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raúl Hernández-Pérez
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Leopoldo González-Santos
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Erick H Pasaye
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Fernando A Barrios
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico
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Sharifi K, Nematian F, Tagharrobi Z, Sooki Z. The effects of positive thinking education for adolescent girls on their conflicts with their mothers: A randomized controlled trial. Nurs Midwifery Stud 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/nms.nms_16_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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20
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Laurent A, Fournier A, Lheureux F, Poujol AL, Deltour V, Ecarnot F, Meunier-Beillard N, Loiseau M, Binquet C, Quenot JP. Risk and protective factors for the possible development of post-traumatic stress disorder among intensive care professionals in France during the first peak of the COVID-19 epidemic. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2022; 13:2011603. [PMID: 35096285 PMCID: PMC8794068 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2021.2011603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intensive care units (ICU) are among the healthcare services most affected by the COVID-19 crisis. Stressors related to insecurity, unpredictability, patient death and family distress are significant, and put healthcare workers (HCWs) at high risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aims of this study were to measure the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in HCWs and to identify risk factors and protective factors during the epidemic in France. METHODS During the first peak of the epidemic (from 22 April to 13 May 2020), we assessed sources of stress (PS-ICU scale), mental health (GHQ-12) and coping strategies (Brief-COPE). Three months later (03 June to 6 July 2020), PTSD was assessed using the IES-R scale, with additional questions about sources of support. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires administered online. RESULTS Among 2153 professionals who participated in the study, 20.6% suffered from potential PTSD, mostly intrusion symptoms. Risk factors for the development of PTSD were having experienced additional difficult events during the crisis, having a high level of psychological distress, a high level of perceived stress related to the workload and human resources issues, the emotional burden related to the patient and family, and stressors specific to COVID-19 during the first peak of the crisis. The use of positive thinking coping strategies decreased the relationship between perceived stress and the presence of PTSD, while social support seeking strategies increased the relationship. Finally, the HCWs preferred to use support from colleagues, relatives and/or a psychologist, and very few used the telephone hotlines. CONCLUSION The epidemic has had a strong traumatic impact on intensive care HCWs. Given the risk of PTSD, we need to consider implementing easily-accessible support services that focus on positive thinking coping strategies, during and after the crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Laurent
- Laboratoire de Psychologie : Dynamiques Relationnelles Et Processus Identitaires (PsyDREPI), Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Dijon University Medical Centre, Dijon, France
| | - Alicia Fournier
- Laboratoire de Psychologie : Dynamiques Relationnelles Et Processus Identitaires (PsyDREPI), Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Florent Lheureux
- Laboratoire de Psychologie, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Anne-Laure Poujol
- Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,Équipe VCR, École de Psychologues Praticiens, Université catholique de Paris, Paris, France.,Laboratoire APEMAC, Université de Lorraine, Metz, France
| | - Victoire Deltour
- Laboratoire de Psychologie : Dynamiques Relationnelles Et Processus Identitaires (PsyDREPI), Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Fiona Ecarnot
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Besançon, France.,University of Burgundy-Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Nicolas Meunier-Beillard
- Clinical Epidemiology, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France.,DRCI, USMR, Francois Mitterrand University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Mélanie Loiseau
- Service de Médecine Légale CHU Dijon, Cellule d'Urgence Médico-Psychologique de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Christine Binquet
- module Epidémiologie Clinique (CIC-EC)- CHU Dijon-Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences de Santé, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Quenot
- Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, CHU Dijon-Bourgogne, France-Equipe Lipness, centre de recherche INSERM UMR1231 et LabEx LipSTIC, université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
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21
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Howell BC, Hamilton DA. Baseline heart rate variability (HRV) and performance during a set-shifting visuospatial learning task: The moderating effect of trait negative affectivity (NA) on behavioral flexibility ✰. Physiol Behav 2022; 243:113647. [PMID: 34798126 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Higher negative affectivity (NA) has an association with decreased executive function and cognitive control. Heart rate variability (HRV) may index cardiac vagal regulation differences in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) for both cognition and emotion. The current study investigates this association using a set-shifting variant of the Virtual Morris Water Task (VMWT) to study discrimination learning, spatial learning, reversal learning, and attentional set-shifting in a virtual environment. 73 participants completed affective questionnaires (Beck Depression Inventory-II, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Positive and Negative Affective Scale), a 5-minute baseline electrocardiogram, and the VMWT. Individuals who failed to complete the task exhibited significantly lower baseline RMSSD then those who completed the task. There was no direct effect between affective measures and task performance. Higher baseline HRV was predictive of better performance during set-shifting. Trait NA moderated the effect of baseline HRV, as well as trait positive affectivity (PA), on performance during the extradimensional shift condition. Increased behavioral flexibility performance was only predicted by higher HRV and PA in low NA individuals. High trait NA negates the positive effects of HRV and PA on behavioral flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breannan C Howell
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States.
| | - Derek A Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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22
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Effect of positive emotions on perceptual processing of visual probes. Neuroreport 2021; 33:55-60. [PMID: 34954773 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The late positive potential (LPP) is an event-related potential that increases in response to emotional stimuli. Brown et al. investigated the functional significance of LPP. They induced the LPP by presenting unpleasant pictures and reported that N1 in response to a visual probe, which reflects perceptual processing in the visual cortex, was attenuated compared to N1 when neutral pictures induced the LPP. This finding suggested that visual cortex activity is inhibited during LPP elicitation (global inhibition hypothesis). However, they did not examine the activity of the visual cortex during LPP induced by pleasant pictures. Based on previous research reporting that positive emotions enhance motivation and cognitive activity (e.g. broaden and build theory), we hypothesize that perceptual processing of visual probes during LPP is enhanced by pleasant pictures, which increase N1 to the visual probe. METHODS We investigated this hypothesis by presenting visual probes during LPP generated by emotional pictures following Brown et al. RESULTS The results demonstrated that the N1 amplitude increased, and response times to visual probes decreased during the LPP induced by pleasant pictures compared to unpleasant pictures. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that positive emotions elicited by pleasant pictures enhanced the perceptual processing of visual probes, which is suggestive of the approach function of LPP during positive emotional experiences.
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Stimuli with a positive valence can facilitate cognitive control. Mem Cognit 2021; 50:911-924. [PMID: 34792788 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-021-01257-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the process of interacting with people and objects, humans assign affective valence. By using an association-transfer paradigm, the current study investigated whether the emotion associated with a stimulus would have an impact on cognitive control outcomes. During the association phase of two experiments reported here, participants identified the emotion expressed by an actor's face as either positive (i.e., smiling) or negative (i.e., frowning). Half of the actors expressed positive emotions (MP) on 80% of trials, while the other half expressed negative emotions (MN) on 80% of trials. We tested the cognitive effect of these associations in two experiments. In the transfer phase of Experiment 1, the same actors from the association phase were shown with neutral expression during a gender Stroop task, requiring participants to identify the gender of the face while ignoring a gender word (congruent or incongruent) that was imposed upon the face. The Stroop effect was significant for the MN faces, but the effect disappeared for the MP faces. In the transfer phase of Experiment 2, the emotionless faces were presented in a task-switching paradigm, in which participants identified the age (i.e., old or young) or the gender depending on the task cue. The task switch cost was smaller (though significant) for the MP faces than for the MN faces. These results suggest that, relative to social stimuli associated with negative expressions, social stimuli associated with positive expressions can promote better cognitive control and inhibit distractor interference in goal-oriented behavior.
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24
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Ludwig J, Dignath D, Lukas S. Positive and negative action-effects improve task-switching performance. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2021; 221:103440. [PMID: 34717256 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticipation of one's own actions' effects drives goal-directed behavior. In multitasking environments, the learning of stable action-effect associations seems particularly important, because establishing reliable response-effect associations for multiple competing tasks may help to differentiate between these tasks and thereby improve task-switching performance. Action-effects not only have cognitive, but also motivational aspects and often the consequences of our actions are hedonically marked. Thus, the anticipated hedonic quality of action-effects may also become part of the task representation, and positive and negative affect may distinctly modulate task-switching performance. We report a pre-registered experiment (N = 120) designed to examine how positive, negative, and neutral valence of action-effects impact performance in a cued task-switching paradigm. Pictures from the IAPS database were used to manipulate the action-effects' valence. Affective valence determined reaction times: participants who learned positive or negative action-effects responded faster than participants in the control condition. In particular, task-switch trials were faster in both conditions than in the control condition, while task-repetition trials were comparable across valence conditions. Our results further suggest that performance improvements in the positive and negative valence conditions occurred for different reasons. Negative action-effects expedited responses specifically for the task that produced the unpleasant outcome, while positive affect more generally promoted performance of both tasks. These findings point toward distinct roles of positive and negative valence of action-effects in regulating multitasking performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Ludwig
- University of Education Weingarten, Germany; Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Sarah Lukas
- University of Education Weingarten, Germany.
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25
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Wu X, Wang Z, Zhang H, Yuan P, Yu Q, Zhou Z, Zhao Q. Effects of Internet Language Related to COVID-19 on Mental Health in College Students: The Mediating Effect of Cognitive Flexibility. Front Psychol 2021; 12:600268. [PMID: 34194353 PMCID: PMC8238040 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.600268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Internet language (INL) has influenced daily life extensively. However, the process by which INL influences people's psychology and behavior is unclear. This study explored the effects of INL on mental health (anxiety and depression). A pilot study was conducted to develop a qualified scale for INL related to COVID-19 (CINL) in college students using an online questionnaire. The CINL scale was found to have two dimensions: frequency and comprehension, as well as good reliability and validity. A formal study explored the mediating effect of cognitive flexibility on the relationship between CINL and mental health. The results showed that CINL positively predicted mental health when it was mediated by cognitive flexibility. These results not only provide a new perspective on understanding the effects of cyber behavior on human mental health from a positive perspective, but also provide practitioners with new insights for interventions on college students' mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhe Wu
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
- Mental Health Education and Counseling Center, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Guangxi, China
| | - Hongpo Zhang
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peiming Yuan
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Quanlei Yu
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhijin Zhou
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingbai Zhao
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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26
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Paul K, Pourtois G, van Steenbergen H, Gable P, Dreisbach G. Finding a balance: modulatory effects of positive affect on attentional and cognitive control. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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27
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Calderazzo SM, Busch SE, Moore TL, Rosene DL, Medalla M. Distribution and overlap of entorhinal, premotor, and amygdalar connections in the monkey anterior cingulate cortex. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:885-904. [PMID: 32677044 PMCID: PMC8214921 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is important for decision-making as it integrates motor plans with affective and contextual limbic information. Disruptions in these networks have been observed in depression, bipolar disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Yet, overlap of limbic and motor connections within subdivisions of the ACC is not well understood. Hence, we administered a combination of retrograde and anterograde tracers into structures important for contextual memories (entorhinal cortex), affective processing (amygdala), and motor planning (dorsal premotor cortex) to assess overlap of labeled projection neurons from (outputs) and axon terminals to (inputs) the ACC of adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Our data show that entorhinal and dorsal premotor cortical (dPMC) connections are segregated across ventral (A25, A24a) and dorsal (A24b,c) subregions of the ACC, while amygdalar connections are more evenly distributed across subregions. Among all areas, the rostral ACC (A32) had the lowest relative density of connections with all three regions. In the ventral ACC, entorhinal and amygdalar connections strongly overlap across all layers, especially in A25. In the dorsal ACC, outputs to dPMC and the amygdala strongly overlap in deep layers. However, dPMC input to the dorsal ACC was densest in deep layers, while amygdalar inputs predominantly localized in upper layers. These connection patterns are consistent with diverse roles of the dorsal ACC in motor evaluation and the ventral ACC in affective and contextual memory. Further, distinct laminar circuits suggest unique interactions within specific ACC compartments that are likely important for the temporal integration of motor and limbic information during flexible goal-directed behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M. Calderazzo
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Silas E. Busch
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tara L. Moore
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Douglas L. Rosene
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maria Medalla
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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28
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Alexander R, Aragón OR, Bookwala J, Cherbuin N, Gatt JM, Kahrilas IJ, Kästner N, Lawrence A, Lowe L, Morrison RG, Mueller SC, Nusslock R, Papadelis C, Polnaszek KL, Helene Richter S, Silton RL, Styliadis C. The neuroscience of positive emotions and affect: Implications for cultivating happiness and wellbeing. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 121:220-249. [PMID: 33307046 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review paper provides an integrative account regarding neurophysiological correlates of positive emotions and affect that cumulatively contribute to the scaffolding for happiness and wellbeing in humans and other animals. This paper reviews the associations among neurotransmitters, hormones, brain networks, and cognitive functions in the context of positive emotions and affect. Consideration of lifespan developmental perspectives are incorporated, and we also examine the impact of healthy social relationships and environmental contexts on the modulation of positive emotions and affect. The neurophysiological processes that implement positive emotions are dynamic and modifiable, and meditative practices as well as flow states that change patterns of brain function and ultimately support wellbeing are also discussed. This review is part of "The Human Affectome Project" (http://neuroqualia.org/background.php), and in order to advance a primary aim of the Human Affectome Project, we also reviewed relevant linguistic dimensions and terminology that characterizes positive emotions and wellbeing. These linguistic dimensions are discussed within the context of the neuroscience literature with the overarching goal of generating novel recommendations for advancing neuroscience research on positive emotions and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Alexander
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia; Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Oriana R Aragón
- Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Clemson University, 252 Sirrine Hall, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Jamila Bookwala
- Department of Psychology and Program in Aging Studies, Lafayette College, 730 High Road, Easton, PA, USA
| | - Nicolas Cherbuin
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health, and Wellbeing, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Justine M Gatt
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia; School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Ian J Kahrilas
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, 1032 W. Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Niklas Kästner
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Münster, Badestraße 13, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Alistair Lawrence
- Scotland's Rural College, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom; The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Neuroqualia (NGO), Truro, NS, B2N 1X5, Canada
| | - Robert G Morrison
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, 1032 W. Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Sven C Mueller
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Personality, Psychological Assessment and Treatment, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Robin Nusslock
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Christos Papadelis
- Jane and John Justin Neurosciences Center, Cook Children's Health Care System, 1500 Cooper St, Fort Worth, TX, 76104, USA; Laboratory of Children's Brain Dynamics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kelly L Polnaszek
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, 1032 W. Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - S Helene Richter
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Münster, Badestraße 13, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Rebecca L Silton
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, 1032 W. Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA; Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, 633 N. Saint Clair, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Charis Styliadis
- Neuroscience of Cognition and Affection group, Lab of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
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29
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Trait affective differences influence behavioral flexibility in virtual spatial and non-spatial discrimination tasks. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Mayer K, Krylova M, Alizadeh S, Jamalabadi H, van der Meer J, Vester JC, Naschold B, Schultz M, Walter M. Nx4 Reduced Susceptibility to Distraction in an Attention Modulation Task. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:746215. [PMID: 34912250 PMCID: PMC8667722 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.746215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Stress adversely affects the attentional focus, the active concentration on stimuli, and increases susceptibility to distraction. To experimentally explore the susceptibility to distraction, the Attention Modulation by Salience Task (AMST) is a validated paradigm measuring reaction times (RT) for processing auditory information while presenting task-irrelevant visual distractors of high or low salience. We extended the AMST by an emotional dimension of distractors and an EEG-based evaluation. We then investigated the effect of the stress-relieving medication Neurexan (Nx4) on the participants' susceptibility to distraction. Methods: Data from a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial (NEURIM study; ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02602275) were exploratively reanalyzed post-hoc. In this trial, 39 participants received a single dose of placebo or Nx4 immediately before the AMST. Participants had to discriminate two different tone modulations (ascending or descending) while simultaneously perceiving task-irrelevant pictures of different salience (high or low) or valence (negative or positive) as distractors. Using EEG recordings, RT and the event-related potential (ERP) components N1, N2, and N3 were analyzed as markers for susceptibility to distraction. Results: In the placebo condition, we could replicate the previously reported task effects of salient distractors with longer RT for high salient distractors on the behavioral level. On the electrophysiological level, we observed significantly increased amplitudes of the N2 and N3 ERP components for positive emotional pictures. In terms of drug effect, we found evidence that Nx4 reduced distractibility by emotional distractors. The effect was shown by significantly reduced amplitudes of N2 and N3 ERP components and reduced RT for the positive valence domain under Nx4 compared to placebo. The Nx4 effects on RT and ERP components also showed a significant correlation. Conclusion: Emotional distractors in addition to the previously used salience distractors and the EEG based evaluation of ERPs valuably complement the AMST. Salient distractors were affecting attentional processes earlier, while valent distractors show modulatory effects later. Our results suggest that Nx4 has beneficial effects on attention by inhibiting the effect of task-irrelevant information and reducing susceptibility to emotionally distracting stimuli. The observation of a beneficial impact of Nx4 on attention regulation is supportive of Nx4's claim as a stress-relieving medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Mayer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marina Krylova
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah Alizadeh
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Hamidreza Jamalabadi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Johan van der Meer
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Myron Schultz
- Biologische Heilmittel Heel GmbH, Baden-Baden, Germany
| | - Martin Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Frick A, Brandimonte MA, Chevalier N. Disentangling the Respective Contribution of Task Selection and Task Execution to Self-Directed Cognitive Control Development. Child Dev 2020; 92:1309-1324. [PMID: 33351210 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Task selection and task execution are key constructs in cognitive control development. Yet, little is known about how separable they are and how each contributes to task switching performance. Here, 60 4- to 5-year olds, 60 7- to 8-year olds, and 60 10- to 11-year olds children completed the double registration procedure, which dissociates these two processes. Task selection yielded both mixing and switch costs, especially in younger children, and task execution mostly yielded switch costs at all ages, suggesting that task selection is costlier than task execution. Moreover, both task selection and execution varied with task self-directedness (i.e., to what extent the task is driven by external aids) demands. Whereas task selection and task execution are dissociated regarding performance costs, they nevertheless both contribute to self-directed control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Frick
- University of Edinburgh.,Suor Orsola Benincasa University
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32
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Sugawara D, Sugie M. The Effect of Positive Emotions with Different Arousal Levels on
Thought–Action
Repertoires
1
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2. JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jpr.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Hartanto A, Ong NCH, Ng WQ, Majeed NM. The Effect of State Gratitude on Cognitive Flexibility: A Within-Subject Experimental Approach. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E413. [PMID: 32630177 PMCID: PMC7407385 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10070413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable research has examined the relationship between positive emotion and cognitive flexibility. Less is known, however, about the causal relationship between discrete positive emotions, specifically gratitude, and cognitive flexibility. Given that different positive emotions may dissimilarly affect cognitive functioning, we sought to examine the effect of state gratitude on cognitive flexibility. A pilot study with ninety-five participants was employed to ensure the effectiveness of our gratitude manipulation. One hundred and thirteen participants were recruited for the main study, which utilized a within-subject experimental approach. After the manipulation, participants completed a well-established task-switching paradigm, which was used to measure cognitive flexibility. Contrary to our hypotheses, we did not find any evidence that state gratitude may enhance cognitive flexibility. The current study identified some boundary conditions around the potential benefits of the experience of gratitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andree Hartanto
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, 90 Stamford Road, Singapore 178903, Singapore; (N.C.H.O.); (W.Q.N.); (N.M.M.)
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Zhu J, Zhu DM, Zhang C, Wang Y, Yang Y, Yu Y. Quantitative prediction of individual cognitive flexibility using structural MRI. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 13:781-788. [PMID: 29855990 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-018-9905-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive flexibility, a core dimension of executive functions, refers to one's ability to switch between multiple tasks and sets in a quick and flexible manner. However, whether objective neuroimaging can be used to quantitatively predict cognitive flexibility at the individual level remains largely unexplored. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging data of 100 healthy young participants from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) dataset were used to calculate gray matter volume (GMV). Cognitive flexibility was assessed by the Dimensional Change Card Sort Test (DCCS). Using a multivariate machine learning technique known as relevance vector regression (RVR), we examined the relationship between GMV and cognitive flexibility performance. We found that the application of RVR to GMV allowed quantitative prediction of the DCCS scores with statistically significant accuracy (correlation = 0.41, P = 0.0001; mean squared error = 73.35, P = 0.0001). Accurate prediction was mainly based on GMV in the temporal regions. In addition, a univariate approach also revealed an inverse association between DCCS scores and GMV in the temporal areas. Our findings provide preliminary support to the development of neuroimaging techniques as a useful means to inform the cognitive assessment of individuals. Furthermore, the significant contribution of temporal regions suggests the prominent role of temporal cortex morphology in individual differences in cognitive flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218, Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Dao-Min Zhu
- Department of Sleep Disorders, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, 230022, China.,Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Cun Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218, Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218, Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218, Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218, Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230022, China.
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35
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Cognitive consequences of timeframe bias. On the link between working memory, cognitive switching, and time perspective. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe present study examined how time perspective is associated with working memory updating and cognitive switching. Additionally, stress states and mood as potential mediators of the relationship between time perspective and cognitive performance were analysed. During two sessions participants (n = 200) completed a set of questionnaires measuring time perspective, task-related stress states, and mood. Moreover, in two separate sessions they performed working memory updating and switching tasks. The results indicated that two time perspectives, i.e. Present Fatalism and Past Positive, were associated with updating. Furthermore, mediation analysis showed that positive mood accounted for these relationships. Specifically, Present Fatalism was correlated with low positive mood and in turn, worse working memory scores, whereas Past Positive was associated with high positive mood leading to better performance on the working memory task. None of the time perspective dimensions correlated with cognitive switching. These findings shed more light on the cognitive consequences of timeframe bias and suggest new approaches in research on time perspective and cognitive functioning.
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A dynamic attentional control framework for understanding sleep deprivation effects on cognition. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 246:111-126. [PMID: 31072558 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The cognitive effects of sleep loss are often attributed to compromised functioning of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). However, compromised PFC functioning does not account for well-known effects of sleep deprivation on vigilance. Furthermore, the executive attentional control functions associated with the PFC show considerable variability in the effects of sleep deprivation. Evidence from neuroimaging suggests that sleep deprived people are sometimes able to maintain performance on cognitive tasks by increasing PFC activation of task-relevant circuits and by recruiting new circuits not typically involved in a particular cognitive operation. Still, little is known about how such compensatory processes work on a functional level, or what tradeoffs in processing they may entail. We propose a dynamic attentional control framework to bridge the gap between the evidence on sleep deprived neural circuits and cognitive task performance. We review evidence that shows that the pattern of preserved and compromised task performance can be understood in terms of sleep deprivation's influence on frontostriatal circuitry such that the ability to maintain task-relevant information in the focus of attention is relatively spared but the ability to update task-relevant information in response to changing circumstances is more negatively affected. This framework helps account for why some tasks are more affected by SD than others, and why individual differences in the effects of sleep deprivation are task-specific.
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Hefer C, Dreisbach G. The volatile nature of positive affect effects: opposite effects of positive affect and time on task on proactive control. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 84:774-783. [PMID: 30182261 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-018-1086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence suggesting that positive affect promotes cognitive flexibility at the cost of increased distractibility and decreased proactive control. Regarding the latter effect, some studies revealed inconsistent or even diverging findings casting doubt on the reliability of this observation. Recently, it has been shown that motivation can counteract positive affect effects. Here, the authors provide evidence for another factor that opposes positive affect effects, namely time on and experience with a task. To this end, the well proven AX-continuous performance task (AX-CPT) was used. Three groups of participants received three blocks of the AX-CPT with a positive affect manipulation (positive group) or neutral affect manipulation (neutral group) or alternating affect blocks (mixed group: pos-neut-pos). Results confirmed the positive affect effect associated with decreased proactive control in the positive and mixed group as compared to the neutral group. Most importantly, all groups showed an increase in proactive control with increasing time on task supporting our prediction that time on task is another factor opposing the positive affect effect. The results thus reveal the sensitivity of the positive affect effect to strategic influences developed with increasing experience with the given task. Implications for future research on the interplay of mild positive affect and cognitive control will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Hefer
- Department of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Gesine Dreisbach
- Department of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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Nusbaum AT, Wilson CG, Stenson A, Hinson JM, Whitney P. Induced Positive Mood and Cognitive Flexibility: Evidence from Task Switching and Reversal Learning. COLLABRA: PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1525/collabra.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive mood often facilitates cognitive functions. Facilitation is hypothesized to be due to an increase in dopamine occurring in positive mood states. However, facilitation has not been consistently found in studies of cognitive flexibility. This inconsistent relationship may reflect the numerous ways cognitive flexibility is measured. Moreover, there is evidence that the role of dopamine in cognitive flexibility performance depends on the type of measure used. In the current study, we employed a probabilistic two-card reversal learning task (n = 129) and a Stroop-like task switching procedure (n = 188) in a college student population. We used a standardized set of mood videos to induce a positive, negative, or neutral mood state. Negative mood states were included to account for possible effects of arousal on performance, which is seen in both positive and negative mood inductions. Based on current theories of positive mood and cognition, we hypothesized that there would be differences in the effects of a positive mood induction on cognitive flexibility as assessed by task switching and reversal learning tasks. The mood induction successfully induced high levels of amusement and increased valence in the positive mood group and high levels of repulsion and decreased valence in the negative mood group. However, there were no differences in cognitive flexibility across any of the mood groups, as assessed by switch costs in task switching and correct choices after the reversal in reversal learning. Overall, these findings do not support the hypothesis that positive mood improves cognitive flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy T. Nusbaum
- Washington State University, Department of Psychology, Pullman, Washington, US
| | - Cristina G. Wilson
- Washington State University, Department of Psychology, Pullman, Washington, US
| | - Anthony Stenson
- Washington State University, Department of Psychology, Pullman, Washington, US
| | - John M. Hinson
- Washington State University, Department of Psychology, Pullman, Washington, US
| | - Paul Whitney
- Washington State University, Department of Psychology, Pullman, Washington, US
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