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Sedemedes K, Knäuper B, Sadikaj G, Yuan TY, Wrosch C, Santosa S, Alberga AS, Kakinami L. Compensatory health motivations and behaviors scale: Development, evaluation, psychometric properties and a preliminary validation. Appetite 2023; 191:107075. [PMID: 37804879 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
The "Compensatory Health Beliefs" scale assesses the degree to which one believes that unhealthy behaviours can be compensated through healthier ones. However, no validated scale to assess compensatory weight-related behaviors exists. The study's objective was to develop (Study 1) and validate (Study 2) a questionnaire measuring compensatory health motivations and behaviors (CHMB) and to assess their associations with body mass index (BMI) and psychological weight-related measures. An initial 34-item measure was constructed based on a target sample's (Study 1, n = 158) suggestions and refined based on expert feedback. The measure was then tested in a representative Canadian adult sample (N = 1400, 48.7% male). The sample was stratified by sex and age and then randomly split into two (N = 701 for exploratory factor analysis; N = 699 for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) cross-validation). Fit indices, standardized Cronbach's alphas and the associations between the CHMB model with cognitive restraint, weight concerns, and BMI were assessed in multiple linear regression models controlling for age and sex. The final CHMB model (n = 17 items) consisted of four subscales: (1) motivation, (2) use on special occasions, (3) general use, (4) compensatory health beliefs. Fit indices (Goodness of Fit Index = 0.922) and Cronbach's alphas were good (α = 0.88). In multiple linear regression models, all CHMB subscales were associated with greater cognitive restraint in eating. Compensatory behavior use on special occasions was associated with greater weight concern (B = 0.12, p < .0001), while general compensatory behavior use was associated with lower weight concern (B = -0.07, p < .05). None of the subscales were associated with BMI. The validated CHMB scale allows for the assessment of compensatory health motivations and behaviors in a Canadian population. Research on whether this scale can predict weight changes and general health is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalista Sedemedes
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Bärbel Knäuper
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill College Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Gentiana Sadikaj
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill College Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Trista Yue Yuan
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, 248-2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Carsten Wrosch
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Sylvia Santosa
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada; School of Health, Concordia University, 7200 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada; Metabolism, Obesity, Nutrition Lab, School of Health, Concordia University, 7200 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Angela S Alberga
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada; School of Health, Concordia University, 7200 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Lisa Kakinami
- School of Health, Concordia University, 7200 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve West, Montreal, QC, H3G 1M8, Canada.
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Silva WRD, Ferreira EB, Marôco J, da Silva Júnior SI, Teodoro MA, Campos JADB. Relationships Between Three Eating Behaviors and Nine Motives for Food Choices Among Brazilian Adults: A Structural Equation Model. Percept Mot Skills 2023; 130:2388-2409. [PMID: 37864461 DOI: 10.1177/00315125231207270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
We examined the relationships between three eating behaviors and nine motives underlying food choices made by Brazilian adults. Using participant responses to the short version of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire and the Food Choice Questionnaire, we investigated eating behaviors (cognitive restriction, uncontrolled eating, and emotional eating) and motives for food choices (health, mood, convenience, sensory appeal, natural content, price, weight control, familiarity, and ethical concern). We used a structural equation model to test relationship pathways (β), with eating behaviors as independent variables and motives for food choices as dependent variables. Participants were 1297 individuals (69.5% female) with a mean age of 25.0 years (SD = 5.8). We confirmed the validity and reliability of the questionnaires in this sample. Restrictive eating behavior was significantly related to motives of health (β = .415), mood (β = .127), natural content (β = .364), weight control (β = .681), and ethical concern (β = .161). Emotional eating behavior was related to motives of mood (β = .277), health (β = -.137), and natural content (β = -.136). Uncontrolled eating behavior was related to motives of convenience (β = .226), sensory appeal (β = .121), price (β = .153), and familiarity (β = .090). We believe these findings can now help design future research and clinical interventions for managing people's risky eating behaviors and promoting beneficial food choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanderson Roberto da Silva
- Graduate Program in Food, Nutrition, and Food Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Nutrition and Longevity, School of Nutrition, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Eric B Ferreira
- Graduate Program in Nutrition and Longevity, School of Nutrition, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Brazil
- Statistics Department, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Brazil
| | - João Marôco
- William James Center for Research (WJCR), Instituto Universitário (ISPA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sinézio I da Silva Júnior
- Graduate Program in Nutrition and Longevity, School of Nutrition, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Micaela A Teodoro
- Graduate Program in Nutrition and Longevity, School of Nutrition, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Juliana A D B Campos
- Graduate Program in Food, Nutrition, and Food Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
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Tan ST, Kannan TM. Comparison of eating behaviour by relative weight change status of young adults throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. DIALOGUES IN HEALTH 2023; 2:100094. [PMID: 36568862 PMCID: PMC9767657 DOI: 10.1016/j.dialog.2022.100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background and purpose The enforcement of nationwide lockdowns has worsened the obesity epidemic in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aims to compare eating behaviour by relative weight change status among young adults in Malaysia throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach Socio-demographics, body height, pre-pandemic body weight, and post-lockdown body weight were self-reported by the young adults. The eating behaviour was assessed using the validated Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-Revised 18-item (TFEQ-R18). The mean difference in eating behaviour subscales was analysed using MANCOVA with a Bonferroni-adjusted post-hoc test. Findings One-third of the young adults put on body weight due to the lockdowns, with an average relative weight gain of 12.44 ± 9.67%. Conversely, about one-fifth of the young adults reported having lighter body weight in the post-lockdown pandemic phase, with an average relative weight loss of 10.10 ± 4.66%. Young adults in the weight loss category had a significantly higher standardised raw score in cognitive restraints than those in the sustained weight and weight gain categories. In addition, young adults in the weight gain category had statistically higher standardised raw scores in uncontrolled eating and emotional eating compared to those in the sustained weight category. Weight trajectory during the COVID-19 pandemic is linked to disordered eating behaviour among young adults in Malaysia. Originality/value The findings presented in this study can be potentially valuable in formulating weight management strategies in the post-COVID-19 era.
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Pollack CC, Emond JA, Masterson TD. Associations between adolescent and young adult External Food Cue Responsiveness (EFCR) and brand recall, product craving and product purchasing in the livestreaming food marketing environment. Public Health Nutr 2022; 25:3036-3043. [PMID: 35920082 PMCID: PMC9991748 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980022001628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the utility of three validated food responsiveness scales in measuring recall of, and responsiveness to, food marketing exposure on social media. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey among adolescents and adults who used the social media platform Twitch.tv (Twitch). Responsiveness to food marketing was self-reported as craving or purchasing any brands participants observed on Twitch. Participants completed three validated scales of food responsiveness: the revised 18-question Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ), the external eating subscale of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) and the External Food Cue Responsiveness (EFCR) scale. Adjusted linear regression models assessed the predictive ability of each scale on recall and responsiveness outcomes. SETTING Online survey. PARTICIPANTS Five hundred and sixty-eight Twitch users (90·1 % male, 60·6 % White, 43·7 % aged 18-24, 25·9 % under 18). RESULTS In separate adjusted linear regression models, scores on the TFEQ were not related to any outcome, while DEBQ scores related to product cravings (OR: 1·10, 95 % CI 1·01, 1·19, P = 0·02). In contrast, scores on the EFCR scale were significantly associated with higher brand recall (incident rate ratio: 1·42, 95 % CI 1·20, 1·68, P < 0·001), product craving (OR: 3·93, 95 % CI 2·22, 7·17, P < 0·001) and purchasing behaviour (OR: 3·97, 95 % CI 1·99, 8·26, P < 0·001). A subset of three EFCR scale items related to influencer marketing were similarly associated with each outcome with greater precision in the point estimates than the overall EFCR. CONCLUSIONS The EFCR scale predicted recall of and responsiveness to food marketing via Twitch, suggesting its utility in monitoring the effects of food marketing on social media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C Pollack
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Jennifer A Emond
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Travis D Masterson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 119C Chandlee Laboratory, University Park, PA16802, USA
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Eating Behaviors, Depressive Symptoms and Lifestyle in University Students in Poland. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14051106. [PMID: 35268081 PMCID: PMC8912316 DOI: 10.3390/nu14051106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Young adulthood is the period from the late teens through the twenties and is associated with life transitions that could contribute to the development of obesity. Targeting this group will be critical to reversing the obesity epidemic. The aim of the study was to investigate the eating behaviors and lifestyle of healthcare students in Poland. We enrolled 227 students in the study. Convenience sampling was employed. Diet (Food Frequency Questionnaire), physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire), depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory), impulsivity (Barratt Impulsivity Scale), and eating behaviors (Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire) were assessed. One in three students exhibited depressive symptoms, one in four showed low levels of physical activity. More than 40% of the students did not consume vegetables at least once a day, and more than half did not consume fruit. Only approximately 50% of the students ate fish several times a month. There was an association between high scores of specific eating behaviors and body weight, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and consumption of specific product groups (sweets, alcohol). The results of our study are expected to contribute to a better understanding of dietary habits and overweight/obesity in university students, and support the development of programs to promote healthy lifestyles in that population.
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Eichin KN, Georgii C, Arend AK, van Dyck Z, Blechert J. (Mouse cursor)-Tracking food decisions in binge eating disorder reveals preference for high-energy foods and a role of BMI. Appetite 2021; 170:105890. [PMID: 34953970 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Binge Eating Disorder (BED) has been associated with deficits in cognitive control and decision-making. Yet, no study has yet investigated the characteristics of food choice and the involved choice conflict in this disorder. In the present study individuals with BED (N = 22) and without BED (N = 61), with a body mass index (BMI) between 21 and 44 completed 153 binary food decisions among foods varying in palatability and energy density. To assess conflict during choice we recorded computer mouse paths and reaction times. Subsequently, participants rated all foods on liking and energy content. Finally, participants completed a bogus taste test with the same foods to measure actual consumption. Predictors were modelled continuously using Bayesian mixed-effects modelling. Individuals with BED liked foods with higher energy content more and chose them more often in the choice task. Yet, actual consumption in the taste test did not differ between groups, neither regarding total consumption, nor of foods with higher energy. Mouse cursor-tracking revealed that control participants with higher BMIs showed more choice conflict than those with lower BMIs. This pattern was reversed in those with BED. The high-energy preference in ratings and food choice represent the first evidence in a controlled laboratory context for disorder-congruent food choice in BED. The fact that this was not reflected in actual consumption might have methodological implications for measuring laboratory eating behaviour. Mouse cursor-tracking gave further insights into choice processes and showed a less conflicted food choice in those with BED with higher BMI compared to those with lower BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Naomi Eichin
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Claudio Georgii
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Ann-Kathrin Arend
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Zoé van Dyck
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Maison des Sciences Humaines, 11, Porte des Sciences, L-4366 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Jens Blechert
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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Wang P, Garcia ER, Yim IS. Acculturative stress and eating disinhibition among Asian young adults: The role of depressive symptoms and gender. Appetite 2021; 169:105826. [PMID: 34826527 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Acculturative stress is associated with health behaviors that have downstream consequences for health outcomes. Eating disinhibition, a behavior characterized by eating emotionally and uncontrollably in the presence of disinhibiting stimuli, has been consistently associated with acculturative stress, but the underlying mechanism is not well-understood. The current study sought to test the role of depressive symptoms and gender on these associations. Asian undergraduate students (N = 477; 78% female) participated in an online cross-sectional study. Higher acculturative stress was associated with higher eating disinhibition (b = 3.45, 95% CI = [0.75, 6.15]), and depressive symptoms showed a partial indirect effect on this association (indirect effect = 0.57, 95% CIboot = [0.13, 1.34]). Among male young adults (b = 0.98, 95% CIboot = [0.24, 2.39]), the indirect correlation was stronger than among female young adults (b = 0.44, 95% CIboot = [0.05, 1.20]; non-significant trend), implying individual differences underlying the indirect effect of depressive symptoms in the acculturative stress and eating disinhibition correlation. The Intercultural Relations dimension of acculturative stress appeared to drive the observed associations. This study is among the first highlighting the role of acculturative stress, depressive symptoms, and gender in eating disinhibition and provides evidence that can inform health professionals to target at-risk Asian individuals with eating problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyi Wang
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA
| | - Esmeralda R Garcia
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA
| | - Ilona S Yim
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA.
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Nakamura Y, Ando S, Yamasaki S, Okada N, Nishida A, Kasai K, Tanaka S, Nakatani H, Koike S. Dietary Restraint Related to Body Weight Maintenance and Neural Processing in Value-Coding Areas in Adolescents. J Nutr 2021; 151:2059-2067. [PMID: 33847349 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an alarming increase in the obesity prevalence among children in an environment of increasing availability of preprocessed high-calorie foods. However, some people maintain a healthy weight even in such obesogenic environments. This difference in body weight management could be attributed to individual differences in dietary restraint; however, its underlying neurocognitive mechanisms in adolescents remain unclear. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to elucidate these neurocognitive mechanisms in adolescents by examining the relationships between dietary restraint and the food-related value-coding region located in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). METHODS The association between dietary restraint and BMI was tested using a multilinear regression analysis in a large early adolescent cohort (n = 2554; age, 12.2 ± 0.3 years; BMI, 17.9 ± 2.5 kg/m2; 1354 boys). Further, an fMRI experiment was designed to assess the association between the vmPFC response to food images and dietary restraint in 30 adolescents (age, 17.6 ± 1.9 years; BMI, 20.7 ± 2.2 kg/m2; 13 boys). Additionally, using 54 individuals from the cohort (age, 14.5 ± 0.6 years; BMI, 18.8 ± 2.6 kg/m2; 31 boys), we assessed the association between dietary restraint and intrinsic vmPFC-related functional connectivity. RESULTS In the cohort, adolescents with increased dietary restraint showed a lower BMI (β = -0.38; P < 0.001; B = -0.06; SE = 0.003). The fMRI results showed a decreased vmPFC response to high-calorie food were correlated with greater dietary restraint. Moreover, there was an association of attenuated intrinsic vmPFC-related functional connectivity in the superior and middle frontal gyrus and the middle temporal gyrus with greater dietary restraint. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that dietary restraint in adolescents could be a preventive factor for weight gain; its effect involves modulating the vmPFC, which is associated with food value coding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Nakamura
- The Center for Integrative Science of Human Behavior (CiSHuB), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Ando
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Syudo Yamasaki
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohiro Okada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (IRCN), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nishida
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- The Center for Integrative Science of Human Behavior (CiSHuB), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (IRCN), Tokyo, Japan.,University of Tokyo Institute for Diversity & Adaptation of Human Mind (UTIDAHM), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saori Tanaka
- Advanced Telecommunications Research (ATR) Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hironori Nakatani
- Department of Information Media Technology, Tokai University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Koike
- The Center for Integrative Science of Human Behavior (CiSHuB), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (IRCN), Tokyo, Japan.,University of Tokyo Institute for Diversity & Adaptation of Human Mind (UTIDAHM), Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Stämpfli AE, Stöckli S, Brunner TA, Messner C. A Dieting Facilitator on the Fridge Door: Can Dieters Deliberately Apply Environmental Dieting Cues to Lose Weight? Front Psychol 2020; 11:582369. [PMID: 33408662 PMCID: PMC7779523 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.582369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals exposed to dieting-related environmental cues have been repeatedly shown to be better able to resist tempting food. This especially applies to restrained eaters who hold a chronic dieting goal. Thus far, mainly short-term effects of environmental dieting cues have been examined and the individuals were typically unaware of being influenced. Yet, it is unclear whether individuals can deliberately apply environmental dieting cues for themselves to facilitate the pursuit of the longer-term goal of losing weight. The present longitudinal study applied a 2 (cue: visually dieting-related vs. visually neutral cue) × 2 (awareness: being aware vs. not being aware of the cue’s facilitating influence) between-subjects design for 6 months (N = 166 participants who started the study; Mage = 47.85 years; 69.9% female; MBMI = 29.07 kg/m2). Our results provide preliminary indications that cue, awareness, and restrained eating interact. The results suggest that high (vs. low) restrained eaters could deliberately apply environmental dieting cues for themselves to facilitate losing weight. However, further studies are needed to explore the effects of environmental dieting cues over a longer period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline E Stämpfli
- Department of Consumer Behavior, Institute of Marketing and Management, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Food Science and Management, School of Agricultural, Forest, and Food Sciences HAFL, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Stöckli
- Department of Consumer Behavior, Institute of Marketing and Management, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A Brunner
- Food Science and Management, School of Agricultural, Forest, and Food Sciences HAFL, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - Claude Messner
- Department of Consumer Behavior, Institute of Marketing and Management, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Brytek-Matera A. Restrained Eating and Vegan, Vegetarian and Omnivore Dietary Intakes. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12072133. [PMID: 32709060 PMCID: PMC7400884 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are a significant number of studies on cognitive restraint among individuals with varying dietary patterns. Although most research has found that vegetarians report higher levels of cognitive restraint compared to non-vegetarians, many studies have contributed inconsistent results. The aim of the current study, therefore, was to assess any differences between groups with varying dietary patterns on cognitive restraint and other disordered eating pattern. The second objective was to examine determinants of cognitive restraint in individuals adhering to a vegan diet, a vegetarian diet and an omnivore diet. Two-hundred and fifty-four participants with varying dietary patterns completed the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, the Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire and the Eating Habits Questionnaire. Our results indicated that both vegetarian and vegan groups showed a significantly lower cognitive restraint, lower emotional eating and lower uncontrolled eating than those who followed an omnivorous diet. In addition, these both groups following a plant-based diet have shown more cognitions, behaviours and feelings related to an extreme focus on healthy eating (orthorexia nervosa) than group following an omnivorous diet. There were no significant differences between the groups in perseverative thinking. Core characteristics of repetitive negative thinking was a significant predictor of cognitive restraint in vegans. Feeling positively about healthy eating predicted cognitive restraint among vegetarians. Problems associated with healthy eating and feeling positively about healthy eating predicted cognitive restraint among individuals following an omnivorous diet. Knowledge of predictors of cognitive restraint may serve as a psychological intervention goal or psychoeducation goal among individuals with varying dietary patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Brytek-Matera
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Dawida 1, 50-527 Wroclaw, Poland
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