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Rahman MA, Das P, Lam L, Alif SM, Sultana F, Salehin M, Banik B, Joseph B, Parul P, Lewis A, Statham D, Porter J, Foster K, Islam SMS, Cross W, Jacob A, Hua S, Wang Q, Chair SY, Chien WT, Widati S, Nurmala I, Puspaningsih NNT, Hammoud M, Omar K, Halim MASA, Gamal-Eltrabily M, Ortiz G, Al Maskari TS, Al Alawi SSM, Al-Rahbi BS, Arulappan J, Ahmad A, Al Laham N, Mahmud I, Alasqah I, Noorbhai H, Chang SL, Chen YL, Comlekci MF, Basol O, Saddik B, Hayman R, Polman R. Health and wellbeing of staff working at higher education institutions globally during the post-COVID-19 pandemic period: evidence from a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1848. [PMID: 38992680 PMCID: PMC11238394 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19365-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ongoing global crisis of Higher Education (HE) institutions during the post-COVID-19 pandemic period has increased the likelihood of enduring psychological stressors for staff. This study aimed to identify factors associated with job insecurity, burnout, psychological distress and coping amongst staff working at HE institutions globally. METHODS An anonymous cross-sectional study was conducted in 2023 with staff at HE institutions across 16 countries. Job insecurity was measured using the Job Insecurity Scale (JIS), burnout using the Perceived Burnout measure question, psychological distress using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), and coping using the Brief Resilient Coping Scale. Multivariable logistic regression with a stepwise variable selection method was used to identify associations. RESULTS A total of 2,353 staff participated; the mean age (± SD) was 43(± 10) years and 61% were females. Most staff (85%) did not feel job insecurity, one-third (29%) perceived burnout in their jobs, more than two-thirds (73%) experienced moderate to very high levels of psychological distress, and more than half (58%) exhibited medium to high resilient coping. Perceived job insecurity was associated with staff working part-time [Adjusted Odds Ratio 1.53 (95% Confidence Intervals 1.15-2.02)], having an academic appointment [2.45 (1.78-3.27)], having multiple co-morbidities [1.86 (1.41-2.48)], perceived burnout [1.99 (1.54-2.56)] and moderate to very high level of psychological distress [1.68 (1.18-2.39)]. Perceived burnout was associated with being female [1.35 (1.12-1.63)], having multiple co-morbidities [1.53 (1.20-1.97)], perceived job insecurity [1.99 (1.55-2.57)], and moderate to very high levels of psychological distress [3.23 (2.42-4.30)]. Staff with multiple co-morbidities [1.46 (1.11-1.92)], mental health issues [2.73 (1.79-4.15)], perceived job insecurity [1.61 (1.13-2.30)], and perceived burnout [3.22 (2.41-4.31)] were associated with moderate to very high levels of psychological distress. Staff who perceived their mental health as good to excellent [3.36 (2.69-4.19)] were more likely to have medium to high resilient coping. CONCLUSIONS Factors identified in this study should be considered in reviewing and updating current support strategies for staff at HE institutions across all countries to reduce stress and burnout and improve wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aziz Rahman
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, 3806, Australia.
- Collaborative Evaluation and Research Centre (CERC), Federation University Australia, Churchill, Australia.
| | - Pritimoy Das
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, 3806, Australia
- Collaborative Evaluation and Research Centre (CERC), Federation University Australia, Churchill, Australia
| | - Louisa Lam
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sheikh M Alif
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, 3806, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Masudus Salehin
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, 3806, Australia
- Collaborative Evaluation and Research Centre (CERC), Federation University Australia, Churchill, Australia
| | - Biswajit Banik
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, 3806, Australia
| | - Bindu Joseph
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, 3806, Australia
- Collaborative Evaluation and Research Centre (CERC), Federation University Australia, Churchill, Australia
| | - Parul Parul
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, 3806, Australia
- Collaborative Evaluation and Research Centre (CERC), Federation University Australia, Churchill, Australia
- School of Nursing, Institute of Health & Management, North Melbourne, VIC, 3051, Australia
| | - Andrew Lewis
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, 3806, Australia
| | - Dixie Statham
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, 3806, Australia
| | - Joanne Porter
- Collaborative Evaluation and Research Centre (CERC), Federation University Australia, Churchill, Australia
| | - Kim Foster
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Wendy Cross
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, 3806, Australia
| | - Alycia Jacob
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan Hua
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Qun Wang
- School of Nursing, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sek Ying Chair
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Tong Chien
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sri Widati
- Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Majeda Hammoud
- Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Khatijah Omar
- Institute of Tropical Biodiversity & Sustainable Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Georgina Ortiz
- División de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nahed Al Laham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Al Azhar University-Gaza, Gaza Strip, Palestine
| | - Ilias Mahmud
- School of Health, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
- BRAC James P. Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ibrahim Alasqah
- School of Health, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
- Department of Community, Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, College of Nursing, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Habib Noorbhai
- BEAHT Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - Oguz Basol
- Kirklareli University, Kirklareli, Turkey
| | - Basema Saddik
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Kennington, Australia
| | - Rick Hayman
- Northumbria University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Remco Polman
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, 3806, Australia
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Nigatu YT, Elton-Marshall T, Wells S, Wickens CM, Hamilton HA. Factors associated with stress about returning to pre-pandemic routines among Canadians. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2024; 29:505-513. [PMID: 36971513 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2023.2195669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to be a public health concern, with important impacts on individuals' mental health. Many people have experienced significant changes to their daily routines due to the pandemic and for some, returning to pre-pandemic routines could create elevated stress. The present study explored factors associated with stress about returning to pre-pandemic routines (SRPR). A web-based, cross-sectional survey of 1,001 Canadian adults aged 18 years and older was conducted on July 9-13, 2021. SRPR was assessed by asking the respondents how much stress they have been feeling about returning to their pre-pandemic routines. Sociodemographic variables, anxiety, depression, loneliness, and COVID-19-related worry were examined in relation to SRPR. Overall, 28.8% of respondents reported moderate to extreme SRPR. After adjusting for covariates, factors associated with elevated SRPR included: younger age (AOR = 2.29, 95%CI 1.30-4.03), higher education (AOR = 2.08, 95%CI 1.14-3.79), being very worried about getting COVID-19 (AOR = 4.14, 95%CI 2.46-6.95), switching to working from home (AOR = 2.43, 95%CI 1.44-4.11), having anxiety (AOR = 5.02, 95%CI 3.19-7.89), feeling depressed (AOR = 1.93, 95%CI 1.14-3.25), and feeling lonely (AOR = 1.74, 95%CI 1.07-2.83). The findings of this study suggest that individuals experiencing mental health concerns (anxiety, feeling depressed, feeling lonely) may be especially likely to feel elevated SRPR and may therefore need additional support in making the transition back to prior routines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshambel T Nigatu
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tara Elton-Marshall
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Samantha Wells
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christine M Wickens
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hayley A Hamilton
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Gritzka S, Angerer P, Diebig M. The Mediating Role of Fear of COVID-19 in the Association between COVID-19-Related Work Stressors and Subjective Well-being: Path Analysis by Cross-sectional Evidence in the Child Care Sector across Three Samples. J Occup Environ Med 2024; 66:78-91. [PMID: 37853666 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE COVID-19 has changed work conditions and instilled fear. However, research overlooked the contributing factors to fear of COVID-19 and its impact on well-being. We addressed this research gap and focused on the essential workforce of child care. METHODS Three samples of early childhood professionals (ECPs) ( NT1 = 423, NT2 = 142, NT3 = 584) were gathered in Germany between June 2020 and May 2021. We tested via path analysis whether (1) fear of COVID-19 relates to well-being, (2) COVID-19-related work stressors relate to fear of COVID-19, and (3) fear of COVID-19 mediates the relationship of work stressors and well-being. RESULTS Findings of N T1 and N T3 lent support, while results of N T2 differed. CONCLUSIONS This study underlines the importance of adapting the work conditions during pandemics to reduce the fear of infection and thus preserve ECPs' well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Gritzka
- From the Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine, Centre for Health and Society (CHS), Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
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Atan G. Examination of the level of tolerance of uncertainty and psychological wellness of patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2023; 147:109401. [PMID: 37677906 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study was conducted to examine the level of intolerance of uncertainty and the psychological well-being of patients with epilepsy (PWE). METHODS This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted with 201 patients in a university hospital in Van, which is a province in eastern Turkey. Personal information form, intolerance of uncertainty scale, and the psychological well-being scale were prepared by the researcher in line with the literature and used to collect data. An independent sample t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), post hoc (Tukey, LSD), correlation, and regression analyses were used to analyze the data. RESULTS In this study, the mean total score of PWE for the intolerance to uncertainty scale was found as 37.144 ± 9.202. Among the sub-dimensions, the mean prospective anxiety score was found as 21.821 ± 5.416 and the mean inhibitory anxiety score was 15.323 ± 4.695. The mean total score of the psychological well-being scale was found as 28.975 ± 6.622. It was determined that there was a significant relationship between the total score of the intolerance of uncertainty scale and the total score of the psychological well-being scale of the PWE who participated in the study (F = 14.314; p = 0.000 < 0.05). It was observed that the total score of intolerance of uncertainty was decreased as the total level of psychological well-being was increased (ß = -0.186). CONCLUSION It was found that PWE had higher levels of intolerance of uncertainty and lower levels of psychological well-being. It was also determined that the total score of psychological well-being was decreased as the total score of intolerance of uncertainty was increased. RECOMMENDATIONS For preventing the negative consequences of intolerance of uncertainty in PWE, it is recommended to inform nurses to increase the level of psychological well-being as a result of raising awareness about their concerns by conducting studies to increase the level of intolerance to uncertainty. It is also recommended to carry out studies on intolerance of uncertainty and psychological well-being in advanced and larger sample groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülden Atan
- School of Health, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Department of Internal Medicine Nursing, 65000 Van, Turkey.
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An H, Gu X, Obrenovic B, Godinic D. The Role of Job Insecurity, Social Media Exposure, and Job Stress in Predicting Anxiety Among White-Collar Employees. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:3303-3318. [PMID: 37614323 PMCID: PMC10443693 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s416100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the combined effects and relationships between social media exposure, job insecurity, job stress, and anxiety among individuals and to propose an innovative model exploring how these factors contribute to increased anxiety. Patients and Methods This empirical research paper focuses on understanding the role of job insecurity, social media exposure, and job stress in predicting anxiety levels. The study was conducted on a sample of 292 white-collar employees in various organizations and institutions across the United States amid the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing economic crisis, during the broader transition to a digital working environment. A self-report Likert-type questionnaire was administered to measure employees' job stress, uncertainty, anxiety levels and social media exposure. The present study employed theoretical background of Lazarus' Theory of Psychological Stress and the JDR Model. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine the relationships between these constructs, while confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to assess the validity of the measurement model. Results The study provides empirical support for the claim that employees with pervasive job stress will likely develop anxiety symptoms. It also highlights the mechanisms by which social media exposure increases employees' anxiety levels and how management and policymakers can buffer the stressors. Conclusion The research emphasizes the importance of addressing occupational mental health problems, and the implications of the findings indicate the need for managerial interventions in securing effective measures for buffering stress and controlled social media usage. This study contributes to the body of knowledge by informing managers and policymakers on key aspects to consider in promoting psychological balance and a healthy organizational climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu An
- School of Journalism and Communication, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, 201620, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Gu
- Media Literacy Research Institute, Communication University of Zhejiang, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bojan Obrenovic
- Zagreb School of Economics and Management, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
- Luxembourg School of Business, Luxembourg, 2453, Croatia
| | - Danijela Godinic
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
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Tan HJ, Shahren AAH, Khoo CS, Ng CF, Zaidi WAW, Kori N, Periyasamy P, Eu CL, Payus AO, Hod R. Anxiety among hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a case-control study from a tertiary teaching hospital in Malaysia. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1148019. [PMID: 37275980 PMCID: PMC10232945 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1148019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Anxiety has been increasingly recognized as part of the psychosocial health issues in COVID-19 patients. However, the impact of this topic may be underestimated in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of and risk factors of anxiety in COVID-19 patients compared to controls in a local tertiary teaching hospital in Malaysia. Methods In this case-control study, we analyzed data on adult patients aged 18 years and above hospitalized for COVID-19 infection with matched hospitalized controls. The demographic, clinical data and anxiety measures using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 questionnaire were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis. Results 86.6% in the COVID-19 group had anxiety, significantly higher than 13.4% in the control group (p = 0.001). The COVID-19 group was significantly associated with the GAD-7 severity (p = 0.001). The number of COVID-19 patients in the mild, moderate, and severe anxiety groups was 48 (84.2%), 37 (86%), and 18 (94.7%), respectively. Multiple logistic regression showed significant predictors for anxiety, including COVID-19 diagnosis and neurological symptoms. Anxiety was found 36.92 times higher in the patients with COVID-19 compared to those without COVID-19 (OR 36.92;95% CI 17.09, 79.78, p = 0.001). Patients with neurological symptoms were at risk of having anxiety (OR 2.94; 95% CI 1.03, 8.41, p = 0.044). Discussion COVID-19 patients experience a significant disruption in psychosocial functioning due to hospitalization. The burden of anxiety is notably high, compounded by a diagnosis of COVID-19 itself and neurological symptomatology. Early psychiatric referrals are warranted for patients at risk of developing anxiety symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jan Tan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abdool Alleem Hj Shahren
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ching Soong Khoo
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chen Fei Ng
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Asyraf Wan Zaidi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Najma Kori
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Petrick Periyasamy
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Choon Leng Eu
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Alvin Oliver Payus
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Rozita Hod
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Ibanescu BC, Cristea M, Gheorghiu A, Pascariu GC. The regional evolution of job insecurity during the first COVID-19 wave in relation to the pandemic intensity. LETTERS IN SPATIAL AND RESOURCE SCIENCES 2023; 16:13. [PMID: 37006656 PMCID: PMC10042419 DOI: 10.1007/s12076-023-00337-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED As the COVID-19 pandemic hit the European continent at the beginning of 2020, one of the most significant socio-economic effects that immediately become the central focus of media and governing bodies was the unemployment and the sudden transformations suffered by the job market. This effect created major concerns for citizens and governing structures, as the pandemic generated a new and unparalleled economic context, where the short and medium-term future of several sectors seemed unpredictable. The concern acted upon the job insecurity of individuals, a perceived threat to the continuity and stability of their employment. Based on a self-reported survey covering the first pandemic wave, our study classifies the regions (NUTS2 level) from six EU countries according to their performance in terms of job insecurity, but also the shock intensity (death rates and case fatality ratio), and identifies the overall over and under performers. The results show that the regional evolution of the job insecurity could be linked to the pandemic evolution, especially in the stronger economies. However, the model does not follow a classic economic core-periphery pattern. The model is challenged especially by a stronger performance of several less performant regions from Italy, Romania, or France. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12076-023-00337-9.
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Wang D, Cao D, Kiani A. How and when can job-insecure employees prevent psychological distress against the COVID-19 pandemic? The role of cognitive appraisal and reappraisal. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023:1-13. [PMID: 36776148 PMCID: PMC9904252 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly affected economies around the world, causing record unemployment rates that have exacerbated the already prevalent job insecurity, thereby leading to psychological distress among many individuals. The present study aims to reveal the underlying mechanisms of psychological distress induced by the COVID-19 pandemic among job-insecure employees and to identify one of the emotion regulation strategies (i.e., cognitive reappraisal) as a protective factor that mitigates psychological distress. Drawing upon transactional theory, we proposed and tested a moderated mediation model, wherein cognitive reappraisal serves as a moderator of the direct and indirect relationship between job insecurity and psychological distress via stress appraisals (i.e., threat appraisal and challenge appraisal) based on data from 922 employees. Results show that threat appraisal and challenge appraisal positively and negatively mediate the relationship between job insecurity and psychological distress, respectively. Furthermore, as an emotion regulation strategy, cognitive reappraisal mitigates psychological distress among job-insecure employees, weakens the positive indirect effect of threat appraisal, but intensifies the negative indirect effect of challenge appraisal. Our findings suggest that cognition plays an important role in individuals' emotional reactions to COVID-19-related stress, and cognition reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy in mitigating psychological distress. Therefore, cognition reappraisal skills should be improved to reduce psychological distress induced by COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- School of Management, University of Science and Technology of China, No.96, Jinzhai Road, Baohe District, Hefei, 230026 Anhui China
| | - Dongmei Cao
- School of Public Administration, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Ataullah Kiani
- School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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von Oltersdorff-Kalettka AM, Meinel J, Voigt K, Mundt T, Bleckwenn M, Bergmann A, Gottschall M. How stressful was the COVID-19 pandemic for residents specializing in family practice? A study of stressors and psychological well-being of physicians in further training specializing in family practice (GP trainees) within a pandemic context. BMC PRIMARY CARE 2022; 23:308. [PMID: 36456914 PMCID: PMC9713726 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-022-01921-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus pandemic poses many challenges for medical personnel. During the first phase of the pandemic, psychological stress became increasingly apparent. This was a complex and difficult situation, especially for physician residents specializing in family practice (GP trainees), who were not yet able to draw on years of practical experience. In this context, the Kompetenzzentrum Weiterbildung Allgemeinmedizin Sachsen (Competence Center for Continuing Education in General Medicine Saxony) (KWASa) developed a survey on how to deal with the concerns and challenges perceived at the time. The purpose of the study was to obtain information on psychological well-being in the pandemic context, as well as on expectations, fears, and protective measures in everyday work. The aim was to identify stress factors for general practice (GP) trainees during a pandemic situation to be able to consider the support needs in the design of future residency training programs, especially for GP trainees. METHODS An online questionnaire was distributed from May 5, 2020 to June 4, 2020 among GP trainees enrolled in KWASa since 2018. The questionnaire consisted of standardized items, which were evaluated descriptively, and open-ended items with free-text answers, which were evaluated according to the principle of qualitative content analysis. RESULTS The results show the relevance of the topic as 61% of respondents indicated that they were concerned about the coronavirus. Most GP trainees also gave an affirmative response regarding emotional challenges. In this context, various stressors could be identified within both the professional and personal environments. There were four particularly salient factors: (1) the fear of infecting one's family as well as patients with the SARS-CoV-2 virus; (2) missing or insufficiently existing protective measures; (3) an increased need for consultation due to unpredictable patient behavior as well as uncertainties in patient treatment; and (4) communication difficulties within the collegial environment. CONCLUSIONS The study aimed to identify the support needs of GP trainees in crisis situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of the survey can be used for the development of suitable continuing education programs for physicians in further training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria von Oltersdorff-Kalettka
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät C. G. Carus der TU Dresden, Bereich Allgemeinmedizin, MKIII UKD, Kompetenzzentrum Weiterbildung Allgemeinmedizin Sachsen, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Janina Meinel
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät C. G. Carus der TU Dresden, Bereich Allgemeinmedizin, MKIII UKD, Kompetenzzentrum Weiterbildung Allgemeinmedizin Sachsen, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Karen Voigt
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät C. G. Carus der TU Dresden, Bereich Allgemeinmedizin, MKIII UKD, Kompetenzzentrum Weiterbildung Allgemeinmedizin Sachsen, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Mundt
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Universität Leipzig, Medizinische Fakultät der Universität Leipzig, Selbstständige Abteilung für Allgemeinmedizin, Kompetenzzentrum Weiterbildung Allgemeinmedizin Sachsen, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Bleckwenn
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Universität Leipzig, Medizinische Fakultät der Universität Leipzig, Selbstständige Abteilung für Allgemeinmedizin, Kompetenzzentrum Weiterbildung Allgemeinmedizin Sachsen, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Bergmann
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät C. G. Carus der TU Dresden, Bereich Allgemeinmedizin, MKIII UKD, Kompetenzzentrum Weiterbildung Allgemeinmedizin Sachsen, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mandy Gottschall
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät C. G. Carus der TU Dresden, Bereich Allgemeinmedizin, MKIII UKD, Kompetenzzentrum Weiterbildung Allgemeinmedizin Sachsen, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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10
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Zhou T, Bao Y, Guo D, Bai Y, Wang R, Cao X, Li H, Hua Y. Intolerance of uncertainty and future career anxiety among Chinese undergraduate students during COVID-19 period: Fear of COVID-19 and depression as mediators. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1015446. [PMID: 36523580 PMCID: PMC9745131 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1015446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncertainty is mushrooming throughout COVID-19, and intolerance of uncertainty (IoU) nudges people into mental health difficulties involving fear, depression, and anxiety. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of depression and fear of COVID-19 (FoC) in the association between IoU and future career anxiety (FCA) among Chinese university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study involved 1,919 Chinese undergraduate students from 11 universities in eight Chinese cities with an online self-administered survey that included demographic information, IoU, FoC, depression, and FCA completed by all participants. Our study demonstrated a positive relationship between IoU and FCA and the chain mediation effect of FoC and depression. Thus, understanding how FoC affects FCA not only informs university career professionals and assists students in preparing for employment, but also motivates schools to offer career opportunities workshops and, most importantly, provides mental health support to help students effectively cope with uncertainty and overcome COVID-19-related stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Zhou
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Political Science, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuchang Bao
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Taipa, China
| | - Danfeng Guo
- Department of Political ScienceSuzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Yunpeng Bai
- Department of Applied Social Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ruizhe Wang
- Department of Media and Communication, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Cao
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hebin Li
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yidi Hua
- Faculty of Arts, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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11
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Sultana N, Asaduzzaman M, Siddique AB, Khatun H, Bari FS, Islam MN, Tabassum A, Mondol AS, Sayem MA, Abdullah AYM, Hossain MP, Biracyaza E. Job insecurity and mental health related outcomes among the humanitarian workers during COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychol 2022; 10:265. [PMCID: PMC9660170 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-022-00974-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 remains a public health burden that has caused global economic crises, jeopardizing health, jobs, and livelihoods of millions of people around the globe. Several efforts have been made by several countries by implementing several health strategies to attenuate the spread of the pandemic. Although several studies indicated effects of COVID-19 on mental health and its associated factors, very little is known about the underlying mechanism of job insecurity, depression, anxiety, and stress in Bangladesh. Therefore, this study determined the prevalence of job insecurity and depression, anxiety, stress as well as the association between job insecurity, mental health outcomes also contributing determinants amongst humanitarian workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. Methods We conducted a web-based cross-sectional study among 445 humanitarian workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in six sub-districts of Cox’s bazar district of Bangladesh between April and May 2021. The questionnaire was composed of socio-demographic, lifestyle and work related factors. Psychometric instruments like job insecurity scale and depression, anxiety also stress scale (DASS-21) were employed to assess the level of job insecurity and mental health outcomes (depression, anxiety and stress). STATA software version 14 was employed to perform statistical analyses. Results The prevalence of job insecurity was 42%. The odds of job insecurity was higher in Kutubdia and Pekua (AOR = 3.1, 95% CI 1.36, 7.22) Teknaf (AOR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.33, 6.41), the impact of dissatisfaction on salary (AOR = 2.3, 95% CI 1.49, 3.58) was evident with job insecurity. The prevalence of moderate to severe depression, anxiety and stress among humanitarian worker were (26%, 7%), (25%, 10%) and (15%, 7%) respectively. Further, the region of work, being female, marital status, work environment, and salary dissatisfaction were contributing factors for poor mental health outcomes. Those with job insecurity were almost 3 times more likely to experience depression (AOR = 2.7, 95% CI 1.85, 4.04), anxiety (AOR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.76, 3.71) and stress (AOR: 2.8; 95% CI 1.89, 4.26), respectively. Conclusion Our findings highlight that job security remains essential to help tackle the severity of depression, anxiety and stress in humanitarian workers. The results reflected the critical importance of local and international NGOs addressing poor mental health conditions of their employees to prevent mental health outbreaks. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40359-022-00974-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naznin Sultana
- grid.443020.10000 0001 2295 3329Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh ,Binary Data Lab, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Asaduzzaman
- grid.449334.d0000 0004 0480 9712Department of Public Health Nutrition, Primeasia University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Bakkar Siddique
- grid.414142.60000 0004 0600 7174Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Farzana Sultana Bari
- grid.449334.d0000 0004 0480 9712Department of Public Health Nutrition, Primeasia University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Nazrul Islam
- grid.25152.310000 0001 2154 235XDepartment of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Arifa Tabassum
- grid.414142.60000 0004 0600 7174Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdus Salam Mondol
- grid.449334.d0000 0004 0480 9712Department of Public Health Nutrition, Primeasia University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abu Sayem
- grid.281053.d0000 0004 0375 9266University Research Co. (URC), Chevy Chase, MD USA
| | - Abu Yousuf Md Abdullah
- grid.46078.3d0000 0000 8644 1405School of Planning, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON Canada
| | - M. Pear Hossain
- Binary Data Lab, Dhaka, Bangladesh ,grid.449329.10000 0004 4683 9733Department of Statistics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh ,grid.35030.350000 0004 1792 6846Department of Biomedical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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12
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Kartal N, Arıkan G, Seyhan F, Aydan S. Mediator roles of resilience and intolerance of uncertainty in the effect of healthcare professionals’ coronavirus stigma on stress. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/20479700.2022.2079588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazan Kartal
- Health Management, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gamze Arıkan
- Health Management Department, Ankara Haci Bayram Veli University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fırat Seyhan
- Department of Management and Organization, University of Health Sciences, Gulhane Health Vocational School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seda Aydan
- Health Management, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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13
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Khudaykulov A, Changjun Z, Obrenovic B, Godinic D, Alsharif HZH, Jakhongirov I. The fear of COVID-19 and job insecurity impact on depression and anxiety: An empirical study in China in the COVID-19 pandemic aftermath. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022:1-14. [PMID: 35287294 PMCID: PMC8906526 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02883-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The employees' psychological health and resilience in times of emergency and general uncertainty was chosen due to the immense implications for economics, entrepreneurs, psychologists and psychiatrists, and policymakers. This study aims to provide an insight into uncertainty-induced anxiety and depression among Chinese employees in the aftermath of the COVID-19 outbreak. Analysis performed in the context of China in the COVID-19 pandemic aftermath is significant due to the universal nature of external shock impact on psychological welfare, applicable across nations and business sectors and in similar contexts. The statistical analysis was performed with SEM software AMOS version 23. The research model consisting of fear of COVID-19, job insecurity, anxiety, depression, was empirically tested. A purposive sampling technique was applied with the online questionnaire shared with employees in companies located in China. Respondents were working in educational services, information technology, engineering, electronics, and other sectors on white-collar jobs. The data collection was conducted from May to August 2020, in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic in China. The research sample consisting of 283 respondents was used for analysis. Path analysis was performed, and standardized parameter estimates, standard errors, and p-values were calculated. The results indicate a positive and significant impact of job insecurity on depression and anxiety. Furthermore, results indicate that the fear of COVID-19 significantly impacts anxiety and depression but does not impact job insecurity. The findings can be used in a multidisciplinary effort to mitigate the psychological damage. Furthermore, they complement the ongoing epidemiological and scientific discourse on people's personal health and choice of coping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akmal Khudaykulov
- School of Management, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Zheng Changjun
- School of Management, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Bojan Obrenovic
- School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013 China
| | - Danijela Godinic
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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14
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Rehman S, Hamza MA, Nasir A, Ullah A, Arshad N. Impact of COVID-19 and Consortium Factors on Mental Health: Role of Emotional Labor Strategies in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals. Front Psychol 2022; 13:795677. [PMID: 35310219 PMCID: PMC8927066 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.795677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic that began in 2019 has created an acute fear of economic crisis, and people have experienced the state of perceived job insecurity. Several measures were taken to control this deadly pandemic, but it still affected the majority of global operational activities. This study addresses the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number 8 that relates to decent work and economic growth. This quantitative study examines the impact of fear associated with economic crisis and perceived job insecurity on mental health with the moderating effect of surface and deep acting. Surface acting is displaying fake emotions, and deep acting is modifying inner feelings according to the required emotions. This study used sample data from private-sector employees and applied SmartPLS for structural model assessment. As many organizations took more challenging decisions to sustain their business operations, the study therefore analyzes the impact of the pandemic on private sector employees. The two main findings of the study are: (i) surface acting moderates the relationships of fear of economic crisis and perceived job insecurity with mental health and declines the impact of both on mental health, (ii) while deep acting negatively moderates the relationships of fear of economic crisis and perceived job insecurity with mental health and improved mental health even in the presence of both. The study highlighted the importance of deep acting at workplaces to sustain employees' mental and psychological stability. Organizations could introduce emotional labor strategies and strengthen the mental health of their employees against the underlying fear of economic crisis and perceived job insecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saqib Rehman
- Department of Management Sciences, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali Hamza
- UVAS Business School, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Nasir
- Department of Management Sciences, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aman Ullah
- UVAS Business School, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
- Faculty of Business and Law, CQ University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nabeela Arshad
- Hailey College of Banking and Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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15
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Relationships between Occupational Stress, Change in Work Environment during the COVID-19 Pandemic, and Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms among Non-Healthcare Workers in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19020983. [PMID: 35055803 PMCID: PMC8775764 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to clarify the effect of occupational stress and changes in the work environment on non-healthcare workers’ (HCWs) mental health during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. A web-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted from 16 to 17 December 2020. Data from 807 non-HCWs were included. We evaluated occupational stress using the Generic Job Stress Questionnaire (GJSQ). Depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Japanese version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale, respectively. We collected demographic variables, work-related variables, and the variables associated with COVID-19. The adjusted odds ratios for depressive and anxiety groups were estimated using multivariate logistic regression analyses, adjusted for all the demographic variables, work-related variables, COVID-19-related variables, and the six subdivided GJSQ subscales. The results confirm a relationship between variance in workload, job future ambiguity, social support from coworkers, having contact with COVID-19 patients, and depressive and anxiety symptoms. Paying attention to job future ambiguity, the variance in workload at the workplace and individual perspectives, promoting contact and support among coworkers using online communication tools, and reducing contact with COVID-19 patients, will be useful for decreasing the depressive and anxiety symptoms among non-HCWs.
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16
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Obrenovic B, Du J, Godinic D, Baslom MMM, Tsoy D. The Threat of COVID-19 and Job Insecurity Impact on Depression and Anxiety: An Empirical Study in the USA. Front Psychol 2021; 12:648572. [PMID: 34484024 PMCID: PMC8411708 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.648572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic causes a general concern regarding the overall mental health of employees worldwide, policymakers across nations are taking precautions for curtailing and scaling down dispersion of the coronavirus. In this study, we conceptualized a framework capturing recurring troublesome elements of mental states such as depression and general anxiety, assessing them by applying standard clinical inventory. The study explores the extent to which danger control and fear control under the Extended Parallel Processing Model (EPPM) threat impact job insecurity, with uncertainty phenomenon causing afflicting effect on the experiential nature of depression heightened by anxiety. With the aim to explore the job insecurity relationship with anxiety and depression, and measure the impact of EPPM threat, an empirical study was conducted in the United States on a sample of 347 white collar employees. Demographic data, EPPM threat, job insecurity, anxiety, and depression data were collected via a standardized questionnaire during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The questionnaire consisting of multi-item scales was distributed online. All the scale items were evaluated on a 5-point Likert scale. SEM software AMOS version 23 was used to perform confirmatory factor analysis with maximum likelihood estimation. In the structural model, relationships between the threat of COVID-19, job insecurity, anxiety, and depression were assessed. The findings of the study suggest that job insecurity has a significant impact on depression and anxiety, whereas the threat of COVID-19 has a significant impact on depression. Mediating effects of job insecurity and EPPM threat impact on anxiety were not established in the study. The study contributes to the apprehension of the repercussions of major environmental disruptions on normal human functioning, and it investigates the effects of self-reported protective behaviors on risk perception. The study also explains the underlying mechanisms of coping behavior as possible antecedents to mental disorders. When subjected to stressful events, heightened psychological arousal causes physical and psychological challenges of affected employees to manifest as behavioral issues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianguo Du
- School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | | | | | - Diana Tsoy
- School of Media and Communication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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