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Ratnayake A, Hernandez JH, Justman J, Farley JE, Hirsch-Moverman Y, Ho K, Mayer S, Oluyomi A, Sobieszczyk ME, Swaminathan S, Skalland T, Tapsoba JDD, Kissinger PJ. Vaccine Hesitancy at Nine Community Sites Across the United States, Early in COVID-19 Vaccine Rollout. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024:10.1007/s40615-024-02172-0. [PMID: 39264541 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-024-02172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccine hesitancy has been a significant concern throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccine hesitancy can be attributed to lack of confidence in vaccines, complacency about the health threat, or lack of convenience of vaccination. To date, few studies have used methods designed to include populations underrepresented in research when identifying factors associated with vaccine hesitancy. METHODS Between January and July 2021, potential participants were recruited from community venues selected through time-location sampling in 15 defined communities in the United States. Study staff administered a questionnaire on demographics, COVID-19 behaviors and attitudes, and vaccination status or intention to consenting individuals. Vaccine hesitancy was analyzed among those age 18 years and older from nine of the 15 sites and was defined as self-reported neutral, unlikely, or very unlikely vaccine intention. Logistic regression modeling, adjusted for site, identified factors associated with vaccine hesitancy. RESULTS Among 11,559 individuals, vaccine hesitancy by site ranged from 8.7 to 31.1%. Vaccine hesitancy was associated with being Black compared to White, being White compared to Asian, younger age, unstable housing, being unemployed, lower income, having a disability, providing care in home, not reporting inability to visit sick or elderly relatives during the pandemic, not reporting increased anxiety during the pandemic, and not spending more time with loved ones during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS In these selected US communities, early in vaccine rollout, there were significant racial disparities in vaccine hesitancy. Additionally, individuals who were more marginalized due to their socioeconomic status were more likely to report vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine campaigns should make efforts to remove barriers to vaccination, by improving convenience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneeka Ratnayake
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2004, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Julie H Hernandez
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2004, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Jessica Justman
- ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, USA
| | - Jason E Farley
- Center for Infectious Disease and Nursing Innovation, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, USA
| | - Yael Hirsch-Moverman
- ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, USA
| | - Ken Ho
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Stockton Mayer
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | | | - Magdalena E Sobieszczyk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | - Patricia J Kissinger
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2004, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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Carter SJ, Lauderdale J, Stollings JL, Sevin CM, Cunningham-Erves J, Kokoy S, Clouse K, Boehm LM. Factors Influencing Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccine Decision-Making in the Post-ICU Period: A Secondary Analysis. CHEST CRITICAL CARE 2023; 1:100027. [PMID: 38188262 PMCID: PMC10768941 DOI: 10.1016/j.chstcc.2023.100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The introduction of COVID-19 vaccines exposed volatility and hesitancy around vaccines. Some health care models, including ICU recovery clinics (ICU-RCs), are structured to provide vaccine counseling. However, information regarding provider and patient vaccine conversations is limited in this postacute setting. RESEARCH QUESTION What factors influence the decision-making process of patients who have survived an ICU stay surrounding influenza and COVID-19 vaccination? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS To understand further vaccine perceptions after critical illness, a secondary qualitative thematic analysis was performed using transcripts from a randomized controlled trial designed to develop and refine a telemedicine approach to ICU recovery. Thirty-three ICU-RC visits with 19 adult patients and 13 caregivers were conducted within 12 weeks of hospital discharge. The analysis was guided by the theory of planned behavior (TPB). RESULTS Five themes were elicited from the data. The first four themes arose from the TPB: (1) behavioral and attitudinal beliefs (not being susceptible to the flu, concerns about the COVID-19 vaccine causing fertility issues, and not being tested enough), (2) normative beliefs (everyone they know is getting the influenza vaccine so they are, too), (3) control vaccine beliefs (patients are more likely to get the COVID-19 vaccine if it is easy to obtain), and (4) intention to vaccinate. Another theme not related to the TPB arose and could contribute to vaccine intent and behavior: (5) health team engagement with patients and caregivers (allowing for ICU clinicians to correct vaccine misinformation in real time). INTERPRETATION Using the information learned in our study, the period after critical illness or other acute illness events may be an especially fruitful target for designing an action plan for improving public trust in vaccines and improving overall completion rates; however, further research is needed. TRIAL REGISTRY ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT03926533; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joanna L Stollings
- School of Nursing, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.; Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.; Critical Illness, Brain dysfunction, and Survivorship Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Carla M Sevin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.; Critical Illness, Brain dysfunction, and Survivorship Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Shahristan Kokoy
- Critical Illness, Brain dysfunction, and Survivorship Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Kate Clouse
- School of Nursing, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Leanne M Boehm
- School of Nursing, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.; Critical Illness, Brain dysfunction, and Survivorship Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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3
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Damian AC, Mihăilescu AI, Anghele C, Ciobanu CA, Petrescu C, Riga S, Dionisie V, Ciobanu AM. Quality of Life Predictors in a Group of Informal Caregivers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1486. [PMID: 37629776 PMCID: PMC10456842 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59081486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The informal caregiver's contribution to the wellbeing of dementia patients is critical since these individuals become dependent on others for all daily activities. Our goal was to investigate the dynamics of anxiety, depression, burnout, sleep, and their influence on quality of life over a 6-month period in the context of pandemic distress in a sample of informal caregivers of Alzheimer's patients. Materials and Methods: For this prospective, longitudinal study, we conducted a 6-month telephonic survey between 2021 and 2022, administering a series of questionnaires at three timepoints (baseline, 3 months and 6 months) to a group of informal caregivers of patients suffering from dementia due to Alzheimer's disease. Results: A total of 110 caregivers were included at baseline, out of which 96 continued to the second stage and 78 followed through to the last stage. The majority of the participants were female (most likely the patients' daughters), around 55 years old, living in urban areas, married, with children, having a high school degree or a higher education degree, and working in jobs that required physical presence; in the best-case scenario, they were sharing their responsibilities with another two-three caregivers. More than half of the 110 participants (50.9%) reported mild to moderate anxiety at baseline, and 27.3% reported significant anxiety, with no changes between the three timepoints, F(2, 154) = 0.551, p = 0.57; 25% reported moderate-severe depression at the start, with no changes between the three timepoints, F(2, 154) = 2.738, p = 0.068; and many reported a decrease in quality of life, poor quality of sleep, and decreased fear of COVID infection. Cynicism, professional effectiveness, anxiety, depression, and sleep quality explained up to 87.8% of the variance in quality of life. Conclusions: Caregivers' decreased quality of life during the pandemic was explained by their levels of burnout, anxiety, and depression throughout the 6-month period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Claudia Damian
- Neuroscience Department, Discipline of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.D.); (C.P.); (A.M.C.)
- Department of Psychiatry, ‘Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia’ Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania; (A.I.M.); (V.D.)
| | - Alexandra Ioana Mihăilescu
- Department of Psychiatry, ‘Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia’ Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania; (A.I.M.); (V.D.)
- Department of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristina Anghele
- Department of Psychiatry, ‘Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia’ Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania; (A.I.M.); (V.D.)
| | | | - Cristian Petrescu
- Neuroscience Department, Discipline of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.D.); (C.P.); (A.M.C.)
- Department of Psychiatry, ‘Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia’ Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania; (A.I.M.); (V.D.)
| | - Sorin Riga
- Department of Stress Research and Prophylaxis, ‘Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia’ Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania;
- Romanian Academy of Medical Sciences, 927180 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vlad Dionisie
- Department of Psychiatry, ‘Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia’ Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania; (A.I.M.); (V.D.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adela Magdalena Ciobanu
- Neuroscience Department, Discipline of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.D.); (C.P.); (A.M.C.)
- Department of Psychiatry, ‘Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia’ Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, 041914 Bucharest, Romania; (A.I.M.); (V.D.)
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Troisi A, Croce Nanni R, De Sanctis S, Dieguez G, Carola V. COVID-19 vaccination and the behavioral immune system: The newcomer and the old friend get along in preventing infection. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 30:100621. [PMID: 37063495 PMCID: PMC10081877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its old evolutionary history and emotional relevance, the behavioral immune system is one of the less studied individual predictors of vaccine uptake. To fill the gap, we conducted a large online study (2072 participants) during the spring 2022 when the great majority of the Italian population had already received at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. Hierarchical binary logistic regression showed that, after controlling for the confounding effects of demographic and personality factors, there was a significant and positive association between pathogen disgust sensitivity and COVID-19 vaccine uptake (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.42-1.99). The likelihood of being vaccinated for a participant with the highest possible score on the PVD Germ Aversion scale was approximately 12 times higher than the likelihood for a participant with the lowest possible score. Public health messaging could leverage the activation of the behavioral immune system as an emotional driver of vaccine uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Troisi
- International Medical School, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Simone De Sanctis
- International Medical School, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Dieguez
- International Medical School, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Carola
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Yang Y, Nie J, Sun F, Wang J, Chen J, Li L, Sheng M, Yang S, Yu L, Li X. The SARS-CoV-2 vaccination rate and hesitation in Shanghai older adults with dementia. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1172642. [PMID: 37441645 PMCID: PMC10335564 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1172642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Older adults, particularly those with dementia, are at the greatest risk for being affected by SARS-CoV-2. Despite the Chinese government's efforts to encourage older adults to receive SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, the vaccination rate, especially among older adults with dementia, remains low. Objective This study aimed to examine the willingness and attitudes towards vaccination among guardians of older adults with dementia and to uncover the factors that may have influenced attitudes towards vaccination during the 2022 Omicron Variant of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Shanghai, China. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study using self-administered anonymous questionnaires to guardians of dementia patients in three settings: psychogeriatric inpatient wards, long-term care facilities, and home settings from April to May 2022. The primary outcome was participants' willingness to allow dementia patients to receive SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with vaccination willingness. Results A total of 327 valid questionnaires were collected. The vaccination rate among participants from long-term care facilities (12.9%) was lower than those in the psychiatric ward (19.3%) or community-dwelling settings (27.1%) (p < 0.05). The guardians' primary concern was that vaccination would aggravate the health conditions of dementia patients [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 5.11; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.86-14.05]. Additionally, negative reports about the vaccination [OR = 3.94; 95% CI: 1.68-9.24], and adverse reactions [OR = 2.50; 95% CI: 1.13-5.52] were related to higher odds of vaccine hesitancy. Conclusion Our results showed that low vaccination rates in older adults with dementia were mainly due to their guardians' concerns about vaccine safety. Our findings first uncovered the actual SARS-CoV-2 vaccination rates among older adults with dementia and may provide potential interventions to reduce unjustified worries towards vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Center, Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Nie
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Center, Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Sun
- School of Social Work, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Jinghua Wang
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Center, Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Center, Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Li
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Center, Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiqing Sheng
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Center, Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sijie Yang
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Center, Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Center, Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Li
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Center, Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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6
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Lucijanic J, Hanzevacki M, Bazdaric K, Jurin I, Lucijanic M. Vaccine uptake in caregivers family members and patients with dementia and relationship with severity of dementia and caregiver burden: a cross-sectional study. Aging Clin Exp Res 2023:10.1007/s40520-023-02443-6. [PMID: 37227580 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-023-02443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We cross sectionally evaluated COVID-19 and seasonal flu vaccination rates among 94 dyads consisting of informal caregiver family member and non-institutionalized patient with dementia observed in family-medicine practice in Zagreb, Croatia. COVID-19 vaccination rates in caregivers (78.7%) and patients with dementia (82.9%) were significantly higher than in general population. Caregiver and patient COVID-19 vaccination status (CVS) did not correlate. Among caregivers, seasonal flu vaccination (P = 0.004) but no other investigated factors related to caregiving or dementia severity showed significant association with CVS. Among patients with dementia, CVS was significantly associated with lower number of caregiver hours dedicated per week (P = 0.017), higher caregiver SF-36 role emotional HRQoL (P = 0.017), younger patient age (P = 0.027), higher MMSE (P = 0.030), higher Barthel index (P = 0.006), absence of neuropsychiatric symptoms of agitation and aggression (P = 0.031), lower overall caregiver burden (P = 0.034), lower burden of personal strain (P = 0.023) and lower burden of frustration (P = 0.016). Caregiving and severity of dementia-related factors significantly affect patient, but not caregiver CVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Lucijanic
- Health Care Center Zagreb-West, Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 11, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Miroslav Hanzevacki
- Health Care Center Zagreb-West, Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 11, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ksenija Bazdaric
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ivana Jurin
- Cardiology Department, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Lucijanic
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Hematology Department, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
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7
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Bruno F, Tagliaferro C, Canterini S, Laganà V, Contrada M, Fioravanti C, Altomari N, Pistininzi R, Tarantino F, Placanica A, Greco EM, Capicotto F, Spadea S, Coscarella AM, Bonanno M, Scarfone F, Luchetta-Mattace S, Filice A, Pettinato A, Avramovic A, Lau C, Marunic G, Chiesi F. Positive Touch Deprivation during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Anxiety, Stress, and Depression among Italian General Population. Brain Sci 2023; 13:540. [PMID: 37190505 PMCID: PMC10136680 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13040540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical distancing due to the COVID-19 Pandemic has limited the opportunities for family members, friends, and significant others to show physical affection (i.e., hugs, kisses, caresses, holding hands) during social interactions. The present study investigated the effects of positive touch and psychological distress in 991 Italian participants (Mage = 34.43, SD = 14.27). Results showed the frequency of hugs with the cohabiting partner significantly decreased the symptoms of depression (β = -1.187, p = 0.018, eβ = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.11-0.82), whereas the frequency of caresses with cohabiting relatives predicted the symptoms of anxiety (β = 0.575, p = 0.034, eβ = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.04-3.03). The frequency of hugs (β = -0.609, p = 0.049, eβ = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.30-1.00), and kisses (β = 0.663, p = 0.045, eβ = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.01-3.71) with non-cohabiting relatives predicted the symptoms of anxiety (χ2 = 1.35, df = 5, p = 0.93). These results suggest the importance of positive touch on psychological well-being in the social context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bruno
- Department of Primary Care, Regional Neurogenetic Centre (CRN), ASP CZ, 88046 Lamezia Terme, Italy
- Association for Neurogenetic Research (ARN), 88046 Lamezia Terme, Italy
- Academy of Cognitive Behavioral Sciences of Calabria (ASCoC), 88046 Lamezia Terme, Italy
| | | | - Sonia Canterini
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University La Sapienza, 00158 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Laganà
- Association for Neurogenetic Research (ARN), 88046 Lamezia Terme, Italy
| | - Marianna Contrada
- S. Anna Institute and Research in Advanced Neurorehabilitation (RAN), 88900 Crotone, Italy
| | - Chiara Fioravanti
- Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie -Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Zürcherstrasse, 8852 Altendorf, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Altomari
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Rebecca Pistininzi
- Scholar at Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Degree Course in Science and Techniques of Cognitive Psychology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Tarantino
- Scholar at Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Degree Course in Science and Techniques of Cognitive Psychology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessia Placanica
- Scholar at Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Degree Course in Science and Techniques of Cognitive Psychology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ersilia Martina Greco
- Scholar at Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Degree Course in Science and Techniques of Cognitive Psychology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Capicotto
- Scholar at Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Degree Course in Science and Techniques of Cognitive Psychology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Saverio Spadea
- Scholar at Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Degree Course in Science and Techniques of Cognitive Psychology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Coscarella
- Scholar at Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Degree Course in Science and Techniques of Cognitive Psychology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Martina Bonanno
- Scholar at Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Degree Course in Science and Techniques of Cognitive Psychology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Federica Scarfone
- Scholar at Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Degree Course in Science and Techniques of Cognitive Psychology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sara Luchetta-Mattace
- Scholar at Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Degree Course in Science and Techniques of Cognitive Psychology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessia Filice
- Scholar at Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Degree Course in Science and Techniques of Cognitive Psychology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Annamaria Pettinato
- Scholar at Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Degree Course in Science and Techniques of Cognitive Psychology, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ana Avramovic
- Faculty of Philosophy, Laboratory for Experimental Psychology, University of Belgrade, 11102 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Chloe Lau
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Georgia Marunic
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug, and Child’s Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Psychology, University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Chiesi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug, and Child’s Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Psychology, University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy
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