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Maltsev D, Solonko I, Sydorenko O. The assessment of microbial infection in children with autism spectrum disorders and genetic folate cycle deficiency. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:200. [PMID: 38515059 PMCID: PMC10956213 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The results of disparate clinical studies indicate abnormally frequent cases of certain microorganisms in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, these data require clarification and systematization. The study aims to study the structure of the microbial profile in children with ASD and genetic folate cycle deficiency (GFCD) and consider differences in diagnostic approaches for identifying microorganisms of different types. METHODS The study analyzed medical data from 240 children (187 boys and 63 girls) with GFCD aged 2 to 9 years. The children had clinical manifestations of ASD (the study group, SG). The control group (CG) included 53 clinically healthy children (37 boys and 16 girls) of the same age but without GFCD. Both groups of children were tested on active herpetic infections (HSV-1/2, VZV, EBV, CMV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8), ТТV, Streptococcus pyogenes, Candida albicans, Borrelia burgdorferi, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Yersinia enterocolitica, Toxoplasma gondii, congenital CMV neuroinfection and postnatal HSV-1/2 encephalitis. The testing used diagnostic methods specified in PubMed-indexed studies. RESULTS In the SG, TTV was found in 196 children (82%), HHV-7 - in 172 (72%), HHV-6 - in 162 (68%), EBV - in 153 (64%), Streptococcus pyogenes - in 127 (53%), Candida albicans - in 116 (48%), Borrelia - in 107 (45%), Mycoplasma pneumoniae - in 94 (39%), Chlamydia pneumoniae - in 85 (35%), Yersinia entеrocolitica - in 71 (30%), Toxoplasma gondii - in 54 (23%), congenital CMV neuroinfection - in 26 (11%), and postnatal HSV-1/2 encephalitis - in 11 children (5% of cases) (p < p0.05; Z < Z0.05). In the SG, there was a higher microbial load in older children (p < p0.05; Z < Z0.05). No gender differences were found. CONCLUSIONS The study described and characterized a specific abnormal microbial spectrum with a predominance of viral opportunistic agents in children with ASD associated with GFCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Maltsev
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, O'Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Iryna Solonko
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, O'Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olena Sydorenko
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, O'Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Caputi V, Hill L, Figueiredo M, Popov J, Hartung E, Margolis KG, Baskaran K, Joharapurkar P, Moshkovich M, Pai N. Functional contribution of the intestinal microbiome in autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and Rett syndrome: a systematic review of pediatric and adult studies. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1341656. [PMID: 38516317 PMCID: PMC10954784 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1341656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Critical phases of neurodevelopment and gut microbiota diversification occur in early life and both processes are impacted by genetic and environmental factors. Recent studies have shown the presence of gut microbiota alterations in neurodevelopmental disorders. Here we performed a systematic review of alterations of the intestinal microbiota composition and function in pediatric and adult patients affected by autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and Rett syndrome (RETT). Methods We searched selected keywords in the online databases of PubMed, Cochrane, and OVID (January 1980 to December 2021) with secondary review of references of eligible articles. Two reviewers independently performed critical appraisals on the included articles using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program for each study design. Results Our systematic review identified 18, 7, and 3 original articles describing intestinal microbiota profiles in ASD, ADHD, and RETT, respectively. Decreased Firmicutes and increased Bacteroidetes were observed in the gut microbiota of individuals affected by ASD and ADHD. Proinflammatory cytokines, short-chain fatty acids and neurotransmitter levels were altered in ASD and RETT. Constipation and visceral pain were related to changes in the gut microbiota in patients affected by ASD and RETT. Hyperactivity and impulsivity were negatively correlated with Faecalibacterium (phylum Firmicutes) and positively correlated with Bacteroides sp. (phylum Bacteroidetes) in ADHD subjects. Five studies explored microbiota-or diet-targeted interventions in ASD and ADHD. Probiotic treatments with Lactobacillus sp. and fecal microbiota transplantation from healthy donors reduced constipation and ameliorated ASD symptoms in affected children. Perinatal administration of Lactobacillus sp. prevented the onset of Asperger and ADHD symptoms in adolescence. Micronutrient supplementation improved disease symptomatology in ADHD without causing significant changes in microbiota communities' composition. Discussion Several discrepancies were found among the included studies, primarily due to sample size, variations in dietary practices, and a high prevalence of functional gastrointestinal symptoms. Further studies employing longitudinal study designs, larger sample sizes and multi-omics technologies are warranted to identify the functional contribution of the intestinal microbiota in developmental trajectories of the human brain and neurobehavior. Systematic review registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/, CRD42020158734.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Caputi
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Lee Hill
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Melanie Figueiredo
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jelena Popov
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Emily Hartung
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kara Gross Margolis
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- New York University Pain Research Center, New York, NY, United States
- New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kanish Baskaran
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Papiha Joharapurkar
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michal Moshkovich
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nikhil Pai
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, McMaster Children’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Prichett LM, Severance EG, Yolken RH, Carmichael D, Lu Y, Zeng Y, Young AS, Kumra T. Recent anti-infective exposure as a risk factor for first episode of suicidal thoughts and/or behaviors in pediatric patients. Brain Behav Immun Health 2024; 36:100738. [PMID: 38435723 PMCID: PMC10906143 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives We conducted a retrospective cohort study of medical records from a large, Maryland, U.S.-based cohort of pediatric primary care patients for potential associations between antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral prescriptions and subsequent suicidal thoughts and/or behaviors. Methods Using first suicide-related diagnosis as the outcome and prior prescription of antibacterial, antifungal, and/or antiviral use as the exposure, we employed a series of multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. These models examined the hazard of developing newly recognized suicidal thoughts and/or behaviors, controlling for age, sex, race, insurance, number of encounters during the study period, prior mood disorder diagnosis and number of chronic health conditions. We constructed the same series of models stratified by the groups with and without a prior recorded mental or behavioral health diagnosis (MBHD). Results Suicidal thoughts and/or behaviors were associated with the previous prescription of an antibacterial, antifungal and/or antiviral medication (HR 1.31, 95 %-CI 1.05-1.64) as well as the total number of such medications prescribed (HR 1.04, 95 %-CI 1.01-1.08), with the strongest relationship among patients with three or more medications (HR 1.44, 95 %-CI 1.06-1.96). Among individual medications, the strongest association was with antibacterial medication (HR 1.28, 95 %-CI 1.03-1.60). Correlations were strongest among the subgroup of patients with no previous (MBHD). Interpretation Infections treated with antimicrobial medications were associated with increased risks of a suicide-related diagnosis among patients who had not had a previous mental or behavioral health diagnosis. This group should be considered for increased levels of vigilance as well as interventions directed at suicide screening and prevention. Funding National Institutes of Health, Stanley Medical Research Institute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Prichett
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Emily G. Severance
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Robert H. Yolken
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Destini Carmichael
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yongyi Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Andrea S. Young
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Tina Kumra
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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Sendid B, Cornu M, Cordier C, Bouckaert J, Colombel JF, Poulain D. From ASCA breakthrough in Crohn's disease and Candida albicans research to thirty years of investigations about their meaning in human health. Autoimmun Rev 2024; 23:103486. [PMID: 38040100 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) are human antibodies that can be detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay involving a mannose polymer (mannan) extracted from the cell wall of the yeast S. cerevisiae. The ASCA test was developed in 1993 with the aim of differentiating the serological response in two forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. The test, which is based on the detection of anti-oligomannosidic antibodies, has been extensively performed worldwide and there have been hundreds of publications on ASCA. The earlier studies concerned the initial diagnostic indications of ASCA and investigations then extended to many human diseases, generally in association with studies on intestinal microorganisms and the interaction of the micro-mycobiome with the immune system. The more information accumulates, the more the mystery of the meaning of ASCA deepens. Many fundamental questions remain unanswered. These questions concern the heterogeneity of ASCA, the mechanisms of their generation and persistence, the existence of self-antigens, and the relationship between ASCA and inflammation and autoimmunity. This review aims to discuss the gray areas concerning the origin of ASCA from an analysis of the literature. Structured around glycobiology and the mannosylated antigens of S. cerevisiae and Candida albicans, this review will address these questions and will try to clarify some lines of thought. The importance of the questions relating to the pathophysiological significance of ASCA goes far beyond IBD, even though these diseases remain the preferred models for their understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boualem Sendid
- INSERM U1285, CNRS UMR 8576, Glycobiology in Fungal Pathogenesis and Clinical Applications, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; Pôle de Biologie-Pathologie-Génétique, Institut de Microbiologie, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Marjorie Cornu
- INSERM U1285, CNRS UMR 8576, Glycobiology in Fungal Pathogenesis and Clinical Applications, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; Pôle de Biologie-Pathologie-Génétique, Institut de Microbiologie, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Camille Cordier
- INSERM U1285, CNRS UMR 8576, Glycobiology in Fungal Pathogenesis and Clinical Applications, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; Pôle de Biologie-Pathologie-Génétique, Institut de Microbiologie, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Julie Bouckaert
- CNRS UMR 8576, Computational Molecular Systems Biology, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean Frederic Colombel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Daniel Poulain
- INSERM U1285, CNRS UMR 8576, Glycobiology in Fungal Pathogenesis and Clinical Applications, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
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Mussap M, Beretta P, Esposito E, Fanos V. Once upon a Time Oral Microbiota: A Cinderella or a Protagonist in Autism Spectrum Disorder? Metabolites 2023; 13:1183. [PMID: 38132865 PMCID: PMC10745349 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13121183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder evolving over the lifetime of individuals. The oral and gut microbial ecosystems are closely connected to each other and the brain and are potentially involved in neurodevelopmental diseases. This narrative review aims to identify all the available evidence emerging from observational studies focused on the role of the oral microbiome in ASD. A literature search was conducted using PubMed and the Cochrane Library for relevant studies published over the last ten years. Overall, in autistic children, the oral microbiota is marked by the abundance of several microbial species belonging to the Proteobacteria phylum and by the depletion of species belonging to the Bacteroidetes phylum. In mouse models, the oral microbiota is marked by the abundance of the Bacteroidetes phylum. Oral dysbiosis in ASD induces changes in the human metabolome, with the overexpression of metabolites closely related to the pathogenesis of ASD, such as acetate, propionate, and indoles, together with the underexpression of butyrate, confirming the central role of tryptophan metabolism. The analysis of the literature evidences the close relationship between oral dysbiosis and autistic core symptoms; the rebuilding of the oral and gut ecosystems by probiotics may significantly contribute to mitigating the severity of ASD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Mussap
- Laboratory Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU Cagliari, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Paola Beretta
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU Cagliari, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (E.E.); (V.F.)
| | - Elena Esposito
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU Cagliari, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (E.E.); (V.F.)
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU Cagliari, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (E.E.); (V.F.)
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Ozgur EG, Balci S. Might the fungus candida albicans a risk factor for autism? A meta-analysis study. Afr Health Sci 2023; 23:230-235. [PMID: 38974255 PMCID: PMC11225459 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v23i4.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Due to the high increase in rate of autism, it has gained great importance to determine the etiology of autism spectrum disorder. The purpose of our study was to assess the role of Candida albicans as a risk factor to cause autism behavior. Methods We searched Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and PsycINFO for articles up to December, 2021. The studies involving children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder were included. Children' outcomes were selected as Candida albicans (positive) and Candida albicans (negative). Odds ratios were reported using fixed-effect and random-effect meta-analysis. The heterogeneity was assessed by the Chi-square test and Higgins' I2 test. The publication bias was examined via funnel plot and Hegger's test. Results Our meta-analysis was conducted based on 254 diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disease cases and 161 healthy cases from 4 studies. Compared to the healthy cases, the odds of presence of Candida albicans (OR=7.21; 95% CI: 3.75-13.85; p<0.001) were higher in those diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Conclusion This study as a whole showed that children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder have higher frequency of the presence of the fungus Candida albicans. Therefore, Candida albicans may be an etiological factor for the autistic behavior in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrah Gokay Ozgur
- Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sibel Balci
- Kocaeli University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Analysis of Faecal Microbiota and Small ncRNAs in Autism: Detection of miRNAs and piRNAs with Possible Implications in Host-Gut Microbiota Cross-Talk. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071340. [PMID: 35405953 PMCID: PMC9000903 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal microorganisms impact health by maintaining gut homeostasis and shaping the host immunity, while gut dysbiosis associates with many conditions, including autism, a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with multifactorial aetiology. In autism, gut dysbiosis correlates with symptom severity and is characterised by a reduced bacterial variability and a diminished beneficial commensal relationship. Microbiota can influence the expression of host microRNAs that, in turn, regulate the growth of intestinal bacteria by means of bidirectional host-gut microbiota cross-talk. We investigated possible interactions among intestinal microbes and between them and host transcriptional modulators in autism. To this purpose, we analysed, by "omics" technologies, faecal microbiome, mycobiome, and small non-coding-RNAs (particularly miRNAs and piRNAs) of children with autism and neurotypical development. Patients displayed gut dysbiosis related to a reduction of healthy gut micro- and mycobiota as well as up-regulated transcriptional modulators. The targets of dysregulated non-coding-RNAs are involved in intestinal permeability, inflammation, and autism. Furthermore, microbial families, underrepresented in patients, participate in the production of human essential metabolites negatively influencing the health condition. Here, we propose a novel approach to analyse faeces as a whole, and for the first time, we detected miRNAs and piRNAs in faecal samples of patients with autism.
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Alookaran J, Liu Y, Auchtung TA, Tahanan A, Hessabi M, Asgarisabet P, Rahbar M, Fatheree NY, Pearson DA, Mansour R, Van Arsdall MR, Navarro F, Rhoads JM. Fungi: Friend or Foe? A Mycobiome Evaluation in Children With Autism and Gastrointestinal Symptoms. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2022; 74:377-382. [PMID: 34724444 PMCID: PMC8885784 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms often affect children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and GI symptoms have been associated with an abnormal fecal microbiome. There is limited evidence of Candida species being more prevalent in children with ASD. We enrolled 20 children with ASD and GI symptoms (ASD + GI), 10 children with ASD but no GI symptoms (ASD - GI), and 20 from typically developing (TD) children in this pilot study. Fecal mycobiome taxa were analyzed by Internal Transcribed Spacer sequencing. GI symptoms (GI Severity Index [GSI]), behavioral symptoms (Social Responsiveness Scale -2 [SRS-2]), inflammation and fungal immunity (fecal calprotectin and serum dectin-1 [ELISA]) were evaluated. We observed no changes in the abundance of total fungal species (alpha diversity) between groups. Samples with identifiable Candida spp. were present in 4 of 19 (21%) ASD + GI, in 5 of 9 (56%) ASD - GI, and in 4 of 16 (25%) TD children (overall P = 0.18). The presence of Candida spp. did not correlate with behavioral or GI symptoms (P = 0.38, P = 0.5, respectively). Fecal calprotectin was normal in all but one child. Finally, there was no significance in serum dectin-1 levels, suggesting no increased fungal immunity in children with ASD. Our data suggest that fungi are present at normal levels in the stool of children with ASD and are not associated with gut inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Alookaran
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Yuying Liu
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Thomas A. Auchtung
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Amirali Tahanan
- Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design (BERD) core, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (CCTS), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Manouchehr Hessabi
- Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design (BERD) core, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (CCTS), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Parisa Asgarisabet
- Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design (BERD) core, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (CCTS), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Mohammad Rahbar
- Division of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design (BERD) core, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (CCTS), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Nicole Y. Fatheree
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Deborah A. Pearson
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Rosleen Mansour
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Melissa R. Van Arsdall
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Fernando Navarro
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - J. Marc Rhoads
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
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Herman A, Herman AP. Could Candida Overgrowth Be Involved in the Pathophysiology of Autism? J Clin Med 2022; 11:442. [PMID: 35054136 PMCID: PMC8778531 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11020442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to summarize the current acquiredknowledge of Candida overgrowth in the intestine as a possible etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The influence of Candida sp. on the immune system, brain, and behavior of children with ASD isdescribed. The benefits of interventions such as a carbohydrates-exclusion diet, probiotic supplementation, antifungal agents, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and microbiota transfer therapy (MTT) will be also discussed. Our literature query showed that the results of most studies do not fully support the hypothesis that Candida overgrowth is correlated with gastrointestinal (GI) problems and contributes to autism behavioral symptoms occurrence. On the one hand, it was reported that the modulation of microbiota composition in the gut may decrease Candida overgrowth, help reduce GI problems and autism symptoms. On the other hand, studies on humans suggesting the beneficial effects of a sugar-free diet, probiotic supplementation, FMT and MTT treatment in ASD are limited and inconclusive. Due to the increasing prevalence of ASD, studies on the etiology of this disorder are extremely needed and valuable. However, to elucidate the possible involvement of Candida in the pathophysiology of ASD, more reliable and well-designed research is certainly required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Herman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Warsaw School of Engineering and Health, Bitwy Warszawskiej 20 18, 19 Street, 02-366 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Przemysław Herman
- Department of Genetic Engineering, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3 Street, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland;
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Ge T, Yao X, Zhao H, Yang W, Zou X, Peng F, Li B, Cui R. Gut microbiota and neuropsychiatric disorders: Implications for neuroendocrine-immune regulation. Pharmacol Res 2021; 173:105909. [PMID: 34543739 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, increasing evidence has shown gut microbiota dysbiosis might be implicated in the physiological mechanisms of neuropsychiatric disorders. Altered microbial community composition, diversity and distribution traits have been reported in neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the exact pathways by which the intestinal microbiota contribute to neuropsychiatric disorders remain largely unknown. Given that the onset and progression of neuropsychiatric disorders are characterized with complicated alterations of neuroendocrine and immunology, both of which can be continually affected by gut microbiota via "microbiome-gut-brain axis". Thus, we assess the complicated crosstalk between neuroendocrine and immunological regulation might underlie the mechanisms of gut microbiota associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we summarized clinical and preclinical evidence on the role of the gut microbiota in neuropsychiatry disorders, especially in mood disorders and neurodevelopmental disorders. This review may elaborate the potential mechanisms of gut microbiota implicating in neuroendocrine-immune regulation and provide a comprehensive understanding of physiological mechanisms for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Ge
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Che mical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haisheng Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Che mical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Che mical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaohan Zou
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Che mical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fanzhen Peng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Che mical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Che mical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Che mical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Jaskiw GE, Obrenovich ME, Donskey CJ. The phenolic interactome and gut microbiota: opportunities and challenges in developing applications for schizophrenia and autism. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1471-1489. [PMID: 31197432 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder have long been associated with elevated levels of various small phenolic molecules (SPMs). In turn, the gut microbiota (GMB) has been implicated in the kinetics of many of these analytes. Unfortunately, research into the possible relevance of GMB-mediated SPMs to neuropsychiatry continues to be limited by heterogeneous study design, numerous sources of variance and technical challenges. Some SPMs have multiple structural isomers and most have conjugates. Without specialized approaches, SPMs can be incorrectly assigned or inaccurately quantified. In addition, SPM levels can be affected by dietary polyphenol or protein consumption and by various medications and diseases. Nonetheless, heterotypical excretion of various SPMs in association with schizophrenia or autism continues to be reported in independent samples. Recent studies in human cerebrospinal fluid demonstrate the presence of many SPMs A large number of these are bioactive in experimental models. Whether such mechanisms are relevant to the human brain in health or disease is not known. Systematic metabolomic and microbiome studies of well-characterized populations, an appreciation of multiple confounds, and implementation of standardized approaches across platforms and sites are needed to delineate the potential utility of the phenolic interactome in neuropsychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Jaskiw
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Mark E Obrenovich
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Curtis J Donskey
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Carter CJ. Autism genes and the leukocyte transcriptome in autistic toddlers relate to pathogen interactomes, infection and the immune system. A role for excess neurotrophic sAPPα and reduced antimicrobial Aβ. Neurochem Int 2019; 126:36-58. [PMID: 30862493 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal and early childhood infections have been implicated in autism. Many autism susceptibility genes (206 Autworks genes) are localised in the immune system and are related to immune/infection pathways. They are enriched in the host/pathogen interactomes of 18 separate microbes (bacteria/viruses and fungi) and to the genes regulated by bacterial toxins, mycotoxins and Toll-like receptor ligands. This enrichment was also observed for misregulated genes from a microarray study of leukocytes from autistic toddlers. The upregulated genes from this leukocyte study also matched the expression profiles in response to numerous infectious agents from the Broad Institute molecular signatures database. They also matched genes related to sudden infant death syndrome and autism comorbid conditions (autoimmune disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes, epilepsy and cardiomyopathy) as well as to estrogen and thyrotropin responses and to those upregulated by different types of stressors including oxidative stress, hypoxia, endoplasmic reticulum stress, ultraviolet radiation or 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene, a hapten used to develop allergic skin reactions in animal models. The oxidative/integrated stress response is also upregulated in the autism brain and may contribute to myelination problems. There was also a marked similarity between the expression signatures of autism and Alzheimer's disease, and 44 shared autism/Alzheimer's disease genes are almost exclusively expressed in the blood-brain barrier. However, in contrast to Alzheimer's disease, levels of the antimicrobial peptide beta-amyloid are decreased and the levels of the neurotrophic/myelinotrophic soluble APP alpha are increased in autism, together with an increased activity of α-secretase. sAPPα induces an increase in glutamatergic and a decrease in GABA-ergic synapses creating and excitatory/inhibitory imbalance that has also been observed in autism. A literature survey showed that multiple autism genes converge on APP processing and that many are able to increase sAPPalpha at the expense of beta-amyloid production. A genetically programmed tilt of this axis towards an overproduction of neurotrophic/gliotrophic sAPPalpha and underproduction of antimicrobial beta-amyloid may explain the brain overgrowth and myelination dysfunction, as well as the involvement of pathogens in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Carter
- PolygenicPathways, 41C Marina, Saint Leonard's on Sea, TN38 0BU, East Sussex, UK.
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Sanctuary MR, Kain JN, Chen SY, Kalanetra K, Lemay DG, Rose DR, Yang HT, Tancredi DJ, German JB, Slupsky CM, Ashwood P, Mills DA, Smilowitz JT, Angkustsiri K. Pilot study of probiotic/colostrum supplementation on gut function in children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210064. [PMID: 30625189 PMCID: PMC6326569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over half of all children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have gastrointestinal (GI) co-morbidities including chronic constipation, diarrhea, and irritable bowel syndrome. The severity of these symptoms has been correlated with the degree of GI microbial dysbiosis. The study objective was to assess tolerability of a probiotic (Bifidobacterium infantis) in combination with a bovine colostrum product (BCP) as a source of prebiotic oligosaccharides and to evaluate GI, microbiome and immune factors in children with ASD and GI co-morbidities. This pilot study is a randomized, double blind, controlled trial of combination treatment (BCP + B. infantis) vs. BCP alone in a cross-over study in children ages 2-11 with ASD and GI co-morbidities (n = 8). This 12-week study included 5 weeks of probiotic-prebiotic supplementation, followed by a two-week washout period, and 5 weeks of prebiotic only supplementation. The primary outcome of tolerability was assessed using validated questionnaires of GI function and atypical behaviors, along with side effects. Results suggest that the combination treatment is well-tolerated in this cohort. The most common side effect was mild gassiness. Some participants on both treatments saw a reduction in the frequency of certain GI symptoms, as well as reduced occurrence of particular aberrant behaviors. Improvement may be explained by a reduction in IL-13 and TNF-α production in some participants. Although limited conclusions can be drawn from this small pilot study, the results support the need for further research into the efficacy of these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R. Sanctuary
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer N. Kain
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Shin Yu Chen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Karen Kalanetra
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Danielle G. Lemay
- USDA ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California, United States of America
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Destanie R. Rose
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Houa T. Yang
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Tancredi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - J. Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Carolyn M. Slupsky
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Paul Ashwood
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - David A. Mills
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer T. Smilowitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Angkustsiri
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States of America
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