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Mi W, Gao Y, Lin H, Deng S, Mu Y, Zhang H. Morinda officinalis oligosaccharides modulate the default-mode network homogeneity in major depressive disorder at rest. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2024; 343:111847. [PMID: 38968754 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While prior studies have explored the efficacy of Morinda officinalis oligosaccharides (MOs) as a treatment for patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), the mechanistic basis for the effects of MOs on brain function or the default-mode network (DMN) has yet to be characterized. The objective of this was to examine the effects of MOs treatment on functional connectivity in different regions of the DMN. METHODS In total, 27 MDD patients and 29 healthy control subjects (HCs) underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. The patients were then treated with MOs for 8 weeks, and scanning was performed at baseline and the end of the 8-week treatment period. Changes in DMN homogeneity associated with MOs treatment were assessed using network homogeneity (NH) analyses of the imaging data, and pattern classification approaches were employed to determine whether abnormal baseline NH deficits could differentiate between MDD patients and controls. The ability of NH abnormalities to predict patient responses to MOs treatment was also evaluated. RESULTS Relative to HCs, patients exhibited a baseline reduction in NH values in the right precuneus (PCu). At the end of the 8-week treatment period, the MDD patients showed reduced and increased NH values in the right PCu and left superior medial frontal gyrus (SMFG), respectively. Compared to these patients at baseline, the 8-week MOs treatment was associated with reduced NH values in the right angular gyrus and increased NH values in the left middle temporal gyrus and the right PCu. Support vector machine (SVM) analyses revealed that NH abnormalities in the right PCu and left SMFG were the most accurate (87.50%) for differentiating between MDD patients and HCs. CONCLUSION These results indicated that MOs treatment could alter default-mode NH in patients with MDD. The results provide a foundation for elucidation of the effects of MOs on brain function and suggest that the distinctive NH patterns observed in this study may be useful as imaging biomarkers for distinguishing between patients with MDD and healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Mi
- Peking University Institute of Mental Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yujun Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Wuchang Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430063, China; Clinical and Translational Sciences Lab, The Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Yichang Mental Health Center, Hubei, China; Institute of Mental Health, Three Gorges University, Hubei, China; Yichang City Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Hubei, China
| | - Hang Lin
- Yichang Mental Health Center, Hubei, China; Institute of Mental Health, Three Gorges University, Hubei, China; Yichang City Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Hubei, China; Department of Nephrology, Xiaogan Central Hospital, Xiaogan, China
| | - Shuo Deng
- Department of Psychiatry, Bejing Minkang Hospital, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yonggang Mu
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, 200335, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Peking University Institute of Mental Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China.
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Zhang L, Cui X, Ou Y, Liu F, Li H, Xie G, Li P, Zhao J, Xie G, Guo W. Abnormal long- and short-range functional connectivity in patients with first-episode drug-naïve melancholic and non-melancholic major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2023; 320:360-369. [PMID: 36206876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We attempted to explore the common and distinct long- and short-range functional connectivity (FC) patterns of melancholic and non-melancholic major depressive disorder (MDD) and their associations with clinical characteristics. METHODS Fifty-nine patients with first-episode drug-naïve MDD, including 31 patients with melancholic features and 28 patients with non-melancholic features, underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning to examine long- and short-range FC. Thirty-two healthy volunteers were recruited as controls. The support vector machines (SVM) was applied to distinguish the melancholic patients from the non-melancholic patients by using the FC of abnormal brain regions. RESULTS Compared to healthy volunteers, patients with MDD showed increased long-range positive FC (lpFC) in the right insula/inferior frontal gyrus and left insula. Relative to non-melancholic patients, melancholic patients displayed decreased lpFC in the right lingual gyrus, decreased short-range positive FC (spFC) in the right middle temporal gyrus and right superior parietal lobule, increased lpFC in the left inferior parietal lobule, and increased spFC in the left middle occipital gyrus/inferior occipital gyrus, left cerebellum VII/IX, and bilateral cerebellum CrusII. Increased lpFC in the left inferior parietal lobule in melancholic patients was correlated with the TEPS abstract anticipatory scores. SVM results showed that FCs of five combinations within different brain regions could distinguish melancholic patients from non-melancholic patients. CONCLUSIONS FC abnormalities in the default mode network and parietal-occipital brain regions may underlie the neurobiology of melancholic MDD. An increased lpFC in the left inferior parietal lobule correlated with anhedonia may be a distinctive neurobiological feature of melancholic MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Department of Psychiatry, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510180, Guangdong, China
| | - Xilong Cui
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yangpan Ou
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300000, China
| | - Huabing Li
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Guojun Xie
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, China
| | - Jingping Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Guangrong Xie
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.
| | - Wenbin Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.
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Kong M, Chen T, Gao S, Ni S, Ming Y, Chai X, Ling C, Xu X. Abnormal network homogeneity of default-mode network and its relationships with clinical symptoms in antipsychotic-naïve first-diagnosis schizophrenia. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:921547. [PMID: 35968384 PMCID: PMC9369006 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.921547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder affecting around 0.5–1% of the global population. A few studies have shown the functional disconnection in the default-mode network (DMN) of schizophrenia patients. However, the findings remain discrepant. In the current study, we compared the intrinsic network organization of DMN of 57 first-diagnosis drug-naïve schizophrenia patients with 50 healthy controls (HCs) using a homogeneity network (NH) and explored the relationships of DMN with clinical characteristics of schizophrenia patients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves analysis and support vector machine (SVM) analysis were applied to calculate the accuracy of distinguishing schizophrenia patients from HCs. Our results showed that the NH values of patients were significantly higher in the left superior medial frontal gyrus (SMFG) and right cerebellum Crus I/Crus II and significantly lower in the right inferior temporal gyrus (ITG) and bilateral posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) compared to those of HCs. Additionally, negative correlations were shown between aberrant NH values in the right cerebellum Crus I/Crus II and general psychopathology scores, between NH values in the left SMFG and negative symptom scores, and between the NH values in the right ITG and speed of processing. Also, patients’ age and the NH values in the right cerebellum Crus I/Crus II and the right ITG were the predictors of performance in the social cognition test. ROC curves analysis and SVM analysis showed that a combination of NH values in the left SMFG, right ITG, and right cerebellum Crus I/Crus II could distinguish schizophrenia patients from HCs with high accuracy. The results emphasized the vital role of DMN in the neuropathological mechanisms underlying schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Kong
- Department of Psychiatry, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuzhan Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Sulin Ni
- Department of Psychiatry, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yidan Ming
- Department of Psychiatry, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xintong Chai
- Department of Psychiatry, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenxi Ling
- Department of Psychiatry, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xijia Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Xijia Xu,
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Yan M, Chen J, Liu F, Li H, Zhao J, Guo W. Abnormal Default Mode Network Homogeneity in Major Depressive Disorder With Gastrointestinal Symptoms at Rest. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:804621. [PMID: 35431887 PMCID: PMC9009333 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.804621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are prominent in many patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, it remains unclear whether MDD patients with GI symptoms have brain imaging alterations in the default mode network (DMN) regions. Methods A total of 35 MDD patients with GI symptoms, 17 MDD patients without GI symptoms, and 28 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. All participants underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans. Network homogeneity (NH) and support vector machine (SVM) methods were used to analyze the imaging data. Results Gastrointestinal group showed higher 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression total scores and factor scores than the non-GI group. Compared with the non-GI group and HCs, the GI group showed decreased NH in the right middle temporal gyrus (MTG) and increased NH in the right precuneus (PCu). The SVM results showed that a combination of NH values of the right PCu and the right MTG exhibited the highest accuracy of 88.46% (46/52) to discriminate MDD patients with GI symptoms from those without GI symptoms. Conclusion Major depressive disorder patients with GI symptoms have more severe depressive symptoms than those without GI symptoms. Distinctive NH patterns in the DMN exist in MDD patients with GI symptoms, which can be applied as a potential brain imaging marker to discriminate MDD patients with GI symptoms from those without GI symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Yan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jindong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Huabing Li
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingping Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenbin Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
- *Correspondence: Wenbin Guo,
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Cernasov P, Walsh EC, Kinard JL, Kelley L, Phillips R, Pisoni A, Eisenlohr-Moul TA, Arnold M, Lowery SC, Ammirato M, Truong K, Nagy GA, Oliver JA, Haworth K, Smoski M, Dichter GS. Multilevel growth curve analyses of behavioral activation for anhedonia (BATA) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy effects on anhedonia and resting-state functional connectivity: Interim results of a randomized trial ✰. J Affect Disord 2021; 292:161-171. [PMID: 34126308 PMCID: PMC8282772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neural mechanisms associated with anhedonia treatment response are poorly understood. Additionally, no study has investigated changes in resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) accompanying psychosocial treatment for anhedonia. METHODS We evaluated a novel psychotherapy, Behavioral Activation Therapy for Anhedonia (BATA, n = 38) relative to Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT, n = 35) in a medication-free, transdiagnostic, anhedonic sample in a parallel randomized controlled trial. Participants completed up to 15 sessions of therapy and up to four 7T MRI scans before, during, and after treatment (n = 185 scans). Growth curve models estimated change over time in anhedonia and in rsFC using average region-of-interest (ROI)-to-ROI connectivity within the default mode network (DMN), frontoparietal network (FPN), salience network, and reward network. Changes in rsFC from pre- to post-treatment were further evaluated using whole-network seed-to-voxel and ROI-to-ROI edgewise analyses. RESULTS Growth curve models showed significant reductions in anhedonia symptoms and in average rsFC within the DMN and FPN over time, across BATA and MBCT. There were no differences in anhedonia reductions between treatments. Within-person, changes in average rsFC were unrelated to changes in anhedonia. Between-person, higher than average FPN rsFC was related to less anhedonia across timepoints. Seed-to-voxel and edgewise rsFC analyses corroborated reductions within the DMN and between the DMN and FPN over time, across the sample. CONCLUSIONS Reductions in rsFC within the DMN, FPN, and between these networks co-occurred with anhedonia improvement across two psychosocial treatments for anhedonia. Future anhedonia clinical trials with a waitlist control group should disambiguate treatment versus time-related effects on rsFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cernasov
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Erin C Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 57514, USA
| | - Jessica L Kinard
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27510, USA; Division of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Lisalynn Kelley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Rachel Phillips
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Angela Pisoni
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27505, USA
| | - Tory A Eisenlohr-Moul
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Neuropsychiatry Institute, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Macey Arnold
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Sarah C Lowery
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Marcy Ammirato
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Kinh Truong
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Gabriela A Nagy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA; Duke University School of Nursing, 307 Trent Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jason A Oliver
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA; Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Kevin Haworth
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Moria Smoski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27505, USA
| | - Gabriel S Dichter
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 57514, USA; Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27510, USA.
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Abnormal Default-Mode Network Homogeneity in Melancholic and Nonmelancholic Major Depressive Disorder at Rest. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:6653309. [PMID: 33995525 PMCID: PMC8096549 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6653309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Melancholic depression has been assumed as a severe type of major depressive disorder (MDD). We aimed to explore if there were some distinctive alterations in melancholic MDD and whether the alterations could be used to discriminate the melancholic MDD and nonmelancholic MDD. Methods Thirty-one outpatients with melancholic MDD, thirty-three outpatients with nonmelancholic MDD, and thirty-two age- and gender-matched healthy controls were recruited. All participants were scanned by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Imaging data were analyzed with the network homogeneity (NH) and support vector machine (SVM) methods. Results Both patient groups exhibited increased NH in the right PCC/precuneus and right angular gyrus and decreased NH in the right middle temporal gyrus compared with healthy controls. Compared with nonmelancholic patients and healthy controls, melancholic patients exhibited significantly increased NH in the bilateral superior medial frontal gyrus and decreased NH in the left inferior temporal gyrus. But merely for melancholic patients, the NH of the right middle temporal gyrus was negatively correlated with TEPS total and contextual anticipatory scores. SVM analysis showed that a combination of NH values in the left superior medial frontal gyrus and left inferior temporal gyrus could distinguish melancholic patients from nonmelancholic patients with accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 79.66% (47/59), 70.97% (22/31), and 89.29%(25/28), respectively. Conclusion Our findings showed distinctive network homogeneity alterations in melancholic MDD which may be potential imaging markers to distinguish melancholic MDD and nonmelancholic MDD.
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Yan M, He Y, Cui X, Liu F, Li H, Huang R, Tang Y, Chen J, Zhao J, Xie G, Guo W. Disrupted Regional Homogeneity in Melancholic and Non-melancholic Major Depressive Disorder at Rest. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:618805. [PMID: 33679477 PMCID: PMC7928375 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.618805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Melancholic depression has been viewed as one severe subtype of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, it is unclear whether melancholic depression has distinct changes in brain imaging. We aimed to explore specific or distinctive alterations in melancholic MDD and whether the alterations could be used to separate melancholic MDD from non-melancholic MDD or healthy controls. Materials and Methods: Thirty-one outpatients with melancholic MDD and thirty-three outpatients with non-melancholic MDD and thirty-two age- and gender-matched healthy controls were recruited. All participants were scanned by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Imaging data were analyzed with the regional homogeneity (ReHo) and support vector machine (SVM) methods. Results: Melancholic MDD patients exhibited lower ReHo in the right superior occipital gyrus/middle occipital gyrus than non-melancholic MDD patients and healthy controls. Merely for non-melancholic MDD patients, decreased ReHo in the right middle frontal gyrus was negatively correlated with the total HRSD-17 scores. SVM analysis results showed that a combination of abnormal ReHo in the right fusiform gyrus/cerebellum Crus I and the right superior occipital gyrus/middle occipital gyrus exhibited the highest accuracy of 83.05% (49/59), with a sensitivity of 90.32% (28/31), and a specificity of 75.00% (21/28) for discriminating patients with melancholic MDD from patients with non-melancholic MDD. And a combination of abnormal ReHo in the right fusiform gyrus/cerebellum VI and left postcentral gyrus/precentral gyrus exhibited the highest accuracy of 98.41% (62/63), with a sensitivity of 96.77% (30/31), and a specificity of 100.00%(32/32) for separating patients with melancholic MDD from healthy controls. Conclusion: Our findings showed the distinctive ReHo pattern in patients with melancholic MDD and found brain area that may be associated with the pathophysiology of non-melancholic MDD. Potential imaging markers for discriminating melancholic MDD from non-melancholic MDD or healthy controls were reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Yan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuqiong He
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xilong Cui
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Huabing Li
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Renzhi Huang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Children's Psychological Development and Brain Cognitive Science, Changsha, China
| | - Yanqing Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jindong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingping Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guangrong Xie
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenbin Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Psychiatry, The Third People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
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